沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-110 Saudi Aramco Standard Drawings

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阿美公司规范

阿美公司规范04-SAMSS-001.1.NPS 26及以上阀门的磨损余量2.NPS 6 及以上的所有阀门应提供整体弹性闸板。

（例外）3.材料(附加) (增加)所有零件,焊缝和热影响区的焊缝暴露线流体应满足硬度及热处理指定的SAES-A-301的要求；包括堆焊,镀层或涂层材料.应用堆焊或涂层的部件应进行热处理，如有必要，热影响区的条件及参数可依照SAES-A-301(修订) 阀体和阀盖铸钢符合ASTM A216 WCB 或WCC, 或锻钢符合ASTM A1053.1(修订) 内件应是不锈钢AISI Type 410 带硬面阀座圈或阀体阀座圈区域，例如API #8号内件可接受的选择:a)AISI Type 304 or 316 带硬面阀座圈例如API 内件# 12.b)带硬面阀座圈的硬面闸板例如API 内件5#4.低温介质（-45 to -18°C）4.1内件须为不锈钢AISI Type 304 或316. 阀座圈须为硬面加司太立#6或等同(API STD 600 内件# 12).5.填料(附加)5.1 碳氢化合物介质下阀杆填料应是由含碳99% 的端环(John Crane - 1625G 或等同)和石墨中间环(John Crane - 237 或等同) 两种编织石墨丝组成的混合填料6.-101 to -45°C超低温介质(附加–仅指定时适用)6.1-101 to -45°C超低温介质阀门的附加a) 阀门应完全由不锈钢AISI Type 304 或316制造. 阀座圈须为硬面加司太立#6或等同(API STD 600 内件# 12).b) 体盖螺栓连接, 压盖螺栓, 压盖螺栓定位器及阀盖到支架的螺栓连接应为奥氏体不锈钢ASTM A320系列. 相应的螺母应为ASTM A194 8级系列c) (附加) 碳氢化合物介质下阀杆填料应是由含碳99% 的端环(John Crane - 1625G 或等同)和石墨中间环(John Crane - 237 或等同) 两种编织石墨丝组成的混合填料d) 泄压关闭零件的回流边上需钻3-5 mm的小孔. 阀体上应清晰标记流向.e) 泄压关闭零件的回流边上需钻3-5 mm的小孔. 阀体上应清晰标记流向.04-SAMSS-0351.水线要求1.1钢制光滑式密封面法兰垫片的接触面全,需要机械光面精整, 完成射程3.2到6.4微米2.排水管,通风口和阀体其他配件(钢阀)2.1 所有排泄阀门及相关管道零件抗耐腐蚀至少相当于内件材料,最低标准为AISI 316L SS3.材质3.1 当对焊连接阀门用碳钢和最低屈服强度289 MPa (42,000psi)或更高,最高碳含量不得超过0.26%.对于编织阀门,这种限制仅适用于端口。

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-341 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure

Previous Issue: 26 July 2009 Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017Page 1 of 14 Primary contact: Odan, Nabeel Mohammad on 966-3-8809506Engineering ProcedureSAEP-34120 October 2012 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure Document Responsibility: Pumps, Seals & Mixers Standards CommitteeSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Applicable Equipment Typesand Required LCC Data (2)3 Applicable Documents (3)4 Instructions (4)Appendix A – Calculation Methodsfor Life Cycle Cost Analysis (9)Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure1 ScopeThis procedure provides instructions for economically evaluating major equipmentpurchases with regards to their estimated total ownership cost (Life Cycle Cost) toSaudi Aramco over a twenty (20) years period. These costs include procurement andoperation cost (energy cost and quantifiable periodic maintenance) of the equipment.This procedure details the requirements for determining Life Cycle Costs (LCC) forpurchases of major equipment identified in Section 2. The applicable LCC analysisSpreadsheets provide a practical vehicle for performing the required calculations.2 Applicable Equipment Types and Required LCC DataNext Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure 3 Applicable Documents3.1 Saudi Aramco Materials System Specifications14-SAMSS-531Power Transformers17-SAMSS-502Induction Motors17-SAMSS-510Brushless Synchronous Generator17-SAMSS-520Synchronous Motors31-SAMSS-001Centrifugal Compressors31-SAMSS-004Centrifugal Pumps31-SAMSS-006Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressor32-SAMSS-021Manufacture of Industrial Boilers32-SAMSS-029Manufacture of Fired Heaters3.2 Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-F-001Design Criteria of Fired HeatersSAES-G-005Centrifugal PumpsSAES-K-402Centrifugal CompressorsSAES-P-113Large Electrical MotorsSAES-P-121Power Transformers3.3 Saudi Aramco Standards Data Sheet2741-ENG & Centrifugal Pump Data Sheet for2741-M-ENG Horizontal Pumps and Vertical In-line Pumps2748-ENG & Centrifugal Pump Data Sheet for2748-M-ENG Vertical Line Shaft Pumps8150-ENG & Packaged Integrally Geared Centrifugal8150-M-ENG Air Compressor Data SheetForm 9550-ENG Watertube Boiler Data Sheets (herein referred to asData Sheet)175-323700Manufacture of Fired Heaters3.4 Life Cycle Cost SpreadsheetsThe following spreadsheets are to be used in the analysis and are available in theForms section of the Engineering Standards website:LCC-001Centrifugal Pumps (31-SAMSS-004) *Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureLCC-002Centrifugal Pump-Motor Trains (31-SAMSS-004)LCC-005Centrifugal Compressors (31-SAMSS-001) *LCC-006Centrifugal Compressor-Motor Trains(31-SAMSS-001)LCC-010Integrally Geared Centrifugal Compressor-MotorTrains (31-SAMSS-006)LCC-019Induction Motors (17-SAMSS-502) *LCC-020Synchronous Motors (17-SAMSS-520) *LCC-023Power Transformers (14-SAMSS-531)LCC-024Boilers (32-SAMSS-029)LCC-024A Dual Fuel Boilers (32-SAMSS-021)LCC-025Fired Heaters (32-SAMSS-029)LCC-025A Dual Fuel Fired Heaters (32-SAMSS-029)* These spreadsheets are to be used when buying stand-alone pumps,compressors, or motors. For equipment trains (i.e., motor driven pump train,etc.), the train work sheets are to be used.4 Instructions4.1 SAPMT Submittal of Project Equipment ListsSaudi Aramco Project Management Team (SAPMT) shall prepare and includethe following items in the project proposal documents:4.1.1 A list of the Project's equipment items that are covered by the aboveSAMSS.4.1.2 A list of equipment items subject to LCC analysis. This list is to beincluded in schedule G of the contract. A copy is to be sent toEstimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) so that they includeadditional allowances in the ER estimate to cover the differential inequipment cost due to LCC analysis.4.1.3 A list of equipment items with long lead-time delivery that may requireexpedited SAPMT bid development.4.1.4 A list of the latest applicable energy costs obtained from FPD.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure4.2 Equipment Requiring SAPMT Bid DevelopmentFor equipment requiring SAPMT bid development prior to contract award (longlead equipment), the following steps shall be implemented:4.2.1 Upon receipt of the equipment bids, SAPMT's technical evaluation shallensure that the bids contain the required data needed to perform LCCanalysis.4.2.2 SAPMT shall submit the bids technical data to CSD for review and shallhighlight the technical LCC data (i.e., power, efficiency, operatingfactor) that will be used in the LCC analysis.4.2.3 CSD shall review the technical bid data along with the LCC data elementsand provide comments, if any, to SAPMT within 10 working days.4.2.4 SAPMT shall perform the LCC analysis by utilizing the applicable LCCSpreadsheet (s) to determine the Life Cycle Cost for each acceptablevendor. Other quantifiable cost factors that may significantly impact theeconomic analysis (such as delivery dates) may be included in the LCCanalysis. Inclusions of supplementary cost factors require the priorapproval of the project manager and CSD's concurrence.4.2.5 SAPMT shall calculate the savings (S LCC) in life cycle cost according tothe following equation:S LCC = LCC LIB– LCC LV (1)where:LCC LV is the equipment life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowestoverall LCCLCC LIB is the life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowest initial bid4.2.6 Purchase Order (P/O) shall be placed with the vendor having the lowestLCC (LCC LV) if S LCC is equal to $25000 or 5% of the LIB whichever ishigher.4.2.7 After P/O placement, SAPMT shall submit a copy of the final LCCSpreadsheet(s) to Estimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) forarchiving and to CSD for information.4.2.8 If Project Management awards to a vendor, a purchase order with apotential performance liability based on the provisions of the applicableSAMSS (penalty clause), and the purchase order is to be transferred(“novated”) to the successful LSTK contractor on the project, ProjectNext Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure Management and/or Purchasing must include provisions in the NovationAgreement that specifically describe the liability being assumed by thecontractor.4.2.9 The equipment shall be tested at the vendor facility for guaranteedefficiency if required by the applicable Saudi Aramco Materials SystemSpecification (SAMSS) and/or the Project Contract. If the equipmentdoes not meet the specified efficiency, and cannot be corrected withinthe test tolerance as specified in the SAMSS, a penalty shall be imposedon the supplier as defined in the SAMSS and the Purchase order.4.3 Equipment Not Requiring SAPMT Bid DevelopmentFor Contractor procured equipment (all non-long-lead time equipment) thefollowing steps shall be implemented:4.3.1 After evaluating the vendor submittals, the Contractor shall provide thebid technical data, required commercial data per schedule G, and theequipment site delivery date for each vendor to SAPMT for review.4.3.2 SAPMT shall review the information to determine if it contains all of therequired data needed to complete the LCC analysis and shall require theContractor to provide any missing or unacceptable data.4.3.3 SAPMT shall provide a copy of the bid technical data including the LCCdata elements (operating factor, efficiency at normal load point, etc.), toCSD for review.4.3.4 CSD shall review the technical bid data along with the LCC dataelements and provide comments to SAPMT within 10 working days.4.3.5 SAPMT shall perform the LCC analysis by utilizing the applicable LCCSpreadsheet(s) to determine the Life Cycle Cost for each acceptablevendor. Other quantifiable cost factors that may significantly impact theeconomic analysis (such as savings due to early delivery) may beconsidered for inclusion in the LCC analysis. Inclusions ofsupplementary cost factors require the prior approval of the projectmanager and CSD's concurrence.4.3.6 SAPMT shall calculate the savings (S LCC) in life cycle cost according tothe following equation:S LCC = LCC LIB– LCC LV(2)Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure where:LCC LV is the equipment life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowestoverall LCCLCC LIB is the life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowest initial bid4.3.7 SAPMT shall direct the contractor to place the Purchase Order (P/O)with the vendor having the lowest LCC (LCC LV) if S LCC is equal to105% or higher of the compensation to the LSTK Contractor (refer toparagraph 4.3.8).4.3.8 If the COMPANY directs the CONTRACTOR to purchase theequipment from any manufacturer technically qualified by theCONTRACTOR other than the CONTRACTOR's proposed source ofsupply, the COMPANY shall compensate the CONTRACTOR for anydifference between the total delivered equipment cost ofCONTRACTOR's proposed source of supply and that of the COMPANYdirected manufacturer.4.3.9 After P/O placement, SAPMT shall provide a copy of the final LCCSpreadsheet(s) to the Estimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) forarchiving and to CSD for information.4.3.10 The equipment shall be tested at the vendor facility for guaranteedefficiency if required by the applicable Saudi Aramco Materials SystemSpecification (SAMSS) and/or the Project Contract. If the equipmentdoes not meet the specified efficiency, and cannot be corrected withinthe test tolerance as specified in the SAMSS, a penalty shall be imposedon the contractor as defined in the SAMSS and the Project Contract.4.4 All Direct Charge Purchases Requiring LCC AnalysisFor Direct Charge (D/C) procurement of equipment, the following steps shall beimplemented:4.4.1 The Proponent Requisition Originator shall develop the PurchaseRequisition (PR) or the Request for Quotation (RFQ) for the subjectequipment and forward it to Purchasing for bid development. If therequested equipment requires LCC analysis as specified in the applicableSAMSS, the Requisition shall clearly indicate the required LCC datawhich the bidders need to provide.4.4.2 Upon receipt of the PR or the RFQ, the Purchasing Buyer shall reviewthe indicated line items and specifications to determine if any of theNext Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure items require LCC analysis.4.4.3 Upon receipt of bids, the Buyer shall request the Proponent RequisitionOriginator to perform the technical evaluation.4.4.4 The Buyer shall obtain the latest applicable energy costs from FPD foruse in the LCC analysis.4.4.5 The Buyer shall perform the LCC analysis by utilizing the applicableLCC Spreadsheet(s) to determine the Life Cycle Cost for all technicallyand commercially acceptable vendors.4.4.6 The buyer shall calculate the savings (S LCC) in life cycle cost according tothe following equation:S LCC = LCC LIB– LCC LV(3)where:LCC LV is the equipment life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowestoverall LCC costLCC LIB is the life cycle cost of the vendor with the lowest initial bid4.4.7 Purchase Order (P/O) placement shall be with the vendor having thelowest LCC (LCC LV) if S LCC is equal to $25000 or 5% of the LIBwhichever is higher.4.4.8 If the equipment cost for the selected equipment is higher than the PR'sauthorized limit, the Requisition Originator (Proponent) shall initiate aChange Requisition to authorize these additional funds.4.4.9 After P/O placement, Buyer shall submit a copy of the final LCCSpreadsheet to Estimating Services Division (ESD/PMOD) for archivingand a copy to CSD for information.The equipment shall be tested at the vendor facility for guaranteedefficiency if required by the applicable Saudi Aramco MaterialsSpecification (SAMSS) and/or the Project Contract. If the equipmentdoes not meet the guaranteed efficiency, and cannot be corrected withinthe test tolerances allowed, a penalty shall be imposed upon the supplierin accordance with the terms and conditions specified in the applicablePurchase Order.Revision Summary13 October 2012 Major revision.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureAppendix A – Calculation Methods for Life Cycle Cost AnalysisThis section is included in this SAEP for clarification purpose only. The logic is already included in the Life Cycle Cost Spreadsheets.A.1 Centrifugal Pumps and Centrifugal CompressorsUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Rotating Equipment Division,Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the centrifugalpumps and centrifugal compressors is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + OC (4)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all equipment being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= P * EF * No. of units being boughtP = Equipment Power in kW, at normal flow rate for actual fluid.EF = Evaluation Factor ($/kW) will be shown on the data sheet and/or inthe quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/kWhAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of Operating Units divided by the number of units beingbought.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureA.2 Electrical Motor Driven Centrifugal Pump, Electrical Motor Driven CentrifugalCompressor and Electrical Motor Driven Integrally Geared Compressor TrainsUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Rotating Equipment Division,Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the electricalmotor driven trains is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + OC (5)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all trains being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= P/(Em*EG) * EF * No. of trains being boughtP = Driven equipment Power in kW, at normal flow rate for actualfluid.Em = Motor Efficiency at normal operating load (decimal)EG = Gear Efficiency at normal operating load (decimal). If there is nogear, EG = 1EF = Evaluation Factor ($/kW) will be shown on the data sheet and/or inthe quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/kWhAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of operating trains divided by the number of trains beingbought.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureA.3 Electrical MotorsUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Electrical Systems MechanicalDivision, Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of theelectrical motors is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + OC (6)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all motors being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= RP * EF * No. of motors being boughtRP = Required Power in kW= P/EmP = Motor load in kW, at normal operating conditions.Em = Motor vendor's Guaranteed Efficiency at normal operating load(decimal)EF = Evaluation Factor ($/kW) will be shown on the data sheet and/or inthe quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/kWhAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of operating motors divided by the number of motorsbeing bought.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost ProcedureA.4 Life Cycle Cost Evaluation for Boilers and Fired HeatersUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Mechanical & Civil EngineeringDivision, Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of theboilers and fired heaters is determined from the following formula:Single Fuel Services:LCC = IC + OC (7)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all units being bought)OC = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= CF * EF * No. of units being boughtCF = Consumed Fuel (Heat Release) in MMBTU/hr= L/EFFL = Unit load (Duty) at normal condition (MMBTU/hr) provided in thedata sheet by the buyer.EFF = Unit Efficiency (decimal) at normal condition provided by vendor.EF = Evaluation Factor ($-hr / MMBTU) will be shown on the data sheetand/or in the quotation request= 11.56 * EC * AHEC = Energy Cost in $/MMBTUAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760OF = Operating Factor= Number of operating units divided by the number of units beingbought. OF = 1 for process heaters since there is no standbyprocess heaters.Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure Dual Fuel Services:LCC = IC + OCx + OCy (8)where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all units being bought)OCx = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= CFx * EFx * No. of units being boughtOCy = Present value of Operating power Cost, $, for operating period of20 years= CFy * EFy * No. of units being boughtCFx = Consumed Fuel (Heat Release) in MMBTU/hr= Lx/EFFCFy = Consumed Fuel (Heat Release) in MMBTU/hr= Ly/EFFEFx = Evaluation Factor for fuel type x ($-hr / MMBTU) will be shownon the data sheet and/or in the quotation request= 11.56 * ECx * Tx / AHEFy = Evaluation Factor for fuel type y ($-hr / MMBTU) will be shownon the data sheet and/or in the quotation request= 11.56 * ECy * Ty / AHL = Unit load (Duty) at normal condition (MMBTU/hr) provided in thedata sheet by the buyer.EFF = Unit Efficiency (decimal) at normal condition provided by vendor.EC = Energy Cost in $/MMBTUAH = Annual operating Hours= OF * 8760Next Planned Update: 20 October 2017 Equipment Life Cycle Cost Procedure OF = Operating Factor= Number of Operating units divided by the number of units beingbought. OF = 1 for process heaters since there is no standbyprocess heatersNote:x & y are the types if fuel that will be provided in the data sheets by buyer.A.5 Power TransformersUnless otherwise approved by the Coordinator, Electrical Systems Division,Consulting Services Department, the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) of the powertransformers is determined from the following formula:LCC = IC + [No. of transformers being bought * (A*Li+B*Lc)] (9) where:IC = Initial Cost, $ (Purchase order cost of all transformers beingbought)A*Li = Present value of no-load loss cost in $, for operating period of20 yearsB*Lc =Present value of load loss cost in $, for operating period of 20 yearsA = No Load Loss Constant, $/kW= 11.56* E1*T1E1 = Energy Cost, $/kWhT1 = Annual operating Hours, 8760 hrLi = Manufacturer guaranteed no-load loss, kWB = Load Loss Constant, $/kW= 0.49 * ALc = Manufacturer guaranteed load loss, kWCommentary Note:The constant 11.56 is a present value factor based the formulaPV=[(1+i)n-1]/[i(1+i)n], where i is the discount rate (5.9%) expressed as adecimal number and n is the life of the motor (20 years).。

aramco标准

aramco标准沙特阿美（Saudi Aramco）是一家全球领先的能源公司，其aramco标准在全球范围内具有很高的声誉和影响力。

作为世界最大的石油生产和出口企业，沙特阿美始终致力于确保能源供应的稳定和安全，同时积极推动可持续发展。

本文将详细介绍沙特阿美的aramco 标准，包括其发展战略、业务领域、技术创新以及在全球能源市场的作用。

一、发展战略沙特阿美公司积极响应国家能源政策，持续调整产业结构，以实现业务多元化。

在石油勘探、开采、生产和销售方面，公司不断优化生产布局，提高产能利用率。

同时，公司还关注新能源领域的发展，积极布局太阳能、风能等可再生能源项目，以应对全球能源转型带来的挑战。

二、业务领域沙特阿美的业务范围涵盖石油勘探、开采、生产、炼制和销售等多个环节。

公司在石油勘探领域拥有丰富的经验和技术实力，不断发现新的油气田。

在开采和生产环节，公司采用先进的技术降低生产成本，提高产量。

此外，沙特阿美还拥有全球最大的石油储备和产量，对全球能源市场具有举足轻重的地位。

三、技术创新沙特阿美高度重视技术创新，投入大量资金进行科研活动。

公司在提高石油采收率、降低生产成本、减少环境污染等方面取得了一系列重要成果。

例如，通过采用先进的压裂技术，公司成功提高了非常规油气资源的开发效果。

此外，公司还致力于研究碳捕获和储存技术，以应对气候变化带来的挑战。

四、在全球能源市场的作用作为全球最大的石油生产和出口企业，沙特阿美对全球能源市场具有重大影响力。

公司的生产决策和价格变动都会对国际油价产生深远影响。

同时，沙特阿美还积极参与国际能源合作，与多家跨国公司建立战略伙伴关系，共同推动全球能源事业的发展。

此外，公司在应对气候变化和能源安全等方面发挥着重要作用，致力于实现可持续发展。

总之，沙特阿美的aramco标准代表了全球石油行业的较高水平，公司在发展战略、业务领域、技术创新和全球能源市场作用等方面具有显著优势。

随着全球能源转型的推进，沙特阿美将继续发挥重要作用，为全球能源安全和可持续发展贡献力量。

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-1027 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types

Previous Issue: 19 August 2008 Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPrimary contact: Awami, Luay Hussain on 966-3-880-1341Engineering ProcedureSAEP-102717 July 2012Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Document Responsibility: Instrumentation Standards CommitteeSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Applicable Documents (2)3 Detailed Instructions for Saudi AramcoForm 8020-611-ENG (3)4 Responsibilities (14)5 Definition of Terms (14)Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types1 ScopeSaudi Aramco Engineering Procedures (SAEPs) establish instructions andresponsibilities associated with various engineering activities. This document contains the instructions for entering data into Form 8020-611-ENG, InstrumentationSpecification Sheet, Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types.2 Applicable DocumentsThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure.2.1 Saudi Aramco DocumentsSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-J-600Pressure Relief DevicesSAES-L-140Thermal Expansion Relief in PipingSaudi Aramco Engineering Form8020-611-ENG Instrument Specification Sheet, Pressure ReliefValves- Conventional & Balanced Types2.2 Industry Standards and CodesAmerican Petroleum InstituteAPI RP 520 Sizing, Selection and Installation of Pressure -Relieving Devices in RefineriesAPI RP 526 Flanged Steel Pressure Relief ValvesAmerican Society of Mechanical EngineersASME B31.3 Process PipingASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for LiquidHydrocarbons and Other LiquidsASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping SystemsASME SEC I Rules for Construction of Power BoilersASME SEC VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure ValvesAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsASTM A216 Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon,Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced TypesSuitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature ServiceCrane Co.Technical Paper No. 410 Flow of Fluids through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe 3 Detailed Instructions for Saudi Aramco Form 8020-611-ENGLine 1 Instrument Tag Number for the PZV. This number is found on theP&ID. For new PZV's a new Instrument Tag Number must be assigned.Line 2 Service - Location: Enter the Equipment Number, Line or ProcessSystem the PZV is protecting. On line below specify the service asLiquid, Gas or Vapor.Line 3 Serial Number– The Serial Number of the PZV to be used as a futurereference by the manufacturer to trace all of the original specificationson the PZV.Line 4 P&ID NumberLine 5 Manufacturer - Enter the PZV Manufacturer Name if known.Line 6 Model Number - Enter the PZV Manufacturer's Complete ModelNumber (Vendor to Verify).Line 7 Material Source - Requisition Number (If known, Enter)Line 8 Material Source - SAMS Stock No. (If known, Enter)Line 9 Design Type - (e.g., - Conventional, Balanced Bellows, BalancedBellows w/ Aux. Piston)Line 10 Body Material - Refer to API RP 526 “Flange Safety Relief Valves”and SAES-J-600 materials. Generic Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, etc., issufficient until the valve is bought, then more detail should be substitutedsuch as (ASTM A216 grade WCB).Line 11 Body Size - Refer to API RP 526 “Flange Safety Relief Valves” forstandard body sizes. (e.g., 4” inlet, 6” outlet, ¾” FNPT inlet, 1” MNPToutlet). F = female and M = male. NPT is National Pipe Thread.Line 12 Body Connection Rating - (e.g., - 300# ANSI Flanged, 3000#Threaded) Refer to API RP526 “Flange Safety Relief Valves” forstandard PZV connection sizes. Per SAES-J-600 minimum inlet flangerating is 300# ANSI.Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Line 13 Flange Face Type - (e.g., - RF for Raised Face, RTJ, for Ring Joint, FF - for Flat Faced, N/A if threaded)Line 14 Seat Type - (e.g. - Metal, Soft (O-ring), or manufacturer specific, i.e.,Thermoflex®, Flex-disc®, etc.)Line 15 Bonnet Generally steam service valves are specified with an OPENbonnet to reduce the temperature effects on the spring. All others arenormally CLOSED.With Open Bonnets, the spring is completely visible.A Bellows Valves is normally specified as a Closed Bonnet even thoughit is vented.Line 18 Nozzle and Disc Material - Enter Nozzle and Disc Material.Line 19 Guide Material - Enter the Stem Guide MaterialLine 20 Spring Material - Enter the material of the spring (e.g., - carbon steel,316 S.S., Monel, Hastelloy C, Iconel, Tungsten).Line 21 Spring Coating - (If any - e.g., Nickel Plated, Painted, AluminumMetalized)Line 22 Bellows - Enter the bellows material (e.g., - 316 SS, Monel, 316L SS,Hastelloy Inconel).Line 24 Cap - (This is the cap that covers the setpoint adjustment). Indicatewhether it is Screwed or Bolted. Standard configuration is screwed.Line 25 Lifting Lever - The purpose of the lifting lever is to enable the user toopen the valve when the pressure under the valve disc is lower than theset pressure. The lifting lever is required for Air, Steam and Hot Water.ASME SEC VIII UG-136 (a) (3). The Plain or Open lever assembly isnot pressure-tight and may leak to the atmosphere. Typically used on airand steam applications. Packed levers ensure leakage does not occureither when the valve is open or when backpressure is present.Line 26 Test Gag - The test gag is used to prevent the safety valve from lifting.This is normally only specified for in-place testing of multiple steamvalve installations or where hydrotesting the system is required.Line 27 Vent with Bug Screen - Vents the Bonnet of the PZV. Yes, for Bellows Valves. No, for Conventional Valves.Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Line 28 Auxiliary Piston - Auxiliary Balance Piston - Required for Bellowsvalves where a bellows failure may cause an unacceptable increase insetpressure or decrease in flowing capacity from built-up backpressure.Line 29 Liquid Trim - Yes, if the valve is in liquid service. Yes, if the valve isin two-phase flow and greater than 50% of the total MASS flowrate isliquid.Line 31 ASME Code - Choose whether the PZV will be installed as ASME SEC VIII (Pressure Vessels - Stamped UV) or ASME SEC I (Steam Boiler -Stamped V). ASME SEC VIII stamped valves are required for PZVsinstalled on ASME B31.3 “In-plant piping”, ASME B31.4 “LiquidTransport Pipelines”, or ASME B31.8 “ Gas Transmission Pipelines”.Enter “n/a” for relief valves used in service below 15 PSIG such as onAPI 2000 tanks.Line 32 Fire or Blocked Discharge - Choose whether the worst case relievingscenario is either Block Discharge or Fire. If other, then enter n/a and goto Line 33.Line 33 Other - (Basis of Selection), Other than Line 32 worst case relief (e.g., - Thermal Relief, Exchanger Tube Failure, Loss of Reflux, Loss ofCooling Fans, etc.)Line 35 Process Fluid - (e.g., Hydrocarbon, Water, Gasoline, Oil, etc.)Line 36 Corrosive Compounds - Name any significant corrosive compoundssuch as H2S, Sour water, etc.Line 37 Required Capacity - This capacity is given at standard conditions. It is the maximum (worst case) relieving scenario for the basis of selection.Line 38 MW or SG @ Relieving Temperature - The molecular weight of thegas or vapor or the Specific Gravity (referenced to water). The specificgravity is stated at the flowing (relieving) conditions.Line 39 Viscosity @ Relieving Temperature in Centipoise.Line 40 Weight % Flashing / Molecular Weight of the VaporApplicable to liquids only. Flashing liquids require specialconsideration. The correct relief valve size lies between that obtainedfrom the liquid formula and that obtained from the vapor formula,usually closer to the liquid. Flashing probably occurs at the throat,where velocity is sonic. The most reasonable approach is to determineNext Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types the liquid portion and the vapor portion separately, compute the arearequired for each quantity, and add them together.Assume an isenthalpic (adiabatic) process.% Flashing = H1-H2 /H LVwhere:H1 = Enthalpy in BTU/lb of saturated liquid at upstream temperature.H2 = Enthalpy in BTU/lb of saturated liquid at downstream pressure.H LV = Latent Heat of Vaporization BTU/lb at downstream pressure.An alternative to the above is to use a process simulation package toperform the flash calculation. Saudi Aramco approved simulationpackages are HYSYS and Pro2 by Simulation Sciences.Balanced Bellows valves may be necessary as a safety precaution whenthe increased downstream PZV body pressure, due to flashing flowconditions, is excessive or cannot be predicted with certainty.Line 41 Temperature at Normal Conditions and at Relief.For Blocked discharge of liquids, the relief temperature is typically thenormal temperature. For blocked discharge of gas on the outlet of acompressor, consider the increased temperature due to the increasedrelieving pressure. For the fire case, the relief temperature of the vaporis the boiling point of the liquid at the relieving pressure.Line 42 Pressure at Normal Conditions and Design Pressure.Design Pressure refers to (at least) the most severe conditions ofcoincident temperature and pressure expected during operation.Design pressure is always equal to or less than the MAWP. Used todetermine the minimum permissible thickness or physical characteristicsof different parts of the vessel. Typically, a corrosion allowance is thenadded to the calculated thickness. If the MAWP is greater than thedesign pressure then this usually means the thickness calculated for thedesign pressure was not commercially available and the next largerrolled plate or pipe was used.Line 43 Set PressureThe set pressure for a single relief valve installation on a vessel orprotected vessel system may not exceed 100% of the MAWP.Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Set pressure staggering is allowed for Multiple PZV installations as follows:- First Valve - The maximum allowable set pressure shall not exceed100% of the MAWP- Additional Valve(s) - Set pressures may be staggered but shall notexceed 105% of the MAWP.- Supplemental Valves - (For additional hazard created by exposure tofire or heat). The set pressure shall not exceed 110% of the MAWP.Set pressure shall not exceed 110% for thermal relief valves on piping.(SAES-L-140).Line 44 Constant Superimposed Back-Pressure (See Definition).Line 45 Variable Superimposed Back-Pressure (See Definition).Line 46 Built-up Back-Pressure (See Definition).Line 47 Total Maximum Backpressure = Superimposed plus Built-upbackpressure.Line 48 Cold Differential Test Pressure (CDTP)The cold differential set or test pressure is the actual pressure at which thevalve will open on a test stand. As PZVs are usually set and tested atambient temperature with no backpressure, the CDTP includes anynecessary correction for the actual application, based upon backpressureand / or temperature. Backpressure correction is only needed forConventional PZVs and it addresses constant backpressure only.CDTP (Conventional PZV) = (Set Pressure – Constant SuperimposedBack Pressure) * Temperature Correction Factor.CDTP (Bellows or Pilot PZV) = Set Pressure * Temperature CorrectionFactor.The Pressure adjustment for temperature is specific to the Manufacturerand PZV Model. Consult the manufacturer for discharge temperaturesabove 150°F.Line 49 Net Spring Setting (for Spring Selection)The setting that is adjusted for constant backpressure for conventionalPZVs. This is used for spring range selection.Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced TypesLine 50 Accumulation in Percent = (Relieving Pressure - MAWP) / MAWP] *100 Overpressure in PSI = Relieving Pressure – Set PressureExample:Set Pressure = 95 PSIGMAWP = 100 PSIGRelieving Pressure in Vessel = 110 PSIGAccumulation = [(110 -100) / 100] *100 = 10%Overpressure = 110 PSIG - 95 PSIG = 15 PSIGLine 51 Blowdown in Percent = (Set Pressure - P closed) / Set Pressure ) * 100Where P closed = Pressure at which the relief valve closes after openingExample:Setpressure = 100 PSIGRelief Valve Closes at 96 PSIG after opening.Blowdown = [(100 PSIG - 96 PSIG) / 100 PSIG] * 100 = 4%Blowdown should be specified as 2-4% for PZV's in ASME SECI steam service. For other valves 7-9% is generally acceptable.Line 52 Discharges To:Examples:Atmosphere, Grade, Open Funnel, Closed Sewer, Relief Header, FlareHeader, Storage Tank, Pump Suction, etc.Line 53 Maximum Allowable Bellows Back PressureTo prevent damage to, or rupture of, the bellows. This information is tobe supplied by the selected Vendor.Check that the sum of the Superimposed and Built-up Backpressure isnot greater than Line 51.Page 2 – ISS 8020-611-ENGLine 55 Instrument Tag Number - Required on every ISS individual sheet.Line 56 Calculated Maximum Tail Pipe VelocityThis is derived by dividing the Maximum Required Flowrate by thecross-sectional area of the discharge flange. (Ft/Sec) “N/A” if Line 56 isNext Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types “N/A”.Line 57 Design Limit on Tail Pipe VelocityRelief System Evaluation for stress on the discharge flare header.For Line 56 choose either Yes or N/A to indicate whether detailed flareheader sound pressure level calculations are required.Input “No” for Line 57 if any of the following items 1-3 are True.1. The PZV does not discharge to a closed system.2. The PZV is for liquid relief.3. The Screening Process indicates obvious safe sound pressure levels.Screening ProcessPerform either Test I, II or III depending on the PZV downstream pipingconfiguration.If the test result is False, then N/A may be entered into Line 57. If thetest results is True, then a Yes is entered into Line 57 to indicate thatfurther downstream piping sound pressure levels are necessary.The calculation sound pressure levels are outside of the scope of the8020-611-ENG specification sheet. The Process Engineering Divisionmay be consulted for help with the detailed sound pressure levelcalculations.Test I - PZV Downstream line size 16 in. and greater:Screening Test: The Mass Flow Rate is greater than91,000 kg/hr (200,000 lb/hr) OR the pressure ratio is greaterthan 3? (True / False)Test II - PZV Downstream line sizes 8 in. to 14 in.Screening Test: The downstream line velocity is greater than50% sonic (0.5 Mach) AND the pressure ratio is greater than 3.(True / False)Test III - PZV Downstream line size less than 8 in. AND is swaged upOR“Teed” to an 8 in. or larger line size.Screening Test: The downstream line velocity is greater than50% sonic (0.5 Mach) AND the pressure ratio is greater than 3.(True / False)Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced TypesScreening Process Definitions:Line Velocity = (Maximum PZV Discharge Flowrate)(Cross-sectional area of downstream PZV piping)Sonic Velocity = SQRT (kqRT)(See Crane - “Flow of Fluids” Chapter 1 Equation 1 - 10.)Pressure Ratio = (Built-up Pressure + Normal Flare Header Pressure + 14.7)(Normal Flare Header Pressure + 14.7)Built-up Pressure = See Definitions of TermsLine 58 Calculated Line Piping Pressure LossCalculate the Inlet Pressure drop at the maximum rated relief capacity ofthe PZV. (The stamped rated capacity of the valve).The inlet pressure losses are the accumulative pressure drops due tofriction (as a function of pipe size and length and fluid velocity),entrance and exit losses where they exist, and losses due to valves andfittings. (See Crane “Flow of Fluids” Chapter 1 for more details.)Line 59 Inlet Pressure Loss Limit (3% Set Pressure)Verify that inlet piping pressure loss does not exceed 3% of the setpressure limit (the inlet piping should be as short as possible to minimizethe pressure drop).Inlet Pressure Loss Limit = (Set Pressure * .03)An engineering analysis of the valve performance at higher inlet lossesmay permit increasing the allowable pressure loss above 3%, however,this would require a waiver.Line 63 Spring Range in PSIG (e.g., 80-150 PSIG)This is supplied by the vendor. For existing springs, the range may befound by supplying the stamped part number to Supervisor, OperationsInspection Engineering Unit, Dhahran. Spring selection is based on theCDTP without considering any temperature correction factor.Some manufacturers consider spring Codes and Ranges confidential.Line 64 Manufacturers Spring Number (Manufacturers Part Number)Line 66 Calculated Orifice Area (Square Inches) - Obtained from the APINext Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types formulas used on 8020-611-ENG Sheet 3 Lines 98-101.Line 67 Selected API Orifice and Area - The standard effective orifice areasand the corresponding letter designations are listed below as defined byAPI RP 526 Section 3.1 Table 1.Line 68 Actual Orifice Area - This information is the actual orifice area and issupplied by the vendor or may be found in the vendor product literature.Lines 70-73 Multiple Relief ValvesCheck whether multiple valves better serve the application.(SAES-J-600 Paragraph 8.14).Check whether a spare valve is needed for maintenance(SAES-J-600 Paragraph 8.15).Line 70 Set Pressure of Low Valve - (No higher than the MAWP)Exception:Thermal reliefs may be set up to 110% of MAWP per SAES-L-140.Line 71 Set Pressure of Intermediate Valve - (No higher than the 1.05 * MAWP)Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Line 72Set Pressure of High Valve - (No higher than the 1.05 * MAWP) Line 73 Set Pressure of Spare Valve - (The Spare Valve is normally set at theset pressure of the low valve.)Page 3 – ISS 8020-611-ENGSheet 3 Note: The Required Orifice Area is to be calculated. Select anappropriate equation. Equation 98 is used for all Gas and VaporCalculations except for a Fire Case on a Dry Gas Filled Vessel, in whichcase Equation 101 is used. Equation 99 is used for all steam PZVs andEquation 100 is used for Certified Liquid Service. Certified means thatthe valve is Code stamped and has liquid trim. See API RP 520 Part Ifor any further clarifications.Line 77Instrument Tag Number - Required on every ISS individual sheet. Line 78 Required Orifice Area (A) in Square Inches - This is the area requiredto flow the worst case relieving scenario. The value A is determined bythe appropriate equation chosen from line 98-101.Commentary Note:For lines 77-95, enter data only for the variables that are specific for thesizing equation selected. All other variable may be left blank.Line 79 Exposed Surface Area of Vessel (A') in Square Feet - For GasExpansion in dry vessels during a fire case only (Line 101). Calculatethe entire surface area of the vessel. (No credit given for insulation).Line 80Specific Heat Coefficient (C) - This factor is used required to calculatethe Valve Factor in Line 79. Table 9 in API RP 520 Part I shows thisvalue as a function of the ratio of specific heats Cp/Cv = k . The value ofC may be calculated directly from the Specific Heat Ratio (k). C k k + k+k -=⎛⎝ ⎫⎭⎪5202111 Example: For Air k = 1.40, C = 356Line 81 Valve Factor (F') ()F CK T T T D '...=-014061112506506ωNext Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Where: Tω= vessel wall temperature, in (°R) andT1= gas temperature, absolute, in (°R), at the upstreampressure, determined from the following relationship:TPPT 11 =ηηWhere: Pη= Normal operating gas pressure, in PSIA andTη= Normal operating gas temperature, in (°R). Line 82 Specific Gravity (G) - The specific gravity of the liquid at the flowing temperature referred to water = 1.00 at 70 °F. Used for liquid sizing. Line 83 Coefficient of Discharge (K D)- This is the effective coefficient of discharge when using the API sizing equations. If the Manufacturer'sactual Coefficient of Discharge is unknown, then use .975 for gas/vaporsizing calculations or .650 for liquid sizing.Line 84 Back Pressure Correction Factor (K b ) - This is the capacitycorrection factor due to back pressure. The back pressure correctionfactor applies to balanced-bellows valves only. K b values can bedetermined from Figure 27 of API RP 520 Part I. (K b = 1 for backpressure less than 30% of the set pressure.)Line 86 Superheated Steam Correction Factor (K SH) - For saturated steam at any pressure, K SH = 1. For Superheated steam, K SH values can bedetermined from Table 10 of API RP 520 Part I.Line 87 Napier Correction Factor (K N) = 1 where P1 < 1515 PSIA.K N = (0.1906P1– 1000) / (0.2292P1– 1061), where P1 > 1515 PSIAand < 3215 PSIA.Line 88 Back Pressure Correction Factor (K W) - This is for balanced-bellows valves in liquid service with back pressure. For atmospheric backpressure, K W = 1. Conventional valves require no special correction.K W values can be determined from Figure 31 of API RP 520 Part I. Line 89 Viscosity Correction Factor (K V) - This is the correction factor due to viscosity. K V values can be determined from Figure 32 of API RP 520Part I.Line 90 Molecular Weight (M) - This is the molecular weight of the gas or vapor. This value should be obtained from the process data.Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Line 91 Relieving Pressure (P1) - This is the upstream relieving pressure, inPSIA. It consists of the set pressure (P) plus the allowable overpressureplus atmospheric pressure.Line 92 Set Pressure (P) - See the definition of set pressure.Line 93 Back Pressure (P b) - See the definition of back pressure.Line 94 Relieving Temperature (T) - This is the relieving temperature of theinlet gas or vapor in °R. (Degrees Rankine = Degrees Fahrenheit +459.67).Line 95 Liquid Flow (Q) - This is the flow rate at the flowing temperature, inU.S. gallons per minute (GPM).Line 96 Gas/Vapor/Steam Flow (W) - This is the required flow through thevalve, in pounds per hour (LB/HR).Line 97 Compressibility Factor (Z) - This is the compressibility factor for thedeviation of the actual gas from a perfect gas, a ratio evaluated at inletconditions.Lines 98-101 Area EquationsSelect the appropriate equation. Write the equation vertically in thespace provided showing the value for each variable and the resultantcalculated area. For Electronically filled in sheets, it is permissible toshow the end calculation result.4 Responsibilities4.1 Instrumentation UnitThe Instrumentation Unit is responsible for keeping this document and theISS Form 8020-611-ENG current and accurate.4.2 Originating EngineerIt is the responsibility of the Originating Engineer to complete ISS Form8020-611-ENG for conventional and bellows operated relief valves before thePZV is entered into the Relief Valve Program for testing and inspection.5 Definition of TermsAccumulation: the pressure increase in the vessel over the maximum allowableworking pressure with the valve, or valves, open and at required relieving capacity; it isNext Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types expressed as a percentage of Maximum Allowable Working Pressure, or in kPa(ga) or(psig). The permissible accumulation for various conditions is specified in the ASMECodes.Commentary Note:Accumulation is the same as overpressure when the PZV is set at the MaximumAllowable Working Pressure of the vessel.Back Pressure: the pressure on the discharge side of a relief valve. Different types of back pressures are:a) Superimposed Back Pressure: the pressure on the discharge side of a reliefvalve, against which the valve must begin to open. It may be constant or variable.b) Built-up Back Pressure: the pressure on the discharge side of a relief valvedeveloped as a result of flow due to the valve in question relieving into thedischarge header system. Where multiple valves relieve under a singlecontingency, the back pressure increase in the discharge system as a result of allinvolved valves relieving, determines the built up back pressure.Built-up Back Pressure is calculated by adding all of the discharge header pressuredrops. The pressure losses are the accumulative pressure drops due to friction (asa function of pipe size and length and fluid velocity), entrance and exit losseswhere they exist, and losses due to valves and fittings. (See Crane “TechnicalPaper No. 410” Chapter 1 for more details.)Built-up back pressure may be taken as zero for PZV's that discharge toatmosphere through a full size elbow and short discharge pipe leg.Balanced Safety Relief Valve: a pressure relief valve which incorporates means ofminimizing the effect of back pressure on the operational characteristics (openingpressure, closing pressure, and relieving capacity).Blowdown: the difference between the set pressure and the resetting pressure of arelief valve, expressed as a percentage of the set pressure or in kPa (psig).“Cold” Differential Test Pressure: the pressure in kPa (psig) at which a relief valve is adjusted to open on the test stand. This pressure includes the correction for maximumsuperimposed back pressure (for conventional non-bellows valve only) and/ortemperature service conditions.Conventional Safety Relief Valve: a pressure relief valve which has its spring housing vented to the discharge side of the valve. The operational characteristics (openingpressure, closing pressure, and relieving capacity) are directly affected by changes ofthe back pressure on the valves.Next Planned Update: 17 July 2017 Pressure Relief Valve Conventional and Balanced Types Design Pressure: the pressure, exclusive of any static heads, used to determine theminimum permissible thickness or physical characteristics of the different parts of thevessel.Disc: the pressure containing movable element of a pressure relief valve which effects closure.Lift: the amount the disc rises above the seat in pressure relief valves.Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP): the maximum pressure in kPa(psig) permissible at the top of a completed vessel in its operating position for adesignated temperature. It is the highest pressure at which a relief valve may be set tobegin to open.Nozzle: a pressure containing element which constitutes the inlet flow passage andincludes the fixed portion of the seat closure.Operating Pressure: the pressure at the top of a pressure vessel at which the vesselsnormally operates.Overpressure: the pressure increase over the set pressure of the primary relief valve.It is the same as accumulation when the relief valve is set at the maximum allowableworking pressure of the vessel.Rated Capacity: the percentage of measured flow at an authorized percentoverpressure permitted by the applicable code. Rated capacity is generally expressed in pounds per hour (lbs/hr) for vapors; standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) for gases;and in gallons per minute (GPM) for liquids.Relief Valve: an automatic pressure-relieving device actuated by the static pressureupstream of the valve, and which opens in proportion to the increase in pressure above set pressure. It is used primarily for liquid service.Commentary Note:For the sake of simplicity all pressure relief devices (valves) referred to in this procedureare called “PZV”.Relieving Pressure: the pressure in the protected vessel with the relieving devices full open. It is the set pressure plus the actual overpressure. Relief valves shall be sized to prevent the relieving pressure from exceeding the Maximum Allowable WorkingPressure plus the allowable accumulation.Safety Relief Valve: an automatic pressure-relieving device suitable for use as either a safety or relief valve. It is used in gas or vapor service or for liquid.。

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP

Previous Issue: 15 October 2008 Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 5 Primary contact: Ghulam, Ziad Mohammad Jamil on 966-3-8745670Engineering ProcedureSAEP-134 4 March 2009 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresDocument Responsibility: Standards CoordinatorSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Applicable Documents (2)3 Instructions (2)4 Responsibilities (4)Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures1 ScopeSaudi Aramco Engineering Procedures (SAEPs) establish instructions andresponsibilities associated with various engineering activities. This document contains the instructions to initiate, format, prepare, revise, coordinate and obtain approvals forall SAEPs.SAEPs are procedures, approved by Saudi Aramco Management, that establishminimum requirements for dealing with their associated subject material. They aremandatory and apply on a Company-wide basis.2 Applicable DocumentsThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure:Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresSAEP-301 Instructions for Establishing and MaintainingMandatory Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirementsSAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a MandatorySaudi Aramco Engineering Requirement3 Instructions3.1 PurposeThe purpose of a SAEP is to establish and approve a systematic method orprocess of accomplishing an engineering related activity.3.2 Organization and Contents3.2.1 The content of each SAEP is to be divided and the material organizedinto a minimum of four mandatory sections:∙Scope: This section of the procedure is normally used to describe thesubject matter of the document, including the extent of itsapplication. It can also make an overall general statementencompassing the content or functional intent of the SAEP.∙Applicable Documents: This section lists all documents that arereferenced within the procedure. Do not list documents that are notreferred to.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures ∙Instructions: This section provides the procedure's instructions orguidelines to be followed.∙Responsibilities: This section establishes the responsibilities,authority and approvals associated with carrying out the procedure'sinstructions.3.2.2 Additional sections may be included as necessary, depending upon thesubject matter involved. Add more sections only when it is necessary toinclude material that does not logically fit within one of the mandatorysections.3.2.3 Appendices may be included to provide information in support of themain text of the SAEP. This may include tables, charts, graphs,examples, etc. Do not include Saudi Aramco forms in the procedure.Instead, make reference to them by their form number.Identify appendices as Appendix A, B, etc., on consecutively numberedpages. Locate appendices after the last page of the last SAEP sectionand list each appendix in the Table of Contents.3.3 Deviation from Procedure RequirementsApproval to deviate from the requirements given in a SAEP shall be obtained byfollowing the waiver instructions of SAEP-302.3.4 Cancellation of SAEPCancel existing SAEPs by obtaining the signature of the procedure's ApprovalAuthority.3.5 Document NumberingDocument numbers will be assigned to SAEPs based on the following:∙Two digit numbers: Approval by Senior Vice President∙Three digit numbers: Approval by Vice President or Chief Engineer∙Four digit numbers: Approval by Department ManagerThe mechanism of determining the document number of an engineeringprocedure will be based on the safety, cost, and maintenance and operationsimpact of the procedure. It will be supported and based on the followingfundamental nature:a) If the procedure will be utilized solely by the Saudi Aramco ResponsibleNext Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresOrganization (who develops the procedure), a four digit number will beassigned and approval shall be by the Department Manager.b) If the procedure will be utilized by other department(s) within the sameadmin. area aside from the SARO, a three digit number will be assignedand the approval shall be by the Vice President or Chief Engineer.c) If the document will be utilized by other department(s) belonging to otherbusiness line(s), a two digit number will be assigned and the approval shallbe by the Sr. Vice President of the proponent organization.Commentary Note:The Saudi Aramco Responsible Organization (SARO) should evaluate the costimplication as a result of developing a two-digit procedure.4 Responsibilities4.1 Saudi Aramco Responsible Organization (SARO)The SARO is the department responsible for the procedure. All SAEPs musthave an assigned SARO. Specific responsibilities of the SARO include:∙Determine the need for new SAEPs, and review existing SAEPs, at least once every five (5) years per SAEP-301, to determine if they are still valid.Where required, revise procedures to achieve broadest company-wideapplication, maintain overall cost-effectiveness, ensure technical adequacy,and generally keep them up-to-date.∙Determine the approval authority for the procedure.∙Determine if company-wide input is needed for procedures containing major revisions or new SAEPs.∙Forward draft documents to the Standards Coordinator to either route for BOE review or for the completion of approval, publication, and distributionprocesses per SAEP-301 paragraph 4.7(g).∙Forward all original approval copies of procedures to the StandardsCoordinator for historical filing. Include other documents judged importantenough to be kept with the document file.4.2 Board of Engineers (BOE)∙Review SAEPs as required by paragraph 4.1, ensuring they are acceptable from the technical, safety, economic and implementation standpoint.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedures ∙Recommend to the Approval Authority, appropriate changes to achieve an optimum balance of technical, safety, economic and implementation factors.4.3 Approval AuthorityThe Approval Authority, determined by the SARO for each procedure, shallreview each procedure to ensure that the final procedure should be approved foruse. For documents reviewed by the BOE, ensure that all major comments havebeen resolved.4.4 Standards CoordinatorThe Standards Coordinator is responsible for the administration of all SAEPs.Specific responsibilities include:∙Maintain accurate records of all approved SAEPs, including issue dates and next planned revisions. Keep historical files and copies of all SAEPs,including original document approval signatures.∙Assign document numbers to new SAEPs.∙Establish document format and content requirements. Review all SAEPs prior to final approval for conformance to these requirements.∙Forward draft SAEPs to the BOE for review, and final revised SAEPs to the document's Approval Authority.∙Approve minor editorial changes to the procedure for such things astypographical errors, organization name and title changes approved byManagement, and reference document name changes.∙Disseminate the information of all approved SAEPs per SAEP-301paragraph 4.7(g).∙Notify SARO representatives of approaching planned revision dates insufficient time to allow an orderly review and rewrite of the procedure, ifrequired.Revision Summary15 October 2008 Revised the "Next Planned Update." Reaffirmed the contents of the document, andreissued with editorial changes.4 March 2009 Editorial revision to clarify Section 3.5 (Document Numbering).。

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-1020 Capital Program Planning

Previous Issue: 30 June 2004 Next Planned Update: 1 May 2017 Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin Page 1 of 5Primary contact: Boyd, Brett Hunt on +966-3-8800801Engineering ProcedureSAEP-10201 May 2012Capital Program PlanningDocument Responsibility: Facilities Planning DepartmentSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope............................................................ 2 2 Applicable Documents................................... 2 3 Instructions. (2)4 Responsibilities (2)Next Planned Update: 1 May 2017 Capital Program Planning1 ScopeThis Saudi Aramco Engineering Procedure describes the steps necessary to establishand coordinate Budget Item (BI) information to be utilized in generating schedules and budget estimates i n support of Saudi Aramco’s 5-year Capital Program.2 Applicable DocumentsThe Facilities Planning Department (FPD) Capital Program Processing Schedule(Planning Calendar) displays the various actions and events that are integral steps forCapital Program Planning. The Capital Program Processing Schedule is updated atvarious times each year and is located at FPD’s Sharek website in the “PlanningSchedule” drop-down menu. The FPD Sharek site may be accessed by clicking on this link.3 InstructionsThe major organizational interfaces and responsibilities to generate the five-year Capital Program are the Proponent Administrative Areas, Long Range Planning Department,Facilities Planning Department, Project Management Office Department, and theProject Management Administrative Areas.FPD is responsible for coordinating the Proponent/Business Line input. This includes a request, as well as definition and scope in a standard document entitled thePlanning/Budget Brief. In addition, FPD is responsible for meeting with the Proponent organizations to review the scopes of potential new Budget Items and to establish their priorities, as well as to determine their impact on existing facilities. FPD establishes a cut-off date for Business Lines to submit potential new Budget Items for the CapitalProgram. This date is set early in the year to accommodate the development of thescopes, justifications, cost estimates, and schedules to properly formulate the CapitalProgram.The Project Management Office Department (PMOD) is responsible for generating cost estimates, project schedules, construction agency assignments, cash flow, CapitalExpenditure (CAPEX) reports and consolidating all Project Management data.4 ResponsibilitiesAcronyms used in this section:∙All Capital Program Stakeholders (All)∙Appropriation Requests (ARs)Next Planned Update: 1 May 2017 Capital Program Planning∙Board of Directors (Board)∙Business Line (BL)∙Capital Programs and Budget Division of FPD (CP&BD)∙Corporate Staff (CS)∙Capital Program System (CPS)∙Executive Advisory Committee (EAC)∙Electronic Capital Automation Program (e-CAP)∙Facilities Planning Department (FPD)∙Long Range Planning Department (LRPD)∙Master Scheduling System (MSS)∙Management Committee (MC)∙Project Management (PM)∙Project Management Office Department (PMOD)∙Table Top Review (TTR)The following steps are listed in the sequence in which they need to be accomplished,along with the organization primarily responsible for the task:4.1 Open e-CAP system for proponents to submit newAppropriation Requests (ARs)CP&BD4.2 Submit ARs for current 5-year Capital Program BL4.3 AR evaluation including scope, cost, and alternative evaluationsFPD4.4 Provide study estimates and assign construction agenciesfor new ARsPMOD4.5 Review of evaluation summaries and submit positions onnew ARsFPD4.6 Issuance of Business Plan Guidelines and Instructions LRPD4.7 Open e-CAP system for proponents to submit add-on ARsdriven by new Business Plan GuidelinesCP&BDNext Planned Update: 1 May 2017 Capital Program Planning4.8 Coordinate meetings between proponents, Business Line Coordinators, and FPD to review add-on ARs and ARs withissuesCP&BD4.9 Provide PMOD with planning briefs, cost estimates and milestone dates for TTRFPD4.10 Review of 5-year Capital Program appropriations FPD/CS4.11 Items remaining for further evaluation, with or without FPD support, must be converted from AR to BI. FPD4.12 Publish FPD positions to Business Line Coordinators CP&BD 4.13 Withdraw unsupported ARs from 5-year Capital Progam BL4.14 Archive CPS database for EAC Review CP&BD 4.15 Archive MSS database for EAC Review PMOD 4.16 Conduct Table Top Review PMOD4.17 Develop organization charts that reflect BI assignments toProject Managers and Department Management Staff. This provides a proper baseline for manpower loading, if needed.All PM4.18 Submit Capital Program appropriations and exhibits toLRPDCP&BD4.19 Submit EAC archive appropriations to Business LineCoordinatorsCP&BD4.20 Submit scheduling comments to CP&BD based on TTR PMOD4.21 Distribute 5-year Capital Program EAC books to EACmembersCP&BD4.22 Presentation to EAC of 5-year Capital ProgramappropriationsCP&BD4.23 Archive CPS database for MC Review CP&BD 4.24 Archive MSS database for MC Review PMOD 4.25 Submit MC Capital appropriations and exhibits to LRPD CP&BDNext Planned Update: 1 May 2017 Capital Program Planning4.26 Submit MC archive appropriations to Business LineCoordinatorsCP&BD4.27 Distribute 5-year Capital Program MC books to MCmembersCP&BD4.28 Presentation to MC of the 5-year Capital ProgramappropriationsCP&BD4.29 Review of the 5-year Capital Program appropriations MC 4.30 Schedule and cost updates for Board Review PMOD 4.31 Archive CPS data for Board Review CP&BD 4.32 Archive MSS data for Board Review PMOD4.33 Submit Board archive appropriations to Business Line CoordinatorsCP&BD4.34 Submit Board Capital appropriations and exhibits to LRPD CP&BD 4.35 Meeting to review and approve the 5-year Capital Program. Board4.36 Upon approval of the 5-year Capital Program, all PM Departments, Proponent Administrative Areas, FPD andPMOD will proceed with support of the Capital Program.All Revision Summary1 May 2012 Revised the "Next Planned Update." Reissued with numerous revisions to reflect theincreasing role of FPD’s Budget Division (CP&BD) in the Capital Program Planning process.Also, a hyperlink has been added to direct users to FPD's Sharek website, providing quickaccess to the current Capital Program Processing Schedule.。

浅谈沙特阿美石油项目管理经验

员接触不到，通过ＰＭＴ来催促材料的批复；１．３．２材料等级在０及以上的，都需要ＶＩＤ批
复之后才能采购，并批复流程繁琐、耗时较长；房建项目６００多种材料，约４００种材料都在等级０及以上。
１．４业主办公室ＰｒｏｐｏｎｅｎｔＰｒｏｐｏｎｅｎｔ为业主代表，没有专业的工程师，有具体工作也会转给ＣＳＧ或其他部门处理，工作懒散、流程繁琐、耗时较长，一般不参与项目事宜，涉及项目重大变更、规范体系的选择、建筑外观会参与定夺。２．阿美项目遵循的规范２．１阿美的规范管理体系是基于欧美规范采用ＩＳＯ管理体系的方法。２．２可执行的两种标准体系：１．ＳＢＣ体系：主规范为ＳａｕｄｉＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＣｏｄｅ，ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ支撑规范为ＳＥＡＰ－１４８的附录，包括ＩＢＣ、ＩＥＣ、ＡＣＩ等５５项规范；此体系的优点：本主规范ＳａｕｄｉＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＣｏｄｅ较为简单，缺项漏项较多，验收标准相对低一些，有利于现场施工；比如混凝土的控制温度，ＳＢＣ标准为３５°，ＳＡＥＳ标准为３２°；打压测试的保压时间，ＳＢＣ标准为４５分钟，ＳＡＥＳ标准为４个小时；此体系的缺点：（１）对ＳａｕｄｉＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＣｏｄｅ支撑的ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｓ较多，达到５５项，首先项目购买规范的成本较大；其次各种规范相互参考，相互有冲突的地方；当有冲突的地方，需要向ＳＡＰＭＴ以及ＳＡＰＩＤ确认遵循哪个标准，比较耗时，对项目工期压力较大；（２）遵循阿美２０１５版的ＳＡＥＰ－１４８，此流程复杂，为２０１８年阿美新提出的规范体系，ＳＡＰＭＴ＆ＳＡＰＩＤ都对此不熟悉，属于新体系、新流程，其中隐藏的风险未知，对项目造成的利害关系未知；并且图纸、材料等的报批、技术澄清项等需要经过Ｐｒｏｐｏｎｅｎｔ业主部门，此部门没有专业工程师，工作效率比较低，对材料、图纸等报批的时间压力比较大，对项目工期压力较大。２．ＳＡＥＳ体系：主规范为ＳａｕｄｉＡｒａｍｃｏＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-1107

Previous Issue: 29 October 2003 Next Planned Update: 27 April 2014 Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 6Primary contact: Kakpovbia, Anthony E. on 966-3-8747226Engineering ProcedureSAEP-1107 27 April 2009 Welding Test Supplement S07 for GTAW, Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steel PipeInspection Engineering Standards Committee MembersKakpovbia, Anthony Eyankwiere, Chairman Rajeh, Saleh Rashid, Vice Chairman Stockenberger, Hans J Mc Ghee, Patrick Timothy Khunaizi, Mohammad Redhi Suwaidan, Khalid AliSeyed Mohamed, Abdul Cader Boult, David Carrera, R LLangla, Edward Charles Ingram, James Young Keen, Peter David Ghamdi, Khalid Salem Albarillo, Rodolfo Celino Anazy, Khalid JumaShammary, Hamed Abdulwahab Mohsen, Hassan AbdallahSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope............................................................ 2 2 Applicable Documents................................... 2 3 Instructions. (2)Next Planned Update: 27 April 2014 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe 1 ScopeThis welder performance qualification Test Supplement shall govern the testing ofwelders with the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process, welding progressionvertical up, for welding carbon, low alloy and stainless steel pipe.2 Applicable DocumentsThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure.2.1 Saudi Aramco ReferencesSaudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresSAEP-321 Performance Qualification Testing andCertification of Saudi Aramco WeldersSAEP-1101 Welding Test Supplement S01 for SMAW, Carbonand Low Alloy Steel PipeSAEP-1103 Welding Test Supplement S03 for SMAW,Stainless Steel, Single SidedSAEP-1104 Welding Test Supplement S04 for SMAW,Stainless Steel/Nickel, Backing2.2 Industry Code(s) and Standard(s)American Society of Mechanical EngineersASME SEC IX Qualification Standard for Welding and BrazingProcedures, Welders, Brazers, and Weldingand Brazing Operators3 InstructionsConduct the Performance qualification testing of welders following the requirements of SAEP-321 as supplemented by the subsequent instructions.3.1 ApplicationsPiping YesPipelines YesPressure Vessels NoTanks NoNext Planned Update: 27 April 2014 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steel PipeStructural NoDissimilar Metals Yes ** See restrictions in paragraph 3.93.7 Testing and Inspection RequirementsTime Limit of Test Two (2) hours maximumRadiography 100% (ASME QW-191)Visual Inspection See paragraph 6.1.3 of SAEP-3213.8 Qualification LimitsMaterial Form Plate or pipeJoint Type Groove welds with and without backing, and filletweldsBase Material Carbon steels (P1), low alloy steels (P3, P4, P5,P9, P11), stainless steels (P8) only to themselves,and carbon & low alloy steels to each other.Process GTAWFiller Metal (Root/Fill/Cap):Carbon Steel ERXXS-X (A5.18)Low Alloy Steel ERXX(X)S-X(X) (A5.28)Stainless Steel ERXXX (A5.9)Gas Backing Inert gas backing is required when welding P5materials (and materials with greater P-Numbers)to themselves or to each otherBase Metal Thickness 0.436" maximumDiameter Range 1" NPS and greater with no restrictions. For theoccasional job requiring welding of butt joints lessthan one inch (1") diameter, the welder shall welda 2G and 5G test coupon on the smallest job sizediameter tubing. The welding shall be witnessedby the OIU inspector and the weld radiographed.Both test coupons shall meet the acceptancecriteria of paragraph 3.7 of this Test Supplement.Next Planned Update: 27 April 2014 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steel PipeAcceptance shall qualify the welder to weld tubingdiameters between one inch (1") and the diametertested, and shall remain in effect as long as thewelder welds tubing in the diameter rangecontinuously and up until one month afterwards.Positions AllVertical Progression Uphill3.9 RestrictionsDissimilar Metal Welds (between ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steelsmade with ER309 GTAW filler metals only) are permitted for:1) Structural welding applications where welds are not in contact with servicefluid and the design temperature is less than 300°C, and2) The welding of stainless steel name plates to pressure vessel shells.Revision Summary27 April 2009 Revised the "Next Planned Update". Reaffirmed the contents of the document and reissiedwith editorial change.Next Planned Update: 27 April 2014 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steel PipeNext Planned Update: 27 April 2014 Carbon, Low Alloy and Stainless Steel PipeWELD LAYER PROCESSRoot GTAWHot GTAWFill GTAWCap GTAW。

AESP111 Grounding沙特阿美仪表规范

Engineering StandardSAES-P-111 28 January, 2004 GroundingElectrical Standards Committee MembersAl-Anizi, T.S., ChairmanAl-Abdulgader, A.A.Al-Ahmad, R.J.Al-Awdah, S.A.Carlson, R.W.Ismail, M.H.Lowe, J.Merbati, F.A.Moravsik, R.C.Refaee, J.A.Stansbury, M.C.Saudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Conflicts, Deviations, and Commentary (2)3 References (2)4 General (4)5 Materials and Installation (6)6 Substation Grounding (9)7 Grounding Electrodes (9)8 System Grounding (10)9 Equipment Grounding (12)10 Offshore Platform Grounding (16)11 Fence Grounding (16)12 Tank Grounding (18)13 Lightning Protection (18)14 Static Electricity Grounding (18)1 ScopeThis standard prescribes minimum mandatory requirements for design and installation of grounding systems and lightning protection systems for Saudi Aramco facilities. This document may not be Previous Issue: 30 November, 2003 Next Planned Update: 1 October, 2008Next Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding attached to nor made a part of purchase orders.2 Conflicts, Deviations, and Commentary2.1 If there are any conflicts between this Standard and associated purchasing, project orengineering documents, this standard shall take precedence. The exception is if an approvedWaiver form SA 6409-ENG has been included with the purchasing documents.2.2 Any conflicts between this standard and other applicable Saudi Aramco EngineeringStandards (SAESs), Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs), Standard Drawings(SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall be resolved in writing by the companyor buyer representative through the Manager, Consulting Services Department of SaudiAramco, Dhahran.2.3 Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the company or buyerrepresentative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302 and forward suchrequests to the Manager, Consulting Services Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.2.4 The designation "Commentary" is used to label a sub-paragraph that contains comments thatare explanatory or advisory. These comments are not mandatory, except to the extent thatthey explain mandatory requirements contained in this SAES.3 ReferencesThe selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction, maintenance, and repair of equipment and facilities covered by this standard shall comply with the latest edition of the references listed below, unless otherwise noted.3.1 Saudi Aramco ReferencesSaudi Aramco Engineering ProcedureSAEP-302 Instructions for Obtaining a Waiver of a Mandatory SaudiAramco Engineering RequirementSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardsSAES-B-070 Bulk PlantsSAES-M-006 Saudi Aramco Security and General Purpose FencingSAES-J-902 Electrical Systems for InstrumentationSAES-P-100 Basic Power System Design CriteriaSAES-P-104 Wiring Methods and MaterialsSAES-P-107 Overhead Distribution SystemsSAES-T Series Communications Engineering StandardsSAES-X-400 Cathodic Protection of Buried PipelinesSaudi Aramco Materials System SpecificationNext Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding 15-SAMSS-502 Medium Voltage Power Cables 5 kV though 35 kVSaudi Aramco Library DrawingDD-950022 Grounding Connections Details Ground Rod to GroundGridSaudi Aramco Standard DrawingsAB-036387 Tank GroundingAA-036572 Grounding Arrangement for Disconnect Switch Structure3.2 Industry Codes and StandardsAmerican National Standards InstituteANSI C2 National Electrical Safety CodeAmerican Petroleum InstituteAPI RP 2003 Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static,Lightning, and Stray CurrentsInstitute of Electrical and Electronics EngineersIEEE 80 Guide for Safety in Alternating-Current SubstationGroundingIEEE 81 Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance,and Earth Surface Potentials of a Ground System IEEE 142 Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial andCommercial Power SystemsIEEE 399 IEEE Recommended Practice for Power Systems Analysis(Brown Book)IEEE 1100 Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic Equipment International Electrotechnical CommissionIEC 61662 Assessment of Risk of Damage Due to LightningIEC 61024-1 Protection of Structures Against LightningIEC 61024-1-1 Protection of Structures Against Lightning Part 1:General Principles Section 1: Guide A – Selection ofProtection Levels for Lightning Protection Systems National Fire Protection AssociationNFPA 70 National Electrical CodeNFPA 99 Health Care FacilitiesNFPA 780 Lightning Protection CodeNext Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 GroundingUnderwriters LaboratoriesUL 96 Lightning Protection ComponentsUL 96A Installation Requirements for Lightning ProtectionSystemsUL 467 Grounding and Bonding Equipment4 General4.1 Except as noted in 4.2, grounding and ground system installation shall be designed inaccordance with IEEE 142 and meet the requirements of ANSI/NFPA 70 (NEC), and ANSIC2, as supplemented or amended by this Standard. Requirements for specific facilities are asfollows:a) Health Care Facility grounding shall meet additional requirements ofNFPA 99;b) Communications System grounding shall be in accordance with theSAES-T Series;c) SAES-J-902 shall take precedence over this standard for grounding of process controlinstrumentation and process control systems. Refer to SAES-J-902 for groundingsensitive electronic equipment associated with process control systems.Commentary Notes 4.1:It is intended that the terminology used in this standard be consistent with the NEC.Sensitive electronic equipment not covered by SAES-J-902 should be grounded inaccordance with the recommendations of IEEE 1100.4.2 Except as specifically noted, electrical installations in residential facilities, recreationalfacilities, schools and office buildings (including office buildings associated with plants andindustrial facilities) shall be grounded in accordance with the industry standards referenced in4.1 and are not required to meet the additional requirements contained in this standard.4.3 Measurements of earth resistivity and ground impedance shall be made in accordance withIEEE 81 or by a non-contacting ground resistivity mapping instrument (Geonics or equal). Insoils exceeding 5000 ohm-cm. the measurements shall be taken or verified by anon-contacting ground resistivity-mapping instrument.Commentary Note 4.3:Special techniques may be needed to avoid errors in measuring earth resistivity inareas congested with existing grounding systems, existing cathodic protectionsystems, and/or existing underground metal structures.4.4 Calculations of allowable and actual step and touch potentials shall be done in accordancewith IEEE 80 using the following parameters:4.4.1 A body weight of 50 kg shall be assumed.Next Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding4.4.2 Duration of ground faults used in calculations for maximum allowable step andtouch potential shall be the time (based on known operating conditions) it would takefor the backup breaker to clear the fault with a minimum of 0.25 sec. and a maximumof 1.0 sec.4.4.3 Ground fault current shall be the higher of the line to line to ground or thesymmetrical line to ground fault current.4.4.4 In calculations of the grid current, the current division factor must be assumed to be1.0 unless calculations based on known actual site conditions are provided to justifya lower number.Commentary 4.4.4:The current division factor is used to account for the current that returns tothe source though an overhead ground wire rather than through thesubstation ground grid and earth.4.4.5 For calculations of allowable step and touch potentials, the resistivity of the surfacematerial (rho sub s) shall be assumed to be 3,000 ohm-meters for a minimum 75 mmthick pad of clean crushed rock, 10,000 ohm-meters for a minimum 50 mm layer ofasphalt, and 200 ohm-meters for a minimum 75 mm layer of concrete. For all othersurface materials, the lower of 100 ohm-meters or the actual measured top layer(minimum 0.3 m layer thickness) soil resistivity shall be used.4.4.6 Calculations of mesh voltage and ground potential rise (See IEEE 80) shall be basedon actual measured soil resistivity. If native material is replaced by fill, calculationsshall incorporate the effect of the measured soil resistivity of the fill.Commentary Note 4.4.6:IEEE 399 "IEEE Recommended Practice for Power Systems Analysis(Brown Book) provides additional information on analysis of ground gridsfor substations. The techniques covered in IEEE 80 are most useful foranalyzing and designing ground grids for substations connected to solidlygrounded high voltage lines. The guidance in NEC and this standard willbe most useful in other portions of the electrical system.4.5 Soil resistivity of backfill material used for ground grids and ground rods shall be the same asor less than that of the surrounding soil.4.6 Commissioning tests shall be performed to verify that resistance to remote earth of substationground grids and/or ground electrodes used for system grounding meet design requirements.5 Materials and InstallationThis section also applies to electrical installations in residential facilities, recreational facilities and office buildings.5.1 Conductors used as grid conductors, grounding electrode conductors, equipment groundconductors, or bonding conductors in grounding systems shall:Next Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Groundinga) Be soft or annealed copper.b) If larger than 35 mm² (#2 AWG) be stranded. Stranding of ground conductors shallcomply with the stranding requirements of SAES-P-104.c) Except for grid conductors used in substations for potential control purposes beinsulated when used in direct contact with soil less than 70 ohm-meters resistivity.d) If used for grid conductors in substations for potential control purposes be bare and ifused in soils less than 70 ohm-meters resistivity be tinned.e) If insulated have a green jacket or a green jacket with yellow stripes. When isolatedground equipment grounding conductors are installed per IEEE 1100, they must belabeled or color coded to distinguish them from standard equipment groundingconductors.f) If exposed above grade in a severe corrosion area (as defined inSAES-P-104) be insulated.g) If buried and used for grids and/or interconnection of ground rods be minimum 70 mm²(2/0 AWG).h) If used for connection of equipment to ground rods or ground grid be minimum 25mm² (#4 AWG).Exception 5.1:See SAES-P-107 for pole ground wires.Commentary Note 5.1:Soils in Saudi Aramco areas which are lower than 70 ohm-meters resistivitynormally have high salt content and are corrosive to copper. In areas wherecathodic protection is present, galvanized steel ground rods are recommended.Where insulated ground conductors are used, enough ground rods must be used toachieve the specified ground resistance. Insulated ground conductors are notsuitable for use in substation ground grids to mitigate high levels of groundpotential rise.5.2 Ground rods shall have the following characteristics:a) Be copper or copper jacketed steel or galvanized steel. Copper jacketed steel("Copperweld" or equivalent) shall meet the requirements of UL 467.b) If galvanized steel, only be used in areas protected by cathodic protection.c) Have a minimum length of 2.4 meters. Jointed rods are permitted but each joint mustbe at least 2.4 meters long.d) For copper or copper jacketed steel rods be a minimum of 16 mm in diameter and forgalvanized steel rods be a minimum of 19 mm in diameter.e) When grounding is required at pipeline valve stations, zinc or magnesium anodesinterconnected with insulated copper cable may be used in lieu of copper clad orgalvanized steel ground rods. Each required ground rod shall be replaced with a zinc ormagnesium anode and a minimum of two zinc or magnesium anodes spaced a minimumof 2 meters apart shall be installed. Installation of the anodes shall be in accordance withNext Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding SAES-X-400.Commentary Note 5.2 e):Buried bare copper has a detrimental effect on pipeline cathodic protection.5.3 Below ground connections to grounding grids and ground rods or between conductors and/orgrounding rods shall be made using one of the following methods:a) By thermite welding or brazing.b) By approved compression grounding connectors.c) For connections at ground test stations only where it is necessary to disconnect groundconductors for tests, approved mechanical connectors may be used.Commentary Note 5.3:Library Drawing DD-950022 shows recommended details for making groundingconnections.5.4 Above ground grounding system connections shall be made by one of the following:a) In accordance with the NEC as supplemented by SAES-P-104.b) By thermite welding or brazing.c) To structural steel using compression type connectors bolted to bare steel, by thermitewelding, or by other approved means.5.5 Grounding conductors which do not accompany associated power conductors in the sameconduit shall not be installed in metallic conduit except where PVC conduit is not suitable andit is necessary to protect the conductor from mechanical damage. Grounding conductorsinstalled in metallic conduit or sleeves that do not accompany associated power conductorsshall be bonded to both ends of the conduit.5.6 Grounding conductors extending through concrete or asphalt shall be run in PVC conduit(preferred) or PVC coated rigid steel conduit. Grounding conductors in steel conduit shall bebonded as noted in Paragraph 5.5.5.7 Underground ground conductors shall be insulated when within 3 meters of a buried metalpipeline or metal piping.5.8 Underground ground conductors electrically connected to buried metal pipelines, buriedmetal vessels, or metal tanks sitting on grade shall be insulated. The associated ground rodsshall be galvanized steel if the area is subject to cathodic protection.6 Substation Grounding6.1 For substations having equipment operating at a nominal system voltage exceeding 1,000Volts, a ground grid meeting the requirements of IEEE 80 for step and touch potential shall beinstalled. Design for the substation grid and the associated overall plant grounding systemshall account for hazards due to transferred potentials caused by a fault in the substation. AllNext Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding electrical equipment in the substation, substation yard, and within 5 meters of the substationfence shall be connected to the grid or to a ground bus connected to the grid.Commentary Note 6.1:See IEEE 80 For Discussion of Transferred Potentials.6.2 The design package for ground grids and systems for substations with equipment operating atabove 15 kV shall be submitted to the Coordinator, Electrical Systems Division, ConsultingServices Department for review.6.3 Substation ground grids shall be constructed of minimum 70 mm² (2/0 AWG) stranded barecopper cable.7 Grounding Electrodes7.1 Grounding electrode systems, including those for residential facilities, recreational facilities,schools, and office buildings, shall be in accordance with the NEC with the followingadditions:7.1.1 Reinforcing bar of buildings shall not be used as a grounding electrode. Structuralsteel of a building may be used as a grounding electrode in accordance with the NECprovided it is continuous and effectively grounded by connecting at least every otherstructural steel column on the perimeter of the building to a concrete-encasedelectrode or a ground ring installed per the NEC and this standard.7.1.2 If a concrete-encased electrode is used, the conductor must be bare copper.7.1.3 The ground electrode for system grounding shall consist of either (1) rod or pipeelectrode(s), or (2) a combination of rod or pipe electrodes and a grid or loop of barecopper conductors buried a minimum of 460 mm. Multiple rod or pipe electrodesshall be interconnected by bare or insulated copper conductors using thermitewelding or approved connectors per 5.3. Conductors used to interconnect rod or pipeelectrodes shall be buried a minimum of 460 mm.Commentary Note 7.1.3:Minimum conductor burial depth and length requirements of the NEC areapplicable for "Ground Rings" encircling a building or structure thatconstitutes the only made electrode for the building. Minimum burial depthrequirements of this paragraph apply to conductors (bare or covered) usedto interconnect rods or other made electrodes.7.2 Supplementary grounding electrodes per NEC 250-54 shall be provided in outdoor industrialareas, process plant areas, and in substations not covered by Paragraph 6.1. In areas where noelectrical equipment is installed, this supplementary grounding is not required unlessotherwise specified. Supplementary electrodes shall consist of ground rods connected bybare or covered conductors, bare ground conductors, or combinations. Resistance to groundof each supplementary grounding electrode system shall meet the minimum requirements ofNEC Article 250-56 for made electrodes. Where multiple items of equipment are connected,the supplementary grounding electrodes shall be interconnected using bare or insulatedNext Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding conductors to form grids or loops. The grids or loops shall be buried a minimum of 460 mm.This grounding electrode shall be bonded to the equipment grounding system in the area andmay constitute a made electrode required to meet NEC requirements.7.3 If an above ground bus or loop is used for extending the supplementary electrode, this bus orloop shall have two connections to the supplementary electrode.8 System Grounding8.1 Three-phase electrical systems shall be grounded at the neutral point of the wye-connectedwindings of the transformers or generators and connected as directly as possible to the grid orgrounding electrode. The system grounding connections shall be made directly to thegrounding electrode and be routed separately from equipment grounding connections.Exceptions:Three-phase 120/208 V systems fed from a transformer with a primary voltage lessthan 600 V shall be grounded in accordance with NEC rules for separately derivedsystems.Dry-type lighting or building service transformers in substations, in switchgearrooms, or in equipment rooms may be connected to a ground bus that is directlyconnected to the grid or other grounding electrode.8.2The type of system grounding shall be selected per Table 1.Table 1 – System GroundingNotes:1. High resistance grounding for 480 V systems is permitted with approval of the Electrical StandardsCommittee Chairman.2. Selection of rating for 13,800 V system grounding resistor shall be done by or with the concurrence ofCoordinator, Relay & Operations Engineering Division, Power Distribution Department.3. See SAES-P-100 for approval requirements for extension of ungrounded systems.4. Except as noted systems originate from wye connected transformer secondary.Next Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding8.3 The ground resistance of made electrodes (ground rods and/or ground grid) used for systemgrounding shall not exceed 1 ohm for solidly grounded systems above 600 V, 5 ohms forresistance grounded systems above 600V and 5 ohms for systems under 600 V. In all casesstep and touch potentials during ground faults shall not exceed the safe values defined inIEEE 80.8.4 All grounding electrodes used for system grounding in plants, bulk distribution facilities, orother industrial areas shall be interconnected to form a single ground system. The groundingelectrode used for system grounding (including separately derived systems) for each area inthe facility or plant shall have a minimum of two connections to the ground grid or groundloop used in the area. This requirement can be met by connections to the grounding electrodeof the substation(s) which supply the area.8.5 The secondary of dedicated (captive) transformers supplying electric submersible pumps inwater or oil well service are permitted to be ungrounded providing that the motor controllerhas ground fault detection and the transformer is located at the same well site as the pumpserved.Commentary Note 8.5:Ungrounded supply from captive transformers for electric submersible pumps isrecommended.8.6the proponent and the approval of the Electrical Standards Committee Chairman.8.6.1 High resistance grounding is only permitted in plants and bulk distribution facilitieswhere full time maintenance or operations personnel are available and capable ofresponding to, and isolating, a ground fault within one hour of an alarm. Equipmentfor rapid location of ground faults must be provided as part of the high resistancegrounding system. Additionally, relays capable of quickly sensing and isolating asecond ground fault shall be provided.8.6.2 Two hundred seventy seven (277) VAC neutral loads are not permitted.8.6.3 When requesting approval for high resistance grounding systems, the following mustbe submitted:∙Details of ground fault alarm system,∙details of the fault locating apparatus,∙details of the protection scheme,∙calculations or measurements for selection of grounding resistor, and∙concurrence of the proponent that the level of response to ground faults requiredby paragraph 8.6.1 will be provided.9 Equipment Grounding9.1 Except as otherwise noted below, conduit, cable tray, or cable armor, shall not be relied on asNext Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding the equipment grounding conductor and a bare or insulated copper conductor shall beinstalled in the same conduit, cable tray, cable, or cord or shall otherwise accompany thepower conductors. Regardless of whether this standard permits conduit, cable tray or cablearmor to be relied on as the equipment grounding conductor the conduit, cable tray, or cablearmor installations must meet NEC bonding and grounding requirements for such use. Inhazardous locations equipment grounding conductors run in conduit or cable tray shall beinsulated or enclosed within the jacket of a multi-conductor cable.Exceptions:Conduit or cable armor may be used in accordance with the NEC for groundingelectronic instrumentation operating at 24 V DC nominal or below.Cable armor, if properly sized and terminated with cable terminators that areapproved for grounding purposes may be used for equipment grounding inaccordance with the NEC (cable armor must be a type that is specifically permittedby the NEC for such use) provided the cable runs in one continuous length (nosplices or intervening junction boxes are permitted) from the substation orequipment controller to the equipment being grounded and the cable is not in directcontact with the soil for any portion of the run. Repairs to existing cable meetingthe requirements are permitted provided armor of the two sections is properlybonded.Commentary Note 9.1:In accordance with the NEC an equipment grounding conductor is not requiredbetween the neutral point of a transformer and a service disconnecting means.The grounded circuit conductor (neutral) required by the NEC is sufficient. SeeNEC Article 250-142.9.1.1 Aluminum cable trays containing only circuits operated at, or below, 50 V to groundmay be used as equipment grounding conductors provided that NEC requirementsfor such use are met. On other aluminum cable trays, a common equipmentgrounding conductor external to the cables in the tray may be used under thefollowing conditions:∙This common conductor shall be sized in accordance with NEC Table 250-122for the largest power conductor in the tray, with a minimum size of 25 mm² (#4AWG).∙Connections shall be made between this common grounding conductor andother grounding conductors for intersecting or branch trays, and to extend theequipment grounding conductor beyond the tray.∙This common conductor (or the largest individual grounding conductor, if morethan one are installed) shall be bonded to each section of the cable tray systemwith a connector approved for a copper to aluminum connection.9.1.2 A cable concentric neutral, if properly sized and not used as a current carryinggrounded circuit conductor (3 phase 3 wire system; no neutral loads are served), maybe used as the equipment grounding conductor.Next Planned Update: 1 October, 2008 Grounding Commentary Note:The cable must meet the requirements of 15-SAMSS-502 that requires anoverall jacket to protect the concentric neutral.9.1.3 Electrical submersible pump motors in oil and water well service do not require adedicated equipment grounding conductor, provided the motor controller has groundfault detection. The well head must be bonded by an approved means to the groundbus at the motor controller or supply transformer.9.1.4 Armored submarine cables do not require equipment grounding conductors.9.2 Shields and armor of power cable shall be grounded at both ends. Continuity at splices shallbe maintained by bonding across the splice.Commentary 9.2:Installation of voltage limiters may be necessary if cable shields and armor are notgrounded at both ends.9.3 Metallic conduit shall be grounded at both end points by bonding to a grounding conductor, agrounded metal enclosure, or to a grounded metal cable tray. This may be accomplished:∙with approved grounding clamps and conductors connected externally to the conduit or∙by bonding to a grounded enclosure using integral threaded bushings or using a conduit hub (15-287-xxx or equal) which is approved for grounding purposes or∙bonding to a grounding conductor using an approved grounding bushing (15-287-409 or similar). Grounding with locknuts is not acceptable. or∙where non-PVC coated rigid conduit is used to protect cable entering or exiting a grounded metal cable tray, by bonding with a conduit clamp to the cable tray. Agrounding bushing must be used with PVC coated conduit.Exceptions 9.3:Where EMT is permitted it may be grounded and bonded using any meansaccepted by the NEC.Isolated sections of rigid metal conduit that are buried at all points at least 0.5meters below grade are not required to be grounded. (e.g., Conduit sleeves forroad crossings.)Conduit sleeves used to enclose power cables transitioning from above grade tobelow grade are required to be grounded only at the above grade end.9.4 Metallic cable trays shall be bonded at both end points and a minimum of every25 m to the local ground grid or ground electrode or to structural steel which is bonded to thelocal ground grid or ground electrode.9.5 Ground busses in switchgear, switchboards, and motor control centers shall have two。

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-125 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards

Engineering ProcedureSAEP-125 15 October 2008 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardsDocument Responsibility: Standards CoordinatorSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of ContentsScope (2)1ApplicableDocuments (2)2Instructions (2)3Responsibilities (6)4Attachment I – Exception StyleSaudi Aramco Engineering Standard (7)Attachment II – Narrative StyleSaudi Aramco Engineering Standard (9)Previous Issue: 31 May 2003 Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right margin Page 1 of 9 Primary contact: Ghulam, Ziad Mohammad Jamil on 966-3-8745670Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards1 ScopeThis procedure establishes instructions for the development and use of Saudi AramcoEngineering Standards (SAESs). This procedure also assigns responsibilities for those associated with these documents.Documents2 ApplicableThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure.¾Saudi Aramco Engineering ProceduresProposalSAEP-14 ProjectSAEP-103Metric Units of Weights and MeasuresSAEP-133Instructions for the Development of "RegulatedVendors List" Engineering StandardsEstablishing and Maintaining SAEP-301 InstructionsforMandatory Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirementsforObtaining a Waiver of aSAEP-302 InstructionsMandatory Saudi Aramco EngineeringRequirement¾Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardSAES-A-112Meteorological and Seismic Design Criteria ¾Saudi Aramco Standard DrawingAE-036411Drawing and Equipment Index Key3 Instructions3.1 Definition and ApplicationSAESs are standards, approved by Saudi Aramco Management, that establishminimum mandatory requirements for the selection, design, construction,maintenance, and repair of equipment and facilities. The requirements in thesestandards apply Company-wide. All capital, non-capital and expense projectsunder the control of Engineering and Project Management shall use SAESs ineffect on the Project Proposal approval date. See SAEP-14. MaintenanceNext Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards projects and all other work performed without Project Proposals shall useSAESs in effect when the work is authorized.Standards are generally not applied retroactively to the maintenance and repairof existing facilities. However, new or revised standards which impact existingfacilities regarding safety, environmental protection, health, or security shall bereviewed by operating organizations with Industrial Security, Loss Prevention,Consulting Services, Process & Control Systems Department, and others, todetermine applicability and extent of implementation. For on-going or activeprojects, operating organizations shall include Project Management in theirreview to evaluate cost and schedule impact. Review decisions shall bedocumented for appropriate levels of Management.The development and maintenance of “Regulated Vendors List” EngineeringStandards are governed by SAEP-133.3.2 FormatBase the structure of all SAES documents on one of two styles: Exception orNarrative.3.2.1 Exception-style SAESs define requirements as additions, modificationsor deletions to the requirements in an industry standard, using theindustry standard's chapter/sections/paragraph numbering system. Usethis style when an industry standard already defines the majority ofSaudi Aramco's requirements. This is the preferred style because itreduces the number of requirements that must be generated andmaintained. It also offers the benefit of alerting users to the Company'sspecial requirements. See Attachment I for details of this style. Avoidrepeating unchanged parts of the industry standard in the SAESs.3.2.2 Narrative-style SAESs are used when the Standards CommitteeChairman determines that an appropriate industry standard does notexist. He may supplement the content of one, or more, industrystandards, but the requirements are not written as exceptions. Tailor thedocument structure of this style to meet the specific needs of the subject.See Attachment II for additional details associated with this style.3.3 Contents3.3.1 Write using simple, easy-to-understand language. Active sentences arepreferred. They are usually shorter and more explicit than passivesentences. Use the verb “shall” to indicate mandatory requirements.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards Establish the wording of the title as carefully as possible. It shallindicate, concisely and without ambiguity, the subject matter of thestandard in such a way as to distinguish it from that of others, withoutgoing into unnecessary detail. Any necessary additional particulars shallbe given in the scope.Every standard shall begin with a scope section. Here, define withoutambiguity, the subject of the standard and the aspect(s) it covers. Thescope shall not contain requirements.To assist Users of SAESs, locate requirements in SAESs that are mostclosely aligned with their discipline, as defined by Standard DrawingAE-036411.Include in SAESs, all requirements needed by engineers, maintenanceorganizations, inspectors, contractors, vendors (for SAESs written forattachment to procurement documents), and any others involved with theselection, design, construction, maintenance, or repair of Companyequipment and facilities.To avoid the occurrence of duplicate or conflicting requirements, do notextract and repeat requirements from Saudi Aramco Materials SystemSpecification (SAMSSs), or other SAESs. Instead, if a requirement isneeded in both a SAES and a SAMSS, locate the requirement in theSAMSS and make reference to it in the SAES. Include all mandatoryparagraphs shown in Attachment I.Make reference to the content and details of Standard Drawings, to theextent they apply. To assist equipment or material specifiers in correctlyusing SAMSSs, include information needed to make decisions to fill-outequipment data sheets.Include definitions of technical terms used in the SAES. Do not includenontechnical provisions already covered in Saudi Aramco's standardterms and conditions for contracting and purchasing, such as risk of loss,liability for failure or damages, warranties, rights to inspect, and othersuch legal matters. Check with the Law or Purchasing Departments if indoubt.Pay attention to the way requirements are stated. Be aware that whendesign or construction alternatives (material selection, etc.) are allowedin a SAES, the decision-making criteria and thought process for a Lump-Sum-Turnkey contractor (“minimize first costs”) may be completelydifferent from and contrary to those for a Saudi Aramco engineer(“minimize total life-cycle costs”). Where there is a need to review orNext Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards approve certain technical items covered by the SAES (alternate designs,repairs, welder qualifications, test procedures, etc.) by someone in SaudiAramco at Manager level, or below, indicate this responsibility bydesignating a specific position (Standard Committee Chairman, UnitSupervisor, Division Coordinator, etc.). Do not use general titles such as“the Saudi Aramco Engineer” unless this term is clearly defined withinthe body of the document. See Attachment I for an example.To avoid any misunderstanding about the use of SAESs, specificauthorization must be included within the body of the document to allowit to be referenced in and made a part of purchase orders. Without thisauthorization, it may not be included in purchase orders. SeeAttachment I for an example.3.3.2 Give preference to referencing SAESs to the “latest edition” of anindustry standard. However, the Standards Committee Chairman maydecide that reference to a specific edition of the industry standard, willbest satisfy the needs of the Company.3.3.3 Use the International System (SI) of Units in SAESs, following theinstructions of SAEP-103, Metric Units of Weights and Measures.3.3.4 Where additional information or explanation is needed to clarify theintent of a requirement or where there is a reasonable chance ofmisinterpreting or misapplying the requirement, include a commentarynote. Make the note brief, limiting it to only the essential items. Todistinguish it from the SAES requirements, label the note“COMMENTARY” and use italics. See Attachment I for an example.3.4 DeviationsDeviations proposed by any organization that result in facilities meeting lessthan the minimum requirements require waiver approval in accordance withSAEP-302 before proceeding with design or construction. For deviationsidentified after the start of design or construction, the waiver approval isrequired prior to design or construction completion.3.5 ApprovalUse the approval process outlined in SAEP-301 “Instructions for Establishingand Maintaining Mandatory Saudi Aramco Engineering Requirements” todevelop new SAESs and revise existing SAESs. To keep SAESs current andup-to-date, conduct a major review and revision of every SAES at least everyfive (5) years, or other appropriate interval established for the document.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards3.6 Cancellation of SAESCancel existing SAESs by obtaining the signature of the Approval Authority.4 Responsibilities4.1 Standards Committee Chairman (SCC)The SCC is responsible for doing the following:- Determining the need for SAESs, and if required, developing them, making decisions about their style and contents.- Verifying the cost-effectiveness and technical adequacy of the minimum technical requirements contained in the SAESs.- Conducting a major review of every SAES at least once every five years.- Forwarding draft documents to the Standards Coordinator to either route for BOE review or for the completion of approval, publication, and distributionprocesses per SAEP-301 paragraph 4.7(g).- Coordinating the SAESs requirements with the RSA Representative.4.2 Standards Coordinator (SC)Ensure that the information of all approved SAESs is disseminated perSAEP-301 paragraph 4.7(g).SummaryRevision15 October 2008 Revised the "Next Planned Update". Reaffirmed the contents of the document, andreissued with editorial changes..Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardsAttachment I – Exception Style Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardThe Exception style SAES is preferred. It shall follow the document structure outlined below.TITLE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS (Mandatory)The Title and Table of Contents identify the engineering standard and list its contents.Subheadings may be used to improve the usefulness of the Table of Contents.SCOPE (Mandatory)The Scope will define the facilities covered by the standard. In most cases the Scopewill begin with:“This standard defines the minimum mandatory requirements governing thedesign and installation of ________.”If the document's Scope is not unique to Saudi Aramco, summarize the Scope section of the industry standard. The Scope may include a description of areas specificallyexcluded from the document. (For example: “This standard does not apply to batterychargers and distribution systems used by communication facilities”). Do not includerequirements in the Scope.Include the following sentence in only those SAESs, where it is appropriate:“This entire standard may be attached to and made a part of purchase orders.”Without this, the SAES may not be included in purchase orders.CONFLICTS AND DEVIATIONS (Mandatory)Include the following two paragraphs in each SAES:“Any conflicts between this standard and other applicable Saudi AramcoEngineering Standards (SAESs), Materials System Specifications (SAMSSs),Standard Drawings (SASDs), or industry standards, codes, and forms shall beresolved in writing by the Company or Buyer Representative through theManager (Consulting Services, Loss Prevention, etc.) Department of SaudiAramco, Dhahran.”“Direct all requests to deviate from this standard in writing to the Company orBuyer Representative, who shall follow internal company procedure SAEP-302and forward such requests to the Manager (Consulting Services, LossPrevention, etc.) Department of Saudi Aramco, Dhahran.”Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering Standards REFERENCES (As applicable)List all documents that are referred to in the SAES. Do not list documents that are not referred to. Include the following requirement in this section:“The selection of material and equipment, and the design, construction,maintenance, and repair of equipment and facilities covered by this standardshall comply with the latest edition of the references listed below, unlessotherwise noted.”References are categorized by type under the following subheadings:- Saudi Aramco References- Industry Codes and Standards- Other ReferencesSAES-A-112, “Meteorological and Seismic Design Criteria,” has been developed toconsolidate this information and should be referenced in SAESs when environmental or seismic design criteria apply.MODIFICATIONS TO INDUSTRY STANDARD (Mandatory)Use the remainder of the document to identify the changes to individual paragraphs inthe referenced industry standard. Begin the section with the following paragraph,inserting the name and number of the industrial standard in place of the parentheses.“The following paragraph numbers refer to (industry standard) which is a part ofthis standard. The text in each paragraph is an addition, modification, exception,or deletion to the requirements of (industry standard), as noted.”COMMENTARY (Optional)Section 3.3 of this procedure allows the use of short Commentary Notes thatadd information or requirement explanations to assist specification users in theproper interpretation and implementation of the document. Limit notes toessential information, without which there is a high probability of misinterpretingor misapplying the requirements. Locate the note immediately after the portionof the standard to which it applies. Begin the note with the word"COMMENTARY", and select an italics font for the note.Next Planned Update: 15 October 2013 Preparation of Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardsAttachment II – Narrative Style Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardIn case an appropriate industry standard does not exist, or there are none consideredsuitable for the Exception style format, write the SAES using the Narrative style format.Up to “Modifications to Industry Standard,” the major sections in the body of thisformat are identical to and follow the same order as those shown in Attachment I.Select those “Optional” sections that apply to the equipment and facilities covered bySAESs, and add other sections as necessary.TITLE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS (Mandatory)SCOPE (Mandatory)CONFLICTS AND DEVIATIONS (Mandatory)REFERENCES (As applicable)GENERAL REQUIREMENTS (Optional)(Use this section for definitions and for specifying other requirements of a generalnature.)MATERIALS (Optional)(Use this section to cover mandatory material selection requirements.)DESIGN (Optional)(Use this section to cover mandatory design requirements.)FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION (Optional)(Use this section to cover mandatory fabrication and installation requirements,including those that facilitate maintenance.)TESTING AND INSPECTION (Optional)(Use this section to cover testing and inspection requirements, with their associatedacceptance criteria, applicable to field fabrication and erection in the SAESs.)。

沙特阿美工程规程SAEP-110 Saudi Aramco Standard Drawings

Previous Issue: 6 April 2009 Next Planned Update: 6 April 2014Revised paragraphs are indicated in the right marginPage 1 of 6 Primary contact: Khedher, Khalid Hasan on 966-3-8724480Engineering ProcedureSAEP-11017 February 2010 Saudi Aramco Standard DrawingsDocument Responsibility: Engineering Knowledge & Resources DivisionSaudi Aramco DeskTop StandardsTable of Contents1 Scope (2)2 Applicable Documents (2)3 Instructions (2)4 Responsibilities (4)Next Planned Update: 6 April 2014 Saudi Aramco Standard Drawings1 ScopeThis procedure defines a special type of Saudi Aramco engineering drawing andestablishes instructions for the preparation and use of these drawings, together with the responsibilities of those associated with them.2 Applicable DocumentsThe requirements contained in the following documents apply to the extent specified in this procedure:Saudi Aramco Engineering ProcedureSAEP-334Retrieval, Certification, and Submittal ofEngineering & Vendor DrawingsSaudi Aramco Engineering StandardSAES-A-202Saudi Aramco Engineering Drawing Preparation 3 Instructions3.1 Definition and PurposeSaudi Aramco Standard Drawings, referred herein as Standard Drawings, areprepared engineering drawings, approved by the concerned Saudi AramcoDepartment. They provide uniformity in design, procurement, fabrication andinstallation of materials and equipment in Company facilities.Standard Drawings are mandatory to the extent indicated by specific SaudiAramco Engineering Standards (SAESs) and Saudi Aramco Materials SystemSpecifications (SAMSSs). Nonetheless, in line with good drafting practice, thecontent and details of Standard Drawings shall be compatible with and reflectthe mandatory requirements of the SAESs and SAMSSs. References to SAESsor SAMSSs are not required, but may be included on Standard Drawings toassist drawing users.Engineers and design contractors shall incorporate appropriate StandardDrawings into project drawing packages for the construction of new facilities, orthe modification of existing facilities. Individuals specifying material andequipment shall attach appropriate Standard Drawings to requisitions andpurchase orders. Use of these drawings produce a number of cost-effectivebenefits, including reducing drafting time and effort, increasing the use ofcommonly available materials, and assisting construction contractors andinspectors that handle many similar installations.Next Planned Update: 6 April 2014 Saudi Aramco Standard Drawings3.2 Preparation and RevisionThe preparation and revision of Standard Drawings will follow the normalproduction requirements contained in the Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardSAES-A-202, and will be administered by the Drawing Management Unit,Engineering Knowledge & Resources Division (EK&RD).3.2.1 Titles and Title BlocksSelect a Standard Drawing title to clearly indicate the subject of thedrawing and how to interpret its contents (for example, "Installation ofJack Screws for Flanged Joints"). Do not abbreviate words in the title,unless there is a real shortage of space, and only then if the abbreviationwill not be misunderstood. Enter "Standard Drawing" on the left handside of the fourth line in the title block. If the Standard Drawing hasbeen metricated, enter "Metric" on the right hand side of the fourth line.Just above the title block, put the words "Drawing Responsibility:"followed by the name of the appropriate Standards Committee.3.2.2 Drawing NumberFor identification purposes, all Standard Drawings are assigned PlantNumber 990. The first three (3) digits of the six (6) digit StandardDrawing identification number will be "036", while the remainingnumbers will be unique.3.2.3 Drawing IndexAssign the index of every Standard Drawing following the informationcontained on Standard Drawing AE-036411 Sheet 001, "Drawing andEquipment Index Key".3.2.4 List of MaterialsInclude on all Standard Drawings that contain material, a list of thematerial showing SAMS numbers for stock items. If more space isneeded, add separate sheets to the Standard Drawing to accommodate thematerial list.3.3 DistributionThe distribution of Standard Drawings will follow the normal productionrequirements contained in the Saudi Aramco Engineering StandardSAES-A-202, and will also be administered by EK&RD / DMU.Next Planned Update: 6 April 2014 Saudi Aramco Standard Drawings3.3.1 Integrated Plant – IPlantStandard Drawings are maintained in electronic (CADD) format andlisted under Plant 990 and archived under the same plant file by DrawingManagement Unit, Engineering Knowledge & Resources Division inDhahran. Authorized users can browse the drawings from the DrawingManagement System (IPlant). This system provides on-line access toStandard Drawings, enabling users to query, view, and print them. Thesystem data is periodically updated to include all latest approveddrawings.3.3.2 DeskTop Standards SystemThe DeskTop Standards System is an approved source of information forStandard Drawings. Numerical and alphabetical lists of StandardDrawings are included, together with an Alert file identifying approvedrevisions. These files are updated periodically and can be accessedthrough the Intranet Site of ES Home Page under "EngineeringStandards".A review of the Alert file will enable users to know the latest revisionlevel and date of approved Standard Drawings.4 Responsibilities4.1 Standard Drawing ProponentsThe Managers of the Consulting Services, Loss Prevention, and Process &Control Systems Departments are the proponents for the Standard Drawingsassigned to their respective Standards Committees, and will exercise approvalauthority for their drawings. EK&RD / SCU is also responsible for Company-wide distribution of Standard Drawings through DeskTop Standards Program.4.2 Standards Committee ChairmenEach Standards Committee Chairman is responsible for periodically reviewing,updating or developing new Standard Drawings, and requesting the cancellationof obsolete Standard Drawings that are no longer needed. They shall ensurethat:- the details and contents of all Standard Drawings correctly communicate the mandatory requirements of SAESs and SAMSSs and clearly distinguishingthem from the non mandatory portions of the drawings;Next Planned Update: 6 April 2014 Saudi Aramco Standard Drawings - stock item numbers shown are still available from SAMS, and are the most cost-effective selection based on the service life and environment;- all proposed revisions or new issues are thoroughly reviewed with other organizations affected by the drawing contents;- all Standard Drawings are approved by their Manager, prior to issuing for use; and- all critical supporting documentation, data, and calculations are forwarded to the Standards Coordinator for retention in historical files.4.3 Standard Coordination Unit, EK&RDThe Standard Coordination Unit will:- ensure that accurate records are maintained on the status of all approved revisions to Standard Drawings, and correctly reported on the DeskTopStandards Alert files;- obtain electronic images (PDF) of approved Standard Drawings to include with distribution of the DeskTop Standards Program;- retain in historical files, all critical supporting documentation, data, andcalculations received from Standards Committee Chairmen, and- coordinate preparation, revision and cancellation of Standard Drawings.4.4 Drawing Management Unit, EK&RDThe Drawing Management Unit is responsible for:- the control, storage, and retrieval of Standard Drawings following therequirements of the Saudi Aramco Engineering Standard SAES-A-202;- securing approved electronic file of Standard Drawings and loading them into IPlant.- incorporate revisions to existing ones and generate new Standard Drawings.4.5 Users of Standard DrawingsProject Management, Engineering, and Maintenance organizations and otherusers are responsible for incorporating Standard Drawings into the design,procurement, and construction of new and modification of existing facilities.Include prints or (electronic PDF files) of Standard Drawings in project designpackages. To eliminate errors between different versions of a StandardNext Planned Update: 6 April 2014 Saudi Aramco Standard DrawingsDrawing, indicate both the drawing number and its revision number in the otherproject documents.Purchasing shall attach Standard Drawings to purchase requisitions and orders,when called for by those documents.Materials Standardization shall identify references to obsolete SAMS stocknumbers for correction, and recommend to the Standards Committee Chairman,use of more cost-effective SAMS stock material.Revision Summary6 April 2009 Revised the “Next Planned Update”. Reaffirmed the contents of the document and reissuedwith editorial changes.17 February 2010 Editorial revisions.。

沙特阿美项目质量管理Schedule Q分析

三、质量管理要求分析
7 测量、分析及持续改善
过程的监测与测量承包商应持续监控
和测量关键控制工序，质量计划应包括合理可行的评估方式来确定施工范围的工序能否达到计划要求。
三、质量管理要求分析
7 测量、分析及持续改善
不符合项（NCR）控制承包商在质量计划中必须包括对设计文件、材料、构件及施工的不符合项的控制程序，并对所
8.4
Analysis of 数据分析
data
5.5 Responsibility, Authority, and
Communication岗位职责权利及内部沟通
5.6 Management Review 管理层审核
7.5 Production and Service Provision
产品及服务条款
5 Applicable procedures 适用程序
6 Acceptance criteria 可接受标准
7 Percentage of tests to be done 试验频率
8 Verifying documents 参考文件
三、质量管理要求分析
4 管理责任
承包商的高层管理人员按照ISO9001每6个月要审查项目的质量管理体系，确保体系适用、完善、有效，管理评审后两周内，应将审核结果及整改计划以书面形式通知业主。因管理评审引起的质量管理体系变化，须经业主批准后，编入质量计划。
岗位
数量
资质要求
QA经理
大学学历，受过ISO-9001国际标准或相关标准的培训，具有相关专业水平，能够判断 1
不符合标准的问题，至少10年的质量保证体系经验，5年类似工程施工项目管理经验。
QC经理
1

aramco standard标准

aramco standard标准ARAMCO标准是指沙特阿美石油公司（Saudi Aramco）所制定的一套技术标准和规范。

这些标准被广泛应用于沙特阿美石油公司的油气勘探、生产、加工和运输等领域。

ARAMCO标准的制定旨在确保沙特阿美石油公司的业务运营符合国际标准，并确保产品和工程的质量和可靠性。

通过使用ARAMCO标准，沙特阿美石油公司能够确保其油气项目在全球范围内的一致性和可持续性。

ARAMCO标准主要涵盖以下几个方面：1. 设计标准：这些标准适用于油田设施、油气处理厂、石油产品的加工设施等各种工程项目的设计。

其中包括设备、管道、仪表、电气系统等各种设备和系统的设计要求。

2. 施工标准：ARAMCO标准要求在施工过程中遵守一系列规范和要求，以确保工程项目的安全性和可靠性。

其中包括建筑、土木、金属结构、电气、仪表和管道等各个方面的要求。

3. 检测标准：这些标准规定了对油气设备、管道系统、金属结构、电气系统等进行检测和评估的方法和要求。

这些标准确保了项目的可靠性和安全性。

4. 运营标准：ARAMCO标准覆盖了油气勘探、生产、加工和运输等各个环节的运营要求。

这些标准确保了设备和系统的正常运行，确保油气产品的质量符合国际标准。

5. 环境标准：ARAMCO标准强调了保护环境和可持续发展的重要性。

这些标准要求在油气项目的设计、施工和运营过程中采取有效的环境保护措施，以减少对环境的影响。

ARAMCO标准的制定遵循国际最佳实践和标准，确保沙特阿美石油公司的油气项目在全球范围内符合最高的质量和可靠性要求。

沙特阿美石油公司通过制定ARAMCO标准，不仅提高了自身的运营效率和竞争力，还为行业树立了标杆，推动了全球石油工程技术的发展。

以上是对ARAMCO标准的一个简要介绍。

这些标准涵盖了广泛的领域，从设计到施工，再到运营和环境保护。

通过遵守这些标准，沙特阿美石油公司能够提供高质量的产品和服务，同时确保项目的可持续性和安全性。

aramco standard标准

aramco standard标准
ARAMCO 标准指的是沙特阿美石油公司 (Saudi Arabian Oil Co., 简称ARAMCO) 所制定的一系列标准。

沙特阿美是世界上最大的石油公
司之一，负责开采、生产和销售石油及其相关产品。

为确保产品质量、安全性和环境可持续性，沙特阿美制定了一些标准，并对其供应链中
的合作伙伴进行监管，以保证符合这些标准。

ARAMCO 标准涵盖了多个领域，包括质量管理、运输安全、工作
场所健康与安全、环境保护、社会责任等。

例如，ARAMCO对于石油和
天然气生产过程中的安全管理制定了严格的要求，确保设备和操作符
合国际标准，从而最大程度地减少事故和环境污染的风险。

ARAMCO 标准也对供应链中的供应商和承包商有要求。

合作伙伴
必须符合ARAMCO所制定的标准，并通过审核和评估程序来获得认证。

这些标准确保了供应链中的所有环节都遵循最高的质量、安全和环境
保护标准。

ARAMCO 标准的实施不仅有助于确保沙特阿美的产品和服务质量，还有助于公司在国际市场上的竞争力和声誉。

这些标准的制定和实施
也体现了沙特阿美对可持续发展和社会责任的承诺。

aramco-standard标准

aramco standard标准Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!ARAMCO标准是一种针对石油和天然气工业的标准，主要用于沙特阿拉伯国家石油公司（Saudi Aramco）的生产和作业。

ARAMCO标准主要涉及石油和天然气勘探、开发、生产、加工和输送等方面。

它包括了从选择和评估油气资源、到采购和使用设备，以及维护和安全等方面的要求。

与其他国际标准不同，ARAMCO标准注重指导公司内部的管理和操作流程，并强调其国家特色和安全性的实现。

aramco标准

aramco标准作为世界上最大的石油公司之一，沙特阿美公司（Saudi Aramco）凭借其卓越的技术创新和高质量的产品享誉全球。

Aramco标准作为该公司的核心准则之一，对于确保产品质量、环境可持续性以及员工安全至关重要。

本文将探讨Aramco标准的概述、其在石油行业的重要性以及如何确保其准确执行。

概述Aramco标准是沙特阿美公司制定的一套严格的规范，旨在确保该公司在石油勘探、开采、加工和销售过程中的卓越表现。

这些标准涵盖了从石油开采到成品油交付的各个环节，包括设备维护、安全操作、环境保护、人员培训等。

Aramco标准的重要性1. 产品质量：Aramco标准确保石油及其衍生产品的质量符合国际标准。

通过严格控制各个生产环节，如卸油、储存、运输和加工过程中的温度、压力和化学成分，Aramco可以确保产品的一致性和质量，满足市场和客户的需求。

2. 环境可持续性：作为一个全球责任企业，Aramco致力于保护环境。

Aramco标准规范了在石油开采和加工过程中的环境管理要求，包括废水和废气处理、污染控制和土地再生。

通过执行这些标准，Aramco减少了对环境的负面影响，促进可持续发展。

3. 员工安全：Aramco标准强调员工的健康和安全。

该公司提供全面的培训和教育，确保员工了解安全操作规程，并提供适当的个人防护设备。

Aramco标准还规定了紧急情况下的应急预案和演习，保障员工在任何情况下的安全。

确保准确执行1. 培训和教育：Aramco通过培训和教育确保员工了解和遵守Aramco标准。

新员工入职时接受全面的培训，了解公司的核心价值观和标准要求。

此外，Aramco还定期组织培训课程，为员工提供最新的标准更新和操作指导，保持员工的规范执行能力。

2. 内部审核：Aramco定期进行内部审核，以确保标准执行的符合要求。

通过评估各个部门和工作站点的符合程度，Aramco可以发现并解决执行标准不足的问题。

内部审核还有助于提供改进建议，并推动标准的持续提高。

aramco标准(一)

aramco标准(一)Aramco标准什么是Aramco标准？Aramco标准是指沙特阿美公司（Saudi Aramco）在石油和天然气行业中所采用的一套质量标准和规范。

沙特阿美公司是全球最大的石油出口企业，在油气领域具有重要的影响力。

Aramco标准的重要性1.质量要求：Aramco标准确保产品和服务在满足客户需求的同时，具备高质量和可靠性。

2.安全性：Aramco标准强调安全生产和工作环境，保护员工、设备和环境的安全。

3.环境保护：Aramco标准要求企业遵守环境法规，有效管理和减少对环境的影响。

4.可持续发展：Aramco标准推动企业发展可再生能源和环保技术，促进能源行业的可持续性。

Aramco标准的适用范围Aramco标准广泛应用于石油和天然气行业的各个领域，包括但不限于：•石油勘探和生产•炼油和石化加工•油气管道和储运•工程建设和项目管理•设备和材料供应商•健康、安全和环境管理等如何符合Aramco标准？要符合Aramco标准，企业应采取以下措施：•了解和遵守标准：详细研究Aramco标准文档，了解其中的要求和规定。

•制定相应策略：根据标准要求，制定相应的策略和计划，确保企业能够满足标准要求。

•培训和提升：对员工进行培训和提升，提高他们的技能和意识，以满足Aramco标准的要求。

•建立监测机制：建立监测机制，持续监控和改进企业的各项业务，确保符合Aramco标准。

•定期审查和评估：定期进行内部审查和评估，及时发现和纠正问题，以确保持续符合Aramco标准。

结论Aramco标准在石油和天然气行业中具有重要的地位和影响力。

符合Aramco标准的企业能够提供高质量的产品和服务，确保安全生产和环境保护，推动可持续发展。

企业应深入理解Aramco标准，并采取相应的措施确保符合标准的要求。

这将有助于企业在竞争激烈的市场中脱颖而出，赢得更多商机。

沙特阿美钻井作业程序

矩
泥浆
1PCF(磅/立方英尺)
0.0160185（g/cm3）
比重
体
1 加仑（美制）(US gal)
0.0037854 立方米（m3）
积
1 桶（美制）
0.158987 立方米（m3）
功
1 马力（HP）
0.735 千瓦（Kw）
率
我国原油的需求
2015我国原油总产量
• 2015年中国原油产量增加1.7%,至创纪录的2.15 亿吨(430万桶/天)。天然气产量增加2.9%,至 1271亿立方米。
沙特的钻井特点?钻井的安全规范严格有序?产量丰富分布集中?地层压力相对较小泥浆密度低?钻井平台严格控制井位科学规范?井控要求极高引领世界行业标准?地层可钻度高油层厚且浅?服务方设备先进钻井安全的部分规定?硬件方面?bop采用美国喀麦隆厂家?节控箱采用swaco?70d钻机配备顶驱?动力端的连续工作性大多为卡特日本三菱?软件方面?ptw?jsa?wokepermit?stop卡safetytrainingobservationprogram卡特日本三菱?自动送钻系统?旋转导向定向系统?一体式开窗斜向器trainingobservationprogramme既安全培训观察程序?安全会?安全培训?各类演习?bop试压?资料的填写hse文件??11gigeneralinstructionmanual??22sasrsaudiaramcosafetyrequirement??33sascsaudiaramcosanitarycode4??44saessaudiaramcoengineeringstandard??55saepsaudiaramcoengineeringprocedure??66csmconstructionsafetymanual??77smssafetymanagementsystem??88losspreventionmanual安全检查??11dmhserdrillingmanagementhsereview??22qsiquarterlysafetyinspection??33environmentaudit4tt个??44infieldattest安全管理体系检查19个方面??55internalauditrcm??66rstccompetency安全官审查??77losspreventioninspection阿美公司十二项资料khrs172welldrillingfromspudtoreleasetableofcontent?preparednessbeforespudding?drilling28holesection?drilling22holesection?drilling16holesection?drilling1225holesection?drilling85holesection?completionkhrs172井身结构2822161214812618?preparedne

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