文体学课件3
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文体学3(3)PPT课件
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Metaphor
➢ A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Feminine:
➢ Nature—Mother Nature
➢ Earth--- Mother Earth
➢ morning– Aurora; daughter of the dawn;
➢ evening– the pale child, Eve
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➢ night– empress of silence, and the queen sleep; leading her mother
arms: part of the body; weapons.
row: to row a boat; a row of houses
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➢ There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative meanings:
We stuck, nor breath nor
motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
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➢ And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school… (W. Shakespeare: As You Like It)
文体学课件
Thank you for listening!
Using questions or commands to involve hearers. Hearers will have corresponding reactions in the way of laughter or applause etc.
Example
Dialogue
A: Oh my gosh, Jason, is that you? B: Andrew! Hey! What's up! A: I am thrilled to see you here! What a surprise!
A written text More careful than speaking. Having a clear subject (or clue). Making logical arrangement of their thought. Otherwise, the author cannot write a exquisite coherent essay.
A:--I er-er- that er- I want you possibly… to do me a favor. B:--What？ A:--er- can you lend me 200 dollars? B:--er- er(created by myself and used between two Chinese.)
Part3,Differences in preparedness
Speech Spontaneous Do not concentrate only on one subject, they can talk about whatever they want to.( random shift of topics) There is phenomenon of “normal nonfluency” in conversational language.
文体学五种文体PPT
——Declaration of Independence
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Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
——US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University
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Consultative style
Definition:Consultative style is used for conducting most business matters,such as talking with strangers,buying things in a shop ,asking the way in the sreet.
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Example
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness……
Definition:Casual style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants.It is the language used among friends acquaintances,insiders,and people with shared knowledge.
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Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
——US Vice President's Speech at Fudan University
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Consultative style
Definition:Consultative style is used for conducting most business matters,such as talking with strangers,buying things in a shop ,asking the way in the sreet.
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Example
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness……
Definition:Casual style is the language used for situations in which no social barriers are felt by the participants.It is the language used among friends acquaintances,insiders,and people with shared knowledge.
文体学五种文体演示课件
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Example
“Daddy,where you been?” “Hunting for a rabbit's skin to wrap my little Bonnie in.Give your best sweetheart a kiss,Bonnie---and you too,Ella.”
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Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
--------Gone with the Wind
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Thank you!
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Fatures: A. First name in greeting,no formal title. B.Often uses fragments,contractions,slang. C.Often used in more relaxed situation as in domitory. D.There is a greater variation from region to region,from one social group to another than formal and other styles.
Example
“Daddy,where you been?” “Hunting for a rabbit's skin to wrap my little Bonnie in.Give your best sweetheart a kiss,Bonnie---and you too,Ella.”
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Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
--------Gone with the Wind
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Thank you!
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Fatures: A. First name in greeting,no formal title. B.Often uses fragments,contractions,slang. C.Often used in more relaxed situation as in domitory. D.There is a greater variation from region to region,from one social group to another than formal and other styles.
高考语文复习：文体知识课件
1.举例子:晕能预示天气。比如，在新疆地区， 出现晕就代表将要下雨。
(根据大的范围列举相应的例子） 2.列数字：鳕鱼一次产卵竟达千万粒， 真正能变成幼鱼的卵可能还不到1%。 (列举数字进行说明） 3.作比较： 春天的雨细腻柔媚，夏天的雨粗犷热烈。
4.打比方:天上的星星像一颗颗宝石。 5.分类别：通常情况下，我们将云分为预示晴朗 的
一事、一物为线索
c\关于环境描写： 1、语言上判断修辞方法； 2、分析渲染的气氛； 3、烘托人物的心情（或性情特征）； 4、结构上起到了引起下文的作用。 答题思路： 本段文字在语言上运用了------的修辞方法，描 写景物……的特点。渲染了------的气氛；烘托 人物------的心情（或性情特征）；同时在结构 上起到了引起下文的作用。(或为下文作好铺垫。
（八）、谈谈对句子或文章中心的理解和感悟。 1、结合文章中心谈理解（把体现中心的句子用 自己的话说出来）； 2、结合人生谈拥有此种情感（或精神）的意义。 答题思路： 我的理解是------；我的感悟是------。 （十一）、写作手法：对照、烘托。 1对照、烘托作用： 通过写------的------，反衬出----的------。 2、借景抒情（或托物言志）3、欲扬先抑 5、象征6、夸张、想像、联想 （十二）、小说的主题思想： 1、要从人物、情节、环境的分析中深入理解；
1 前后呼应作用;前文交代--------------，后文 用-------交代，与之呼应，使文章结构严谨， 同时表达----------情感。
2 欲扬先抑 作用 1写出-------的情感变化过 程，突出------（“扬 ”）2使文章波涛起伏， 形成鲜明的对照。
四、修辞手法：
1.比喻：把 比作
文体知识
《文体学五种文体》课件
3 写作技巧
运用场景描写和人物心 理刻画，增强故事吸引 力。
描写文
定义：以物体、人物、景色等为对象，对其进行详细的描写和刻画的文体。
特点
通过精细描写绘制生动画面，让读者感受到事物的形态和特点。
常见类型
风景描写、人物描写、物品描写等。
写作技巧
使用比喻、拟人等修辞手法，增加描写的艺术性和感染力。
说明文
定义：通过解释、说明或展示某一事物或现象的特点、性质、原理等的文体。
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特点
结构清晰明了，注重事实陈述和逻辑推理。
2
常见类型
科普文章、说明书、教程等。
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写作技巧
简洁明了、通俗易懂的语言，Illustrated Or Descriptive PPT Slides，帮助读者更好理解。
议论文
定义：通过明确论点，分析论证和阐述观点的文体。
《文体学五种文体》PPT 课件
通过《文体学五种文体》PPT课件，我们将深入探讨不同文体的定义、特点、 常见类型和写作技巧，帮助您更好地理解和运用这些不同的文风。
记叙文
定义：一种以时间为基础，叙述事件发展和人物故事的文体。
1 特点
注重事件顺序和时间表 达，具有连贯性。
2 常见类型
小说、故事、传记等。
1
特点
提出明确立场，辩证论证和回应不同观点。
2
常见类型
论述，评论，辩论等。
3
写作技巧
运用论据和例证，具体分析问题，提出合理观点。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
诗歌
定义：以表达情感和思想为目的，通过艺术语言创作的文体。
特点
押韵，节奏感强，富有声音美 和意象美。
常见类型
古体诗、现代诗、民间诗等。
文体学第三课PPT课件
Making sure of the denotative meaning of a word sometimes must depend on the context.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
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e.g. : “It is your boy, my Lord.”
“是伺候你的小伙计， 大人”
“ It is your Lord, my boy”
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Contextualization requires proper words in proper situation and the texts of different styles demand different words which in their long time use acquire stylistic coloring.
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Connotation is much more complicated than denotation.
sun------ warm and bright
flower ------ beautiful
Connotation of a word is not fixed , but undergoes changes with the passage of time.
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e.g.
Hiroshima My spoon was lifted when the bomb came down That left no face, no hand , no spoon to hold. Two hundred thousand died in my home town. This came to pass before my soup was cold.
三大文体知识点PPT课件
第一人称（亲切自然、真实可信）
顺叙（脉络清楚、有头有尾）
记叙的人称 第二人称（适于变换、利于抒情） 记叙的顺序 倒叙（设下悬念、引人入胜）
第三人称（自由灵活、不受限制）
插叙（丰富内容、突出主题）
线 索： 人 事 中心思想
（感情）
突出 点明 深化
景物 时间 地点
服务
叙述、描写为主
表达方式 兼有议论、抒情：
Байду номын сангаас
说明对象
说明方法
说明顺序
说明文知识点汇总表——
说明对象
说明方法
说明中心:说明对象 ＋ 特征（本质） 下定义（科学准确）
特 征:是一事物区别于其他事物
分类别（有条理）
的标志。说明事物要抓住 作比较（突出）
特征。
材 举例子（具体准确）
说明顺序
料 列数字（准确）
时间顺序 空间顺序 逻辑顺序 概括←→具体 主要←→次要 原因←→结果 整体←→部分
什么是记叙文?
答:记叙文是以叙述、描写为主要表达 方式，以写人、记事、写景、状物 为主要内容的一种文体。 特点：以情感人。
要素
要素： 时间、地点、人物、事件的起因、经过和 结果。
人称： 常用第一人称和第三人称。第一人称亲切 自然、真实可信；可不便于广泛展开事件 。第三人称自由灵活，不受时空限制。文 章叙述人称应始终一致，即使改换，也应 有必要交待。人称变换利于抒情。
首尾
常见的开头方法：交待事件的基本要素；开门见山， 点明题旨；描写景物，渲染气氛；提示内容，引人注 意；引用名言、警句、诗歌，突出中心；交待动机， 唤起共鸣。
常见的结尾方法：自然交待结果；总结全文，点明中 心；照应开头，翻出新意；创造气氛，激励感情，引 人深思。
文体学五种文体(课堂PPT)
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Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia general,and is now in Congress."
——Rip Van Winkle
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Casual style
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
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Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
——Declaration of Independence
Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia general,and is now in Congress."
——Rip Van Winkle
9
Casual style
Features: A.This vatiety reflects the most basic and common features among 5 varieties. B.Sentences are not too long,words are plain and are often arranged in normal order. C.Some grammatical phenomena not preferred like participles used as adverbials. D.No variation in diction. E.Sentences often begin with:well,but,so...
6
Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
——Declaration of Independence
英语文体学教学PPT课件
e.g., the participant, time, place, topic, etc. of the communicative event, from very formal to very informal
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Definition of style
2. The register语域, which refers to the special variety of language used by a particular social group that may have a common profession, e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, or the same interests, e.g., football fans, etc
Language and Literature, Routledge, 2000.
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侯维瑞， 《文学文体学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 ，2008。
胡壮麟，《理论文体学》，
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
胡壮麟、刘世生，《西方文体学辞典》，
北京：清华大学出版社，2004。
刘世生，《西方文体学论纲》，
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Definition of style
3. The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text, e.g., the style of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, or of an author, e.g., Miltonic style
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What is your definition of style?
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Definition of style
2. The register语域, which refers to the special variety of language used by a particular social group that may have a common profession, e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers, or the same interests, e.g., football fans, etc
Language and Literature, Routledge, 2000.
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5
侯维瑞， 《文学文体学》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 ，2008。
胡壮麟，《理论文体学》，
北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999。
胡壮麟、刘世生，《西方文体学辞典》，
北京：清华大学出版社，2004。
刘世生，《西方文体学论纲》，
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17
Definition of style
3. The set of linguistic features that seem to be characteristic of a text, e.g., the style of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, or of an author, e.g., Miltonic style
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What is your definition of style?
文体学五种文体ppt课件
Example
"I've tried it,and it don't work;it don't work,Tom.It ain't for me...The widder eats by a bell;she goes to bed by a bell;she gits up by a bell---everything's so awful reg'lar a body can't Declaration of Independence
Formal style
Definition:Formal style is used before a large audience such as formal lectures,inaugural address of president elect,scientific reports.
Example
"Where's Van Bummel,the shoolmaster? " "He went off to the war too,was the great militia
general,and is now in Congress." ——Rip Van Winkle
Casual style
Example
Thank you very much, Mr. Mayor. I appreciate your kind words of introduction. And we're delighted to be here today. My wife and I are privileged to have the opportunity once again to travel in China.
现代文阅读文体知识ppt课件
⑴地点唯一 ⑵地点转移
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
人物要素 ⑴ 主要人物：体现文章主题思想的是主要人物。 ⑵ 次要人物：次要人物的作用也不可忽视。 ⑶ 主次要人物的关系： 有对比关系，体现着作 者不同的情感和对问题的思索。
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
人物描写 语言描写：描写人物的语言（包括对话）。
作用： 表现人物的思想性格，推动情节发展。
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
记叙文的分类
从写作的对象可分为： 写人的记叙文 叙事的记叙文 写景的记叙文 状物的记叙文
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
景等，为人物和事件提供舞台。
经营者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为 的，应 当按照 消费者 的要求 增加赔 偿其受 到的损 失，增 加赔偿 的金额 为消费 者购买 商品的 价款或 接受服 务的费 用
环境描写的作用 用来交代故事发生的时间、地点，创设故事展开
的环境，揭示时代背景，推动情节发展，渲染气氛，烘 托人物的心情，衬托人物的思想性格
文体知识.ppt
至于：由上文引出下文结果，以致，以至于
颠覆：灭亡。 固：本来。
以：用。 事：侍奉。
宜：应当，应该。 得：得当，适宜
译文：以至于发展到颠覆的结局，从道理 上说本来应该这样。古人说：“用土地来侍奉 秦国，好像抱着木柴去救火，木柴不烧完，火 就不会熄灭。”这话是说对了。
秦以攻取之外， 小则获邑，大则 得城。较秦之所 得，与战胜而得 者，其实百倍； 诸侯之所亡，与 战败而亡者，其 实亦百倍。则秦 之所大欲，诸侯 之所大患，固不 在战矣。
地 有 限 ， 欲 无 厌
奉 之 弥 繁 ， 侵 之 愈
至 于 颠 覆
急
小邑
大城
赂
得百倍 失百倍
数量上
秦
者
对
大欲
大患
力
得难
献易
程度上
亏 ，
比
有限
无厌
破
奉繁
侵急
灭 之
不尽
不灭
道理上
道 也
本段除了突出以对比论证为主， 还用了哪些论证手法？
引证法
以地事秦, 犹抱薪救火, 比喻形象生动 薪不尽 火不灭
齐人未尝赂秦，终继五国迁灭，何哉？
译：五国灭亡之后，齐国也就难免要灭亡 了。燕国与赵国的君主，起初有长远的谋 略，能够坚守国土，施行正义而不贿赂秦 国。
是故燕虽小国而后亡，斯用兵之效也。 至丹以荆卿为计，始速祸焉。
斯：这。 以：用 始：才。
效：效果，结果。 以…为：把…作为 速：招致。
译：所以燕国虽然是个小国却能后灭亡，这就是 用兵抗敌的功效。等到燕太子丹用派遣荆轲刺杀 秦王作为对付秦国的策略，才招致了祸患。
小学学习课件
文体知识
• 论，是古代常用的一种文体，分为两种：一 种是政论，主要用于发表作者对于时政的见解 和主张；一种是史论，通过评论历史，总结历 史教训，为当时统治者提供治国借鉴。本文属 于史论文。 “六国论”是一个省略式短语， 实际上应是“六国破灭之论”，“六国论”是 倒装省略句，是“论六国灭亡的根本原因” 。
英语文体学-Chapter-3-Varieties-of-LanguagePPT课件
Middle Eng.(1100~1500)— The Canterbury Tales
Modern Eng. (1500~now)— W. Shakespeare; Samuel Johnson
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3.2 Dialects
3.2.3 Regional dialect
Different speech patterns in different places
Accent (伦敦小伙儿模仿全球24种英语口音) English— British Eng.
American Eng. Differences: phonology, graphology,
vocabulary, grammar (p.27-28)
.
8
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
and dialect
5
Social meaning of language
varieties
.
2
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Language is used in a context
Language in use is determined by a variety of situations
discourse
.
5
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect — Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
Modern Eng. (1500~now)— W. Shakespeare; Samuel Johnson
.
7
3.2 Dialects
3.2.3 Regional dialect
Different speech patterns in different places
Accent (伦敦小伙儿模仿全球24种英语口音) English— British Eng.
American Eng. Differences: phonology, graphology,
vocabulary, grammar (p.27-28)
.
8
3.2 Dialects
3.2.4 Social dialect
and dialect
5
Social meaning of language
varieties
.
2
3.1 Two kinds of varieties
Language is used in a context
Language in use is determined by a variety of situations
discourse
.
5
3.2 Dialects
3.2.1 Individual dialect — Idiolect
One’s own features of speech/writing habits Voice quality Pitch & stress patterns Lexical items Grammatical structures ---- xx’s language/style
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anticipatory constituents C. Illustration of grammar in action 3. Grammar and genre: a short study of imagism
A brief introduction
When we talk of the grammar of a language we are talking of the rules of that language. In the academic study of language, the expression ‘rules of grammar’ does not refer to prescriptive niceties. These so-called ‘rules’ are nothing more than a random collection of special and prejudiced strictures about language use. On the contrary, the genuine grammatical rules of a language are the language that stipulate the very basis of its syntactic construction in the same way that the rules of tennis or the rules of chess constitute the core organizing principles of those games.
A finding
how, when, where and why
placed after the verb
2) by adding a ‘tag’ to the declarative form of a clause
The tag test can usefully differentiate between other types of grammatical structures.
Sentence (clause complex), clause, phrase (or group), word, morpheme
Four basic elements of clause
structure
examples
subject
predicator complement adjunct
E.g. 1) my aunt and my uncle (coordination)
2) the winner, a local business
woman (apposition)
Variations in basic clause structure
1
The woman feeds
those
regularly.
pigeons
2
Our bull
was chasing the postman yesterday.
terrier
3
The
would wear lipstick
every Friday.
professor of
Necromancy
4
The Aussie looked
Test for clause constituents
1) by asking various questions around the verb
S finding
who or what placed in front of
the verb
C finding verb
who or what placed after the
A basic model of grammar
Most theories of grammar accept that grammatical units are ordered hierarchically according to their size.
This hierarchy is known as a rank scale.
Stylistics
Lecture Three Grammar and Style
Topics covered
1. Grammar and style A. A basic model of grammar B. Variations in basic clause structure 2. Sentence styles: development and illustration A. Sentence types B. Trailing constituents, equivalent constituents and
great
in her latest
பைடு நூலகம்
actress
film.
5
The man
was
pretty
throughout
who came to
miserable the evening.
dinner
The examples highlight grammar’s capacity to embed units of different sizes within one another. Indeed it is a distinguishing characteristic of clause structure that its four basic elements are typically realized by certain types of phrases. The rule which stipulates that a verb phrase must fill up the P slot is a hard and fast one, whereas the rules about what sorts of phrases go into the other three slots are less absolute and are more about typical tendencies.
A brief introduction
When we talk of the grammar of a language we are talking of the rules of that language. In the academic study of language, the expression ‘rules of grammar’ does not refer to prescriptive niceties. These so-called ‘rules’ are nothing more than a random collection of special and prejudiced strictures about language use. On the contrary, the genuine grammatical rules of a language are the language that stipulate the very basis of its syntactic construction in the same way that the rules of tennis or the rules of chess constitute the core organizing principles of those games.
A finding
how, when, where and why
placed after the verb
2) by adding a ‘tag’ to the declarative form of a clause
The tag test can usefully differentiate between other types of grammatical structures.
Sentence (clause complex), clause, phrase (or group), word, morpheme
Four basic elements of clause
structure
examples
subject
predicator complement adjunct
E.g. 1) my aunt and my uncle (coordination)
2) the winner, a local business
woman (apposition)
Variations in basic clause structure
1
The woman feeds
those
regularly.
pigeons
2
Our bull
was chasing the postman yesterday.
terrier
3
The
would wear lipstick
every Friday.
professor of
Necromancy
4
The Aussie looked
Test for clause constituents
1) by asking various questions around the verb
S finding
who or what placed in front of
the verb
C finding verb
who or what placed after the
A basic model of grammar
Most theories of grammar accept that grammatical units are ordered hierarchically according to their size.
This hierarchy is known as a rank scale.
Stylistics
Lecture Three Grammar and Style
Topics covered
1. Grammar and style A. A basic model of grammar B. Variations in basic clause structure 2. Sentence styles: development and illustration A. Sentence types B. Trailing constituents, equivalent constituents and
great
in her latest
பைடு நூலகம்
actress
film.
5
The man
was
pretty
throughout
who came to
miserable the evening.
dinner
The examples highlight grammar’s capacity to embed units of different sizes within one another. Indeed it is a distinguishing characteristic of clause structure that its four basic elements are typically realized by certain types of phrases. The rule which stipulates that a verb phrase must fill up the P slot is a hard and fast one, whereas the rules about what sorts of phrases go into the other three slots are less absolute and are more about typical tendencies.