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全国Ⅱ卷理科数学word详细答案解析版

全国Ⅱ卷理科数学word详细答案解析版

2017 年一般高等学校招生全国一致考试(Ⅱ卷)逐题分析理科数学一、选择题:本题共 12 小题,每题 5 分,共 60 分。

在每题给出的四个选项中,只有一项为哪一项切合题目要求的。

二、【题目 1】 (2017 ·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理 1)1.3i( )1 iA . 1 2iB . 1 2iC . 2i D . 2i【命题企图 】本题主要考察复数的四则运算及共轭复数的观点,意在考察学生的运算能力 .【分析 】解法一:惯例解法 解法二:对十法3 i能够拆成两组分式数3 1,运算的结果应为 a bi 形式, a 3 1 1 12 (分子十字相乘,1 i 1112 121 1 3 11 (分子对位之积差,分母为基层数字平方和).分母为基层数字平方和) , b 1212解法三:分别常数法 解法四:参数法3 i a bi3 i abi 1i3i a ba b ia b 3 a 21 i a b,解得b11故3i 2i1 i【知识拓展 】复数属于新课标必考点,考复数的四则运算的年份许多,复数考点有五: 1.复数的几何意义( 2016 年); 2.复数的四则运算; 3.复数的相等的充要条件; 4.复数的分类及共轭复数;5.复数的模【题目 2】(2017· 新课标全国Ⅱ卷理 2)2.设会合 1,2,4 ,x x 2 4x m 0.若 I1 ,则( )A . 1, 3B . 1,0C . 1,3D . 1,5【命题企图 】本题主要考察一元二次方程的解法及会合的基本运算,以考察考生的运算能力为目 的 .【分析 】解法一:惯例解法∵A IB 1 ∴ 1 是方程 x 24x m 0 的一个根,即m 3 ,∴ B x x 24 x 3 0故 B 1,3解法二:韦达定理法∵AIB 1 ∴ 1 是方程x2 4x m 0 的一个根,∴利用伟大定理可知:x1 1 4 ,解得:x1 3,故 B 1,3解法三:清除法∵会合 B 中的元素必是方程方程x24x m 0 的根,∴x1x2 4 ,从四个选项A﹑ B﹑ C﹑D看只有 C 选项知足题意.【知识拓展】会合属于新课标必考点,属于函数范围,常与解方程﹑求定义域和值域﹑数集意义相联合,会合考点有二: 1.会合间的基本关系; 2.会合的基本运算 .【题目 3】(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理3)3.我国古代数学名着《算法统宗》中有以下问题:“眺望巍巍塔七层,红光点点倍加增,共灯三百八十一,请问尖头几盏灯?”意思是:一座7 层塔共挂了381 盏灯,且相邻两层中的下一层灯数是上一层灯数的 2 倍,则塔的顶层共有灯()A.1 盏B.3 盏C.5 盏D.9 盏【命题企图】本题主要考察等比数列通向公式a n及其前 n 项和 S n,以考察考生的运算能力为主目的 .【分析】解法一:惯例解法一座 7 层塔共挂了 381 盏灯,即 S7 381 ;相邻两层中的下一层灯数是上一层灯数的 2 倍,即qa1 1 q n a1 1 2n381,解得2 ,塔的顶层为a1;由等比前n项和S n1q 1 可知: S72q 1a1 3 .解法二:界限效应等比数列为递加数列,则有a n 1 S n,∴ a8 S7 381,解得 a1 2.9 ,∴ a1 3 .【知识拓展】数列属于高考必考考点,一般占10 分或 12 分,即两道小题或一道大题,此中必有一道小题属于基础题,一道中档偏上题或压轴题,大题在17 题出现,属于基础题型,高考所占分值较大,在高中教课中列为重点解说内容,也是大多数学生的难点,主假如平常教课题型难度严重偏离高考考试难度,以及研究题型偏离命题方向,希望能惹起注意;考试主线特别清楚,1.等差数列通向公式a n及其前n 项和S n;2. 等比数列通向公式a n及其前n 项和S n .【题目 4】 (2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理4)4.如图,网格纸上小正方形的边长为1,学某几何体的三视图,该几何体由一平面将一圆柱截去一部分所得,则该几何体的体积为(科 & 网粗实线画出的是)A.90 B.63 C.42 D.36 【命题企图】本题主要考察简单几何体三视图及体积,以考察考生的空间想象能力为主目的. 【分析】解法一:惯例解法从三视图可知:一个圆柱被一截面截取一部分而节余的部分,详细图像以下:切割前圆柱切割中切割后几何体从上图能够清楚的可出节余几何体形状,该几何体的体积分红两部分,部分图以下:从左图可知:剩下的体积分上下两部分暗影的体积,下边暗影的体积为 V Sh, r 3, h 4 ,∴V136;上边暗影的体积V2是上面部分体积 V3的一半,即 V2 1的比为高的比(同底),V3, V3与 V12即V3 3 327 ,故整体积 V0 V2V163. V1,V2 V12 4第二种体积求法:V3 Sh 54 ,其他同上,故整体积V0 V2 V1 63.【知识拓展】三视图属于高考必考点,几乎年年考三视图,题型一般有五方面, 1.求体积; 2.求面积(表面积,侧面积等); 3.求棱长; 4.视图实质考察(推测视图,睁开图,空间直角坐标系视图); 5.视图与球体综合联立,此中前三个方面考的许多.2x 3y 30【题目 5】(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理5)5.设x,y知足拘束条件2x 3y 3 0 ,则 z 2x y 的最小值y 30是()A.15B.9C.1D.9【命题企图】本题主要考察线性规划问题,以考察考生数形联合的数学思想方法运用为目的,属于过渡中档题.【分析】解法一:惯例解法2 x 3y 30依据拘束条件 2 x 3y 3 0 画出可行域(图中暗影部分),作直线l : 2x y 0 ,平移直线 l ,y 30将直线平移到点 A 处 Z 最小,点 A 的坐标为6, 3 ,将点A的坐标代到目标函数Z 2x y ,可得 Z15 ,即Z min15 .yl解法二:直接求法关于关闭的可行域,我2x+3y们可-以3=0直接求三条C直线的交点,代入目标函数中,三个数种选其最小的2x-3y+3=0为最小值即可,点 A 的坐标为6, 3 ,点B的坐标为6, 3 ,点C的坐标为0,1 ,所求值分O x别为15 ﹑ 9 ﹑ 1,故Z min15 , Z max9 .Ay = -3 B解法三:隔板法第一看拘束条件方程的斜率拘束条件方程的斜率分别为 2 ﹑2﹑0;3 3其次排序依照坐标系地点排序 2 ﹑ 0 ﹑2 ;3 3再次看目标函数的斜率和y 前的系数看目标函数的斜率和y 前的系数分别为2﹑1;最后画初始地点,跳格,找到最小值点目标函数的斜率在2之间,即为初始地点,y 前的系数为正,则按逆时针旋转,第一格为,03最大值点,即 2 ,2 ,第二个格为最小值点,即0, 2 ,只要解斜率为0 和2 这两条线的交点3 3 3 3即可,其实就是点 A ,点 A 的坐标为6, 3 ,将点A的坐标代到目标函数Z 2x y ,可得 Z 15 ,即Z min 15 .【知识拓展】线性规划属于不等式范围,是高考必考考点,常考察数学的数形联合能力,一般变化只在两个方向变化, 1.拘束条件的变化; 2.目标函数的变化;拘束条件变化从关闭程度方面变化,目标函数则从方程的几何意义上变化,但本题型属于高考热门题型(已知关闭的拘束条件,求已知的二元一次方程目标函数),本题型属于过渡中档题,只要多累积各题型解决的方法即可 .【题目 6】(2017 ·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理6)6.安排 3 名志愿者达成 4 项工作,每人起码达成 1 项,每项工作由1 人达成,则不一样的安排方式共有()A.12 种B. 18 种C. 24 种D.36 种【命题企图】本题主要考察基本计数原理的应用,以考察考生的逻辑剖析能力和运算求解能力为主 .【分析】解法一:分组分派之分人第一分组将三人分红两组,一组为三个人,有A33 6 种可能,此外一组从三人在选调一人,有C31 3 种可能;其次排序两组前后在排序,在对位找工作即可,有A22 2 种可能;合计有36 种可能 .解法二:分组分派之分工作26 种可能,在把三组工作分给36 可能,合计有 36 种可能 .工作分红三份有 C4 3 个人有 A3解法三:分组分派之人与工作互动先让先个人个达成一项工作,有A43 24 种可能,剩下的一项工作在有 3 人中一人达成有 C31 3 种可能,但由两项工作人数相同,所以要除以A22 2 ,合计有36 种可能 .解法四:占位法此中必有一个达成两项工作,选出这人,让其先占位,即有C31 C42 18 中可能;剩下的两项工作由剩下的两个人去达成,即有A22 2 种可能,按分步计数原理求得结果为36 种可能 .解法五:隔板法和环桌摆列第一让其环桌摆列,在插两个隔板,有26 种可能,在分派给3C4 3 人工作有 A3 6 种可能,按分步计数原理求得结果为36 种可能 .【知识拓展】计数原理属于必考考点,常考题型有 1.摆列组合; 2.二项式定理,几乎两者是隔一年或隔两年交互出题,摆列组合这类排序问题常考,已经属于高考常态,利用二项式定理求某一项的系数或求奇偶项和也已经属于高考常态,特别是利用二项式定理求某一项的系数更加突出.【题目 7】 (2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理7)7.甲、乙、丙、丁四位同学一同去处老师咨询成语比赛的成绩.老师说:你们四人中有 2 位优异, 2 位优异,我此刻给甲看乙、丙的成绩,给乙看丙的成绩,学科 &网给丁看甲的成绩.看后甲对大家说:我仍是不知道我的成绩.依据以上信息,则()A.乙能够知道四人的成绩B.丁能够知道四人的成绩C.乙、丁能够知道对方的成绩D.乙、丁能够知道自己的成绩【命题企图】本题考察推理与证明的有关知识,考察考生推理论证能力.【分析】解法一:假定法甲看乙﹑丙成绩,甲不知道自己的成绩,那么乙﹑丙成绩中有一人为优,一人为良;乙已经知道自己的成绩要么良,要么优,丙相同也是,当乙看到丙的成绩,必定知道自己的成绩,可是丙一定不知道自己的成绩;而丁同学也知道自己的成绩要么良,要么优,只有看到甲的成绩,才能判断自己的成绩,丁同学也必定知道自己的成绩,故只有乙﹑丁两位同学知道自己的成绩.解法二:选项代入法当我们不知道怎样下手, 则从选项下手,一一假定成立,来考证我们的假定能否成立,略【知识拓展】推理与证明近两年属于热门考题,2016 年的第 15 题(理)﹑第16 题(文),今年的理( 7)﹑文( 9),属于创新题,突出新奇,但题的难度不大,需要考生沉着的思虑,抓住主要知识重点,从而能够迅速做题,属于中档题.【题目 8】(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理8)8.履行右边的程序框图,假如输入的A.2B.3C. 4【命题企图】本题考察程序框图的知识,意在考察考生对循环构造的理解与应用a 1 ,则输出的D. 5.S ()【分析 】解法一:惯例解法∵ S 0 0,K 0 1 , a 01 , S S a K , aa ,∴ 履行第一次循环: S 1 1﹑ a 1 1﹑ K 12 ;履行第二次循环: S 2 1 ﹑ a 21﹑ K 23 ;履行第三次循环:S 32 ﹑a 3 1 ﹑K 34 ;履行第四次循环: S 42 ﹑ a 41﹑ K 4 5 ;履行第五次循环:S 53 ﹑a 5 1 ﹑K 5 6 ;履行第五次循环: S 6 3 ﹑ a 6 1﹑ K 6 7;当 K 6 7 6 时,停止循环,输出S 6 3,故输出值为 3. 解法二:数列法nniS nSn 1n , K n n 1 ,裂项相消可得 S nS 1i ;履行第一次循环:11i 2S 1 1﹑a 1 1﹑ K 1 2 ,当 K n 6 时, n 6 即可停止, S 61 2 3 4 5 6 4 ,即 S 6 3 ,故输出值为 3.【题目 9 】 (2017· 新课标全国Ⅱ卷理9)9.若双曲线 C:x 2y 2 1 ( a 0 , b 0 )的一条渐近线被圆a 2b 2x 224 所截得的弦长为 2,则 C 的离心率为(y 2 ).2. 3 .2. 2 3 ABCD 3【命题企图 】主要考察双曲线的性质及直线与圆的地点关系,意在考察考生的转变与化归思想 .【分析 】解法一:惯例解法依据双曲线的标准方程可求得渐近线方程为ybx ,依据直线与圆的地点关系可求得圆心到ab2b2a渐进线的距离为3 ,∴ 圆心到渐近线的距离为a ,即3,解得 e 2.b 221 b1aa解法二:待定系数法设渐进线的方程为 y kx ,依据直线与圆的地点关系可求得圆心到渐进线的距离为3 ,∴ 圆心到渐近线的距离为2k ,即 2k 3 ,解得 k 23;因为渐近线的斜率与离心率1k 2 1 k 2关系为 k 2e 2 1 ,解得 e 2.解法三:几何法从题意可知: OAOO 1 O 1 A 2, OO 1A 为等边三角形,所以一条渐近线的倾斜较为,3因为 k tan ,可得 k 3 ,渐近线的斜率与离心率关系为 k 2 e 2 1 ,解得 e 2 .解法四:坐标系转变法依据圆的直角坐标系方程: x 222 4 ,可得极坐标方程 4cos ,由 4cos2 可得极y 角,从上图可知:渐近线的倾斜角与圆的极坐标方程中的极角相等,所以 k3,3渐近线的斜率与离心率关系为 k 2 e 2 1 ,解得 e 2 .解法五:参数法之直线参数方程如上图,依据双曲线的标准方程可求得渐近线方程为b ,能够表示点 A 的坐标为 2cos ,2sin ,∵yxacosa, sinb ∴ 点 A 的坐标为 2 a ,2b,代入圆方程中,ccc c解得 e 2 .【知识拓展 】双曲线已成为高考必考的圆锥曲线内容(理科) ,一般与三角形﹑直线与圆﹑向量相联合,属于中档偏上的题,但跟着二卷回归基础的趋向,圆锥曲线小题固然处于中档题偏上地点,但难度逐年降落 .【题目 10】(2017· 新课标全国Ⅱ卷理 10)10.已知直三棱柱C1 1C 1 中,C 120o ,2 ,C CC 1 1,则异面直线1与C 1 所成角的余弦值为( )3B .15 10 3A .C .5D .253【命题企图 】本题考察立体几何中的异面直线角度的求解,意在考察考生的空间想象能力【分析 】解法一:惯例解法在边 BB 1 ﹑ B 1C 1 ﹑ A 1 B 1 ﹑ AB 上分别取中点 E ﹑F ﹑G﹑ H,并互相连结.由三角形中位线定理和平行线平移功能,异面直线 AB1和 BC1所成的夹角为FEG 或其补角,经过几何关系求得 EF 2,FG 5 ,2 2FH11 ,利用余弦定理可求得异面直线2AB1和 BC1所成的夹角余弦值为10. 5解法二:补形经过补形以后可知:BC1 D 或其补角为异面直线 AB1和 BC1所成的角,经过几何关系可知:BC1 2 , C1D 5 , BD 3 ,由勾股定理或余弦定理可得异面直线AB1和 BC1所成的10夹角余弦值为.5解法三:建系成立如左图的空间直角坐标系, A 0,2,1 ,B1 0,0,0 , B 0,0,1 , C13 1 , ,0 2 2uuuur 3 1 uuur0,2,1 ∴ BC1 , , 1 ,B1A2 2uuur uuuur∴ cos B1 A BC1 2 10 uuur uuuur5 2 5 B1 A BC1解法四:投影平移- 三垂线定理设异面直线 AB1和 BC1所成的夹角为 3利用三垂线定理可知:异面直线 AB1和 BC1 所成的夹角余弦值为10. 5【知识拓展】立体几何地点关系中角度问题向来是理科的热门问题,也是高频考点,证明的方法大概有两个方向: 1.几何法; 2.建系;几何法步骤简短,但不易想到;建系简单想到,但计算量偏大,平常复习应注意各方法优势和不足,做到胸中有数,方能事半功倍.【题目 11】(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理11)11.若x 2 是函数 f ( x) ( x2 ax 1)e x 1`的极值点,则 f ( x) 的极小值为()A. 1B. 2e3C.5e3【命题企图】本题主要考察导数的极值观点及其极大值与极小值判断条件,意在考察考生的运算求解能力 .【分析】解法一:惯例解法∵ f x2axx 1∴ 导函数2 x 1 x 1 e f xx a 2 x a 1 e∵ f 2 0 ∴ a 1∴导函数 f x x2 x 2 e x 1令 f x 0 ,∴ x1 2 , x1 1当 x 变化时, f x , f x 随变化状况以下表:+0-0+极大值极小值从上表可知:极小值为 f 1 1.【知识拓展】导数是高考重点考察的对象,极值点的问题是特别重要考点之一,大题﹑小题都会考察,属于压轴题,但难度在逐年降低.【题目 12】(2017·新课标全国Ⅱ卷理12)12.已知ABC 是边长为2 的等边三角形, P 为平面 ABC内一点,uuur uuur uuur则 PA (PB PC ) 的最小值是()A. 23 4D. 1B. C.2 3【命题企图】本题主要考察等边三角形的性质及平面向量的线性运算﹑数目积,意在考察考生转变与化归思想和运算求解能力【分析】解法一:建系法uuur0, uuur1,0uuur1,0 .连结 OP,OA 3 ,OB , OCuuur uuur uuur uuur uuurx, y x, 3 y PC PB 2PO ,∴ PO PAuuur uuur 2y2 3 y x2 y 3 3∴ PO PA x22 4uuur uuur3 uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur3∴PO PA ,∴ PA PC PB 2PO PA4 2∴最小值为32解法二:均值法uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur∵ PC PB 2PO ,∴ PA PC PB 2PO PAuuur uuur uuur uuur 2 uuur 2 uuur uuur由上图可知: OA PA PO ;两边平方可得 3 PA PO 2PA POuuur 2 uuur 2 uuur uuur uuur uuur 3∵ PA PO 2PA PO ,∴ 2PO PA2uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur 3,∴最小值为 3∴PA PC PB 2PO PA2 2解法三:配凑法uuur uuur uuur∵ PC PB 2POuuur uuur 2 uuur uuur 2 uuur uuur 2 uuur 2uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur PO PA PO PA PO PA AO 3∴ PA PC PB 2PO PA2 2 2∴最小值为32【知识拓展】三角形与向量联合的题属于高考经典题,一般在压轴题出现,解决此类问题的通法就是建系法,比较直接,易想,但有时计算量偏大.二、填空题:本题共 4 小题,每题 5 分,共20 分。

计算机网络习题2解析Word版

计算机网络习题2解析Word版

一、选择题1.有一条指令用十六进制表示为CD21,用二进制表示为BA) 1101110000100001 B) 110011010010000lC) 1100110100010010 D) 11011100000100102.光纤作为传输介质的主要特点是 BI.保密性好 II.高带宽 III.低误码率Ⅳ.拓扑结构复杂A) I、II和IV B) I、II和IIIC) II和Ⅳ D) III和IV3.人们将网络层次结构模型和各层协议定义为网络的CA) 拓扑结构 B)开放系统互联模型C) 体系结构 D)协议集4.速率为l0Gbps的Ethernet发送l bit数据需要的时间是CA) l×10-6秒B) 1×10-9秒C) l×10-10秒D) 1×10-12秒5.关于WWW服务系统,以下哪种说法是错误的?BA) WWW服务采用服务器/客户机工作模式B) Web页面采用HTTP书写而成C) 客户端应用程序通常称为浏览器D) 页面到页面的链接信息由URL维持6.分布范围可达数百至数千公里,可覆盖—个国家或一个洲的网络一般称为(B )。

A)局域网 B. 广域网C. 校园网 D.城域网7.分布范围可达数百至数千公里,可覆盖—个国家或一个洲的网络一般称为(B )。

A.局域网B. 广域网C. 校园网D.城域网8.关于应用软件的描述中,错误的是:CA)Access是数据库软件B)PowerPoint是演示软件C)Outlook是浏览器软件D)Excel是电子表格软件9.以下哪个地址不是有效的IP地址DA)193.254.8.1 B)193.8.1.2 C)193.1.25.8 D)193.1.8.25710.__C__是因特网中最重要的设备,它是网络与网络连接的桥梁A)中继站 B)集线器 C)路由器 D)服务器11.下面说法中,正确的是(A)A) 信道的带宽越宽,可以传输的数据传输率越高B) 信道的带宽越宽,可以传输的数据传输率越低C) 信道的带宽和数据传输率无关D) 信道的带宽和数据传输率在数值上相等解析: 信道的带宽越宽,可以传输的数据传输率越高。

普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅱ卷)文数答案解析(正式版)(解析版).docx

普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅱ卷)文数答案解析(正式版)(解析版).docx

一、选择题:本大题共12道小题,每小题5分,共60分.1.已知集合{}|12A x x =-<<,{}|03B x x =<<,则A B =U ( ) A .()1,3- B .()1,0- C .()0,2 D .()2,3 【答案】A考点:集合运算. 2. 若为a 实数,且2i3i 1ia +=++,则a =( ) A .4- B .3- C .3 D .4 【答案】D 【解析】试题分析:由题意可得()()2i 1i 3i 24i 4a a +=++=+⇒= ,故选D. 考点:复数运算.3. 根据下面给出的2004年至2013年我国二氧化碳年排放量(单位:万吨)柱形图,以下结论中不正确的是( )A .逐年比较,2008年减少二氧化碳排放量的效果最显著B .2007年我国治理二氧化碳排放显现成效C .2006年以来我国二氧化碳年排放量呈减少趋势D .2006年以来我国二氧化碳年排放量与年份正相关 【答案】 D考点:柱形图4. 已知()1,1=-a ,()1,2=-b ,则(2)+⋅=a b a ( ) A .1- B .0 C .1 D .2 【答案】C 【解析】试题分析:由题意可得22=a ,3,⋅=-a b 所以()222431+⋅=+⋅=-=a b a a a b .故选C.考点:向量数量积.5. 设n S 是等差数列{}n a 的前n 项和,若1353a a a ++=,则5S =( ) A .5 B .7 C .9 D .11 【答案】A 【解析】试题解析:13533331a a a a a ++==⇒=,()15535552a a S a +===.故选A. 考点:等差数列6. 一个正方体被一个平面截去一部分后,剩余部分的三视图如下图,则截去部分体积与剩余部分体积的比值为( )1A.8 1B.7 1C.6 1D.5【答案】D 【解析】试题分析:截去部分是正方体的一个角,其体积是正方体体积的16,所以截去部分体积与剩余部分体积的比值为15,故选D.考点:三视图7. 已知三点(1,0),(0,3),(2,3)A B C,则△ABC外接圆的圆心到原点的距离为()5 A. 321B.25C.4D.3【答案】B考点:直线与圆的方程.8. 右边程序框图的算法思路来源于我国古代数学名著《九章算术》中的“更相减损术”,执行该程序框图,若输入的,a b分别为14,18,则输出的a为()A.0B.2C.4D.14【答案】B 【解析】试题分析:由题意输出的a 是18,14的最大公约数2,故选B. 考点:1. 更相减损术;2.程序框图. 9.已知等比数列{}n a 满足114a =,()35441a a a =-,则2a =( )A.2B.1 1C.2 1D.8【答案】C 【解析】试题分析:由题意可得()235444412a a a a a ==-⇒=,所以34182a q q a ==⇒= ,故2112a a q ==,选C.考点:等比数列.10. 已知B A ,是球O 的球面上两点,︒=∠90AOB ,C 为该球面上的动点.若三棱锥ABC O -体积的最大值为36,则球O 的表面积为( )A.π36B. π64C.π144D. π256 【答案】C考点:球与几何体的切接.11. 如图,长方形的边AB =2,BC =1,O 是AB 的中点,点P 沿着边BC ,CD 与DA 运动,记BOP x ∠= ,将动点P 到A ,B 两点距离之和表示为x 的函数()f x ,则的图像大致为( )A .B .C .D .【答案】B考点:函数图像12. 设函数21()ln(1||)1f x x x=+-+,则使得()(21)f x f x >-成立的x 的取值范围是( ) A .1,13⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭ B .()1,1,3⎛⎫-∞+∞ ⎪⎝⎭U C .11,33⎛⎫- ⎪⎝⎭D .11,,33⎛⎫⎛⎫-∞-+∞ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭U 【答案】A 【解析】试题分析:由21()ln(1||)1f x x x =+-+可知()f x 是偶函数,且在[)0,+∞是增函数,所以 ()()()()121212113f x f x f x f x x x x >-⇔>-⇔>-⇔<< .故选A.考点:函数性质二、填空题:本大题共4小题,每小题5分,共20分13. 已知函数()32f x ax x =-的图像过点(-1,4),则a = .【答案】-2 【解析】试题分析:由()32f x ax x =-可得()1242f a a -=-+=⇒=- .考点:函数解析式14. 若x ,y 满足约束条件50210210x y x y x y +-≤⎧⎪--≥⎨⎪-+≤⎩,则z =2x +y 的最大值为 .【答案】8考点:线性规划15. 已知双曲线过点()4,3,且渐近线方程为12y x =±,则该双曲线的标准方程为 . 【答案】2214x y -=考点:双曲线几何性质16. 已知曲线ln y x x =+在点()1,1 处的切线与曲线()221y ax a x =+++ 相切,则a = .【答案】8【解析】试题分析:由11y x'=+可得曲线ln y x x =+在点()1,1处的切线斜率为2,故切线方程为21y x =-,与 ()221y ax a x =+++ 联立得220ax ax ++=,显然0a ≠,所以由 2808a a a ∆=-=⇒=.考点:导数的几何意义. 三、解答题17(本小题满分12分)△ABC 中D 是BC 上的点,AD 平分∠BAC ,BD =2DC . (I )求sin sin BC∠∠ ;(II )若60BAC ∠=o ,求B ∠. 【答案】(I )12;30o .考点:解三角形试题解析:(I )由正弦定理得,,sin sin sin sin AD BD AD DCB BADC CAD==∠∠∠∠ 因为AD 平分∠BAC ,BD =2DC ,所以sin 1.sin 2B DC C BD ∠==∠.(II )因为()180,60,C BAC B BAC ∠=-∠+∠∠=oo所以()31sin sin sin .2C BAC B B B ∠=∠+∠=∠+∠ 由(I )知2sin sin B C ∠=∠, 所以3tan 30.3B B ∠=∠=o考点:解三角形18. (本小题满分12分)某公司为了了解用户对其产品的满意度,从A ,B 两地区分别随机调查了40个用户,根据用户对其产品的满意度的评分,得到A 地区用户满意度评分的频率分布直方图和B 地区用户满意度评分的频率分布表.A地区用户满意度评分的频率分布直方图(I)在答题卡上作出B地区用户满意度评分的频率分布直方图,并通过此图比较两地区满意度评分的平均值及分散程度.(不要求计算出具体值,给出结论即可)B地区用户满意度评分的频率分布直方图(II)根据用户满意度评分,将用户的满意度评分分为三个等级:估计那个地区的用户的满意度等级为不满意的概率大,说明理由.【答案】(I)见试题解析(II)A地区的用户的满意度等级为不满意的概率大.考点:1.频率分布直方图;2.概率估计.19. (本小题满分12分)如图,长方体1111ABCD A B C D -中AB =16,BC =10,18AA =,点E ,F 分别在1111,A B D C 上,11 4.A E D F ==过点E ,F 的平面α与此长方体的面相交,交线围成一个正方形.(I )在图中画出这个正方形(不必说明画法与理由); (II )求平面α把该长方体分成的两部分体积的比值. 【答案】(I )见试题解析(II )97 或79考点:1.几何体中的截面问题;2.几何体的体积20. (本小题满分12分)已知椭圆()2222:10x y C a b a b+=>> 的离心率为22,点(2在C 上.(I )求C 的方程;(II )直线l 不经过原点O ,且不平行于坐标轴,l 与C 有两个交点A ,B ,线段AB 中点为M ,证明:直线OM 的斜率与直线l 的斜率乘积为定值.【答案】(I )2222184x y +=(II )见试题解析考点:直线与椭圆21. (本小题满分12分)已知()()ln 1f x x a x =+-.(I )讨论()f x 的单调性;(II )当()f x 有最大值,且最大值大于22a -时,求a 的取值范围.【答案】(I )0a ≤,()f x 在()0,+∞是单调递增;0a >,()f x 在10,a ⎛⎫ ⎪⎝⎭单调递增,在1,a ⎛⎫+∞ ⎪⎝⎭单调递减;(II )()0,1.【解析】考点:导数的应用.请考生在22、23、24题中任选一题作答,如果多做,则按所做的第一题计分,作答时请写清题号22. (本小题满分10分)选修4-1:几何证明选讲如图O是等腰三角形AB C内一点,圆O与△ABC的底边BC交于M,N两点,与底边上的高交于点G,且与AB,AC 分别相切于E,F两点.(I )证明EF BC P ;(II )若AG 等于圆O 半径,且23AE MN == ,求四边形EBCF 的面积.【答案】(I )见试题解析;(II )1633考点:1.几何证明;2.四边形面积的计算.23. (本小题满分10分)选修4-4:坐标系与参数方程在直角坐标系xOy 中,曲线1cos ,:sin ,x t C y t αα=⎧⎨=⎩ (t 为参数,且0t ≠ ),其中0απ≤<,在以O 为极点,x 轴正半轴为极轴的极坐标系中,曲线23:2sin ,:23cos .C C ρθρθ==(I )求2C 与3C 交点的直角坐标;(II )若1C 与 2C 相交于点A ,1C 与3C 相交于点B ,求AB 最大值.【答案】(I )()330,0,2⎫⎪⎪⎝⎭;(II )4.【解析】试题分析:(I )把2C 与3C 的方程化为直角坐标方程分别为2220x y y +-=,2230x y x +-=,联立解考点:参数方程、直角坐标及极坐标方程的互化.24. (本小题满分10分)选修4-5:不等式证明选讲设,,,a b c d 均为正数,且a b c d +=+.证明:(I )若ab cd > ,a b c d >(II a b c d >a b c d -<-的充要条件. 【答案】【解析】试题分析:(I )由a b c d +=+及ab cd >,可证明22a b c d >,开方即得a b c d >(II )本小题可借助第一问的结论来证明,但要分必要性与充分性来证明.试题解析:解:(I )因为22,,a b a b ab c d c d cd =++=++考点:不等式证明.。

(完整word版)继电保护课后习题答案第二版-张保会-尹项根

(完整word版)继电保护课后习题答案第二版-张保会-尹项根

1.1电力系统如果没有配备完善的继电保护系统,想象一下会出现什么情景?答:现代的电力系统离开完善的继电保护系统是不能运行的。

当电力系统发生故障时,电源至故障点之间的电力设备中将流过很大的短路电流,若没有完善的继电保护系统将故障快速切除,则会引起故障元件和流过故障电流的其他电气设备的损坏;当电力系统发生故障时,发电机端电压降低造成发电机的输入机械功率和输出电磁功率的不平衡,可能引起电力系统稳定性的破坏,甚至引起电网的崩溃、造成人身伤亡。

如果电力系统没有配备完善的继电保护系统,则当电力系统出现不正常运行时,不能及时地发出信号通知值班人员进行合理的处理。

1.2继电保护装置在电力系统中所起的作用是什么?答:继电保护装置就是指能反应电力系统中设备发生故障或不正常运行状态,并动作于断路器跳闸或发出信号的一种自动装置.它的作用包括:1.电力系统正常运行时不动作;2.电力系统部正常运行时发报警信号,通知值班人员处理,使电力系统尽快恢复正常运行;3.电力系统故障时,甄别出发生故障的电力设备,并向故障点与电源点之间、最靠近故障点断路器发出跳闸指令,将故障部分与电网的其他部分隔离。

1.3继电保护装置通过哪些主要环节完成预定的保护功能,各环节的作用是什么?答:继电保护装置一般通过测量比较、逻辑判断和执行输出三个部分完成预定的保护功能。

测量比较环节是册来那个被保护电器元件的物理参量,并与给定的值进行比较,根据比较的结果,给出“是”、“非”、“0”或“1”性质的一组逻辑信号,从而判别保护装置是否应该启动。

逻辑判断环节是根据测量环节输出的逻辑信号,使保护装置按一定的逻辑关系判定故障的类型和范围,最后确定是否应该使断路器跳闸。

执行输出环节是根据逻辑部分传来的指令,发出跳开断路器的跳闸脉冲及相应的动作信息、发出警报或不动作。

1.4 依据电力元件正常工作、不正常工作和短路状态下的电气量复制差异,已经构成哪些原理的保护,这些保护单靠保护整定值能求出保护范围内任意点的故障吗?答:利用流过被保护元件电流幅值的增大,构成了过电流保护;利用短路时电压幅值的降低,构成了低电压保护;利用电压幅值的异常升高,构成了过电压保护;利用测量阻抗的降低和阻抗角的变大,构成了低阻抗保护。

英语2课后习题答案.doc

英语2课后习题答案.doc

Unit 1 (英语二)Text AExercises for the TextI. d 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. dII.1.alternat ive2. fundamenta I3. accompany4.impIement5. preccedent6. attain7.objectives 8.vary 9. mult iple10. isolateIII.1. c2. d3. i4. j5. g6. e7. h8. 19. f 10. bIV.our ; helped ; form ; front: to; passed; it; same;V.1.Decision makers should be able to make the best guess at the guture.2.Some people think that everything managers do involves dec i s ion mak i ng. (or Some peop I e th i nk that everyth i ng managers do has something to do with decision making.)3.If there are no correct a Iternat i ves,there are no correct decisions to be made.4.Since different people have different ideas about the same problem, so the approaches to it vary from person to person.5.Decision makers usually hold the key to the business deveIopmentof the company. VocabuI ary ExercisesI.1. a. be organ i zed b. organ i zat inal c. organ i zat i on2. a. simple b. simp I if ied c. simply d. simp I if ication3. a. profit b. profitable c. prof i tab i I ity4. a. intention b. intended c. unintendedII.1.precedent2.ski I led3. achievement4.impIement5. optimal6. goaI7. accompIi sh 8.accompan i es 9.tendency10. ongoingIII.1.His fr iend accompanied him to a concert.2.He has argued her out of her decision.3.he owed his success in part to luck.4.According to his suggestion,the formal ities have been much s impI ified.5.The broadcasting station predicts that it wiI I turn cold tomorrow.6.Mot i on i s defined as a change i n pos i t i on or place. Text BExerc i ses for the TextI.T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. TII.1.preparat ion; confidence2.idea3.unattract ive indifference4.hardworking; personality; interest5.speechless6.hoiidays; pay7.clean; neat; conservative8.the floor beside your chai r9.politely; naturaIly10."I beg your pardon?" or "Could you please repeat it?"etc.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.at a d i sadvantage2.conservat i ve3. i nd i fference4. make sure5. vague6. c I utched7.turned down 8. to your advantage 9. neat 10. prospects 11. take the tuoubIe to 12. placeGrammar Exercises1 .连词;让步状语从句。

2021-2022高一化学人教版必修2课后作业:第一章 第三节 第2课时 共价键 Word版含解析

2021-2022高一化学人教版必修2课后作业:第一章 第三节 第2课时 共价键 Word版含解析

第2课时共价键一、共价键1.形成过程(以Cl2形成为例)(1)用电子式表示Cl2的形成过程:________________________________________________________________________(2)HCl的形成过程与NaCl的形成过程比较:由图示可知二者的形成过程不一样。

由于形成HCl的过程是双方各供应一个e-形成____________为两个原子共用,从而使双方共同达到____________。

而形成NaCl的过程为Na失去一个电子形成Na+,Cl得到一个电子形成Cl-,这样形成____________。

之所以消灭这种现象,是由于H、Cl都缺少一个电子就可以达到稳定结构,所以二者形成____________,而Na与Cl为活泼金属与活泼非金属,金属______电子而非金属______电子,所以有电子的______。

2.概念原子间通过____________所形成的相互作用。

3.分类(1)极性共价键(简称极性键)由____________形成共价键,原子吸引电子的力量______,共用电子对将偏向________________的一方,所以________________的原子显负电性,________________的原子显正电性,像这样共用电子对______的共价键叫做极性共价键,简称极性键。

(2)非极性共价键(简称非极性键)由________形成共价键,两个原子吸引电子的力量______,共用电子对________任何一个原子,成键原子因此而______电性,这样的共价键叫做非极性共价键,简称非极性键。

4.离子键与共价键的区分键型离子键共价键概念使阴、阳离子结合成化合物的____作用叫做离子键原子之间通过共用______所形成的相互作用叫做共价键成键方式通过____电子达到稳定结构通过形成共用______达到稳定结构成键粒子成键元素活泼____元素与活泼______元素之间(特殊:NH4Cl、NH4NO3等铵盐只由非金属元素组成,但含有离子键)______元素之间(特殊:AlCl3等由金属和非金属组成,但含有共价键)5.共价化合物概念:以____________形成分子的化合物。

自考英语二课后习题答案(珍藏版)

自考英语二课后习题答案(珍藏版)

《大学英语自学教程》(上册)课后习题答案(珍藏版) Text AUnit 1Exercises for the TextI.1.d2.a3.c4.d5.dII.1.task2.intelligent3.research4.clue5.conclusion6.repeatmunicate8.purpose9.probably 10.outlineIII.1.Instead of2.therefore3.more...than4.even5.First of all6.because7.on the other hand8.finally9.looking for 10.ConverselyIV.1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.nguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language.nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful.4.Learning a language is different from learning maths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us. Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.success b.successful c.successfully2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered4.a.purposeful b.purposefully c.purposeII.1.inexact2.technique3.outlinedmunicate5.regularly6.clues7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar10.statementIII.1.disagree2.independent3.incomplete4.inexact5.uncoverIV.1.They find it hard to master a foreign language.2.The research shows that successful men are similar in many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.F3.T4.F5.T6.F7.F8.F9.T 10.FII.1.With the help of their fingers2."I am thirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.nothing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentences8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI.1.b2.a3.c4.e5.dII.1.B2.A3.B4.D5.A6.A7.C8.C9.C 10.B Grammar ExercisesI.whether 连词 towards 介词second 数词 hour 名词repeat 动词 successful 形容词not 副词 probably 副词than 连词 because 连词which 连词 even 副词intelligent 形容词 differ 动词regular 形容词 some 形容词/代词/副词into 介词 oh 感叹词seem 系动词 communicate 动词II.1.Let 动词 round 介词2.fresh 形容词 for 介词3.leave 名词 call 动词 on 介词 if 连词 spare 动词4.Even 副词 it 代词5.Where 连接副词 will 名词6.after 介词 calm 名词7.seem 系动词 those 代词 makes 名词8.without 介词 return 名词9.strict 形容词 work 动词10.news 名词 live 形容词 meeting 名词III.(斜体为主语,带下划线的为谓语)1.Most adults would disagree with this statement.2.How much time did they allow you for doing the work.3. I had a visit from Mary yesterday.4. China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winter.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my getting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result. IV.1.a magazine (宾语)last night (状语)2.in need (定语)indeed (定语)3.outside your area (定语)telephoning long distance (主语补足语)4.your children (宾语)all day (状语)5.his direction (宾语)French (宾语)6.me (宾语)plenty of exercises (不定式宾语)7.long (宾语)to London (状语)8.those (宾语)who help themselves (从句作定语)9.her (宾语)above others (宾语补足语)10.to build a hotel in the village (定语)of the foreigners (定语)Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.1.a2.c3.a4.a5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.III.1.due2.depends on3.diverse4.consists of5.simila6.tends toplaining about8.In addition to9.issue 10.agreed onIV.1.How much do you charge for a haircut.2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services.5.An open letter protests the government's foreign policy.V.1.Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes.(It is obligatory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is every citizen's duty to pay taxes.)2.Americans often say that there are two things they can be sure of in life.3.There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are three types of taxes.4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax.5.Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong way.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a. percent b. percentage c. percent2.a. adds b. addition c. additional3.a. confused b. confusing c. confusion4.a. complained b. complain c. complaintII.1.charge2.departmen3.due4.diverse5.earns6.vary7.property8.leading9.funds 10.tendsIII.1.China leads the world with silk products.2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax.3.The sales tax varies from price to price of any item you buy.4.People often complain about the increasing price.5.His mother says that he spends too much time on TV every day.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.FII.1.attracts2.leisure3.available4.limited5.estimateIII.1.decided on2.approved3.estimate4.carried over5.put up with6.characteristic ofIV.1.B2.C3.B4.A5.C6.DGrammar ExercisesI.1.SV2.SVO3.SVOC4.SVC5.SVO6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO 10.SVOC11.SVOC 12.SVC 13.SVOC 14.SVOO 15.SVCII.1.prefer2.insisted3.need4.make5.remember6.look7.worked8.was9.sounds 10.gaveIII.1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.DIV.1.The two languages are different/not similar in many way.2.The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hear.3.The Englishman speaks a very good Italian.4.Could you pass me a cup of coffee.5.At this time he felt thirsty and hungry.6.Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for her at the gate of the restaurant.7.When did you get up this morning.8.The story sounds interesting,but it is not true.9.The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan.10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.Unit 3Text AExercises for the TextI.1.d2.d3.c4.b5.dII.1.long/wide2.across3.deep4.around5.highIII.1.The,/,/2.The3.the,the4./5./,a6./,the7./ 8.The,the,the 9.The,the10./IV.1.unwilling2.avarage3.take4.runs5.SupposeV.1.On the avarage there are 1,000 vistors a day.2.The Atlantic Ocean is only as half as the Pacific,but it is moar than 4,000 miles wide.st night it took him a long time to get to sleep.4.There are so many ads on TV that it is to remember how many there are.5.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made the people in Columbus'days unwilling to sail westward.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.sailed b.sailor c.sail(n.)2.a.willing b.unwillingly c.unwilling3.a.unusual ual ually4.a.average(n.) b.average(a.) c.averaged(v.)II.1.peak2.crew3.average4.blils5.unusual6.highway7.narrow 8.salty 9.spot10.affectedIII.1.The sailors were afraid that might meet bad weather.2.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.3.On the average there are 45 students in every class of the school.4.The climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work keeps pilling up.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.TII.1.three2.the earth's gravitational pull.3.it is near4.29.55.its own/reflects6.disc7.the old moon in the new moon's arms.8.outline9.the old earth in the new earth's arms10.nightVocabulary ExercisesI.1.d2.b3.a4.c5.eII.1.C2.C3.B4.A5.D6.C7.B8.B9.B 10.DGrammar ExercisesI.depend--dependence explain--explanationform--formation conclude--conclusioninform--information move--movementmean--meaning govern--governmentgraduate--graduation similar--aimilarityconfuse--confusion pay--paymentagree--agreement advertise--advertisementannounce--announcement add--additiondecide--decision use--usefulnessattract--attraction mix--mixtureII.science--scientific sulless--sullessfulresponse--responsible color--colorfulnation--national revolution--revolutionaryaddition--additional help--helpfulperson--personal meaning--meaningfulaccept--acceptable use--usefulwood--wooden act--activeIII.disagree eimpractical independentuncover inexact incompletedisorder unhappy informalinpossible inactive uncertaindischarge dishonest impoliteIV.1.try n. 尝试;试验经过许多次尝试后,他们终于取得了成功。

(word完整版)人教版高中物理必修2课后习题答案

(word完整版)人教版高中物理必修2课后习题答案

第五章第1节 曲线运动1. 答:如图6-12所示,在A 、C 位置头部的速度与入水时速度v 方向相同;在B 、D 位置头部的速度与入水时速度v 方向相反。

2. 答:汽车行驶半周速度方向改变180°。

汽车每行驶10s ,速度方向改变30°,速度矢量示意图如图6-13所示。

3. 答:如图6-14所示,AB 段是曲线运动、BC 段是直线运动、CD 段是曲线运动。

第2节 质点在平面内的运动1. 解:炮弹在水平方向的分速度是v x =800×cos60°=400m/s;炮弹在竖直方向的分速度是v y =800×sin60°=692m/s 。

如图6-15。

2. 解:根据题意,无风时跳伞员着地的速度为v 2,风的作用使他获得向东的速度v 1,落地速度v 为v 2、v 1的合速度,如图6-15所示, 6.4/v m s ===,与竖直方向的夹角为θ,tanθ=0.8,θ=38.7°3. 答:应该偏西一些。

如图6-16所示,因为炮弹有与船相同的由西向东的速度v 1,击中目标的速度v 是v 1与炮弹射出速度v 2的合速度,所以炮弹射出速度v 2应该偏西一些。

4. 答:如图6-17所示。

第3节 抛体运动的规律1. 解:(1)摩托车能越过壕沟。

摩托车做平抛运动,在竖直方向位移为y =1.5m =212gt 经历时间0.55t s ===在水平方向位移x =v t =40×0.55m =22m >20m 所以摩托车能越过壕沟。

一般情况下,摩托车在空中飞行时,总是前轮高于后轮,在着地时,后轮先着地。

(2)摩托车落地时在竖直方向的速度为v y =gt =9.8×0.55m/s =5.39m/s 摩托车落地时在水平方向的速度为v x =v =40m/s 摩托车落地时的速度/40.36/v s m s === 摩托车落地时的速度与竖直方向的夹角为θ,tanθ=vx /v y =405.39=7.422. 解:该车已经超速。

高中化学人教版必修一二选修三四五课后习题答案全套Word版全套高中化学人教版课后习题答案

高中化学人教版必修一二选修三四五课后习题答案全套Word版全套高中化学人教版课后习题答案

6.BD
7.胶体区别于其他分散系得本质特征是胶体粒子的大小在 1~100nm 范围。
胶体的应用,例如明矾净水、豆浆加石膏成豆腐、静电除尘、江河入海口易形成沙洲、血液
透析、饱和氯化铁溶液用于应急性止血等。
第二章第二节
1.水溶液 熔融状态 电离 阴阳离子 阳离子 H+ 阴离子 OH-
金属离子或铵根离子 酸根离子 H+ + OH-=H2O
2.两种电解质在溶液中相互交换离子的反应
生成难溶物、易挥发物质、弱电解质
3.C 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.D
8.(1) NaOH=Na++OH-
(2) CuCl2=Cu2++2Cl-
(3) Fe2(SO4)3=2Fe3++3SO42-
(4) Ba(NO3)2=Ba2++2NO3-
2 / 71
9.(1) SO42-+Ba2+=BaSO4
10.略
第二章温习题 1.(1)A 组 CO2 ;B 组 非金属单质或气体等; C 组 O2 ; D 组 酸或强电解质等 (2) 2Cu+O2+H2O+CO2=Cu2(OH)2CO3 转移 4e2.还原性 3. C;S 和 KNO3 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.稀硫酸
(注:从水溶液里析出的硅酸其实都是原硅酸 H4SiO4,书上为了简便,就把它写成了硅酸)
4.B(注:SiO2+4HF = SiF4↑+2H2O;NaOH 与 SiO2 的反应太慢,故并不选 D。)
5.玻璃、石英、陶瓷里都含有大量的 SiO2,熔融烧碱时有:SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+H2O 反应

(完整word版)新概念英语第二册课后习题答案详解and单元测试答案(全)

(完整word版)新概念英语第二册课后习题答案详解and单元测试答案(全)

新概念英语第二册课后习题答案详解Lesson 11。

b选b最为正确。

因为a。

d。

都与课文内容不符合,也不合乎逻辑;c.的意思是“他们没有注意他”,而作者的意图并不是想让他们注意他,而是想让他们停止谈话。

所以选b. 最能表达作者当时心里的感受。

2.c其余3个答案都与原句意思不符合.3.b因为a. to 不对,可以是He went to the theatre;c. into 也不对,可以是He went into the theatre;d。

on 更不符合语法,表示在某一个地方用介词in 或at, in 表示在大的空间,如国家,城市等,at 则表示在小的地点或空间,如atthe office, at the theatre 等, 所以选b.是正确的.4.db。

above(在……上方);c。

ahead of (在……的前面,在……之前)不和behind 对应,也不强调位置的前后顺序。

a. before 和 d. infront of 都是和behind对应的,都有“在……前面”的意思.但in front of 更具体的强调位置,而before则包含更宽泛的意思,即时间上,空间,次序,登记,重要性方面的“在……前面”5.c因为用 a. Where, b. why, d. when 提问都不符合逻辑,都不是针对状态提问的,只有How提问,才能用Angry回答.6.ab。

they 只做主语; c. their只能做定语;d. us 虽然可以做宾语,但与前一句意思不符合.7.da. none是代词,很少用在名词前面;b。

any 只能用在否定句或疑问句中;c。

not any 不符合语法,因为前面没有助动词did。

8。

ba. chair(椅子), c。

armchair(手扶椅) d. class(班级) 这3个选择都和seat的意思不符合。

Seat 是”座位,座席”的意思. 强调的是可供坐下的地方,不是具体的椅子。

(完整word版)人教版生物生物必修二教材课后习题答案

(完整word版)人教版生物生物必修二教材课后习题答案

人教版生物生物必修二教材课后习题答案第1章遗传因子的发现第1节《孟德尔的豌豆杂交实验(一)》(一)问题探讨1. 粉色。

因为按照融合遗传的观点,双亲遗传物质在子代体内混合,子代呈现双亲的中介性状,即红色和白色的混合色——粉色。

2. 提示:此问题是开放性问题,目的是引导学生观察、分析身边的生物遗传现象,学生通过对遗传实例的分析,辨析融合遗传观点是否正确。

有些学生可能举出的实例是多个遗传因子控制生物性状的现象(如人体的高度等),从而产生诸多疑惑,教师对此可以不做过多的解释。

只要引导学生能认真思索,积极探讨,投入学习状态即可。

(二)实验1. 与每个小组的实验结果相比,全班实验的总结果更接近预期的结果,即彩球组合类型数量比DD ∶Dd ∶dd=1∶2∶1,彩球代表的显性与隐性类型的数值比为3∶1。

因为实验个体数量越大,越接近统计规律。

如果孟德尔当时只统计10株豌豆杂交的结果,则很难正确地解释性状分离现象,因为实验统计的样本数目足够多,是孟德尔能够正确分析实验结果的前提条件之一。

当对10株豌豆的个体做统计时,会出现较大的误差。

2. 模拟实验的结果与孟德尔的假说是相吻合的。

因为甲、乙小桶内的彩球代表孟德尔实验中的雌、雄配子,从两个桶内分别随机抓取一个彩球进行组合,实际上模拟雌、雄配子的随机组合,统计的数量也足够大,出现了3∶1的结果。

但证明某一假说还需实验验证。

(三)技能训练提示:将获得的紫色花连续几代自交,即将每次自交后代的紫色花选育再进行自交,直至自交后代不再出现白色花为止。

(四)旁栏思考题不会。

因为满足孟德尔实验条件之一是雌、雄配子结合机会相等,即任何一个雄配子(或雌配子)与任何一个雌配子(或雄配子)的结合机会相等,这样才能出现3∶1的性状分离比。

(五)练习基础题1.B。

2.B。

3. (1)在F1水稻细胞中含有一个控制合成支链淀粉的遗传因子和一个控制合成直链淀粉的遗传因子。

在F1形成配子时,两个遗传因子分离,分别进入不同配子中,含支链淀粉遗传因子的配子合成支链淀粉,遇碘变橙红色;含直链淀粉遗传因子的配子合成直链淀粉,遇碘变蓝黑色,其比例为1∶1。

应用文写作(第2版)习题答案 Microsoft Word 文档lzh

应用文写作(第2版)习题答案 Microsoft Word 文档lzh

应用文写作(第2版)(清华大学出版社)写作训练参考答案及教学建议参考答案1.1.3 写作训练1、(1)、格式上的问题从内容来看,此通知内容是比较郑重严肃之事,宜用较正规的公文格式写作,而原文缺版头、主题词等内容。

(2)、内容上的问题①从原文的内容来看,发文的目的是要在全厂职工中进行法律法制、厂纪厂规的教育,因此,通知的中心应放在提出要求上,而原文的内容则放在阐述发文的原委上。

②标题中的“一次”应去掉,因法制道德教育是长期的。

③文中的人称不对,文中的人称用“工厂”不对,“工厂”是第三人称,应改为第一人称“我厂”或“本厂”。

④原文中用到的“单位”不当,用“单位”表述厂内部的部门外延大,宜改为“部门”。

⑤“我厂的劳动纪律和治安经过领导和广大职工的努力,我厂的劳动纪律和治安秩序”,“领导”一词应去掉。

⑥“一个多月以来,……有了明显的好转。

”一句中“好转”后的“。

”不当,应改为“,”,“进行具体的法制道德教育”后的“。

”应改为“,”。

⑦“有的随意行凶打人,有的无故旷工,有的知法犯法,流氓偷盗。

甚至有的老职工也在这些方面犯了错误。

”两句毛病较多,前一句分类不当,将几中性质不同的情况并在一起说;后一句中的“这些”一词用得不当,“这些”包括了上述所有的情况,“错误”一词用得不当,因上面的几种情况中有些情况不属于“错误”,而是触犯法律,性质不同。

⑧为了配合各单位的宣传教育,“现将李××,杨××等人斗殴打人违纪的处理决定发给你们”一句中前一分句表意不当,应改为“为加强对职工的法制道德教育”,对“李××、杨××”的处分决定应用决定的文件名称表述。

⑨《工厂劳动管理制度》中应将“工厂”可去掉或换成文件的发文单位名称。

(3)修改稿:××机械厂文件××字〔200×〕××号关于在全厂进行法制道德教育的通知厂属各部门:自今年6月29日我厂发出《坚决煞住打架斗殴歪风的紧急通知》以后,各部门都认真地进行了传达贯彻。

(完整word版)高级英语第一册lesson2课后习题答案.doc

(完整word版)高级英语第一册lesson2课后习题答案.doc

Hiroshima--- the“Liveliest” City in JapanI.Paraphrase1)Serious-looking men were so absorbed in their conversation that theyseemed not to pay any attention to the crowds around them.2)At last the taxi trip came to an end and I suddenly discovered that I was infront of the gigantic City Hall.3) The rather striking picture of traditional floating houses among high, modernbuildings represents the constant struggle between traditional Japanese culture and the new, Western style.4)1 suffered from a strong feeling of shame when I thought of the prospect ofmeeting the mayor of Hiroshima in my socks.5)The few Americans and Germans also seemed to feel restrained like me.6)After three days in Japan one gets quite used to bowing to people as a ritualto show gratitude.7)1 was on the point of showing my agreement by nodding when I suddenlyrealized what he meant. His words shocked me out of my sad dreamy thinking.8)⋯and nurses walked by carrying surgical instruments which were nickel platedand even healthy visitors when they see those instruments could not help shivering.9)I have the chance to raise my moral standard because of the illness.II. Practice with Words and ExpressionsA.1.lump: the feeling you get in your throat when you are going to cry2.rub shoulders with: (informal) meet and mix with (people)3.martyred: (the city) that has been made to suffer4.screech: make a harsh, piercing sound5.arresting: striking, attracting and holding the attentionskyscrapers: very tall buildings6.stunning: very attractive; delightfully beautiful7.sink in: (to be) fully absorbed or understood8.schools: groups of people sharing the same thought9.by trade: by occupation; by way of making a livingB.1)was 指事如此;而 must be 意“很可能”。

《二级公共基础》课后习题答案.doc

《二级公共基础》课后习题答案.doc

《二级公共基础》课后习题答案第一章第一节1、答案:D解析:算法的时间复杂度不仅与问题的规模有关,而且与输入数据有关,即输入数据所有的可能取值范围及输入各种数据或数据集的概率有关。

所以正确答案选D。

2、答案:C解析:算法的时间复杂度是指执行算法所需要的计算工作量,即基本运算次数。

第二节1、答案:D解析:数据的存储结构是指数据的逻辑结构在计算机存储空间中的存放形式。

2、答案:A解析:数据的逻辑结构,是从实际出发,为实现特定的功能所建立的数据结构,用来描述数据元素之间的逻辑关系,它是面向问题的。

第四节1、答案:A解析:在链式存储结构中,存储数据结构的存储空间可以不连续,各数据结点的存储顺序与数据兀素之间的逻辑关系可以不一致。

2、答案:A解析:链表的优点是在进行插入和删除运算时,只需要改变指针即可,不需要移动元素,当存储空间不足时,可以动态为其分配内存空间,所以不必估计存储空间的大小。

顺序表可以随机访问任意一个结点,而链表必须从第一个数据结点出发,逐一查找每个结点。

所以正确答案为A。

第五节1、答案:B解析:栈的基本运算有:入栈,出栈(删除栈顶元素),初始化、置空、判断栈是否为空或满、提取栈顶元素等,对栈的操作都是在栈顶进行的。

第六节1、答案:C解析:栈和队列都是操作受限的线性表,只允许在表的端点处进行操作,所以正确答案选C。

第七节1、答案:c解析:由树的一对多特点可知,本题答案选C。

2、答案:B解析:一棵树中除根结点之外,每个结点都有一个前驱结点,A选项说法是正确的;结点拥有子树的个树称为结点的度,所以结点的度数之和即为除根结点外所有结点的个数,即每个结点的度数之和等于结点总数减1, C选项的说法也是正确的;结点的度即是用于子树的个数,而结点与子树之间是以边连接的,所以一棵树中每个结点的度树之和与边的条数相等。

D选项说法是正确的。

3、答案:B解析:从前序的第一个结点开始确定根,中序决定左子树和右子树,如第一个结点A,根据中序可知,A的左子树是DGB,右子树是FCK,再从前序中确定第二个根B,根据中序可知B的左子树是DG,右子树为空,依次重复执行,直到遍历完所有结点。

(完整版)人教版高中数学必修2课后习题答案(截取自教师用书)

(完整版)人教版高中数学必修2课后习题答案(截取自教师用书)

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(完整版)人教版高中数学选修2-2课后习题参考答案(可编辑修改word版)

(完整版)人教版高中数学选修2-2课后习题参考答案(可编辑修改word版)

3V 34新课程标准数学选修 2—2 第一章课后习题解答第一章 导数及其应用 3.1 变化率与导数练习(P6)在第 3 h 和 5 h 时,原油温度的瞬时变化率分别为-1和 3. 它说明在第 3 h 附近,原 油温度大约以 1 ℃/h 的速度下降;在第 5 h 时,原油温度大约以 3 ℃/h 的速率上升. 练习(P8)函数h (t ) 在t = t 3 附近单调递增,在t = t 4 附近单调递增. 并且,函数h (t ) 在t 4 附近比在t 3 附近增加得慢. 说明:体会“以直代曲”1 的思想.练习(P9)函数r (V ) = (0 ≤ V ≤ 5) 的图象为根据图象,估算出r '(0.6) ≈ 0.3 , r '(1.2) ≈ 0.2 .说明:如果没有信息技术,教师可以将此图直接提供给学生,然后让学生根据导数的几何意义估算两点处的导数. 习题 1.1 A 组(P10)1、在t 处,虽然W (t ) = W (t ) ,然而W 1 (t 0 ) -W 1 (t 0 - ∆t ) ≥ W 2 (t 0 ) -W 2 (t 0 - ∆t ) .0 1 0 2 0-∆t -∆t所以,企业甲比企业乙治理的效率高.说明:平均变化率的应用,体会平均变化率的内涵.2、 ∆h = h (1+ ∆t ) - h (1) = -4.9∆t - 3.3 ,所以, h '(1) = -3.3 .∆t ∆t这说明运动员在t = 1s 附近以 3.3 m /s 的速度下降.3、物体在第 5 s 的瞬时速度就是函数 s (t ) 在t = 5 时的导数.∆s = s (5 + ∆t ) - s (5) = ∆t +10 ,所以, s '(5) = 10 . ∆t ∆tt 因 此 , 物 体 在 第 5 s 时 的 瞬 时 速 度 为 10 m / s , 它 在 第 5 s 的 动 能 E = 1⨯ 3⨯102 = 150 J. k24、设车轮转动的角度为,时间为t ,则= kt 2 (t > 0) . 由题意可知,当t = 0.8 时,= 2. 所以k =25,于是= 25 2. 88车轮转动开始后第 3.2 s 时的瞬时角速度就是函数(t ) 在t = 3.2 时的导数. ∆=(3.2 + ∆t ) -(3.2) = 25∆t + 20,所以'(3.2) = 20.∆t∆t8因此,车轮在开始转动后第 3.2 s 时的瞬时角速度为20s -1 .说明:第 2,3,4 题是对了解导数定义及熟悉其符号表示的巩固.5、由图可知,函数 f (x ) 在 x = -5 处切线的斜率大于零,所以函数在 x = -5 附近单调递增. 同理可得,函数 f (x ) 在 x = -4 , -2 ,0,2 附近分别单调递增,几乎没有变化,单调递减,单调递减.说明:“以直代曲”思想的应用.6、第一个函数的图象是一条直线,其斜率是一个小于零的常数,因此,其导数 f '(x )的图象如图(1)所示;第二个函数的导数 f '(x ) 恒大于零,并且随着 x 的增加, f '(x )的值也在增加;对于第三个函数,当 x 小于零时, f '(x ) 小于零,当 x 大于零时,f '(x ) 大于零,并且随着 x 的增加, f '(x ) 的值也在增加. 以下给出了满足上述条件的导函数图象中的一种.说明:本题意在让学生将导数与曲线的切线斜率相联系.习题 3.1 B 组(P11)1、高度关于时间的导数刻画的是运动变化的快慢,即速度;速度关于时间的导数刻 画的是速度变化的快慢,根据物理知识,这个量就是加速度.1 2 x -11 33 4V 23 2、说明:由给出的v (t ) 的信息获得 s (t ) 的相关信息,并据此画出 s (t ) 的图象的大致形状. 这个过程基于对导数内涵的了解,以及数与形之间的相互转换.3、由(1)的题意可知,函数 f (x ) 的图象在点(1, -5) 处的切线斜率为-1,所以此点 附近曲线呈下降趋势. 首先画出切线的图象,然后再画出此点附近函数的图象. 同理可得(2)(3)某点处函数图象的大致形状. 下面是一种参考答案.说明:这是一个综合性问题,包含了对导数内涵、导数几何意义的了解,以及对以直代曲思想的领悟. 本题的答案不唯一. 1.2 导数的计算练习(P18)1、 f '(x ) = 2x - 7 ,所以, f '(2) = -3 , f '(6) = 5 .2、(1) y ' = 1x l n 2;(2) y ' = 2e x ;(3) y ' = 10x 4 - 6x ;(4) y ' = -3sin x - 4 cos x ;(5) y ' = - 1 sin x;(6) y ' =.3 3习题 1.2 A 组(P18)1、 ∆S = S (r + ∆r ) - S (r ) = 2r + ∆r ,所以, S '(r ) = lim(2r + ∆r ) = 2r .∆r ∆r∆r →02、h '(t ) = -9.8t + 6.5 .3、r '(V ) =.2 x =0 4、(1) y ' = 3x 2 +1x l n 2; (2) y ' = nx n -1e x + x n e x ;(3) y ' 3x 2 sin x - x 3 cos x + cos x sin 2x; (4) y = 99(x +1)98;(5) y ' = -2e -x ;(6) y ' = 2 s in(2x + 5) + 4x cos(2x + 5) .5、 f '(x ) = -8 + 2 2x . 由 f '(x 0 ) = 4 有 4 = -8 + 2 2x 0 ,解得 x 0 = 3 .6、(1) y ' = ln x +1; (2) y = x -1.7 、 y = - x +1.8、(1)氨气的散发速度 A '(t ) = 500 ⨯ln 0.834 ⨯ 0.834t .(2) A '(7) = -25.5 ,它表示氨气在第 7 天左右时,以 25.5 克/天的速率减少. 习题 1.2 B 组(P19) 1、(1)(2) 当h 越来越小时, y =sin(x + h ) - sin x就越来越逼近函数 y = cos x .h(3) y = sin x 的导数为 y = cos x .2、当 y = 0 时, x = 0 . 所以函数图象与 x 轴交于点 P (0, 0) .y ' = -e x ,所以 y ' = -1 .所以,曲线在点 P 处的切线的方程为 y = -x .2、d '(t ) = -4 sin t . 所以,上午 6:00 时潮水的速度为-0.42 m /h ;上午 9:00 时潮水 的速度为-0.63 m /h ;中午 12:00 时潮水的速度为-0.83 m /h ;下午 6:00 时潮水的速度为-1.24 m /h.1.3 导数在研究函数中的应用练习(P26)1、(1)因为 f (x ) = x 2 - 2x + 4 ,所以 f '(x ) = 2x - 2 .当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x > 1 时,函数 f (x ) = x 2 - 2x + 4 单调递增;= '当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < 1时,函数 f (x ) = x 2 - 2x + 4 单调递减.(2)因为 f (x ) = e x - x ,所以 f '(x ) = e x -1.当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x > 0 时,函数 f (x ) = e x - x 单调递增; 当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < 0 时,函数 f (x ) = e x - x 单调递减. (3)因为 f (x ) = 3x - x 3 ,所以 f '(x ) = 3 - 3x 2 .当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即-1 < x < 1时,函数 f (x ) = 3x - x 3 单调递增; 当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < -1或 x > 1 时,函数 f (x ) = 3x - x 3 单调递减. (4)因为 f (x ) = x 3 - x 2 - x ,所以 f '(x ) = 3x 2 - 2x -1.当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x < - 1或 x > 1 时,函数 f (x ) = x 3 - x 2 - x 单调递增;3 当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即- 1< x < 1 时,函数 f (x ) = x 3 - x 2 - x 单调递减.32、注:图象形状不唯一.3、因为 f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) ,所以 f '(x ) = 2ax + b .(1)当a > 0 时,f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x > - b2a f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < - b2a(2)当a < 0 时,f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x < - b 2a f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x > - b2a时,函数 f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) 单调递增;时,函数 f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) 单调递减.时,函数 f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) 单调递增;时,函数 f (x ) = ax 2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0) 单调递减.4、证明:因为 f (x ) = 2x 3 - 6x 2 + 7 ,所以 f '(x ) = 6x 2 -12x .当 x ∈(0, 2) 时, f '(x ) = 6x 2 -12x < 0 ,因此函数 f (x ) = 2x 3 - 6x 2 + 7 在(0, 2) 内是减函数.练习(P29)1、 x 2 , x 4 是函数 y = f (x ) 的极值点,1 1 其中 x = x2 是函数 y = f (x ) 的极大值点, x = x 4 是函数 y = f (x ) 的极小值点.2、(1)因为 f (x ) = 6x 2 - x - 2 ,所以 f '(x ) = 12x -1 .令 f '(x ) = 12x -1 = 0 ,得 x =1.12调递减.当 x >1时, f '(x ) > 0 , f (x ) 单调递增;当 x < 112 12时, f '(x ) < 0 , f (x ) 单 所 以 , 当x = 1时 , 12f (x ) 有 极 小 值 , 并 且 极 小 值 为f ( ) = 6 ⨯( )2 - 1 - 2 = - 49. 12 12 12 24(2)因为 f (x ) = x 3 - 27x ,所以 f '(x ) = 3x 2 - 27 .令 f '(x ) = 3x 2 - 27 = 0 ,得 x = ±3 . 下面分两种情况讨论:①当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x < -3 或 x > 3 时;②当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即-3 < x < 3 时.当 x 变化时, f '(x ) , f (x ) 变化情况如下表:因此,当 x = -3 时, f (x ) 有极大值,并且极大值为 54; 当 x = 3 时, f (x ) 有极小值,并且极小值为-54 . (3)因为 f (x ) = 6 +12x - x 3 ,所以 f '(x ) = 12 - 3x 2 .令 f '(x ) = 12 - 3x 2 = 0 ,得 x= ±2 . 下面分两种情况讨论:①当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即-2 < x < 2 时;②当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < -2 或 x > 2 时.当 x 变化时, f '(x ) , f (x ) 变化情况如下表:=-因此,当x =-2 时,f (x) 有极小值,并且极小值为-10 ;当x = 2 时,f (x) 有极大值,并且极大值为22(4)因为 f (x) = 3x -x3,所以 f '(x) = 3 - 3x2.令 f '(x) = 3 - 3x2= 0 ,得 x =±1 .下面分两种情况讨论:①当f '(x) > 0 ,即-1 <x < 1时;②当f '(x) < 0 ,即x <-1或x > 1 时. 当x 变化时,f '(x) ,f (x) 变化情况如下表:因此,当x =-1 时,f (x) 有极小值,并且极小值为-2 ;当x = 1 时,f (x) 有极大值,并且极大值为2练习(P31)(1)在[0, 2] 上, 当 x =1 49f ( ) .12 24 1 时,12f (x) = 6x2-x - 2 有极小值,并且极小值为又由于 f (0) =-2 , f (2) = 20 .因此,函数 f (x) = 6x2-x - 2 在[0, 2] 上的最大值是 20、最小值是-49.24(2)在[-4, 4] 上,当 x =-3 时, f (x) =x3- 27x 有极大值,并且极大值为 f (-3) = 54 ;当x = 3 时, f (x) =x3- 27x 有极小值,并且极小值为 f (3) =-54 ;又由于 f (-4) = 44 , f (4) =-44 .(0, ) ,所以 f (x )因此,函数 f (x ) = x 3 - 27x 在[-4, 4] 上的最大值是 54、最小值是-54 .( 3) 在[- 1, 3] 上, 当 x = 2 时, 3f (x ) = 6 +12x - x 3 有极大值, 并且极大值为f (2) = 22 .又由于 f (- 1) = 55, f (3) = 15 .3 27因此,函数 f (x ) = 6 +12x - x 3 在[- 1 , 3] 上的最大值是 22、最小值是 55.3 27(4)在[2, 3] 上,函数 f (x ) = 3x - x 3 无极值.因为 f (2) = -2 , f (3) = -18 .因此,函数 f (x ) = 3x - x 3 在[2, 3] 上的最大值是-2 、最小值是-18 . 习题 1.3 A 组(P31)1、(1)因为 f (x ) = -2x +1,所以 f '(x ) = -2 < 0 .因此,函数 f (x ) = -2x +1是单调递减函数.(2)因为 f (x ) = x + cos x , x ∈ ' = 1- sin x > 0 , x ∈ 2(0, ) . 2 因此,函数 f (x ) = x + cos x 在 (0, ) 上是单调递增函数. 2(3)因为 f (x ) = -2x - 4 ,所以 f '(x ) = -2 < 0 .因此,函数 f (x ) = 2x - 4 是单调递减函数.(4)因为 f (x ) = 2x 3 + 4x ,所以 f '(x ) = 6x 2 + 4 > 0 .因此,函数 f (x ) = 2x 3 + 4x 是单调递增函数.2、(1)因为 f (x ) = x 2 + 2x - 4 ,所以 f '(x ) = 2x + 2 .当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x > -1 时,函数 f (x ) = x 2 + 2x - 4 单调递增.当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < -1时,函数 f (x ) = x 2 + 2x - 4 单调递减.(2)因为 f (x ) = 2x 2 - 3x + 3 ,所以 f '(x ) = 4x - 3 .当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x > 3时,函数 f (x ) = 2x 2 - 3x + 3 单调递增.4当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即 x < 3时,函数 f (x ) = 2x 2 - 3x + 3 单调递减.4(3)因为 f (x ) = 3x + x 3 ,所以 f '(x ) = 3 + 3x 2 > 0 .因此,函数 f (x ) = 3x + x 3 是单调递增函数.(4)因为 f (x ) = x 3 + x 2 - x ,所以 f '(x ) = 3x 2 + 2x -1.当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x < -1或 x > 1时,函数 f (x ) = x 3 + x 2 - x 单调递增.3 当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即-1 < x < 1时,函数 f (x ) = x 3 + x 2 - x 单调递减.33、(1)图略. (2)加速度等于 0.4、(1)在 x = x 2 处,导函数 y = f '(x ) 有极大值;(2) 在 x = x 1 和 x = x 4 处,导函数 y = f '(x ) 有极小值;(3) 在 x = x 3 处,函数 y =(4) 在 x = x 5 处,函数 y = f (x ) 有极大值;f (x ) 有极小值.5、(1)因为 f (x ) = 6x 2 + x + 2 ,所以 f '(x ) = 12x +1.令 f '(x ) = 12x +1 = 0 ,得 x = - 1.12当 x > - 112 当 x < - 112时, f '(x ) > 0 , f (x ) 单调递增;时, f '(x ) < 0 , f (x ) 单调递减.所 以 ,x = - 1 时 , 12f (x ) 有 极 小 值 , 并 且 极 小 值 为 f (- 1 ) = 6 ⨯(- 1 )2 - 1 - 2 = - 49 .12 12 12 24(2)因为 f (x ) = x 3 -12x ,所以 f '(x ) = 3x 2 -12 .令 f '(x ) = 3x 2 -12 = 0 ,得 x = ±2 . 下面分两种情况讨论:①当 f '(x ) > 0 ,即 x < -2 或 x > 2 时;②当 f '(x ) < 0 ,即-2 < x < 2 时.当 x 变化时, f '(x ) , f (x ) 变化情况如下表:因此,当 x =-2 时, f (x) 有极大值,并且极大值为 16;当x = 2 时, f (x) 有极小值,并且极小值为-16 .(3)因为 f (x) = 6 -12x +x3,所以 f '(x) =-12 + 3x2.令 f '(x) =-12 + 3x2= 0 ,得 x =±2 .下面分两种情况讨论:①当f '(x) > 0 ,即x <-2 或x > 2 时;②当f '(x) < 0 ,即-2 <x < 2 时. 当x 变化时,f '(x) ,f (x) 变化情况如下表:因此,当 x =-2 时, f (x) 有极大值,并且极大值为 22;当x = 2 时, f (x) 有极小值,并且极小值为-10 .(4)因为 f (x) = 48x -x3,所以 f '(x) = 48 - 3x2.令 f '(x) = 48 - 3x2= 0 ,得 x =±4 .下面分两种情况讨论:①当f '(x) > 0 ,即x <-2 或x > 2 时;②当f '(x) < 0 ,即-2 <x < 2 时. 当x 变化时,f '(x) ,f (x) 变化情况如下表:因此,当x =-4 时,f (x) 有极小值,并且极小值为-128 ;当x = 4 时,f (x) 有极大值,并且极大值为128.6、(1)在[-1,1] 上,当 x =-112时,函数f (x) = 6x2+x + 2 有极小值,并且极小值为47.24由于f (-1) = 7 ,f (1) = 9 ,所以,函数f (x) = 6x2+x + 2 在[-1,1] 上的最大值和最小值分别为9,47.24(2)在[-3, 3] 上,当 x =-2 时,函数 f (x) =x3-12x 有极大值,并且极大值为 16; 当x = 2 时,函数 f (x) =x3-12x 有极小值,并且极小值为-16 .由于f (-3) = 9 ,f (3) =-9 ,所以,函数 f (x) =x3-12x 在[-3, 3] 上的最大值和最小值分别为 16, -16 .(3)在[-1,1] 上,函数f (x) = 6 -12x +x3在[-1,1] 上无极值.3 3由于f (-1) =269,f (1) =-5 ,3 27所以,函数f (x) = 6 -12x +x3在[-1,1] 上的最大值和最小值分别为269,-5 .3 27(4)当x = 4 时,f (x) 有极大值,并且极大值为128..由于f (-3) =-117 ,f (5) = 115 ,所以,函数 f (x) = 48x -x3在[-3, 5] 上的最大值和最小值分别为 128, -117 . 习题3.3 B 组(P32)1、(1)证明:设 f (x) = sin x -x ,x ∈(0,) .因为 f '(x) = cos x -1 < 0 , x ∈(0,)所以f (x) = sin x -x 在(0,) 内单调递减因此 f (x) = sin x -x <f (0) = 0 , x ∈(0,) , 即 sin x <x , x ∈(0,) . 图略(2)证明:设 f (x) =x -x2, x ∈(0,1) .因为 f '(x) = 1- 2x , x ∈(0,1)又1 1所以,当 x ∈1(0, )2时,f '(x) = 1- 2x > 0 ,f (x) 单调递增,f (x) =x -x2> f (0) = 0 ;当 x ∈1时,f '(x) = 1- 2x < 0 ,f (x) 单调递减,( ,1)2f (x) =x -x2> f (1) = 0 ;f ( ) => 0 . 因此, x -x22 4>0 ,x ∈(0,1) . (3)证明:设 f (x) =e x-1-x , x ≠ 0 .因为 f '(x) =e x-1, x ≠ 0所以,当x > 0 时,f '(x) =e x-1 > 0 ,f (x) 单调递增,f (x) =e x-1-x > f (0) = 0 ;当x < 0 时,f '(x) =e x-1 < 0 ,f (x) 单调递减,f (x) =e x-1-x >f (0) = 0 ;综上,e x-1 >x ,x ≠ 0 . 图略(4)证明:设 f (x) = ln x -x ,x > 0 .因为 f '(x) =1-1 ,x ≠ 0 x所以,当0 <x < 1时,f '(x) =1-1 > 0 ,f (x) 单调递增,xf (x) = ln x -x < f (1) =-1 < 0 ;当x > 1 时,f '(x) =1-1 < 0 ,f (x) 单调递减,xf (x) = ln x -x < f (1) =-1 < 0 ;当x =1 时,显然ln1 <1. 因此,ln x <x .由(3)可知, e x>x +1 >x , x > 0 .. 综上,ln x <x <e x,x > 0 图略2、(1)函数f (x) =ax3+bx2+cx +d 的图象大致是个“双峰”图象,类似“”或“”的形状. 若有极值,则在整个定义域上有且仅有一个极大值和一个极小值,从图象图略( ) 上能大致估计它的单调区间.(2)因为 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d ,所以 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c . 下面分类讨论:当a ≠ 0 时,分a > 0 和a < 0 两种情形: ①当a > 0 ,且b 2 - 3ac > 0 时,设方程 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 的两根分别为 x , x ,且 x < x ,1212当 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c > 0 ,即 x < x 或 x > x 时,函数 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d 单12调递增;当 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c < 0 ,即 x < x < x 时,函数 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d 单调递减.12当a > 0 ,且b 2 - 3ac ≤ 0 时,此时 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c ≥ 0 ,函数 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d 单调递增.②当a < 0 ,且b 2 - 3ac > 0 时,设方程 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 的两根分别为 x , x ,且 x < x ,1212当 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c > 0 ,即 x < x < x 时,函数 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d 单调递12增;当 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c < 0 ,即 x < x 或 x > x 时,函数 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d 单12调递减.当a < 0 ,且b 2 - 3ac ≤ 0 时,此时 f '(x ) = 3ax 2 + 2bx + c ≤ 0 ,函数 f (x ) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d 单调递减 1.4 生活中的优化问题举例习题 1.4 A 组(P37)1、设两段铁丝的长度分别为 x , l - x ,则这两个正方形的边长分别为 x , l - x,4 4两个正方形的面积和为 S = f (x ) = x 2 + (l - x )2 = 1 (2x 2- 2lx + l 2 ) , 0 < x < l .4 4 16 令 f '(x ) = 0 ,即4x - 2l = 0 , x = l.2当 x ∈ l (0, ) 2时, f '(x ) < 0 ;当 x ∈ l( , l ) 2 时, f '(x ) > 0 .因此, x = l是函数 f (x ) 的极小值点,也是最小值点.2V3 2 V321 ni 所以,当两段铁丝的长度分别是 l时,两个正方形的面积和最小.22、如图所示,由于在边长为a 的正方形铁片的四角截去四个边长为 x 的小正方形,做成一个无盖方盒,所以无盖方盒的底面为正方形,且边长为a - 2x ,高为 x .(1)无盖方盒的容积V (x ) = (a - 2x )2 x , 0 < x < a.2(2)因为V (x ) = 4x 3 - 4ax 2 + a 2 x ,所以V '(x ) = 12x 2 - 8ax + a 2 .令V '(x ) = 0 ,得 x = a (舍去),或 x = a.(第 2 题)当 x ∈ a (0, ) 6 2 时,V '(x ) > 0 ;当 x ∈ 6 a a( , ) 6 2 时,V '(x ) < 0 . 因此, x = a是函数V (x ) 的极大值点,也是最大值点.6 所以,当 x = a时,无盖方盒的容积最大.63、如图,设圆柱的高为h ,底半径为 R ,则表面积 S = 2Rh + 2R 2由V = R 2h ,得h =V .R 2因此, S (R ) = 2R2V V R 2 + 2R 2 = 2V + 2R 2 , R > 0 . R令 S '(R ) = - + 4R = 0 ,解得 R = .R当 R ∈(0, 3 V) 时, S '(R ) < 0 ;2当 R ∈( 3 V2, +∞) 时, S '(R ) > 0 .(第 3 题)因 此 , R =是 函 数 S (R ) 的 极 小 值 点 , 也 是 最 小 值 点 . 此 时 ,h = V R 2 = 23 V= 2R .2所以,当罐高与底面直径相等时,所用材料最省.n 4、证明:由于 f (x ) = ∑(x - a )2,所以 f '(x ) = 2 ∑(x - a ) .n i =1 n i =1i8a 4 + 令 f (x ) = 0 ,得 x = n ∑ = n ∑ n ∑ )x ' 1 na i =11 n可以得到, x a i是函数 f (x ) 的极小值点,也是最小值点.i =11 n这个结果说明,用 n 个数据的平均值 a i 表示这个物体的长度是合理i =1的,这就是最小二乘法的基本原理.5、设矩形的底宽为 x m ,则半圆的半径为 x 2m ,半圆的面积为x 2 8m 2 ,矩形的面积为a -x 2 8 m 2 ,矩形的另一边长为( a x - x ) m8因此铁丝的长为l (x ) =x + x + 2a - x = (1+ + 2a, 0 < x < 2 x 4 4 x令l '(x ) = 1+ - 4 2a = 0 ,得 x = x2(负值舍去).当 x ∈(0, ) 时, l '(x ) < 0 ;当 x ∈( 8a ,8a ) 时, l '(x ) > 0 .因此, x = 4 +是函数l (x ) 的极小值点,也是最小值点.所以,当底宽为m 时,所用材料最省.6、利润 L 等于收入 R 减去成本C ,而收入 R 等于产量乘单价. 由此可得出利润 L 与产量q 的函数关系式,再用导数求最大利润.收入 R = q ⋅ p = q (25 - 1 q ) = 25q - 1q 2 ,8 8 利润 L = R - C = (25q - 1 q 2 ) - (100 + 4q ) = - 1q 2 + 21q -100 , 0 < q < 200 .8 8求导得 L ' = - 1q + 214 令 L ' = 0 ,即- 1q + 21 = 0 , q = 84 .4当 q ∈(0,84) 时, L ' > 0 ;当 q ∈(84, 200) 时, L ' < 0 ;8a8a 4 + 8a4 + 8a4 +i ,n ∆ ( ) ⋅ + ⋅ ] 因此, q = 84 是函数 L 的极大值点,也是最大值点.所以,产量为 84 时,利润 L 最大,习题 1.4 B 组(P37)1、设每个房间每天的定价为 x 元,那么宾馆利润 L (x ) = (50 - x -180)(x - 20) = - 110 10令 L '(x ) = - 1x + 70 = 0 ,解得 x = 350 .5x 2 + 70x -1360 ,180 < x < 680 .当 x ∈(180, 350) 时, L '(x ) > 0 ;当 x ∈(350, 680) 时, L '(x ) > 0 .因此, x = 350 是函数 L (x ) 的极大值点,也是最大值点.所以,当每个房间每天的定价为 350 元时,宾馆利润最大. 2、设销售价为 x 元/件时,利润 L (x ) = (x - a )(c + c b - x ⨯ 4) = c (x - a )(5 - 4 x ) , a < x < 5b.b b 4令 L '(x ) = - 8c x + 4ac + 5bc = 0 ,解得 x = 4a + 5b.b b 8 当 x ∈(a , 4a + 5b ) 时, L '(x ) > 0 ;当 x ∈( 4a + 5b , 5b) 时, L '(x ) < 0 .8 8 4 当 x = 4a + 5b 是函数 L (x ) 的极大值点,也是最大值点.8所以,销售价为 4a + 5b元/件时,可获得最大利润.81.5 定积分的概念练习(P42) 8 . 3说明:进一步熟悉求曲边梯形面积的方法和步骤,体会“以直代曲”和“逼近”的思想.练习(P45)1、∆s ≈ ∆s ' = v ( i )∆t = [-( i )2 + 2]⋅ 1 = -( i )2 ⋅ 1 + ⋅ 2, i = 1, 2, , n .i i n n n n n n于是 s = ∑ ∆s ≈ ∑ ∆s ' = ∑ i v ( ) ti =1 i ii =1 i =1n= ∑ i =1[- i 2 1 2n n n = - 1 2 1n -1 2 1 n 2 1( n ) ⋅ n- - ( ) ⋅ - ( ) n n n ⋅ + 2 n = - 1[1+ 22 + + n 2 ] + 2n 3nn n= ∑ i =1i =1i =1⎰ ∑a= - 1 ⋅ n (n +1)(2n +1) + 2 n 3 6 = - 1 (1+ 1 )(1+ 1) + 23 n 2n 取极值,得s = lim ∑ 1 i n[ v ( )] lim [- 1 (1+ 1 )(1+ 1 ) + 2] = 5n →∞ i =1 nn n →∞ i =1 3 n 2n 3 说明:进一步体会“以不变代变”和“逼近”的思想. 2、 22 km.3说明:进一步体会“以不变代变”和“逼近”的思想,熟悉求变速直线运动物体路程的方法和步骤. 练习(P48)2x 3dx = 4 .说明:进一步熟悉定积分的定义和几何意义.从几何上看,表示由曲线 y = x 3 与直线 x = 0 , x = 2 , y = 0 所围成的曲边梯形的面积 S = 4 . 习题 1.5 A 组(P50)2100i -1 1 1、(1) ⎰1 (x -1)dx ≈ ∑[(1+ 100 ) -1]⨯ 100 = 0.495 ; 2500i -1 1 (2) ⎰1 (x -1)dx ≈ ∑[(1+ 500) -1]⨯ 500 = 0.499 ; 21000i -1 1 (3) ⎰1 (x -1)dx ≈ ∑[(1+ 1000) -1]⨯ 1000 = 0.4995 . 说明:体会通过分割、近似替换、求和得到定积分的近似值的方法. 2、距离的不足近似值为:18⨯1+12 ⨯1+ 7 ⨯1+ 3⨯1+ 0 ⨯1 = 40 (m ); 距离的过剩近似值为: 27 ⨯1+18⨯1+12 ⨯1+ 7 ⨯1+ 3⨯1 = 67 (m ). 3、证明:令 f (x ) = 1 . 用分点 a = x 0 < x 1 < < x i -1 < x i < < x n = b将区间[a , b ] 等分成 n 个小区间, 在每个小区间[x i -1 , x i ] 上任取一点i(i = 1, 2, , n )作和式∑ f (i )∆x = ∑ b - an = b - a , i =1bi =1nb - a 从而 1dx = lim n →∞i =1= b - a ,nnn n⎰1- x 2 1 ⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰⎰-1-1说明:进一步熟悉定积分的概念. 4、根据定积分的几何意义, ⎰01- x 2 dx 表示由直线 x = 0 , x = 1 , y = 0 以及曲线y = 所围成的曲边梯形的面积, 即四分之一单位圆的面积, 因此 1- x 2 d x = . 0 4 5、(1) ⎰0 x 3dx = - 1 . -1 4由于在区间[-1, 0] 上 x 3≤ 0 ,所以定积分 0x 3dx 表示由直线 x = 0 , x = -1 , y = 0-1和曲线 y = x 3 所围成的曲边梯形的面积的相反数.(2)根据定积分的性质,得⎰1x 3dx = ⎰0x 3dx + ⎰1x 3dx = - 1 + 1= 0 .-1 -1 0 4 4由于在区间[-1, 0] 上 x 3 ≤ 0 ,在区间[0,1] 上 x 3≥ 0 ,所以定积分 1x 3dx 等于位于 x-1轴上方的曲边梯形面积减去位于 x 轴下方的曲边梯形面积.(3)根据定积分的性质,得⎰2 x 3dx = ⎰0 x 3dx + ⎰2 x 3dx = - 1 + 4 = 15-1 -1 0 4 4由于在区间[-1, 0] 上 x 3 ≤ 0 ,在区间[0, 2] 上 x 3 ≥ 0 ,所以定积分 2x 3dx 等于位于 x-1轴上方的曲边梯形面积减去位于 x 轴下方的曲边梯形面积.说明:在(3)中,由于 x 3 在区间[-1, 0] 上是非正的,在区间[0, 2] 上是非负的,如果直接利用定义把区间[-1, 2] 分成n 等份来求这个定积分,那么和式中既有正项又 有负项,而且无法抵挡一些项,求和会非常麻烦. 利用性质 3 可以将定积分 2x 3dx-1化为 0 x 3dx + 2x 3dx ,这样, x 3 在区间[-1, 0] 和区间[0, 2] 上的符号都是不变的,再-1利用定积分的定义,容易求出⎰0x 3dx , ⎰2x 3dx ,进而得到定积分⎰2x 3dx 的值. 由此可见,利用定积分的性质可以化简运算.在(2)(3)中,被积函数在积分区间上的函数值有正有负,通过练习进一步体会定积分的几何意义.习题 1.5 B 组(P50)1、该物体在t = 0 到t = 6 (单位:s )之间走过的路程大约为 145 m.说明:根据定积分的几何意义,通过估算曲边梯形内包含单位正方形的个数来估计物体走过的路程. 2、(1) v = 9.81t .8 i 1 1 8⨯ 9(2)过剩近似值: ∑9.81⨯ ⨯ = 9.81⨯ ⨯ = 88.29 (m ); i =12 2 4 2 1⎰4 4∑ i l ∑ ∑ ∑ n8i -1 1 1 8⨯ 7不足近似值: ∑9.81⨯i =1⨯ = 9.81⨯ ⨯ 2 2 4 2 = 68.67 (m )(3) ⎰09.81tdt ; 3、(1)分割⎰09.81t d t = 78.48 (m ).在区间[0, l ] 上等间隔地插入n -1个分点,将它分成n 个小区间:l l 2l(n - 2)l [0, ] ,[ , ],……,[ , l ] , n n n n 记第i 个区间为[(i -1)l iln , n ] ( i = 1, 2, n ),其长度为 ∆x = il - (i -1)l = l .n n n 把细棒在小段 ll 2l(n - 2)l[0, ] ,[ , ],……,[ , l ] 上质量分别记作: n n n n∆m 1 , ∆m 2 , , ∆m n ,则细棒的质量m = ∑∆m i .i =1 (2) 近似代替当n 很大,即∆x 很小时,在小区间[(i -1)l , il] 上,可以认为线密度(x ) = x 2 n n的值变化很小, 近似地等于一个常数, 不妨认为它近似地等于任意一点 ∈[(i -1)l il处的函数值 () = 2. 于是, 细棒在小段 [(i -1)l il上质量 i , ] i i , ] n n n n∆m ≈ ()∆x = 2 l ( i = 1, 2, n ).i i i n(3) 求和得细棒的质量n nnm = ∆m ≈ ()∆x = 2. i ii n(4) 取极限i =1i =1nl2i =1l 2细棒的质量 m = limn →∞i =1n,所以m = ⎰0 x dx ..1.6 微积分基本定理练习(P55)(1)50;(2) 50 ;(3)4 2 - 5; (4)24; 33 3(5) 3 - ln 2 ; (6) 1 ;(7)0;(8) -2 .2 23 6 说明:本题利用微积分基本定理和定积分的性质计算定积分. 习题 1.6 A 组(P55)1、(1) 40 ; (2) - 1- 3ln 2 ;(3) 9+ ln 3 - ln 2 ;3 (4) - 17 ;(5) 6232 82+1; (6) e 2- e - 2 ln 2 .说明:本题利用微积分基本定理和定积分的性质计算定积分.2、 3sin xdx = [-cos x ]3= 2 . ⎰0 它表示位于 x 轴上方的两个曲边梯形的面积与 x 轴下方的曲边梯形的面积之差. 或表述为:位于 x 轴上方的两个曲边梯形的面积(取正值)与 x 轴下方的曲边梯形的面积(取负值)的代数和. 习 题 1.6 B 组 (P55)1 e2 11 11、(1)原式=[ e 2x ]1 = - ;(2)原式=[ sin 2x ]4 = - ;2 0 2 22x 3 62 4 (3)原式=[ ln 2]1 = ln 2.2、(1) sin mxdx = [- cos mx ]= - 1[cos m - cos(-m )] = 0 ; ⎰-m - msin mx 1(2) cos mxdx = | = [sin m - sin(-m )] = 0 ;⎰-m - m(3) sin 2 mxdx = 1- cos 2mx dx = [ x - sin 2mx ]= ;⎰- ⎰- 2 2 4m - (4) cos 2mxdx = 1+ cos 2mx dx = [ x + sin 2mx ] = .⎰- ⎰- 2 2 4m -3、 ( 1) s (t ) = t g (1- e -kt )dt = g+ g e - kt ]t = g t + g e - kt - g = 49t + 245e -0.2t - 245 . ⎰0 k [ k t k2 0 k k 2 k 2(2)由题意得 49t + 245e -0.2t - 245 = 5000 .这是一个超越方程,为了解这个方程,我们首先估计t 的取值范围.根据指数函数的性质,当t > 0 时, 0 < e -0.2t < 1 ,从而 5000 < 49t < 5245 ,因此, 5000 < t < 5245 .49 49因此245e-0.2⨯500049≈ 3.36 ⨯10-7 , 245e-0.2⨯524549≈ 1.24 ⨯10-7 ,所以,1.24 ⨯10-7 < 245e -0.2t < 3.36 ⨯10-7 .从而,在解方程49t + 245e -0.2t - 245 = 5000 时, 245e -0.2t 可以忽略不计.240 ⎰ ⎰= ⎰ 0a a 1]a 3因此,. 49t - 245 ≈ 5000 ,解之得 t ≈5245(s ).49说明:B 组中的习题涉及到被积函数是简单的复合函数的定积分,可视学生的具体情况选做,不要求掌握. 1.7 定积分的简单应用练习(P58)(1) 32; (2)1.3说明:进一步熟悉应用定积分求平面图形的面积的方法与求解过程.练习(P59)52 51、 s = (2t + 3)dt = [t + 3t ] = 22 (m ).⎰3 2、W = ⎰0 (3x + 4)dx = [ 2 3x 2 + 4x ]4 = 40 (J ). 习题 1.7 A 组(P60)1、(1)2; (2) 9.2 2、W = ⎰b k q dr = [-q b = k q - k q.a r r a b3、令v (t ) = 0 ,即40 -10t = 0 . 解得t = 4 . 即第 4s 时物体达到最大高度.42 4最大高度为 h = (40 -10t )dt = [40t - 5t ] = 80 (m ).⎰4、设t s 后两物体相遇,则 0t(3t 2+1)dt = t10tdt + 5 , 0解之得t = 5 . 即 A , B 两物体 5s 后相遇.此时,物体 A 离出发地的距离为 5(3t 2 +1)dt = [t 3 + t ]5 = 130 (m ).⎰5、由 F = kl ,得10 = 0.01k . 解之得k = 1000 .所做的功为 0.1W1000ldl = 500l 2 |0.1= 5 (J ). 06、(1)令v (t ) = 5 - t + 551+ t= 0 ,解之得t = 10 . 因此,火车经过 10s 后完全停止.(2) s = (5 - t + 55 )dt = [5t - 1 t 2 + 55 ln(1+ t )]10 = 55 ln11(m ). ⎰1+ t2习题 1.7 B 组(P60)1、(1) ⎰- aa 2 - x 2 dx 表示圆 x 2 + y 2 = a 2 与 x 轴所围成的上半圆的面积,因此⎰- adx =a 22(2) ⎰[ - x ]dx 表示圆(x -1)2 + y 2 = 1与直线( 第 1( 2)2 a 2- x 21- (x -1)210k3 x 2 33x33x= 2bh . (第 2 题) 0⎩ ⎰ ⎰ y = x 所围成的图形(如图所示)的面积,1⨯12 1 1因此, ⎰0 [ - x ]dx =- ⨯1⨯1 = - . 4 2 4 22、证明:建立如图所示的平面直角坐标系,可设抛物线的方程为 y = ax 2 ,则h = a ⨯ (b )2 ,所以a = 4h. 2 b 2从而抛物线的方程为y = 4h x 2. b 2b4h4h b 于是,抛物线拱的面积 S = 2 2(h - 0b 2 x 2 )dx = 2[hx - 3b 2 x 3 ]2 3⎧ y = x 2 + 23、如图所示.解方程组⎨ y = 3x得曲线 y = x 2 + 2 与曲线 y = 3x 交点的横坐标 x = 1 , x = 2 .12于是,所求的面积为 1[(x 2 + 2) - 3x ]dx + 2[3x - (x 2 + 2)]dx = 1 .0 14、证明:W = R +h G Mm dr = [-G Mm ]R +h = GMmh .⎰Rr2rRR (R + h )第一章 复习参考题 A 组(P65)1、(1)3;(2) y = -4 .2、(1) y ' =2 s in x cos x + 2x; (2) y ' = 3(x - 2)2 (3x +1)(5x - 3) ;cos 2x(3) y ' =2x ln x ln 2 + 2x x;(4) y 2x - 2x 2(2x +1)4.3、 F ' = -2GMm .r34、(1) f '(t ) < 0 . 因为红茶的温度在下降.(2) f '(3) = -4 表明在 3℃附近时,红茶温度约以 4℃/min 的速度下降. 图略.5、因为 f (x ) = ,所以 f '(x ) =2 .当 f '(x ) =2> 0 ,即 x > 0 时, f (x ) 单调递增; 1- (x -1)2 ⎰ ' =33x=当 f '(x ) =2< 0 ,即 x < 0 时, f (x ) 单调递减.6、因为 f (x ) = x 2 + px + q ,所以 f '(x ) = 2x + p .当 f '(x ) = 2x + p = 0 ,即 x = - p= 1 时, f (x ) 有最小值.2由- p= 1,得 p = -2 . 又因为 f (1) = 1- 2 + q = 4 ,所以q = 5 .27、因为 f (x ) = x (x - c )2 = x 3 - 2cx 2 + c 2 x ,所以 f '(x ) = 3x 2 - 4cx + c 2 = (3x - c )(x - c ) .当 f '(x ) = 0 ,即 x = c,或 x = c 时,函数 f (x ) = x (x - c )2 可能有极值.3由题意当 x = 2 时,函数 f (x ) = x (x - c )2 有极大值,所以c > 0 . 由于所以,当x = c 时,函数 f (x ) = x (x - c )2 有极大值. 此时, c = 2 , c = 6 . 3 3 8、设当点 A 的坐标为(a , 0) 时, ∆AOB 的面积最小.因为直线 AB 过点 A (a , 0) , P (1,1) ,所以直线 AB 的方程为 y - 0 = x - a,即 y =x - 0 1- a1 (x - a ) . 1- a 当 x = 0 时, y = a ,即点 B 的坐标是(0, a) .a -1因此, ∆AOB 的面积 S ∆AOB = S (a ) = a -11 aa 22 a a -1 2(a -1) .令 S '(a ) = ' = 1 ⋅a 2 - 2a =0 ,即 S (a ) 2 (a -1)2 0 .当a = 0 ,或a = 2 时, S '(a ) = 0 , a = 0 不合题意舍去.x (-∞, c )3c 3( c , c ) 3c(c , +∞)f '(x ) +-+f (x )单调递增 极大值 单调递减 极小值 单调递增由于所以,当a = 2 ,即直线 AB 的倾斜角为135︒ 时, ∆AOB 的面积最小,最小面积为 2. 9、 D .10、设底面一边的长为 x m ,另一边的长为(x + 0.5) m. 因为钢条长为 14.8m. 所以,长方体容器的高为14.8 - 4x - 4(x + 0.5) = 12.8 - 8x = 3.2 - 2x .4 4设容器的容积为V ,则V = V (x ) = x (x + 0.5)(3.2 - 2x ) = -2x 3 + 2.2x 2 +1.6x , 0 < x < 1.6 .令V '(x ) = 0 ,即-6x 2 + 4.4x +1.6 = 0 .所以, x = - 4 15(舍去),或 x = 1 .当 x ∈(0,1) 时,V '(x ) > 0 ;当 x ∈(1,1.6) 时,V '(x ) < 0 .因此, x = 1 是函数V (x ) 在(0,1.6) 的极大值点,也是最大值点. 所以,当长方体容器的高为 1 m 时,容器最大,最大容器为 1.8 m 3. 11、设旅游团人数为100 + x 时,旅行社费用为 y = f (x ) = (100 + x )(1000 - 5x ) = -5x 2 + 500 +100000 (0 ≤ x ≤ 80) .令 f '(x ) = 0 ,即-10x + 500 = 0 , x = 50 .又 f (0) = 100000 , f (80) = 108000 , f (50) = 112500 .所以, x = 50 是函数 f (x ) 的最大值点.所以,当旅游团人数为 150 时,可使旅行社收费最多. 12、设打印纸的长为 x cm 时,可使其打印面积最大.因为打印纸的面积为 623.7,长为 x ,所以宽为 623.7,x打印面积 S (x ) = (x - 2 ⨯ 2.54)( 623.7- 2 ⨯ 3.17)x= 655.9072 - 6.34x - 3168.396, 5.08 < x < 98.38 .x2 令 S '(x ) = 0 ,即6.34 - 3168.396 = 0 , x ≈ 22.36 (负值舍去), 623.7≈ 27.89 .x 2 22.365 2dx = 2 (cos x - sin x )dx = [sin x + cos x ]2 = 0 ; (5)原式= 2 dx = [ ]2 = x = 22.36 是函数 S (x ) 在(5.08, 98.38) 内唯一极值点,且为极大值,从而是最大值点.所以,打印纸的长、宽分别约为 27.89cm ,22.36cm 时,可使其打印面积最大. 13、设每年养q 头猪时,总利润为 y 元.则 y = R (q ) - 20000 -100q = - 1q 2 + 300q - 20000 (0 < q ≤ 400, q ∈ N ) .2令 y ' = 0 ,即-q + 300 = 0 , q = 300 .当q = 300 时, y = 25000 ;当q = 400 时, y = 20000 .q = 300 是函数 y ( p ) 在(0, 400] 内唯一极值点,且为极大值点,从而是最大值点.所以,每年养 300 头猪时,可使总利润最大,最大总利润为 25000 元. 14、(1) 2 - 2 ;(2) 2e - 2 ; (3)1;cos 2 x - sin 2 x⎰0cos x + sin x⎰01- cos x x - sin x - 2⎰0 2 2 0 4 15、略. 说明:利用函数图象的对称性、定积分的几何意义进行解释.16、2 - 2 .17、由 F = kl ,得0.049 = 0.01k . 解之得k = 4.9 .0.3l 2 0.3所做的功为 W = ⎰0.1 4.9ldl = 4.9 ⨯ 2|0.1 = 0.196 (J )第一章 复习参考题 B 组(P66)1、(1) b '(t ) = 104 - 2 ⨯103t . 所以,细菌在t = 5 与t = 10 时的瞬时速度分别为 0 和-104 .(2)当0 ≤ t < 5 时, b '(t ) > 0 ,所以细菌在增加;当5 < t < 5 + 5 时, b '(t ) < 0 ,所以细菌在减少.2、设扇形的半径为r ,中心角为弧度时,扇形的面积为 S .因为 S = 1r 2 , l - 2r =r ,所以= l- 2 .2 rS = 1r 2 = 1 ( l - 2)r 2 = 1 (lr - 2r 2 ) , 0 < r < l .2 2 r 2 23 2 (4)原式= .令 S ' = 0 ,即l - 4r = 0 , r = l,此时为 2 弧度.4r = l 是函数 S (r ) 在 4 l(0, ) 内唯一极值点,且是极大值点,从而是最大值点.2所以,扇形的半径为 l、中心角为 2 弧度时,扇形的面积最大.43、设圆锥的底面半径为r ,高为h ,体积为V ,那么r 2 + h 2 = R 2 . 因此,V =1r 2h = 1(R 2 - h 2 )h = 1R 2h -1h 3 , 0 < h < R .3 3 33令V ' = 1R 2 -h 2 = 0 ,解得h = 33 R .3容易知道, h =3 R 是函数V (h ) 的极大值点,也是最大值点.3所以,当h =3 R 时,容积最大.3把h =3 R 代入r 2 + h 2 = R 2 ,得r =36 R .3由 R = 2r ,得= 2 6 .3所以,圆心角为=2 6 时,容积最大.34、由于80 = k ⨯102 ,所以k = 4.5设船速为 x km /h 时,总费用为 y ,则 y = 4 x 2 ⨯ 20 + 20⨯ 4805 x x令 y ' = 0 ,即16 - 9600= 0 , x ≈ 24 .x2 = 16x + 9600, x > 0x容易知道, x = 24 是函数 y 的极小值点,也是最小值点.当 x = 24 时, (16 ⨯ 24 + 9600) ÷ ( 20) ≈ 941(元/时)24 24所以,船速约为 24km /h 时,总费用最少,此时每小时费用约为 941 元.5、 设汽车以 x km / h 行驶时, 行车的总费用y = 390x(3 +x 2 360 ) + 130 ⨯14 , x。

(完整word版)全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程2课后练习答案

(完整word版)全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程2课后练习答案

(完整word版)全新版⼤学英语(第⼤版)综合教程2课后练习答案Key t o Exercises o f C ollege English B ook 2Unit 1★Text AVocabularyI.1.1) insert 2) on occasion 3) investigate 4) In retrospect 5) initial 6) phenomena 7) attached 8) make up for 9) is awaiting 10) not…in the least 11) promote 12) emerged2. 1) There is a striking contrast between the standards of living in the north of the country and thesouth.2) Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber.3) The city’s importance as a financial center has evolved slowly.4) His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.5) The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found their way into someEnglish magazines.3. 1) be picked up, can’t accomplish, am exaggerating2) somewhat, performance, have neglected, they apply to3) assist, O n t he other h and, a re v alid, a s uperiorII.1. 1) continual 2) continuous 3) continual 4) continuous2. 1) principal 2) principal 3) principle 4) principles 5) principalIII.1. themselves2. himself/herself3. herself/by herself/on her own4. itself5. ourselves6. yourself/ by yourself/on your ownComprehensive ExerciseI. Cloze1. 1) contrast 2) exaggerating 3) priority 4) on the other hand 5) promoting 6) pick up 7) assist 8) accomplish 9) on occasion 10) neglecting 11) worthwhile 12) superior2. 1) end 2) perform 3) facing 4) competent 5) equipped6) designed 7) approach 8) rest 9) definitely 10) qualityII. Translation1.1) It takes an enormous amount of courage to make a departure from the tradition.2) Tom u sed to be very shy, but this time he was bold enough to give a performance in front o fa large audience.3) Many educators think it desirable to foster the creative spirit in the child at an early age.4) Assuming (that) this painting really is a masterpiece, do you think it’s worthwhile tobuy/purchase it?5) If the data is statistically valid, it will throw light on the problem we are investigating.2. To improve our English, it is critical to do more reading, writing, listening and speaking.Besides, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important.Without an enormous store of good English writing in your head you cannot express yourself freely in English. It is also helpful to summarize our experience as we go along, for in so doing, we can figure out which way of learning is more effective and will produce the most desirable result. As long as we keep working hard on it, we will in due course accomplish the task of mastering English.★Text BComprehension check: c c d a c bLanguage Practice1.g h e c f a b d2.1) adopt 2) account 3) from your point of view 4) ended up 5) furthermore 6) fund7) annual 8) keeping track of 9) pace 10) intends11) perspective 12) deviseUnit 2★Text AVocabularyI. 1. 1) abrupt 2) emotional 3) bless 4) wear and tear 5) dated 6)consequences 7)seemingly 8) in contrast to 9) Curiosity 10) genuine11) primarily 12) sentiments2. 1) W hen you a re c onfronted with m ore t han o ne p roblem, t ry t o s olve t he e asiestone first.2) Water is vital to the existence of all forms of life.3) There is still some confusion among the students about what to do after classto follow up on the subject.4) As a person of s imple living habits, h e needs nothing more than a job and anapartment to be happy.5) It tickled him to think that she’d come to as his advice.3. 1) a lingering, fabricating, s entiments2) fill out, every item, vital, consequences3) be denied, tangible, cherish, attainII.1.It’s a long trip and will take us five hours by bus.2.She arrived early and took a front row seat.3. Don’t take me for a f ool.4. It takes a lot of imagination to fabricate such a story.5. My u ncle w ill t ake m e (along on h is t rip) t o t he Arctic t his s ummer.6.He took the dinner plate I passed to him.7.Kevin took second prize in the weight-lifting competition.8.If you don’t take my advice, you will regret it.III.1. hanging2. to give3. to return4. being praised5. not having written6. to say7. to open8. being helpedComprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) well-off/affluent 2) dated 3) falling into 4) bracket 5) deny6) tangible 7) pursuit 8) cherishes 9) out of place 10) abrupt11) focus 12) donations2. 1) consume 2) fueled 3) annual 4) plain 5) physically 6) security7) indicates 8) equally 9) traditional 10) followsII. Translation1.1) The company denied that its donations had a commercial purpose.2) Whenever he was angry, he would begin to stammer slightly.3) Education is the most cherished tradition in our family. That’s why my parents never took me to dinner at expensive restaurants, but sent me to the best private school.4) Shortly after he recovered from the surgery, he lost his job and thus had to go through another difficult phase of his life.5) In contrast to our affluent neighbors, my parents are rather poor, but they have always tried hard to meet our minimal needs.2. With more and more donations coming in, our university will be much better offfinancially next y ear. W e w ill thus b e a ble t o focus o n t he most i mportant t ask that w e, e ducators, m ust t ake on: t o e ncourage students to attain their scholarly/academic goals, to train them to be dependable and responsible individuals, to prepare them for the life ahead, and to guide them in their pursuit of spiritual as well as material satisfaction.★Text BComprehension Check: b b d c d dLanguage Practice1. f c g e b a h d2.1) stunned 2) hold (fast) to 3) folks 4) generosity 5) discount 6) liable7) ranks 8) on the run 9) make up 10) blends in 11) by all accounts 12)comes into contact withUnit 3★Text AVocabularyI.1.1) typical 2)dumb 3) junior 4) glorious 5) welfare 6)came over 7) interference8) f ading 9) narrowed down 10) frank 11)schemes 12) at any rate2. 1) The Security council consists of five generals and four police officers.2) The new hotel will be in a location overlooking the lake.3) I was humiliated by her comments about my family background in front of so many people.4) Do you have any proof that it was Henry who stole the computer?5) the boy was exhausted after the long cycle ride.3. 1) hysterical; was handed down; should have known better than2) twisted, over and over, talented son3) patience, not to keep him in suspense, assured, repeatedlyII.1. adequate2. anxious3. certain4. content5. crazy6. likely7. fortunate8. keen III.1. be admitted2. live3. be postponed4. buy5. be banned6. be Comprehensive ExerciseI. 1. 1) typical 2) welfare 3) constant 4) frank 5) talent 6) dumb7) know better than that 8) repeatedly 9) dread 10) interference 11) bet 12) assure2. 1) despite 2) really 3) same 4) contact 5) admitted 6) attempt7) not 8) tend 9) different 10) mannerII. Translation1. 1) Have scientists found proof of water on Mars?2) The planning committee has narrowed down the possible locations for the nuclear powerplant to two coastal towns.3) Sam not only lost his job but also both legs; he had to live on welfare for the rest of his life.4) A jury consisting of 12 members voted in unison that Mary was guilty.5) Sean felt humiliated ti hear his talent being questioned.2. George, the son of Mr. Johnson, liked listening to heavy metal music in the evenings,which made it hard for other residents in the community to fall asleep. Eventually the exhausted neighbors lost their patience and decided on direct interference. They called Mr.Johnson to tell him in a frank manner w hat t hey were thinking. M r. Johnson assured them that he would certainly settle the issue. As soon as he put down the phone he scolded his son, “What has come over you? You should know better than to disturb others for your own amusement.”In the end George traded his CD’s for computer games software from his classmates.★Text BComprehension Check: b a b c d aLanguage Practice1. d e f g a b h c2. 1) and he like 2) popularity 3) had been kept in the dark 4) define 5) was aware of6)relate 7) were up to 8) trend 9)opportunity 10)mobile 11)comments12) interviewedUnit 4★Text AVocabularyI.1. 1) conversely 2). but then 3) symptom 4) spitting 5) abusing 6) tone7) took…in8) editing 9) have arranged 10) in sight 11) stretched 12) data 2. 1) The sight of teenagers smoking cigarettes jars on me.2) A lot of American teenagers don’t like street gangs, but they find themselves gettingsucked in.3) Jeffrey’s computer crashed again this morning. The manager has arranged for atechnician from the computer store to check and repair it.4) During the Vietnam War, many young Americans fled their country to avoid militaryservice/fled to other countries to avoid military service.5) The new government is planning an anti-corruption campaign so as to restore people’sconfidence in it.3. 1) the virtual, on line, via 2) nightmare, routine, any appointment, arrange for3) cue, remarks, his tuneII. 1. We came here all the way on foot.2. Private cars are not allowed on campus.3. They are on vocation in Florida.4. Mary has been talking to her friend on the phone for an hour.5. Don’t worry, Lucy is always on time.6. Industrial demand on fuel is on the r ise.III. 1. hard 2. difficult 3. impossible 4. tough 5. hard 6. easyComprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) internet 2) click 3) virtual 4) routines 5) arrange 6) nightmare 7) annoying 8)connection 9) crawls 10) take in 11) spit 12) data 13) sucked into 14) At times 15) flee 16) on line2. 1) companion 2) deliver 3) access 4) enables 5) customers 6) delights 7) provides 8)small 9) remote 10) informationII. Translation1. 1) Research shows that laughter can bring a lot of health benefits.2) A slow Internet connecting speed is really annoying.3) As the law stands, helping someone commit suicide is a crime.4) In her report, Mary tries to interpret the data from a completely different angle.5) Sue is a girl of great talent. Her amazing memory sets her apart from her classmates.2. Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer. I agree that theInternet has made my job a lot easier. I can write,submit and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss. With a click of the mouse, I can get all the data I need and keep up with the latest news. But then, communicating through the Net can be frustrating at times. The system may crash. Worse still, without the emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret.★Text BComprehension Check: c a a b d cLanguage Practice1.d e a c b f g h2.1) vehicle 2) hooked on 3)intense 4)worldwide 5)overnight 6)slipped7) on the whole 8) called forth 9) outwards 10)Needless to say 11) to myknowledge 12) On top of t hatUnit 5★Text AVocabularyI.1. 1) startled 2) mere 3) motion 4) sweating 5) stretched 6) vain 7) On one occasion 8) anxiety 9) emotions 10) ashamed 11) In my mind’s eye 12)recurring2. 1) Mrs. White’s birthday coincides with her husband’s.2) They make big profits on the stuff they sell by creating an artificial shortage, which send sthe prices soaring/results in the soaring of prices.3) It has been a week of alternate sunshine and rain.4) Politics and philosophy have been his lifelong passions, although he studied economics atuniversity.5) Tension came over her, as she waited for her first TV interview.3. 1) media, dedication to, grace 2) his competitors, in excitement, hug him, congratulate him on 3) emotions, numerous, intensity, passion forII.1.Mike, a Green, made the suggestion that a large park be built near the community.2.In a letter to his daughter, Mr. Smith expressed his wish that she (should) continue hereducation to acquire still another degree.3. There is no reason to hold the belief that humans have no direct moral responsibility tosafeguard the welfare of animals.4. Children need to feel safe about the world they grow up in, and it is unwise to give them theidea that everything they come into contact with might be a threat.5. Anxiety can result from the notion that life has not treated us fairly.6.Nobody believed his claim that he was innocent.III.1.I work out in the gym for one hour every morning.2. Florence has worked as cleaner at the factory for five years.3. The wounded man worked his way across the field on his hands and knees.4.The safe load for a truck of this type works out at about twenty-five tons.5. It is difficult to understand how human minds work.6. To my disappointment, the manager’s plan of promoting the new products doesn’t work at all.7.The teacher has a lot of experience of working with children who don’t know how to learn.8.The medicine was like magic, and it worked instantly after you took it.Comprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) In my mind’s eye 2) groan 3) competitor 4) intensity 5) anxiety 6) tense7) sweat 8) tension 9) soaring 10) recurring 11) brought me back to earth12) fantasy 13) sweat 14) congratulate 15) numerous 16) media2. 1) engineer 2) forget 3) convinced 4) how 5) build 6) accident7) thought 8)only 9) sharp 10) touched 11) instructions 12) finallyII. Translation1. 1) It is the creativity and dedication of the workers and executives that turned the companyinto a profitable business.2) The prices of food and medicine have soared in the past three months.3) We plan to repaint the upper floors of he office building.4) His success shows that popularity and artistic merit sometimes coincide.5) I don’t want to see my beloved grandmother lying in a hospital bed and groaning painfully.2. Numerous facts bear out the argument/statement/claim that in order to recover speedilyfrom negative emotion, you should allow yourself to cry. You needn’t/don’t have to be ashamed of crying. Anxiety and sorrow can flow out of the body along with tears.Consider t he case of/Take Donna, H er s on unfortunately died in a car a ccident. T he intensity of the blow made her unable to cry. She said, “It was not until two weeks later that I began to cry. And then I felt as if a big stone had been lifted from my shoulders. It was the tears that brought me back to earth and helped me survive the crisis.”★Text BComprehension Check: b c b b c aLanguage Practice1. a e d c b h f g2.1) aid 2) inclined 3) in good health 4) shortcomings 5) penetrated6) dismiss 7)has suffered from 8)progressive 9)optimistic 10)to a degree 11)hold on to12)installUnit 6★Text AVocabularyI.1. 1) culture/cultural 2) indication 3) miniature 4) ironic 5) stumbled into 6) decent7) buzzing 8) abnormal 9) mechanical 10) Shuddering 11) implied 12) leap2. 1) You can convert RMB into US dollars in the foreign exchange office a the airport.2) I f igured s he d idn’t k now the f irst t hing a bout c ooking a s she l ooked p uzzled a s t o h ow tocook rice with the rice cooker.3) The manager glowed with pleasure upon hearing that in spite of their faulty equipment theteam had accomplished some very useful work.4) I’m g rateful t o m y c ompany f or a llowing m e t o w ork f lexible h ours a s l ong a s I w ork e ighthours a day.5) On seeing the comments made in the margins by previous readers, Tom couldn’t helpthinking the book must be quite fascinating.3. 1) will not panic/feel panic, ’ll be at a disadvantage 2) hybrid, transmission3) crave, One indication, to distinguishII. 1. also 2. as well/too 3. too 4. also 5. as well/too 6. too 7. also 8. AlsoIII. 1. I’ve had enough 2. When I was old enough to work and earn money3. can’t get enough sleep at night4. has so far collected enough of them5. have strong enough arms6. have j ust e nough m oney t o l ive onComprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) stumbled into 2) not know the first thing about 3) mechanical 4) when it comes to5) hybrid 6) gritted her teeth 7) premise 8) at a disadvantage 9) panic 10) cultural 11) flexible 12) imply2. 1) chair 2) force 3) secrets 4) painstaking 5) recognized 6) steered 7) essentially 8) observation 9) women 10) tutor 11) inspired 12) unlessII. Translation1. 1) He is a man of few words, but when it comes to playing a computer games, he is far tooclever for his classmates.2) Children who don’t know any better may think these animals are pretty cute and startplaying with them.3) There is no way to obtain a loan, so to buy the new equipment, I will just have to grit myteeth and sell my hybrid car.4) The h unter w ould not h ave fired the s hots i f h e hadn’t s een a h erd o f e lephants c omingtowards his campsite.5) I f ind it i ronic that T om has a selective memory --- he does not s eem t o remember p ainfulexperiences in the past, particularly those of his own doing.2. Nancy Hopkins is a biology professor at MIT. She craves knowledge and works hard.However, as a scientist, she could not help noticing all kinds of indications of gender inequality on campus. Men and women professors did the same work, but when it came to promotion the administrators were rather selective. It was ironic that after so much cultural progress, women were still at a disadvantage in institutions of higher education. When her request for more lab space was refused, she knew she had to fight. So she gritted her teeth and complained to the President. The fight ended in victory and Nancy was converted into a gender-equality advocate.★Text BComprehension Check: b a d b d c aLanguage Practice1. b d a e g c f h2.1) crisis 2) weighed down 3) supportive 4) takes all the credit 5) pleaded6) in control of 7) party 8) expense 9) lives for 10) semester11) at every opportunity 12) stirUnit 7★Text AVocabularyI.1. 1) S trictly s peaking 2) d rifted 3) r esembles 4) i nvaded 5) i s c onquered 6) f ascinating 7) s nack 8) p ut…into practice 9) source 10) climate 11) surrendered 12) were aroused2. 1) an absolute necessity rather than a luxury 2) is a valuable addition to the football team.3) will get out of control, if the firemen do not arrive within ten minutes.4) alternative but to g via Vancouver to get to Seattle5) declared a ll b eef i mports w ill b e banned f or t he next s ix months as a n e mergency m easure t ostop the spread of mad c ow disease.3. 1) systematic, have invented, to a very real extent, mysteries2) to establish, to be modifies/ modifying 3) tolerance towards, strike out, enrichII. 1. a) wish b) wish c) want d) want/wish 2. a) skin b) hide/skin c) hide d) skin3. a) raise/rear b) raise c) rear/raise d) raise4. a) royal b) kingly/royal c) sovereignd) royal/kinglyIII. 1. Indeed 2. though 3. Frankly 4. Moreover 5. To my knowledge6. however7. nevertheless8. Yet9. instead 10) in other words Comprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) fascinating 2) tolerance 3) invented 4) addition 5) ban 6) corrupt7) out of control 8) influenced 9) elite 10)came up with 11) establishing12) Massive 13)sources 14)enrich2. 1) early 2) similar 3) source 4) observation 5) examine6) features 7) declared 8) stronger 9) accident 10) sprungII. Translation1. 1) Many small businesses have sprung up in the city since the new policy went into effect.2) On hearing the news, she smiled briefly, and then returned to her habitual frown.3) He paused for effect, then said:“We can reach/enter these markets through new channels.”4) The addition of a concert hall to the school will help it nourish young musical talents.5) We have no way to protect our personal liberties until we have established a sovereignstate,/We can’t protect our personal liberties unless we, first of all, establish a sovereign state.2. Though how the English language came into existence remains a mystery to manypeople,linguists believe that English and most other European languages have descended from a common source: the Indo-European parent language. English was first spoken by the Anglo-Saxons who invaded England in the fifth century. They passed onto us the basic vocabulary of English. In over fifteen centuries of its development, English has enriched itself by massive borrowing. As British immigrants landed in America and established the United States as an independent nation, a new variety was added to the English language : American English. Though some people worry that the language is running out of control, many native speakers of English take pride in the tolerance of their language.★Text BComprehension Check: c c c d b dLanguage Practice1. g e d c b h f a2. 1) give way to 2) predict 3) substantial 4) integrate 5) in transition 6) aspect7) to name a few 8) authority 9) dominate 10) had contributed to 11) unique12) rid yourself ofUnit 8VocabularyI. 1) barking 2) evil 3) brooding, hatched 4) migrant 5) tragedies 6) counterpart7) are complaining/complain 8) grim 9) flocks, fed on 10) vegetation11) patches 12) Scores of2. 1) was lined with people who came to welcome the distinguished foreign guests2) the boss silenced all lively conversation in the office3) wearing a pair of sun glasses, the famous movie star passed the crowded unnoticed.4) looked deserted 5) were stricken by i t3. 1) patches, came into full bloom, were puzzled, mysterious2) throbbed with, sickened, migrant, a chorus 3) had crept into. Flickered, the starkII. 1. age-old, air force, daughter-in-law, first-rate, greenhouse, half brother, ice-cream, lifelike, light year, salesperson, self- centered, threefold, overuse, stone-still, worldwide2.1) poverty-stricken people 2) heart-breaking news 3) newly-built 4) well-fed kids5) successful spacewalk 6) peace-loving 7) need-based scholarships 8) color-blindpeopleIII. 1. lying 2. laid 3. lay 4. lain 5. lie 6. lay 7. lie 8. lay 9. lay 10. lies Comprehensive ExerciseI.1. 1) spell 2) stricken 3) misfortunes 4) surroundings 5) blossom/bloom 6) migrant7)deserted 8) silence 9) sickened 10) hatch 11) puzzled 12) in harmony with2. 1) rate 2) publication 3) dangerous 4) banned 5) export6) profit 7) accept 8)comprehend 9) boundaries 10) ultimatelyII. Translation1.1) This is a prosperous town, but there is still poverty in the midst of wealth and abundance.2) The Brown family was stricken with one misfortune after another, but their children nevercomplained.3) The m useum i s d esigned i n such a w ay that i t s tands i n p erfect h armony w ith i tssurroundings.4) It was a miracle that these flowers did not wither at all in the blazing sun.5) Flocks of sheep feed on the patches of vegetation that rise above the winter snow.2. This village was once famous for its beautiful natural surroundings. All the year round,the trees were green and the flowers in bloom. Clear streams flowed out of the hills through a checkerboard of rice fields. Birds sang all day, and deer came and went in a leisurely manner.However, w ith the coming of D DT and other pesticides, a n evil spell seemed to have settled over the village. M isfortunes came one after another. Chicken died suddenly, cattle and sheep were stricken by mysterious maladies, and farmers complained about a sickening feeling that puzzled the village doctor. The village square, once throbbing with life, was now deserted.★Text BComprehension Check: b d a b b cLanguage Practice1. c d g a h b e f2.1) adapt 2) injured 3) immune 4) hostile 5) gives out 6) slight 7) take up8) significance 9) for the most part 10) deliberate 11)span 12) get caught up in。

英语2课后答案.doc

英语2课后答案.doc

Unit 1Section A:VocabularyIII.1.charge2. convention3. dficient4. obain5. competent6. messing7. filfill 8. (onducting 9. consequently 10. agnificanceIV.1.bdiind2.注3. h4.out5. b6. t)7.in8.with9.but 10. firV.1.L2. C3.D4. N5.06.A7. E8.G9.1 10. KWord BuildingVI.mitment2.龙traction3. ^)pointment4. inpression5. civilization6. composition7. ©nfusion 8. congratulation 9. consideration 10. explanation 11. acquisition12. depressionVII.1.advisable2. desirable3. fivorable4. considerable5. rmarkable6. prferable7. drinkable 8. acceptableSentence StructureVIII.1.much less can he write English articles2.much less can he manage a big company3.much less could he carry it upstairs4.much less have I spoken to him5.much less to read a lot outside of itIX.1.Having meals at home can cost as little as two or three dollars, whereas eating out at a restaurant is always more expensive.2.We thought she was rather proud, whereas in fact she was just very shy.3.We have never done anything for them, whereas they have done so much for us.4.Natalie prefers to stay for another week, whereas her husband prefers to leave immediately.5.Some praise him highly, whereas others put him down severely.TranslationX.1.She wouldn\'t take a drink, much less could she stay for dinner.2.He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth.3.How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week?4.The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy.5.Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.6.We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on.XI.1.我认为他不会抢劫,更不用说暴力抢劫了.2.男工平均工资每小时10美元,而女工才每小时7美元.3.自然界的平衡一旦遭到破坏,就会带来很多不可预知的影响.4.期终考试迫在眉睫,你最好多花点时间看书.5.有趣的是,消费者发现越来越难以辨别某些品牌的原产国.其部分原因来自于全球化带来的影响,部分原因是由于产地的变化.6.最近一次调查表明,妇女占总劳动力的40%.ClozeXII.1. C2. B3. B4. A5. D6. B7. C &D 9. A 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. C 14. B15. AStructured WritingXIV.A larger and larger part of society is expressing its concern about environmental protection. Active in their concern, teachers and students hold specific meetings to discuss environmental protection. Also, city planners take environmental problems into serious consideration. And, though reducing pollution can be expensive, factories often take every possible measure to do their part. Many people are concerned and active because air and water pollution affects everyone and makes it difficult for cities to survive and businesses to make a profit.Section BComprehension of the TextI.Main idea of Para. 1: Studying in a different country is a new experience, but there are also some challenges.Main idea of Para. 2: The first stage of culture-shock adjustment is "the honeymoon^^.Main idea of Para. 3: The second stage of culture shock, "the hostility stage", eventually occurs.Main idea of Para. 4: At this point, some defense mechanisms are devised to protect yourself against the effects of culture shock.Main idea of Para. 6: The third stage of culture shock adjustment, “TecoveTy", starts.II.1. D2. A3. C4. D5. A6. C7. B8. BVocabularyIII.1.uilize2. eject3. considerable4. tmporary5. acceptable6.Ecognition7. dleviate8. ^)preciate9. firthermore 10. hteractIV.1.interact with2. gone through3. deal with4. recovered with5. adjusting to6.familiar to7. In spite of8. were tired of9. prevented from 10. came toUnit 2Section AVocabularyIII.1. pomising2. anusing3. bwered4. persisted5. nnk6. svear7. unfiir8. pesence9. fowning 10.甲proximatelyIV.1.on2. upon3. on4. n5. by6. t)7. n8. (f9. on 10. outV.1.02. K3. D4. H5. J6. E7. M8. G9. B 10. AWord BuildingVI.1.observe——observer: one who observes a person or an event2.ski一skier: one who skis3.visit一visitor: one who visits somebody or some place4.learn一learner: one who learns something5.report一reporter: one who reports on persons or events for a newspaper6.drink~ rinker: one who often drinks alcohol, esp. too muchVII.1.tropical2. musical3. occasional4. environmental5. global6. dangerous7. natural8. central Sentence structureVIII.1.They didn\'t lose heart despite of lots of frustration.2.Despite the heavy rain,the boys played football in the yard all afternoon.3.1will try my best despite the slim chances of success.4.Despite a thorough search for the escaped prisoner in the mountain,no sign of him was found.5.Despite their increased income,their life became poorer because of the rising prices.IX.1.nor do I think it necessary to do so2.nor would they go to my sister\'s3.nor do we have her telephone number4.nor would I like to go to work immediately5.nor would ITranslationX.1.Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents.2.Mike didn\'t come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation.3.The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer.4.He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins to loses.5.The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence.6.This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. XI.1.尽管那项计划一开始就证明是不切实际的,但是他们还是坚持要实施.2.我无法说服他接受这项计划,也无法使他认识到这项计划的重要性.3.你是怎么把那么多东西塞进这个小行李箱的?4.别人对他怎么看.他全不在意.5.我能否指出你犯了个小错误.6.他母亲让他开车慢一点儿,但是他从不把她的话放在心上.ClozeXII.1. B2. D3. B4. C5. B6. C7. A8. A9. B 10. D 11. B 12. D 13. B 14. C15. DXIV.Computers, just like any new technology, have a negative side. As more and more computers are used in production lines, many jobs are being taken over by computer-controlled machines. As a result, manyworkers are finding themselves jobless. This constitutes a threat to social security. Another problem is computer crimes. For example, some people are finding ways to break into the bank computer systems and transfer large sums of money to their own accounts. There have been many reports like this. One more negative effect of computers is that they bring about health problems. Sitting in front of computers all day undoubtedly affects people's health. Back pain, wrist pain, failing eyesight, to name only a few.Section BReading skillsI.I.D2.A3.A4.C5.BComprehension of the TextII. 1. D 2. B 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. BVocabularyIII.1. sake2. sacrificed3. crack4. pursuing5. explosive6. overcome7. indicated8. opponents9. stripped 10. deniedIV.1. Natasha made herself stand out in the group interview by acting as the leader in her group.2. To be successful, you need a careful plan, good luck, help at the right time, and above all, hard work.3.They are not doing this to gain recognition or money; they are doing this for the sake of society.4.It was actually what he said rather than what he did that made me sad.5.Once my mother sets her mind on something, it will be very hard to stop her.6.Years of research had set the stage for their success in their field.7.Local people are used to the phenomenon, so they are not surprised at all.8.Today at this meeting we are going to focus on the question of air pollution.9.He never expected that his best friend would charge him with cheating in the exam.10.His parents were so strict with him in his studies that he had little time to participate in any activities outside of class.Unit 3Section AVocabularyIII.1. mitual2. ilusion3. canceled4. overlooked5. proceeded6.resolve7. prejudice8. compromise9. (onfirm 10. nbsequentlyIV.1.hopping2. &ling3. iorage 7.gathering 8. removal 9. arrival VII.4. cooking5. aiding6. beginning 10. passage 11. writing 12. marriage1.having nothing to do with2. taking care of3. met with4.on the surface5. work out6. incompatible with7.ups and downs 8. learned of 9. indication of10. all alongV.1.M2. L3. F4. D5. H6.07. A8. C9. I 10. KWord BuildingVI.I. Elationship 2. citizenship 3. badership 4. nembership 5. boyhood6.Ivelihood7. bntherhood8. aithorship9. adulthood 10. ndghborhoodII.wisdom 12. ownershipSentence structureVIII.1.It is never too bad for us to do something about the situation.2.One is never too old to learn.3.It is never too late for you to put a stop to this madness.4.It is never too late for you to mend your ways.5.His income was never too small to support his family.IX.1.My best friend, Anna, was here last night.2.The company manager, Mr. Madison, gathered his staff and announced the decision.3.You should have seen an ophthalmologist, an eye docto匸4.He sent for the accountant, the most experienced person in accounting.5."Leave it to me," said David, the man on night duty.TranslationX.1.You are never too experienced to learn new techniques.2.There remains one problem, namely, who should be sent to head the research there.3.Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences.4.Though he has had ups and downs, I believed all along that he would succeed someday.5.1have some reservations about the truth of your claim.6.She isnVt particularly tall, but her slim figure gives an illusion of height.XI.1.应尽早告知年轻人:必须认真对待法律.2.他现在面临一个重要决定,这个决定可能会影响他的整个前程.3.即使在情况最糟糕的时候,你也必须保持镇静和信心.4.人际关系的成功与否与双方相处是否融洽以及交流是否顺畅有很大关系.5.他受到袭击,身受重伤,随后不治而亡.6.他的举止至少在表面上像个正常人。

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高分子化学第二章习题参考答案思考题1、简述逐步聚合和缩聚、缩合和缩聚、线形缩聚和体形缩聚、自缩聚和共缩聚的关系。

参考答案:2、略举逐步聚合的反应基团类型和不同官能团的单体类型5例。

参考答案:逐步聚合的反应基团类型:羧基;羟基;氨基;酰氯基;异氰酸酯基;环氧基;酚羟基。

羧基可以与羟基、氨基反应;羟基可以与酰氯基、异氰酸酯基;环氧基反应;氨基可以与羧基、酰氯基和异氰酸酯基反应。

3、己二酸与下列化合物反应,哪些能形成聚合物?a、乙醇;b、乙二醇;c、甘油;d、苯胺;e、己二胺参考答案:己二酸可以与乙二醇、甘油、己二胺反应形成聚合物。

4、写出并描述下列缩聚反应所形成的聚酯结构,b-d聚酯结构与反应物配比有无关系?参考答案:a、HO—RCOOH以为重复单元的线形聚酯。

b、HOOCRCOOH+HOR’OH等摩尔比时得为重复单元的线形聚酯。

所得的数均聚合度X n 与两官能团摩尔数之比r(r≤1)和反应程度P之间有:关系。

c、HOOCRCOOH+R“(OH)3两基团等摩尔比时可形成体型网状结构,当羧基远大于羟基时,得到羧端基的低聚物,当羧基远小于羟基时,得到羟端基的低聚物。

d、HOOCRCOOH+HOR’OH+R“(OH)3两基团等摩尔比时可形成体型网状结构当羧基远大于羟基时,得到羧端基的低聚物,当羧基远小于羟基时,得到羟端基的低聚物。

5、下列多对单体进行线型缩聚:己二酸和己二醇,己二酸和己二胺,己二醇和对苯二甲酸,乙二醇和对苯二甲酸,己二胺和对苯二甲酸,简明点出并比较缩聚物的性能特征。

参考答案:己二酸和己二醇的缩聚物比己二酸和己二胺的缩聚物的熔点低,强度小,其原因是前者缩聚物之间没有氢键;己二酸和己二醇的缩聚物比己二醇和对苯二甲酸缩聚物的熔点低,强度小,其原因是后者分子链中引入了苯环;己二酸和己二醇的缩聚物比乙二醇和对苯二甲酸缩聚物的熔点低,强度小,其原因是后者分子链中引入了苯环,而且后者的乙二醇比己二醇的碳原子数小;己二醇和对苯二甲酸的缩聚物比己二胺和对苯二甲酸缩聚物的熔点低,强度小,其原因是后者分子链中有酰胺键,分子链间有氢键。

6、简述线形缩聚中成链与成环倾向。

选定下列单体的m值,判断其成环倾向。

a、氨基酸H2N(CH2)mCOOHb、乙二醇和二元酸HO(CH2)2OH+HOOC(CH2)mCOOH参考答案:能形成5、6元环的异成环,能形成3、4元环的可以缩聚成链。

(参见开环聚合)a、氨基酸当m=1时,双分子成环;当m=2时不易成环,当m=3或4时易成环。

b、当m=1时易成环,其他情况下不易成环。

7、简述线形缩聚的逐步机理,以及转化率和反应程度的关系。

参考答案:线形缩聚的逐步机理见P20。

转化率和反应程度的关系不大。

11、在平衡缩聚条件下,聚合度与平衡常数、副产物残留量之间有和关系?参考答案:参见P27。

12、影响线形缩聚物聚合度的因素有哪些?两单体非等量化学计量,如何控制聚合度?参考答案:影响线形缩聚物聚合度的因素有:平衡常数、反应常数、基团数比。

两单体非等量化学计量,控制聚合度的方法参见P29页。

17、简述不饱和聚酯的配方原则和固化机理。

参考答案:乙二醇、马来酸酐和邻苯二甲酸酐是合成聚酯的原料。

乙二醇的羟基的摩尔数要接近其中马来酸酐和邻苯二甲酸酐的羧基数。

马来酸酐的作用是在不饱和聚酯中引入双键,增加马来酸酐的用量可提高不饱和聚酯的不饱和度,从而提高不饱和聚酯的的交联密度的;增加邻苯二甲酸酐的用量可提高成型后材料的刚性。

苯乙烯固化是利用自由基引发苯乙烯聚合并与不饱和聚酯线形分子中双键共聚最终形成体形结构。

室温固化的引发体系可采用过氧化二苯甲酰-二甲基苯胺氧化还原体系,也可采用过氧化环己酮-环烷酸钴氧化还原体系。

23、简述环氧树脂的合成原理和固化原理。

参考答案:参见P49-50页。

计算题:2、羟基酸HO-(CH2)4-COOH进行线形缩聚,测得产物的重均分子量为18400g·mol-1,试计算:a、羧基已经酯化的百分数;b、该聚合物的数均聚合度;c、结构单元数X n。

参考答案:a、已知M w=184000,M0=100根据下式求出数均分子量:Xn=M w/M0=184000/100=1840,再根据M w=(1+P)/(1-P)求反应程度:解得:P=0.989,所以羧基已酯化的百分数等于98.9%,b、根据M w/ M n=1+P,求得数均分子量:M n=9251c、根据X n= M n/M0,求得结构单元数为92.513、等摩尔己二胺和己二酸进行缩聚,反应程度p为0.500、0.800、0.900、0.950、0.980、0.990、0.995,试求数均聚合度Xn、DP(聚合度)和数均分子量Mn,并画出Xn~p关系图。

参考答案:当P=0.500时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0.500)=2 DP=1当P=0.800时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0.800)=5 DP=2.5当P=0.900时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0.900)=10 DP=5当P=0.950时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0.950)=20 DP=10当P=0.980时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0. 980)=50 DP=25当P=0.990时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0. 990)=100 DP=50当P=0.995时,Xn=1/(1-p)=1/(1-0. 995)=200 DP=100当P=0.500时,Mn=(116+138)×1-18×1=254-18=236当P=0.800时,Mn =(116+138) ×2.5-18×4=635-72=563当P=0.900时,Mn =(116+138) ×5-18×9=1270-162=1108当P=0.950时,Mn =(116+138) ×10-18×19=2540-342=2198当P=0.980时,Mn =(116+138) ×25-18×49=6350-882=5468当P=0.990时,Mn =(116+138) ×50-18×99=12700-1782=10918当P=0.995时,Mn =(116+138) ×100-18×199=25400-3582=218184、等摩尔二元醇和二元酸经外加酸催化缩聚,试证明从开始到p=0.98所需的时间与p从0.98到0.99的时间相近。

计算自催化和外加酸聚酯化反应时不同反应程度p下Xn、[c]/ [c]0与时间t值的关系,用列表作图说明。

参考答案:8、等摩尔乙二醇和对苯二甲酸在280℃下密封管内缩聚,平衡常数K=4,求最终聚合度Xn。

另在排除副产物水的条件下,欲得Xn=100,问体系中残留水分有多少?参考答案:Xn= K1/2+1=41/2+1=3因为:Xn=(K/n w) 1/2,所以n w= K/ Xn2=4/1002=0.00049、等摩尔二元醇和二元酸缩聚,另加醋酸1.5%,p=0.995或0.999时,聚酯的聚合度多少?(醋酸浓度以二元酸计)参考答案:r=Na/(Nb+2Nb’)=1/(1+0.015)=0.98522当p=0.995时,X n=(1+r)/(1+r-2rp)=(1+0.98522)/(1+0.98522-2×0.98522×0.995=1.98522/(1.98522-1.96058)= 1.98522/0.02463=80.6当p=0.999时,X n=(1+r)/(1+r-2rp)=(1+0.98522)/(1+0.98522-2×0.98522×0.999= 1.98522/0.01675=118.510、尼龙1010是根据1010盐中过量癸二酸来控制分子量,如果要求分子量20000,问1010盐的酸值应该是多少?(以mgKOH/g计)参考答案:1010盐的相对分子质量:374尼龙1010结构单元的平均分子量M0=169Xn=20000÷169=118.34假设癸二胺P=1,根据Xn=(1+r)÷(1-r)求得:r=0.983设癸二胺的基团数Na=1,则癸二酸的基团数Nb=1÷0.983=1.1017酸值={(Nb-Na)×M KOH×2}÷(Na×M1010)={(1.1017-1)×56×2}÷(1×374)=5.18(mgKOH/g)17、2.5mol邻苯二甲酸酐、1mol乙二醇、1mol甘油体系进行缩聚,为了控制凝胶点需要,在聚合过程中定期测定树脂的熔点、酸值(mgKOH/g)、溶解性能。

试计算反应至多少酸值时会出现凝胶。

参考答案:平均官能度的计算:羟基与羧基的官能团相等。

f=(1×2+1×3+2.5×2)÷(1+1+2.5)=2.22按Carothers方程计算:P c=2÷f=2÷2.22=0.901起始的羧基物质的量:2.5×2=5mol当反应程度P c=0.9时,残余羧基物质的量5mol-5mol×0.9=0.5 mol,体系中物质的总量为524g,出现凝胶时体系的酸值:0.5×56÷524=53.435(mgKOH/g)18、制备醇酸树脂的配方为1.2 mol季戊四醇、0.5 mol苯酐、0.49mol丙三酸,问能否不产生凝胶而反应完全?参考答案:体系羟基基团的摩尔数:1.2×4=4.8mol体系羧基基团的摩尔数:0.5×2+0.49×3=2.47mol体系反应物的总摩尔数:1.2+0.5+0.49=2.19mol由于体系两官能团的基团数不相等,平均官能度:f=(2×2.47)÷(2.19)=2.2557P c=2÷f=2÷2.2557=0.8866答:反应不完全就会产生凝胶。

参考题:由己二胺和己二酸合成聚酰胺,反应程度p=0.995,分子量约15000,试计算原料比。

产物端基是什么?参考答案:聚酰胺的聚合度为:X n=15000/113=132.74(结构单元的分子量)已知p=0.995,根据p与非等摩尔比共同控制X n时有:X n=(1+r)/(1+r-2rp)求得r=0.995。

若己二酸过量,则己二酸与己二胺摩尔投料比为1:0.995又由于p=0.995,r=0.995(Nb>Na)端氨基数= Na(1-p)= Nb× r(1-p)端羧基数=Nb-Na ×p= Nb-Nb×r×p= Nb(1-r×p)端氨基数/端羧基数= Nb× r(1-p)/ Nb(1-r×p)=1/2产物端基是羧基。

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