高考英语 阅读微技能训练 篇章结构题

阅读微技能训练5—篇章结构题(1) 篇章结构题主要考查学生把握文章的脉络、辨认文章总体行文结构及组织方式、判断组织结构功能的能力，如果文章是节选的，可能会要求考生推断文章前后未呈现的内容。

I. 三类篇章结构题的出题方式1. 结构识辨:此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。

结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下：●How is the text organized?●The author develops the passage mainly by________.●The text is mainly developed in the order of________.●Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?2. 组织结构功能: 此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：The author quoted …words in...paragraph in order to make thearticle________.3. 结构推测:此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。

其常见的题干表述方式如下：What would the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?Which of the following do you think has been discussed in the part before this selection?II、解题策略[Example 1]: The Diet Zone: A Dangerous PlaceDiet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet ...We are surrounded by the word “diet” everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically.Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brains to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale(秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow o r recognize the word “diet” in food labels.On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don't have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle.The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indi-rectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients. Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous.Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is timeto seriously think about buying them. Loosing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological ha rm that comes from using them.1. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?Tip 1：______________________________________________________________________ [Practice 1]The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before: changes for the better, changes for the worse; changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science.Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life.The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings： in pure science—a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning； in applied science—a more reasonable shari ng of material benefits, and better protection of the environment.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals.William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn(纱线) , good and ill together.” The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activities — science seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?1. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?(①=Paragrah 1,②=Paragrah 2, ③=Paragrah 3, ④=Paragrah 4, ⑤=Paragrah 5) [Example 2]Louis Armstrong had two famous nicknames. Some people called him Bagamo. They said his mouth looked like a large bag. Musicians often called him Pops, as a sign of respect for his influence on the world of music.Born in 1901 in New Orleans, he grew up poor, but lived among great musicians. Jazz was invented in the city a few years before his birth. Armstrong often said, “Jazz and I grew up together.”Armstrong showed a great talent for music when he was taught to play the cornet at a boy’s home. In his late teens, Armstrong began to live the life of a musician. He played in parades, clubs, and on the steamboats that traveled on the Mississippi River. At that time, New Orleans was famous for the new music of jazz and was home to many great musicians. Armstrong learned from the older musicians and soon became respected as their equal.In 1922 he went to Chicago. There, the tale of Louis Armstrong begins. From then until the end of his life, Armstrong was celebrated and loved wherever he went. Armstrong had no equal when it came to playing the American popular song.His cornet playing had a deep humanity and warmth that caused many listeners to say, “Listening to Pops just makes you feel good all over.” He was the father of the jazz style and also one of the best-known and most admired people in the world. His death, on July 6, 1971, was headline news around the world.2.The whole passage is developed_________.A. by spaceB. by examplesC. by timeD. by comparisonTip 2：_______________________________________________________________________ 考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此,具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。