中石油内部模拟托福考试学习材料-11
TPO11
TPO 11 Conversation 1entitle [ɪn'taɪtl]v. 使有权利separate ['sɛprət]adj. 分开的；单独的access ['æksɛs]n. 使用之权schedule['skɛdʒul] n. 时间表，计划register ['rɛdʒɪstɚ]v. 登记；注册instructor [ɪn'strʌktɚ]n. 教师enroll [ɛnˈrol] v. 登记extra ['ɛkstrə]adv. 特别地steer [stɪr]v. 引导coach [kotʃ]v. 指导；训练jot [dʒɑt] v. 草草记下；匆匆记下Lecture 1parenting ['pɛrəntɪŋ]n. (父母)对孩子的养育distraction [dɪ'strækʃən]n. 注意力分散predator ['prɛdətɚ]n. 食肉动物；（动物的）捕食性天敌attract [ə'trækt]v. 吸引attention [ə'tɛnʃən]n. 注意；注意力opposite ['ɑpəzət]adj. 相反的nest [nɛst]n. 巢；窝engage [ɪn'ɡedʒ]v. 与……交战injury ['ɪndʒəri]n. 伤害exhausted [ɪɡ'zɔstɪd]adj. 精疲力竭的spread [sprɛd]v. 展开，伸展drag [dræɡ] v. 拉convincing [kən'vɪnsɪŋ]adj. 使人信服的approach [ə'protʃ]n. 接近illusion [ɪ'luʒn]n. 错觉；幻觉fur [fɝ]n. 毛皮swirling [swə:liŋ]adj. 打旋的prime [praɪm]adj. 最好的conspicuous [kən'spɪkjʊəs]adj. 显著的；显而易见的risky ['rɪski]adj. 危险的；冒险的investment [ɪn'vɛstmənt]n. 投资；投入mature [mə'tʃʊr]adj. 成熟的capable ['kepəbl]adj. 有能力的hatch [hætʃ]v. 孵；孵出Lecture 2architecture [ˈɑrkɪˌtɛktʃɚ]n. 建筑学detour ['ditʊr]n. 绕路style [staɪl]n. 风格；式样ranch [ræntʃ]n. 牧场typical [ˈtɪpɪkəl]adj. 典型的；有代表性的drawing ['drɔɪŋ] n. 图画region['ridʒən]n. 地区；地域peninsula [pə'nɪnsələ]n. 半岛narrow ['næro] adj. 有限的；狭窄的principle ['prɪnsəpl]n. 原理；原则apply [ə'plaɪ]v. 应用architect ['ɑrkɪtɛkt]n. 建筑师practical ['præktɪkl] adj. 实际的；实用的accurate ['ækjərət]adj. 准确的；精确的climate ['klaɪmət]n. 气候wet [wɛt]adj. 雨天的foggy ['fɔɡi] adj. 有雾的expose [ɪk'spoz]v. 使暴露relatively ['rɛlətɪvli]adv. 相对地accumulate [ə'kjumjəlet]v. 增加chimney ['tʃɪmni]n. 烟囱efficiently [ɪˈfɪʃəntlɪ]adv. 高效率地；有效地exterior [ɪk'stɪrɪɚ]adj. 外部的；表面的decoration [ˌdɛkə'reʃən]n. 装饰harsh [hɑrʃ]adj. 严酷的reflection [rɪ'flɛkʃən]n. 反射，反映aesthetic [ɛs'θɛtɪk]adj. 审美的，美学的Conversation 2qualified ['kwɑlə'faɪd]adj. 能胜任的，有资格的academic [ˌækə'dɛmɪk]adj. 学术的representative ['rɛprɪ'zɛntətɪv]n. 代表；典型experience [ɪk'spɪrɪəns]n. 经验；经历resume [rɪˈzum]n. 简历；履历thesis ['θisɪs]n. 论文snack [snæk] n. 小吃；点心formal ['fɔrml]adj. 正式的candidate ['kændɪdət]n. 候选人perspective [pɚ'spɛktɪv]n. 观点，想法Lecture 3landscape ['lænd'skep] n. 风景，景色vegetation ['vɛdʒə'teʃən]n. 植物obvious ['ɑbvɪəs]adj. 明显的，显而易见的temperature ['tɛmprətʃɚ]n. 温度，气温citric ['sɪtrɪk]adj. 柠檬的barrier ['bærɪɚ]n. 障碍物，屏障ruin ['ruɪn]v. 破坏，毁坏marshy [ˈmɑrʃi]adj. 沼泽的，湿地的swampy ['swɔmpi]adj. 沼泽的，湿地的unique [jʊ'nik]adj. 独一无二的ecosystem ['ɛko,sɪstəm]n. 生态系统adaptation [ˌædæp'teʃən]n. 适合，适应suitable ['sutəbl] adj. 适当的，相配的transform [træns'fɔrm]v. 改变drain [dren] v. 排水divert [daɪ'vɝt]v. 转移canal [kə'næl]n. 运河susceptible [sə'sɛptəbl]adj. 易受影响的absorb [əbˈsɔrb]v. 吸收release [rɪ'lis]v. 释放moisture ['mɔɪstʃɚ]n. 水分estimate ['ɛstə,met]v. 估计，估量current ['kɝənt]v. 现在的reconstruct [ˌrikən'strʌkt]v. 重建predict [prɪ'dɪkt/]v. 预测，预言dramatic [drə'mætɪk]adj. 给人深刻印象的tiny ['taɪni]adj. 微小的consequence ['kɑnsəkwɛns]n. 结果，影响Lecture 4advertising ['ædvɚ'taɪzɪŋ]n. 广告service ['sɝvɪs]n. 服务systematic ['sɪstə'mætɪk]adj. 有系统的，有规则的approach [ə'protʃ]n. 方法potential [pə'tɛnʃl] adj. 潜在的cover ['kʌvɚ]v. 包含，包括media [ˈmidiə]n. 媒体billboard ['bɪlbɔrd] n. 广告牌avenue ['ævənu]n. 林荫道，大街majority [mə'dʒɔrəti]n.大多数appeal [ə'pil]v. 吸引target ['tɑrɡɪt]v. 目标budget ['bʌdʒɪt]n. 预算tasty ['testi] adj. 美味的，可口的purchase ['pɝtʃəs]n. 购买disastrous [dɪ'zæstrəs]adj. 极坏的，很糟糕的pick up 得到take care of 照顾，照料stick out 坚持be willing to 愿意prior to 在…之前be close to 与…接近in existence 存在drive away 赶走focus on 集中在figure out 明白，理解。
(可直接使用)中石油托福词汇题.doc
VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION1. Recent discoveries in Montana indicate that some dinosaurs may have resided in colonies.(A) lived(B) died(C) hunted(D) fed2. Algae vary in their capacity to tolerate salinity changes.(A) desire(B) ability(C) effort(D) purpose3. Most classical music is recorded in studios where minimal extraneous sounds and distractions are likely to occur.(A) reliable(B) complementary(C) the loudest(D) the fewest4. Voted the most valuable player of the National League in 1949, baseball player Jackie Robinson also received a gold medal that year for his role in bettering race relations.(A) improving(B) discussing(C) evaluating(D) bartering5. Although great strides in agricultural technology have resulted in massive production increases, weather remains an important limitation.(A) abrupt(B) enormous(C) long-term(D) overdue6. The American dancer Loie Fuller used perfume to create special effects during her performances.(A) dim lights(B) strange music(C) darkness(D) scent7. The circulatory system helps dispose of wastes that would harm the body if they accumulated.(A) catch up with(B) bear up under(C) get rid of(D) run out of8. The amount of time spent watching television in the average household in the United States has risen steadily since television sets were introduces in the 1950's.(A) discreetly(B) consistently(C) automatically(D) disproportionately9. In 1896 George Washington Carver became director of the Department of Agricultural Research at Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, a position he retained for the rest of his life.(A) expanded(B) managed(C) cherished(D) kept10. Penicillin was discovered by chance in 1928.(A) finally(B) accidentally(C) experimentally(D) opportunely11. Lamp filaments are made from tungsten, a strong metal that can hold up under high temperatures without melting.(A) reduce(B) withstand(C) illuminate(D) reflect12. The junior college has become a significant component in the expansion of educational opportunities in the United States since the Second World War.(A) force(B) element(C) concept(D) academy13. During their winter hibernation period, bears doze.(A) sleep lightly(B) lose fur(C) go hungry(D) have babies14. Asbestos is a mineral fiber that can cause cancer if inhaled.(A) picked up(B) taken indoors(C) breathed in(D) eaten up15. Known as "The First Lady of Song." Ella Fitzgerald got her start as a professional singer when she won a contest at the Apollo Theater in Harlem in 1934.(A) an award(B) an argument(C) a competition(D) a contract16. Chromium is a comparatively scarce element, occurring in nature only in compounds.(A) complex(B) strong(C) hard(D) rare17. Many photographers prefer to take pictures at twilight, when they can take advantage of the special effects of the setting sun.(A) at dusk(B) at noon(C) in the spring(D) in the fall18. The climate of the Middle Atlantic region of the United States varies with the altitude and land surface.(A) ocean waves(B) humidity(C) wind direction(D) elevation19. Since the Second World War, most urban growth in the United States has occurred on the outskirts of existing metropolitan areas.(A) in the counties(B) on the edges(C) on the streets(D) at the intersections20. A recent study concluded that unstable weather patterns may cause migraine headaches.(A) unforeseen(B) variable(C) violent(D) unusual21. Janet Guthrie was the first woman to compete in the Indianapolis 500, the most prestigious automobile race in the United States.(A) fastest(B) wealthiest(C) most honored(D) most dangerous22. Logrolling is a sport in which contestants perform various maneuvers while treading on a floating log.(A) speeches(B) duties(C) marches(D) moves23. The reproductive potential of aphids is unmatched in the insect world.(A) unqualified(B) unrecognized(C) underestimated(D) unequaled24. The boom in silver production after 1860 spurred the use of innovative machinery in crafting silver flatware and vessels.(A) stimulated(B) allowed(C) required(D) accompanied25. Barbara Reed, a probation officer in Ohio, tried to climinate overly sweet foods from probationers’ diets in order to temper their antisocial behavior.(A) explain(B) moderate(C) do away with(D) learn about26. If roundworms are removed from the soil and placed in a liquid, they thrash helplessly around.(A) carelessly(B) tirelessly(C) powerlessly(D) heartlessly27. H.L.Mencken's sardonic prose left an indelible mark on the English language.(A) an unrivaled(B) an unmistakable(C) a pretentious(D) a permanent28. In studying social groups, sociologists often gain insightthrough the use of such devices as questionnaires.(A) access(B) credibility(C) publicity(D) understanding29. After his military defeat in 1865, Robert E. Lee entreated the people of the South to work for national harmony.(A) warned(B) urged(C) commanded(D) recruited30. The value of a topaz is largely determined by its quality.(A) especially(B) actually(C) mainly(D) alwaysVOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION1. In addition to being organs of hearing our ears assist us in maintaining our sense of balance.(A) Without(B) Instead of(C) Besides(D) In contrast to2. British Columbia's first gold rush was followed directly by the discovery of gold in eastern Canada.(A) secretly(B) importantly(C) smoothly(D) immediately3. The scientist and agricultural innovator George Washington Carver aided the economy of the South by developing hundreds of commercial uses for crops such as the peanut.(A) restored(B) stabilized(C) helped(D) changed4. Although best known for his political writing, reformer W. E. B.Du Bois also produced noteworthy fiction and poetry.(A) musical(B) unnoticed(C) extensive(D) significant5. The Mandan Indians lived beside the Missouri River where they cultivated fields of beans, corn, squash, sunflowers, and tobacco.(A) surveyed(B) farmed(C) irrigated(D) discovered6. Copper is commonly alloyed with zinc to make brass.(A) mixed(B) beaten(C) layered(D) heated7. Colorful parades were commonly organized on the frontier to display newly arrived merchandise.(A) cavalry mops(B) objects for sale(C) immigrants to the West(D) circus shows8. Europeans established permanent colonies on the eastern shores of what is now the United States t hroughout the seventeenth century.(A)during(B) before(C) up until(D) just after9. The Atlantic trade winds and the belt of calms between them shift northward and southward with the seasons.(A) intensify(B) twist(C) move(D) rush10. Eudora Welty's stories deal with life in the rural South.(A) criticize(B) elevate(C) concern(D) ridicule11. Boston owes some of its economic success to its outstanding public transportation network.(A) busy(B) scenic(C) remarkable(D) gigantic12. In 1973 Ernest Vincent Wright wrote the 50,100-word novel Gadsby without once using the letter "e"(A) simply(B) ever(C) at once(D) at first13. Caused by an ascorbic acid deficiency, scurvy was a serious humana affliction until fairly recent times(A) attribute(B) notion(C) situation(D) problem14. Because light travels more quickly than sound, a rumble of thunder never precedes a bolt of lightning.(A) follows(B) accompanies(C) brings about(D) comes before15. Inuits depend mainly on fishing and hunting for their sustenance.(A) training(B) luxuries(C) recreation(D) livelihood16. Long acclaimed as one of the world's leading sopranos. Beverly Sills retired from her singing career to become artistic directorof the New York City Opera.(A) principal(B) versatile(C) imposing(D) demanding17. Under proper conditions an iceboat can actually travel faster than the presuming breech.(A) suitable(B) unlikely(C) various(D) windy18. Swallows nest in barns, sheds, chunneys and other secluded places.(A) isolated(B) high(C) comfortable(D) rural19. The harpsichord, developed during the Middle Ages, was one of the forerunners of the piano.(A) competitors(B) imitators(C) predecessors(D) offspring20. Geneticist Barbara McClintock discovered that genes, which prescribe the function of cells in plants and animals, can move in unpredictable ways.(A) inhibit(B) mimic(C) alter(D) dictate21. Artists of the school of New Realism deliberately avoid expressing what they feel or think about the subject of their paintings.(A) subtly(B) actually(C) consistently(D) intentionally22. Citizens of foreign countries who hold certificates of deposit in Canadian banks are responsible for paying the Canadian government a tax on their investment earnings.(A) revenue(B) commission(C) product(D) banking23. In the Nothern Hemisphere, summer days are considerably longer than winter days.(A) above all(B) very much(C) in a way(D) on the whole24. In the 1400's artists often created their own pigments by pulverizing semiprecious stones.(A) washing color from(B)making a powder of(C) imitating colors of(D) brushing dust from25. The genetic material DNA contains coded information for the synthesis of proteins.(A) analysis(B) formation(C) absorption(D) functioning26. Cosmologists are more concerned with the origin and evolution of the universe than with the composition of the planets and stars.(A) interaction(B) background(C) outlook(D) make-up27. Gorillas build make-shift-hit nests each night after a day of foraging for leaves and beetles.(A) erode temporary(B) wide strong(C) skillfully camouflaged(D) individually tailored28. Until about A. D. 1400 iron was invariably smelted by the direct or bloomery process.(A) cheaply(B) rapidly(C) always(D) seldom29. For centuries before the first astronomers' probings, the Sun had been viewed only as a deity and was therefore not often the subject of scientific study.(A) a satellite(B) a god(C) an illusion(D) a planet30. Most of the great mountain systems now in existence developed fairly late in geologic history.(A) equally(B) somewhat(C) decidedly(D) altogether。
中石油笔试2019年（托福）_笔试题目
中石油笔试2019年（托福）
中国石油的一个孙公司--中国石油工程建设（集团）公司，外派到全球最危险的地区，如伊拉克等中东国家
，但还是去笔试了。
中国石油的笔试都是经过两次托福考试，一次是集团的，一次是公共的，530分以上就是a等了，因此还是很
容易通过的！
托福大家都比较熟悉了吧（虽然我不熟悉，考前晚上看了一下题型），50道听力，40道语法，50道阅读理
解，两个小时，我觉得时间挺充裕的，就是听力答得感觉不好。
不过晚上就收到通知11日早上8点考第二次托福，也不准备了，顺其自然吧！。
中石油模拟托福听力
9、电话 －定主题，听语气，背套话 ＊ 电话号码本：yellow pages, telephone directory，干扰static，接 通put through ＊ 占着电话tie up, be off下线断线,过会 打给你get back to sb.
2018/11/21
10、选课 －先学入门课intro/basic/prerequisite ，再学高级课，教授得同意 approval/permission/signature －三大顾虑:too much, too difficult, intro course －课程难，心情不好 －少选明智，多选犯傻，时刻准备退课 drop
2018/11/21
2、男生爱花钱 ＊have money to burn, burn the candle at both ends, spend money like water *花完go through = use p *破产I was broke, I never seem to have enough money. *save for rainy days.存钱以备不时之 需
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7、女生不记仇 ＊ 故意mean to do,记恨 hold the grudge, forgive, forgiving, tolerant,忘 掉 get over it ＊ broad-minded, open heart, a heart of gold. Think much/little of sb. Look up to /down upon sb 8、常考女生的优点（参看男生缺点）。 好女帮男场景：说教
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3、考试
中国石油考试中心老托福试题及答案
0310托福真题0310听力1A She is younger than her sister .B she does not spend much time with her sister’s children.C she does not get along well with her sisterD she no longer resembles her sister.2A Paper plates are cheaper than dishes.B Dishes break more easily than paper plates.C There is no need to wash any dishes now.D The woman’s roommate will return soon.3A She has not applied to any universities yet,B She will begin university classes in a few weeks.C She does not know yet if a university will accept her.D She is too busy to contact the university right now.4A Reconsider his position laterB Allow the student to miss classC Lower the student’s gradeD Suggest that the student try to reschedule the operation5A He does not have enough money for the trip yet.B He is planning to work during spring break .C The trip is too far off in the future to think about.D He has changed his mind about going to Canada.6A The photograph is not good enough to send.B The photograph was not taken at the Grand Canyon.C They already sent Mary a photograph of their vacation.D Sending pictures through the mail is too expensive.7A She should have asked to be excused from the trip.B She deserves the zero.C She is right to be angry.D She should have gone on the field trip.8A He wants to live off campus.B There are advantages and disadvantages to living off campus.C Living space in the dorm is crowded.D There are only a few apartments available off campus.9A Turn down the volume of the musicB Turn the music offC Play a different style of music.D Listen to music in a different room.10A It took a long time to finish the building.B He was too busy to notice the opening of the hotel.C He did not know the hotel had a restaurant.D He would like to meet the woman for brunch next Sunday.11A Go to her class.B Cancel her appointment with the president.C Ask her professor to excuse her from class.D Attend the presentation.12A She admires Steve’s relationsh ip with his father.B She does not know Steve or his father.C Her daughter is older than Steve.D She disagrees with the man.13A He has heard the new CD.B He does not enjoy classical music.C He is not interested in the CD.D He rarely listens to music.14A Buy tickets for the next showing.B Leave the theaterC Change their seats for a better viewD Ask the couple in front of them to be quiet15A The library closes earlier during the summer.B The library is closed during summer vacation.C The library will be open until midnight tonight.D She does not usually go to the library during the summer.16A She is sorry the man has to cancel the plansB She wants to hand in her report early.C She would like to go with the man.D she does not usually enjoy the symphony.17A He has other plans for the eveningB He is looking forward to attending the party.C He often misses Linda’s parties.D he wants to know if he should bring anything to the party.18A There is just about enough time to do the jobB The desk has never been so orderly.C The clock on the desk needs to be set.D The desk really needs organizing.19A He enjoys looking at the flowers.B He thinks the park is boring.C He does not like walking with the woman.D He does not see any trees.20A There are not very many hotels in the area.B She stayed at the Clover Inn last month.C She is not sure the man’s parents would like the Clover Inn.D It may be too late to get a room at the Clover Inn.21A Wait until later to eatB Go to the cafeteria without herC Bring her some food from the cafeteriaD Meet her at the cafeteria22A He has to work with his brother .B He has no definite plans.C He usually works on weekends.D His plants depend on the woman.23A Buy stamps at the post officeB Mail the woman’s billC Drive to the woman’s houseD Pick up a package from the post office24A The woman should call Bill to check his schedule.B The woman should have left for the airport earlier.C The woman does not need to rush to meet Bill .D Traffic near the airport could delay the woman’s arrival.25A She did better on the quiz than the man did.B She did not have to take the quiz.C She has not yet received her grade on the quiz.D She did not do well on the quiz.26A He will be happy to share their dessertB He did not know what time he was supposed to arrive.C He expected the traffic to be bad.D He is not upset that they ate lunch.27A She has to quit her job in the laboratory.B She cut herself while working in the laboratory.C She enjoys doing laboratory experiments.D She feels that the man is dedicated to his work too.28A Ask for directionsB Try a different route to the beachC Go back for the mapD Cancel their trip29A He would like the woman to reschedule the meeting.B He will meet the woman briefly on FridayC The report will not be ready until Thursday.D The report was finished last Friday.30A Find out when the bookstore opensB Withdraw some cashC Inquire about a jobD Spend her extra money on books31A Ways to determine the age of a fossilB The identity of a fossil the woman foundC A comparison of two shellfish fossilsD Plans for a field trip to look for fossils32A The class is going to study them .B They evolved from brachiopods.C They are similar to brachiopods in appearance.D They belong to the same species as brachiopods.33A It has a ribbed shell.B It has an unusually large valve.C It was found near the water.D It is smaller than a mollusc.34A He has never seen a fossil that old.B It could be many millions of years old.C It is probably a recent specimen.D He will ask the lab how old it is.35A Take it to classB Put it in her collectionC Take it to the labD Leave it with her professor36A A jewelry store robberyB Buying a birthday presentC Writing a storyD Doing research for a class assignment37A Her professor did not like her story .B She had trouble finishing her assignmentC she did not like the topic she had chosen for her paper.D She was taking too many courses,38A Take some extra timeB Do a writing exerciseC Do some work for another courseD Write the story ending first39A To go shoppingB To do research for her storyC To meet with her professorD To take a break from her work40A To describe ways pests can damage plantsB To examine the life cycle of caterpillarsC To explain how corn plants developD To describe how a natural pesticide works41A Caterpillars chewing on its leavesB Wasps laying eggs on its leavesC Pesticides sprayed on its leavesD Knives cutting its stalk42A By flying in circles around a fieldB By detecting a chemical signalC By inspecting individual corn leavesD By noticing the caterpillar’s coloration43A Recently discovered manuscriptsB Similarities among religionsC Methods of analyzing ancient manuscriptsD How ancient manuscripts are preserved44A The simplicity of their languageB Their ageC The location of their discoveryD The material they are made of45A Orally preserved teachingsB A collection of lettersC A diaryD A scholarly article46A Ancient settlers in AsiaB How Buddhism is practiced todayC The spread of Buddhism in AsiaD Why some languages disappear47A The language they are written in is not widely known.B They cannot be moved from where they were foundC The writing in them has fadedD Many people want credit for the discovery.48A The advantages of an economy based on farmingB Reasons farmers continued using river transportationC The role of cotton in the United States economyD Improved methods of transporting farm crops49A The new technology used to build roadsB The ability to transport goods over landC The trade in grain and cottonD The linking of smaller local roads into one long road50A Reduced charges for transporting farm productsB Required payment from vehicles that used their roadsC Made repairs to older roadsD Installed streetlights on roads connecting major cities10月语法1.The musical comedy Oklahoma! did much to expand the potential of the musical stage, and it encouraged others to attempt......(a)original themes(b)to original themes(c)that were original themes(d)how original themes2.Despite its fishlike form, the whale is......and will drown if submerged too long.(a)an animal breathes air that(b)an animal that breathes air(c)an animal breathes air(d)that an animal breathes air3.The saguaro ,found in desert regions in the southwestern United States ,......cactus in the world.(a)is the largest(b)the largest(c)that is the largest(d)the largest that is a4.It is said that United Stales literature......individuality and identity in the twentieth century, after long imitation of European models.(a)was achieved(b)achieved(c)to achieve(d)achieving5.Lucy Stone ,......first feminists in the United States ,helped organize the American Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.(a)the one(b)who was the(c)another(d)one of the6.......,including climate, mineral content, and the permanency of surface water, wetlands may be mossy ,grassy , scrubby, or wooded.(a)Depending on many factors(b)Many factors depending on(c)Factors depending on many(d)On many factors depending(7)Duke Ellington's orchestra ,......his own often complex compositions, made many innovations in jazz.(a)he played(b)playing(c)that it played(d)was playing(8)The term "ice age" refers to any of several periods of time when glaciers covered considerably more of Earth's surface......(a)as is today(b)than today is(c)than they do today(d)that today(9)From colonial times ,United States property owners agreed to tax themselves on the theory......directly from services that the government could provide.(a)property owners benefited so that(b)why property owners benefited(c)that if property owners benefited(d)that property owners benefited(10)Helium is not flammable and ,next to hydrogen ,is......(a)known the lightest gas(b)lightest the known gas(c)the lightest gas known(d)the known gas lightest(11)Wild eagles that survive to adulthood are believed......from 20 to30 years.(a)live(b)to live(c)they live(d)their living(12)Portland,......,is located primarily on two hilly peninsulas overlooking Casco Bay and its many island.(a)which Maine's largest city(b)Maine's largest city where(c)is Maine's largest city(d)Maine's largest city13.......widely used in the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is principally consumed by the glass industry.(a)Despite(b)Whether(c)Though(d)Except for14.Cells,first identified by the early microscopists, began to be considered......in the nineteenth century.(a)them as microcosm of living organisms(b)the microcosm of living organisms(c)the microcosm of living organisms to be(d)as which ,the microcosm of living organisms15.Like Jupiter, Saturn is a large ,gaseous planet composed......of hydrogen and helium.(a)it is mostly(b)mostly(c)almost(d)both are almost16．Bacterial cultures are used commercially in the preparation of food products such that yogurt ,sour cream ,and vinegar.17.Anyone with absolute ,or perfect,pitch are able to identify by ear any note at some standard pitch or to sing a specified note at will.18.Sea horses usually live along the shore among seaweed and other plants to which they cling to by their tails.19.Babies have soft spots between the bones of their skulls ,which allowing for further growth.20.T.S.Elot,who a poet ,playwright, literary critic ,and editor ,was a leader of the Modemist movement in poetry.21.The Pacific Ocean comprises almost th e entire boundary westernof North and South America.22．Established in 1948 ,the State University of New York is the singly largest university system in the United States.23.Photography disseminates information about humanity and nature ,records the visible world, and extension human knowledge into areas the eye cannot penetrate.24.Because of their rapidly changing economically fortunes, many frontier towns of the American West underwent spectacular fluctuations in population in the nineteenth century.25.Virtually no disease exists today for which there is no drug that can be given ,neither to cure the disease or to alleviate its symptoms.26.Calcium is essential for blood clotting ,for the action of certain enzymes, and for the normal contraction and relax of muscles.27.The large collection of the Williams College Museum of Art includes ancient and medieval art ,but much exhibits are modern or contemporary.28.The technique of spectroscopy allows analyst of incoming light after it has been separated into its component wavelengths by passage througha prism.29.Today,fifty years after its construction ,the Alaska Highway conveys 40,000 vehicles in normal year.30.Since prehistoric times ,artists (have been)arranged colors on surfaces (in ways) (that express) their ideas (about people) ,the world ,and religion.31.(Few substances) look less (alike than) coal and diamonds ,yet both (are fashioned) (from same) elemental carbon.32.Meteorologists can program their computes to scan for a specific set of weather criteria, such as falling barometric pressure ,increase cloud cover ,and rising humidity.33.Obsidian is formed when siliceous lava cools too rapidly to crystallized into rock-forming minerals.34.European settlers in North America moved from the Atlantic coast across 3,000 miles forests, grasslands, deserts, and mountains until they reached the Pacific Ocean.35.Philosophy tries to discover the nature of true and knowledge and to find what is of basic value and importance in life.36.In this world of high technology ,it is easy to forget that the most important tools ever developed for learning is still the book.37.The element potassium makes up less than one half percentage of the human body.38.Twenty thousand years ago a sheet of ice a thousand meters thick covered the coastal region which the cities of Vancouver and Juneau now are located.39.The Crow ,Blackfoot ,and Sioux tribes traditionally adorned they dwellings and costumes with colorful and highly valued beaded decorations.40.In the late 1800’s ,United States painter Thomas Eakins develop a broad ,powerful Realist style that became almost expressionistic in his later years.Questions 1-9:Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moonout from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Thencame the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and withindays, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s(5)most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinkedbrown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence ofcraters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The(10) eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometersthick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encasesa rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forcesgenerated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel aroundJupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat(15) keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks onEuropa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below. Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images ofEuropa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurfaceocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a(20 )vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of thematerial forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primalSun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquidright to the surface, making it a crucible for life.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior(B)Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons(C)Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons(D)Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.2.The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)changing(B)perfect(C)visible(D)fascinating3.In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell”in order to help readers(A)visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images(B)appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewingEuropa from far away(C)understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system(D)recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered5. what does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?(A) The definition is not precise.(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.(C) The differences are probably significant.(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in commonwhich of the following?(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to(A) new(B) final(C) temporary(D) continuous8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.9 According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?(A) A long period of extremely high tides(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky coreQuestion 10-19Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples ofthe Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings ofcultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In bothareas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding(5)and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certainnative plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of carbohydrates and fat in the diet.(10) The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of theMidwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years agoand domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” isnot used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period(15)elsewhere in the world.Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of thecontinent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there islittle evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticatedfoods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering(20)wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather thanfor food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were allweedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form aroundhuman settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and(25)dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almostdomesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, becauseethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant foodand had detailed knowledge of plants.10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology(C) Their development of agriculture(D) Their distribution of work between men and women11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to(A) seeds(B) river valleys(C) the Midwest and the Southeast(D) experimentation and domestication12 According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?(A) 7,000 years ago(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago(C) Long after the Neolithic period(D) Before the Archaic period13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) sufficient(B) healthful(C) varied(D) dependable14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for thecultivation of plants in eastern North America?(A) Lack of enough wild food sources(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements(C) Provision of work for an increasing population(E)Desire for the consistent availability of food15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A)in addition to(B)instead of(C)as a replacement(D)such as16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritionalvalue(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) stayed(B) originated(C) grew well(D) died out18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all earlydomesticated plants?(A) They were varieties of weeds.(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who begancultivating plants were(A) medical workers(B) leaders of ceremonies(C) women(D) huntersQuestions 20-29Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the othersto follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the routeby intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail(5 )pheromone—a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the contextchanges. These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants ineither direction.Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has tobe kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use(10)a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitiveto these signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three times around Earth.The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,(15)and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone willevaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from sideto side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna intothe vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.(20)The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new courseuntil its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and soweaves back and forth down the trail.20. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The mass migration of ants(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail(C) Different species of ants around the world(D) The information contained in pheromones21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to(A) look up(B) walk toward(C) revolve around(D) search for food22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to(A) periodically(B) incorrectly(C) rapidly(D) roughly23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single(A) message(B) dead ant(C) food trail(D) species24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trailpheromones?(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals(B) To attract different types of ants(C) To protect their trail from other species(D) To indicate how far away the food is25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to pointout(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) include(B) provide(C) cover(D) select28. The word “ oscillating “ in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) falling(B) depositing(C) swinging(D) starting。
中石油托福真题
2004年01月TOEFL真题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) She reads more slowly than the man does.(B) She has a 1ot of material to read before she has coffee.(C) The man does more work than is necessary.(D) The man seems to be taking a long time preparing for philosophy class.2. (A) The woman should have shown him the newspaper.(B) He thinks the woman will win the contest.(C) The woman's pictures are on top of the newspapers.(D) The new photograph does not look anything like her others.3. (A) Return his literature books to the bookstore.(B) Keep his books from the literature class.(C) Sell his literature books to the woman.(D) Visit the reference section of the library.4. (A) Give the secretary Janet's new address and phone number.(B) Ask Janet a question about his health.(C) Get information about Janet from the secretary.(D) Visit Janet at her new school.5. (A) She will help the man find the exhibit.(B) She has already seen the exhibit.(C) She will help the man read the map.(D) She knows where to get a map.6. (A) She is also planning to travel.(B) She already picked up money for the trip.(C) She has to study instead of traveling.(D) She thinks the man should take more money.7. (A) The woman should not get involved in the situation(B) The woman should not be angry with he friends.(C) He wants to talk to Sally and Mark.(D) He will explain to the woman what happened.8. (A) What travel plans Philip is making(B) How Philip s parents are going to travel(C) What Philip said(D) Where Philip heard the news9. (A) She will have to postpone her trip.(B) She has already gotten her passport application.(C) The passport office is closed.(D) She was late in applying for her passport.10. (A) He has not played tennis in a while.(B) He does not know how to play tennis.(C) His tennis racket is broken.(D) He needs to rest before he plays.11. (A) No one was interested in the discussion.(B) Politics is a sensitive topic.(C) The woman is not being serious.(D) People avoided discussing politics.12. (A) She already read the book.(B) She will not lend her book to the man.(C) The man can use her book whenever he likes.(D) The man does not need the book.13. (A) It is about to start raining.(B) The rain will stop soon.(C) It has been raining all day.(D) It just stopped raining.14. (A) She is not permitted to live off-campus this year.(B) She has been living off-campus for a year.(C) She is happy with her living arrangements.(D) She is required to move next year.15. (A) She misses her old roommate.(B)She changes roommates often.(C) She does not know Julie very well.(D) She did not really enjoy living with Julie.16. (A) Take a shorter route(B) Buy new sun glasses(C) Drive on a different road(D) Consider using Route 2717. (A) Give her ticket to the man(B) Borrow some jazz music from someone else(C) Go to the concert without the man(D) Help the man to complete his paper18. (A) Sullivan's has never been able to keep its chef.(B) The service at Sullivan's is dependable.(C) The quality of the cooking at Sullivan's is inconsistent.(D) Customers get a lot of personal attention at Sullivan's.19. (A) She thinks the wearier is pleasant.(B) She has been working hard in the lab.(C) She is not feeling very well today.(D) She has been staying up quite late recently.20. (A) The woman can wear it all winter.(B) The woman may have trouble paying for it.(C) It may not be warm enough.(D) It will not fit if the woman loses weight.21. (A) Introduce Michelle to the other reporters(B) Take Michelle home(C) Take a tour of the office(D) Start working at his desk22, (A) They should turn left when they see a stop sign.(B) He does not have the directions with him.(C) He does not see the stop sign yet(D) He does not know which way to turn.23. (A) Ho has not been to the new restaurant yet.(B) He would like to go to the new restaurant with the woman(C) The food at the new restaurant is not very good.(D) A restaurant 's atmosphere is very important to him24. (A) She is planning to drop the class.(B) She thinks the man wants to take the class.(C) She only has one class on Tuesdays and Thursdays.(D) She has to leave for class.25. (A) Ho does not feel very well.(B) He had several teeth filled.(C) The dentist gave him some medication.(D) The woman is mistaken.26. (A) Business courses have become popular(B) The school only offers business courses.(C) The business school has a new program.(D) The school has just started to offer business courses.27. (A) His alarm clock is broken.(B) He bas been late before.(C) He prefers to study early in the morning.(D) He worked in the lab last night.28. (A) He will lend the woman moneyto buy a computer.(B) The woman should wait a while before buying a computer.(C) The woman should find a better way to invest her savings.(D) The woman should buy a computer.29. (A) There are none left.(B) They are too expensive.(C) They might be available at the concert.(D) They need to be purchased in advance.30. (A) She will go to the restaurant with the man.(B) She will meet the man and his friends later in the evening.(C) She has already had dinner.(D) She will not change her original plans.31. (A) A famous photographer(B) Photographic processes in the 1800's(C) Photographic equipment used in the 1800's(D) A new museum32. (A) Her subjects home(B) Her subject's social status(C) Her subject's personality(D) Her subject 's role in history33. (A) Backlighting(B) Flashbulbs(C) Time-lapse photography(D) Soft focus34. (A) Children(B) Historical scenes(C) Well-known people(D) Landscapes35. (A) Which major the woman will be choosing(B) An anthropology course the woman is taking(C) How to find a job in publishing(D) Which anthropology professors the man recommends36.(A) It is not as difficult as she had thought it would be.(B)She would like her professor to explain it more clearly.(C) She took a class on it last semester.(D) Her professor will write a book on it soon.37. (A) lt might lead to a job in publishing.(B) It is being taught by a famous anthropologist.(C) It will help her with her courses overseas.(D) It will prepare her for future work in anthropology.38. (A)Her professor(B) A classmate(C) Her former boss(D) A foreign diplomat39. (A) So they can feel its weight(B) So they can examine its contents(C) So they can guess its age(D) So they can admire its beautiful color40. (A) How amber changes shape when heated(B) How clear amber is(C) How common is around the world(D) How easily amber can break41. (A) Tropical insects(B) Decayed leaves(C) Tree resin(D) Bird feathers42. (A) Its amber contains numerous fossils.(B) Its amber is the most durable.(C) Its amber is opaque.(D) It is the site of the oldest amber deposits.43. (A) Amber mined from the Appalachian Mountains(B) Amber with no imperfections(C) Amber containing organic material(D) Amber with no inclusions44. (A) The difficulties faced by the colonists(B) The skill of military heroes(C) The courage of one man(D) The cause of the Revolutionary War45. (A) He did not fight in the Revolution my War.(B) He did not really exist.(C) He was an important town leader.(D) He was not the only messenger.46. (A) It was well planned.(B) It was completed in a short time.(C) It was led by military commanders.(D) It helped him get elected to public office.47. (A)To explain how angles are measured(B) To prove that Mesopotamians did not know how to use square numbers(C) To discuss a mistaken historical interpretation(D) To explain why tablets are reliable historical records48. (A) They did not use square numbers.(B) They used complex measuring instruments.(C) They recorded math exercises on tablets.(D) They calculated the length of triangle sides.49. (A) Pictures of triangles(B) Calculations using square numbers(C) Measurements of angles(D) Greek symbols50. (A) They taught the Mesopotamians about square numbers.(B) They were less advanced in mathematics than the Mesopotamians.(C) They did not use square numbers.(D) They knew how to measure angles.Section Two: Structure and Written Expression1. The ancestors of the horse lived ..... and were about half a meter tall.(A) years ago 60 million(B) 60 million years ago(C) ago 60 million years(D) million years ago 602. The museum on Ellis Island, a former immigration station, contains documents andartifacts......to four centuries of United States immigration.(A) related them(B) related(C) related that(D) be related3. ......, particularly the oxides of sulfur, greatly increases the rate at which rust forms.(A) The presence of air pollutants(B) Air pollutants are present(C) Because the presence of air pollutants(D) Air pollutants whose presence4. The Sun, the Moon, and Earth have magnetic fields, and......evidence that the stellar that extend through vast regions galaxies have fields of space.(A) which is(B) is(C) because(D) There is5. The “confederation school”poets of nineteenth-century Canada were primarily nature poets,----- a wealth of eulogies to Canadian rural life.(A) and producing(B) who they produced(C) producing(D) whose production of6. Since prehistoric people first applied natural pigments to cave walls, ---- have painted toexpress themselves.(A) when artists(B) artists(C) artists who(D) that artists7. About 42 million bushels of oats are used annually --- manufacture of breakfast foods in die United States.(A) the(B) is the(C) in the(D) to8. Any acid can, in principle, neutralize any base, although .......between some of the more reactive compounds.(A) side reactions can occur(B) the occurrence of side reactions can(C) can side reactions occur(D) side reactions that can occur9. Just over two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered by wafer, ...... more than 98 percent of this water is contained in the oceans.(A) with(B) which(C) and(D) resultingl0. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in shapes, colors, and materials .......to handle and to sort them.(A) that almost compel one(B) one compels(C) that compel almost(D) one is almost compelled11. In 1978 the united States National Air and Space Administration selected Sally Ride.......thefirst woman astronaut.(A) who being(B) to be(C) and being(D) was12. Adhesions are ....... formed within the body in response to inflammation or injury.(A) that thin bands of scar tissue(B) they thin bands of scar tissue when(C) thin bands of scar tissue(D) thin bands of scar tissue able to13. The planet Neptune is about 30 times ...... from the Sun as Earth is.(A) far(B) as far(C) more far(D) far that14. Not until the 1850's ...... a few public-spirited citizens and state legislatures seek to rescuehistoric buildings in the United States from destruction or alteration.(A) both(B) came(C) did(D) when15. ----- 200 bones forming the framework, or skeleton, of the human body.(A) Being over(B)There are over(C) Where over(D)Over16. The world's water balance is regulated by the constant circulation of water inA B CLiquid and vapor tom among the oceans, the atmospheric, and the land.D17. The major purpose of the United States Department of Education are to ensureAequal educational opportunity for all and to improve the quality of education.B C D18. Massive gains in computer speed, power, and reliably have been largely dueA B Cto advances in silicon technologies and manufacturing processes.D19. The sunflower, the official state flower of Kansas, and is widespread inA Bthe prairies of the western United States.C D20. Lake Superior, part of the United States-Canadian boundary, is a largestA B Cfreshwater lake in the world.D21. The snapper, a large-headed fish with a long dorsal fin, is named to itsA Bcharacteristic way of suddenly, shutting its mouth.C D22. The aim of the decorative arts is to beautiful our surroundings.A B C D23. Modern digital synthesizers, based on microprocessors, are virtually unlimitedA Bin the number and range of musical sounds it can produce.C D24. During the years he composed, Charles Ives was isolation from the music world;A Bnone of his major works was publicly performed.C D25. Psychoanalysis is a form of therapy that attempts to eliminate conflict by alter theA B Cpersonality in a positive way.D26. Globally, the 1990's stood out as the warmest decade for what we have weatherA B C Drecords.27. Silicon chips are reliable and cheap to produce in large numbers and areAused them in computers, calculators, programmed household appliances, andB Cmost electronic applications.D28. Because its pitch cannot easily be altered, the oboe serves as the standardA Bwhich by the symphony orchestra is tuned.C D29. Bursae are fluid-filled sacs that form cushions between tendons and bones andA B Cprotect them while movement.D30. In 1916, United States suffragist Alice Paul founded the National Woman’s Party,Aa political party dedicate to establishing equal rights for women.B C D31. The spice cinnamon and the drugs cascara and quinine all come from bark, theAprotective out layer of stems and roots of woody plants.B C D32. Tunas migrate long distances over all the world's oceans and occupy tropical,A B Ctemperate, and even some the cooler waters.D33. Taste buds, small sensory organ located on the tongue and palate, recognize fourA Bprimary tastes: sweet, sour, salty and bitter.C D34. Astronauts receive extensive training to prepare themselves both physically andA B Cpsychologically for complexity and rigor of a space mission.D35. By 1900 several prominent technical institutions, including the MassachusettsAInstitute of Technology, fashioned its own educational offerings to meet theB Cindustrial needs of the United States.D36. Some of the earliest mechanical devices were designed to raise water fromA B Cstreams for the irrigate of crops.D37. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 increased the territory of the United StatesAby approximate 846,000 square miles, practically doubling the area of theB C DUnited States.38. A most useful tool for analyzing the elemental composition of fossils is theA B Celectron probe, a modify electron microscope.D39. Few substance on Earth equal the beauty of gemstones such as twinklingA B Cdiamonds, green emeralds, red rubies, blue sapphires, and multicolored opals.D40. For the purposes of the fine and decorative arts, metals have been used either inA B Ctheir simple state and in uncomplicated alloys.DSection Three: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1-10After 1785, the production of children's books in the Untied States increased but remained largely reprints of British books, often those published by John Newbery, thefirst publisher to produce books aimed primarily at diverting a child audience. Ultimate]y, Line however, it was not the cheerful, commercial-minded Newhery, but Anglo-Irish author5 Maria Edgeworth who had the strongest influence on this period of American children'sliterature. The eighteenth century had seen a gradual shift away from the spiritual intensity of earlier American religious writings for children, toward a more generalized moralism.Newbery notwithstanding, Americans still looked on children's books as vehicles forinstruction, not amusement, though they would accept a moderate amount of fictional10entertainment for the sake of more successful instruction. As the children's book market expanded, then, what both public and publishers wanted was the kind of fiction MariaEdgeworth wrote: stories interesting enough to attract children and morally instructiveenough to allay adult distrust of fiction,American reaction against imported books for children set in after the War of 1812 15with the British. A wave of nationalism permeated everything, and the self-conscious new nation found foreign writings (particularly those from the British monarchy) unsuitable for the children of a democratic republic, a slate of self-governing, equal citizens. Publishers of children's books began to encourage American writers to write for American children.When they responded, the pattern established by Maria Edgeworth was at hand, attractive 20to most of them for both its rationalism and its high moral tone. Early in the 1820's, stories of willful children learning to obey, of careless children learning to take care,of selfish children learning to "tire for others," started to flow from American presses,successfully achieving Edgeworth's tone, though rarely her lively style. Imitative asthey were, these early American stories wee quite distinguishable from their British25counterparts. Few servants appeared in them, and if class distinctions had by no means disappeared, there was much democratic insistence on the worthiness of every level ofbirth and work. The characters of children in this fiction were serious, conscientious.self-reflective, and independent-testimony to the continuing influence of the earlierAmerican moralistic tradition in children's books.1. What does the passage mainly 4. The word "they" in line 9 refers todiscuss?(A) children(A) The career of Maria (B) AmericansEdgeworth as an author (C) booksof children's books (D) vehicles(B) The development of children'sliterature in the United States 5. The word "allay" in line 13(C) Successful publishers of is closest in meaning tochildren's books in Britainand North America (A)clarify(B) attack(D) Basic differences between (C)reduceBritish and American (D) confirmliterature for children2. The publisher John Newbery is 6: It can be inferred from the passageprincipally known for which of the that American children's books sold following reasons? before 1785 were almost always(A) He produced and sold books (A) written by Maria Edgeworthwritten by Maria Edgeworth. (B) attractive and interesting to(B) He had more influence on childrenAmerican children's (C) written by American authorsliterature than any other (D) intended only for religious andpublisher, moral instruction(C) He published books aimedamusing children rather thaninstructing them.(D) He was commercially mindedand cheerful.3. The word "notwithstanding" inline 8 is closest in meaning to(A) in spite of(B) in addition to(C) as a result of(D) as a part of7. By the end of the eighteenth 9. According to the passage, American century, the publishers of children’s children's stories differed from their looks in the United States were British equivalents in that themost concerned about which of the characters in American stories were following?(A) children who showed a change (A) Attracting children with of behaviorentertaining stories that (B) children who were wellprovided lessons of correct behavedbehavior (C) rarely servants(B) Publishing literature consisting (D) generally not from a varietyof exciting stories that would of social classesappeal to both children andadults 10. The word" testimony to" in line 28(C) Expanding markets for books is closest in meaning toin both Britain and theUnited States (A) inspiration for(D) Reprinting fictional books (B) evidence offrom earlier in the century (C) requirement for(D) development of8. The word "permeated" in line 15(A) opposed(B) improved(C) competed with(D) spread throughQuestion 11-21Lichens. probably the hardiest of all plants, live where virtually nothing else can---not just on rugged mountain peaks but also on sunbaked desert rocks. They are usually thefirst life to appear on a mountainside that has been scraped bare by an avalanche.Line Unlike other members of the plant kingdom, lichens are actually a partnership between5 two plants. The framework of a lichen is usually a network of minute hairlike fungus thatanchors the plant, The other component is an alga (similar to the green film of plant lifethat grows on stagnant pools) that is distributed throughout the fungus. Being green plants, algae are capable of photosynthesis--that is, using energy from the Sun to manufacturetheir own food. The fungi arc believed to supply water, minerals, and physical support to10 the partnership.Lichens are famous for their ability to survive ~ water shortage. When water is scarce (as is often the case on a mountain), lichens may become dormant and remain in thatcondition for prolonged periods of time. Some lichens can even grow where there is norain at all, surviving on only occasional dew--the moisture that condenses on the surface15 of the plants at night, And unlike most other plants, lichens are little affected by the strongultraviolet rays in the mountains.Lichens use little energy, for they grow slowly. Some grow so slowly and are so old that they are called "time stains." You may find lichens that are centuries old; certain ofthese lichen colonies have been established for an estimated 2,000 years.20 For decades, scientists wondered how the offspring of an alga and a fungus got togetherto form a new lichen, it seemed unlikely that they would just happen lo encounter oneanother. It was finally discovered that in many cases the two partners have never beenseparated. Stalklike "buds" that form on certain lichens are broken off by the wind or byanimals; these toll or are blown to a new location11. Which of the following questions 12. The word "hardiest" in line I isdoes the passage answer? closest in meaning to(A) Where can the oldest lichens (A) most unusualbe found? (B) most basic(B) How long does it take for (C) most abundantlichens to establish (D) most vigorousthemselves?(C) How large can lichens he?(D) Where do lichens usuallyoccur?13. The word "framework" in line 5 is 18. All of the following are mentionedclosest in meaning to in the discussion of lichens EXCEPT:(A) structure (A) They are capable of producing(a) fragment their own food.(C) condition (B)They require large amounts of(D)environment minerals lo prosper.(C)They are a union of two14, The author mentions "the green film separate plants.of plant life that grows on stagnant (D) They can live thousands ofpools" (lines 6-7) in order to explain years.(A) how the sun affects lichens 19. What does the phrase "lichen(B) why plants depend on water colonies (line 19)suggest?(C) where fungi become algae(D) what algae arc (A) Nothing but lichens live insome locations.15. It can be inferred from the passage (B) Many lichens live together inthat lichens use less energy and one area.grow more slowly when (C) Lichens displace the plantsthat surround them.(A) the environment is polluted (D)Certain groups of lichens have(B) they are exposed to ultraviolet never been separated.rays(C) they are very old 20. The word "encounter" in line 21 is(D) the supply of water is closest in meaning toinadequate(A) lose16: Which of file following terms is (B) supportdefined in the passage? (C) meet(A) "anchors" (line 6) (D) create(B) "stagnant" (line 7) 21. The word "these" in line 24 refers to(C) "dew" (line 14.)(D) "ultraviolet" (line 16) (A)partners(B) buds17. The word "prolonged" in line 13 is (C) lichensclosest in meaning to (D) animals(A)precise(B) extended(C) approximate(D)regularQuestion 22-31The languages spoken by early Europeans are still shrouded in mystery. There is nolinguistic continuity between the languages of Old Europe (a term sometimes used forEurope between 7000 and 3000 B.C.) and the languages of the modem world, and we Line cannot yet translate the Old European script, Scholars have deciphered other ancient5languages, such as Sumerian, Akkadian, and Babylonian, which used the cuneiform script, because of the fortuitous discovery of bilingual inscriptions, When cuneiformtablets were first discovered in the eighteenth century, scholars could not decipher them.Then inscriptions found in baa at the end of the eighteenth century provided a link: these inscriptions were written in cuneiform and in two other ancient languages, Old Persian10 and New Elamite--languages that had already been deciphered. It took several decades,but scholars eventually translated the ancient cuneiform script via the more familiarOld Persian language:Similarly, the hieroglyphic writing of the Egyptians remained a mystery until French troops unearthed the famous Rosetta stone in the late eighteenth century. The stone carried 15the same message written in ancient Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and Egyptian hieratic,a simplified form of hieroglyphs. The Rosetta stone thwarted scholars' efforts for severaldecades until the early nineteenth century when several key hieroglyphic phrases weredecoded using the Greek inscriptions. Unfortunately, we have no Old European Rosettastone to chart correspondences between Old European script and the languages that20replaced it.Tim incursions of Indo-European tribes into Old Europe from the late fifth to the early third millennia B.C. caused a linguistic and cultural discontinuity. These incursions disrupted the Old European sedentary farming lifestyle that had existed for 3,000 yearsAs the Indo-Europeans encroached on Old Europe from the east, the continent underwent 25 upheavals. These severely affected the Balkans, where the Old European culturesabundantly employed script. The Old European way of life deteriorated rapidly, although pockets of Old European culture remained for several millennia, ~ new peoples spokecompletely different languages belonging to the Indo-European linguistic family. TheOld European language or languages, and the script used to write them, declined andeventually vanished.22. What does the passage mainly 24, According to the passage, scholarsdiscuss? were able to decipher cuneiform(A) Reasons for the failure to script with the help ofunderstand the written (A) the Sumerian, Akkadian,records of Old European and Babylonian languagesculture (B) Old Persian.(B) Influences on the development (C) tablets written in Oldof Old European script European(C) Similarities between (D) a language spoken inOld European script and eighteenth century Iran。
段落写作 中石油托福
My houseMy house is perfect. Just large enough to allow the grace of order in domestic circumstance(1): just that superfluity of intramural space, to lack which is to be less than at one's ease(2). The fabric is sound; the work in wood and plaster tells of(3) a more leisurely and a more honest age than ours. The stairs do not creak under my step; I am waylaid by no unkindly draught(4); I can open or close a window without muscle-ache. As to such trifles as the tint and device of wall-paper, I confess my indifference; be the walls only unobtrusive, and I am satisfied. The first thing in one's home is comfort; let beauty of detail be added if one has the means(5), the patience, the eye.说明语汇(1)enough to allow the grace of order domestic circumstance：足以使家庭的环境有条有理(2)that superfluity of intramural space，to lack Which is to be less than at one's ease：四壁内的空间非常宽大，如没有这么大的空间，人便不能自在。
中石油模拟托福应试精讲
原文： 捐款，募捐 Man: I’m taking up a collection for the jazz band.
Would you like to give？ Woman: Just a minute while I get my wallet. Q:What will the woman probably do next?
阅读选项的时候至少要达到两个目的: 第一、确定哪几个题属于哪一个段子（B、C）、同时预测 段子的主题(主要内容)。 第二、反推问题，确定重要的信息点;
例题
31. (A) Convince the man to take a rock-climbing
course with her. (B) Find a place to go rock climbing. (C) Find out if a rock climbing course will be offered. (D) Plan a rock-climbing trip over spring break.
托福中国
试题类型及评分标准
试题类型：老托福
听力50 语法40 阅读50
评分标准：
总分=单项总分之和*10/3
及格要求：听力45分or（and）总分500分
答题卡
听力题
语法题
阅读题
成绩查询
一般一周内可以出成绩，最晚十天。
成绩查询:/cx/index.php 考试中心网址：/
语法题
如果句子中有一个“过去分词+by”, 如果断定它是
谓语的话，前面必然有be动词。 The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams, power structures, and flood-control works along the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
12月14日中石油托福真题
12月14日中石油托福真题中石油托福听力真题听力part A：20道听力单句听力part B：15道短对话，男女3句对话方式听力part C：3长对话+1篇lecture 共15道题听力part C真题:lecture 1：The state of Kansas is called the “Basket of America” because it ranks first in wheat growing and flour milling. In addition, there are hundreds of cattle ranches(大牧场)in western Kansas, some of which cover 50,000 acres. The state is larger than most states, but rather sparsely populated.In pioneer days, many settlers passed through Kansas seeking rich land and gold farther west. Looking upon Kansas as “useless waste of land,” they refused to settle there. However, when Kansas joined the Union in 1861 as a free state opposed to slave labor, the population began to increase. Finally, the railroads helped to attract settlers by selling them inexpensive land.1. The state of Kansas is known chiefly for its ___.A. rich land and goldB. railroads and highwaysC. cheap slave laborD. wheat and flour milling2. How can Kansas best be described?A. The population is small, but the state is largeB. It is a large state with a large population.C. The state is small and it has few people.D. Its sparse population inhabits 50,000 acres.3. What did early pioneers think about Kansas?A. They thought there was gold in western Kansas.B. They found slave labor too expensive.C. They considered the land unproductive.D. They like the rich soil.4. How did the railroads attract settlers?A. By giving away gold.B. By constructing flour mills.C. By opposing slave laborD. By offering cheap land.5. The chief occupation of most people in Kansas is ____________.A. running railroadsB. miningC. farmingD. manufacturing选自《大学英语2复习资料》lecture 2：One of the main complaints of the city residents in the United States is the number of homeless cats and dogs. It has been estimated by Friends of Animals Incorporation that more than 30 million cats and dogs are wandering through the streets of the cities. Each year, about a fifth of these animals are destroyed. A survey of 41 cities reports that as much as 15 million dollars is spent to capture and kill those animals every year. One city alone, Chicago, spends$1,000,000 a year to control its animal population. On the other hand, though you can find quite a lotof cats and dogs wandering in New York, the city government doesn't spend any money on animal control.1. What is Friends of Animals, Inc?A A tax-funded organizationB A society which roams the streets.C A control center for destroying straysD An agency interested in animals.2. Which of the following shows a lack of interest in animal control?A ChicagoB New York CityC Friends of Animals, IncD The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.选自《大学英语听力第四册lesson20》lecture 3:The Great LakesThe five bodies of water known as the Great Lakes are on or near the border between the United States and Canada. Lake Superior9 holds the most water. Lake Erie holds the least. Lake Michigan is the only one located totally within the United States. The other two are Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. The five Great Lakes are the largest group of fresh water lakes on Earth. Together, they contain about twenty percent of the fresh water in the world. There are about thirty-five thousand islands in the Great Lakes.The Great Lakes control much of the weather on the land that surrounds them. In the winter, moisture10 picked up by winds produces large amounts of snow, especially in the states of Michigan, Ohio and New York.The lakes also cool the air in the summer, then slowly move the heat over the area in the fall. This makes the area good forproducing grapes for wine. The lakes supply drinking water to millions of people living in both the United States and Canada. In the past, industry used the Great Lakes to move products such as iron, coal, stone, grain and salt. But the amount of shipping11 on the lakes has decreased. Newer, larger ships are too wide for the lakes. But small boats take visitors to many of the islands for vacations.The United States and Canada work together to improve conditions in the Great Lakes area. Officials are now working to change a treaty12 about ways to slow or stop the effects of climate change. They say that less ice formation13 over the lakes in recent years has caused lower water levels.The areas around the lakes report environmental conditions at a conference every two years. The last one took place in November of last year. The conference report said some conditions are improving while others are worsening. For example, it reported progress in reducing air pollution, but said some poisons in the air are still a concern. It also said some native plants are decreasing while more than three hundred kinds of non-native fish continue to invade14 the lakes.选自《VOA慢速英语200707130045》lecture 4：讲的是学生找教授谈关于上个论文得了F的事情，教授说他的论文和某某非常像，怀疑是抄袭，学生解释说虽然他俩关系很好，但是他的确没有抄袭，最后老师说给他一次presentation 的机会作为弥补，学生欣然接受。
中石油内部的托福考试评分及分级办法+应试方案
中石油内部的托福考试评分及分级办法+应试方案第一篇：中石油内部的托福考试评分及分级办法+应试方案中石油内部的托福考试CNPC英语模拟托福考试评分及分级办法一、目的：判断参试人员的英语水平，以便对其进行培训或授与相应的工作。
二、考试方式: 参试人员应参加笔试和口试。
对其口、笔试成绩进行综合评定，确定参试人员的相应级别。
三、笔试：1、笔试内容：笔试分为三部份。
第一部分为听力，第二部份为文法，第三部份为阅读。
听力部分50个小题，文法部分40个小题，阅读部分50个小题。
2、笔试评分：笔试按托福评分办法进行。
3、笔试分级标准：A级530以上；B级480以上；C级450以上；D级 450分以下四、口试：1、口试小组的组成：口试小组由三名教师组成对参试人员进行口试。
2、口试成绩评分：口试成绩分为四级，即A、B、C、D。
三名教师各自给出相应的成绩，取平均成绩为该考生的口试成绩。
3、口试成绩评定标准： A级：对教师提出的所有问题理解迅速、准确，不需教师做任何帮助或提示，回答准确，能表达自己完整的意念，发音基本正确。
可有语法、语音等方面的问题，但不影响理解。
B 级：对教师提出的所有问题理解迅速、准确，不需教师做任何帮助或提示，回答较正常语速慢，有时表达完整的意念略有困难或不够清楚准确，需教师提问确认，语言不够简洁，但不影响交流。
发音基本正确可有语法、语音等方面的问题，但不影响理解。
C级：能回答教师提出的一般问题，语速较慢，需要较多的提示才能维持对话，表达完整的意念有困难需要教师帮助，语音、语法、表达方面存在很多问题，教师理解经常有困难但无严重的发音障碍。
D级：能回答最简单的问题，但经常用母语向教师询问或寻求帮助不能表达完整的意念。
语音、语法方面问题很多，需要较长时间的训练才能达到要求。
五、综合评定成绩: 将笔试与口试成绩进行综合评定即为该生的综合评定成绩。
综合评定成绩分为四级，即A、B、C、D四级。
评定标准如下：取笔试成绩和口试成绩中较低的一项作为综合评定成绩。
中石油招聘托福英语考试
中石油招聘托福英语考试
首先，对于听力部分，应聘者需要能够听懂各种英语口音的对
话和演讲，并理解其中的关键信息。
这部分考试可能涉及各种日常
对话、学术讲座或新闻报道，考察应聘者的听力和理解能力。
其次，口语部分要求应聘者能够流利、准确地表达自己的观点，并且能够在规定的时间内完成口语任务。
这可能包括回答问题、描
述图片或图表，或者就某个话题进行自由发挥。
阅读部分则考察应聘者对于英语文章的理解能力，包括对文章
主旨、细节和推理能力的考察。
这部分的考试可能涉及各种主题和
文体，要求应聘者能够在规定时间内完成阅读并回答相关问题。
最后，写作部分要求应聘者能够用清晰、连贯的语言表达观点，并且能够在规定时间内完成一定长度的文章。
这部分考试可能包括
议论文、综合任务或独立任务，考察应聘者的写作能力和逻辑思维
能力。
总的来说，中石油招聘托福英语考试是一个全面评估应聘者英
语能力的工具，涵盖听力、口语、阅读和写作等多个方面。
应聘者
需要在各个方面都有一定的准备和实力，才能在考试中取得理想的成绩。
希望我的回答能够对你有所帮助。
石油11级(地质基础复习题)
石油11级《石油地质基础》期末复习题一、填空题1、地球内部存在两个重要的一级不连续面（两种物质的分界面），即莫霍面和古登堡面，以及一些次级不连续面。
2、风化作用根据其性质和作用结果的不同，可分为物理分化作用、化学分化作用和生物风化三种类型。
3、母岩的风化产物可分为碎屑物质、残余物质和溶解物质三类。
4、在碎屑粒度分级中, 砾和砂的分界是 1 毫米，砂和粉砂的分界是 0.1毫米，粉砂和泥的分界是0.01毫米。
5、中生代包括白垩纪、侏罗纪和三叠纪。
6、由于机械沉积分异作用的结果，形成砾岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和粘土岩等各种不同粒度的沉积岩在空间分布上是彼此过渡的。
7、碎屑岩的物质成分主要有碎屑物质、杂基和胶结物。
8、倾斜岩层产状可以用走向、倾向和倾角三个要素来表示。
9、剩余有机碳是表示岩石中丰度的指标，而镜质组反射率是反映有机质成熟指标的指标。
10、圈闭由储集层、盖层和遮掩物三个部分组成。
11、摩氏硬度计中，矿物硬度由小到大的次序依次为：滑石、石膏、方解石、萤石、磷灰石、正长石、石英、黄玉、刚玉、金刚石。
12、古登堡面和莫霍面将地球内部划分为地壳、地幔和地核三个主要圈层。
13、储集层的二个基本特性是：孔隙性和渗透性。
14、碳酸盐岩主要由颗粒、泥、胶结物、生物格架及晶粒五种结构组分构成。
15、按岩性的不同，油源岩可分为泥质岩和碳酸盐两类。
16、在理想状态下，化学沉积分异的大致顺序为：氧化物→磷酸盐→硅酸盐→碳酸盐→硫酸盐→→卤化物。
17、河流相沉积的重要特征之一是具二元结构，即由河床亚相组成下部的底层沉积，上部的顶层沉积是由堤岸和河漫亚相组成。
18、前三角洲暗色泥岩富含有机质，可作为良好的生油层。
19、曲流河的截弯取直作用可使被截掉的河道废弃而形成牛轭湖。
20、对碎屑颗粒起胶结作用的化学沉积物质称为胶结物。
21、内力地质作用包括地壳运动、岩浆作业、变质作业、地质作用。
22、沉积相有二个方面的含义:一是沉积岩的特征,二是沉积岩的形成环境。
托福阅读素材-石油资源
智课网TOEFL备考资料托福阅读素材:石油资源摘要：石油问题一直是世界资源与能源的主要话题，而作为赴美留学语言考试的托福而言，也会经常出现关于石油资源的话题，尤其是在托福阅读中，因此小编为大家整理了关于石油资源的图否阅读素材供大家参考。
扫描下方二维码获取小马免费资料包：【小马托福必修课】美式英语发音教程点击查看扫描二维码的方法Petroleum Resources 石油资源1.Petroleum, consisting of crude oil and natural gas, seems to originate from organic matter in marine sediment. Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud. The organic matter may partially decompose, using up the dissolved oxygen in the sediment. As soon as the oxygen is gone, decay stops and the remaining organic matter is preserved.段落梗概：石油和天然气都是来自海底的有机物沉淀。
部分有机物分解，部分沉积。
2.Continued sedimentation—the process of deposits’ settling on the sea bottom—buries the organic matter and subjects it to higher temperatures and pressures, which convert the organic matter to oil and gas. As muddy sediments are pressed together, the gas and small droplets of oil may be squeezed out of the mud and may move into sandy layers nearby. Over long periods of time (millions of years), accumulations of gas and oil can collect in the sandy layers. Both oil and gas are less dense than water, so they generally tend to rise upward through water-saturated rock and sediment.段落梗概：持续的沉积——堆积物沉积到海底的过程将有机物埋在海底使之受到海底温度、高压的影响，最终转变成石油和天然气。