高级英语修辞手法Rhetorical_Devices

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rhetorical_devices____高级英语中的修辞讲解

Alliteration（头韵）
• The repetition of the same sounds or of the same kinds of sounds at the beginning of words or in stressed syllables, as in "on scrolls of silver snowy sentences" Hart Crane. Modern alliteration is predominantly consonantal (consonance); certain literary traditions, such as Old English verse, also alliterate using vowel sounds. (assonance)
3. The instrument for the agent（借一物以喻用
物之人；或者用工具指其行为主体） Give every man your ear, but few your voice. (Pay heed to what every man says, but say little yourself) He chose a gun instead of a cap and gown. (a gun= soldier, a cap and gown =a student) 4.a person‟s name for the things he has invented or the works he has written（用某人之名代替此人的作品或者发明物） • At the beginning of next year, he will read Shakespeare

高级英语Unit_2_Hiroshima_rhetorical devices

Unit 2 Hiroshima—the “Liveliest” City in Japanby Jacques Danvoir1. MetaphorExamples in the text:1) I had a lump in my throat2) At last this intermezzo came to an end...3) I was again crushed by the thought...4) ...when the meaning ... sank in, jolting me...2. Metonymy(借代、换喻)It is a figure of speech used in rhetoric in which a thing or concept is not called by its own name, but by the name of something intimately associated with that thing or concept. For instance, "Washington", as the capital of the United States, can be used as a metonym(an instance of metonymy) for the United States government.It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. This substituted name may be an attribute of that other thing or be closely associated with it. In other words, it involves a “change of name”, the substituted name suggesting the thing meant.Examples:The pen is mightier than sword.Use your brains.Never let your heart rule your head.Examples from the text:1) ...little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapers ...struggle between kimono and the miniskirt2) I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impactMetonymy can be derived from various sources:a. Names of persons: Uncle Sam: the USAb. Animals: the bear: the Soviet Unionthe dragon: the Chinese (a fight between the bear and the dragon)c. Parts of the body: heart: feelings or emotionshead, brain: wisdom, intelligence, reasongray hair: old aged. Professions: the bar: the legal professionthe bench: position of judge or magistratethe veil: vocation of a nunthe press: newspaperse. Location of government, of business or industrial enterprisesDowning Street: the British governmentthe White House: the American governmentCapitol Hill: the Legislative branch of USthe Pentagon: the US military establishmentKremlin: the government of the former USSRFleet Street: the British pressWall Street: US financial circlesMadison Avenue: American ad. industryHollywood: film-making industry of US3. Euphemism: the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest sth unpleasant. e.g:1) He was sentenced to prison---He is now living at the government's expenses.2) The boy is a bit slow for his age.3) to go to heaven---dead4) to go to the bathroom, do one's business, answer the nature's call, put an end to my life.5) Each day of suffering that helps to free me from earthly cares.4. Irony: People say the opposite of what they mean. For example, if the day has been terrible, you say, “Boy, this has been a great day!”Irony is more emphatic than a point-blank statement of the truth. It achieves its effect by reminding you of the opposite reality and this providing a scale by which to judge the resent reality.1) Hiroshima---the Liveliest City in Japan2) the good fortune that my illness has brought me5. Anti-Climax: In rhetoric, a climax is a figure of speech in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance. Climax, d eriving from the Greek word for “ladder”, implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. It is sometimes used with anadiplosis, which uses the repetition of a word or phrase in successive clauses.Examples of climax and anti-climax:I came, I saw, I conquered.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (From Bacon, “Of Reading”)a. A decline viewed in disappointing contrast with a previous rise: the anticlimax of a brilliant career.b. something trivial or commonplace that concludes a series of significant events: After a week of dramatic negotiations, all that followed was anticlimax.c. A sudden descent in speaking or writing from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential, or an instance of it;1) Alas！Alas！What shall I do? I've lost my wife and best hat, too!哎呀哎呀！我怎么办呢？我失去了妻子，又丢了最好的帽子！2) The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.士兵的职责是保卫祖国和剥土豆皮。

修辞手段 rhetorical devices

修辞手段 rhetorical devices修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。

它能使语言生动形象、具体活泼，给人以美的享受。

英语修辞格种类很多，但粗略分来似可分为音韵修辞格、词义修辞格和句法修辞格。

The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively.The art or talent by which discourse is adapted to its end.（一）音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices) 音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。

它主要包括onomatopoeia, alliteration, assonanceOnomatopoeiaUse of words to imitate natural sounds, accommodation of sound to sense. 模仿事物发出的声响的修辞手法，与汉语的拟声辞格完全相同。

恰当地运用它可以使语言更加形象生动。

如：Presently there came the click of high-heeled shoes.高跟皮鞋声阁阁地传了过来。

AlliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence. 在一个词组或一个诗行中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，其开头的音节（或其他重读音节）具有同样的字母或声音. 如：Let us go forth to lead the land we love.---J. F. Kennedy, InauguralPeter Piper picked a peck of picking pepper.AssonanceRepetition of the same sound in words close to each other. 在一句话或在一个诗行中间，有两个或更多的词具有相同的元音。

高级英语(2.3.1)--AppreciationRhetoricalDevices

• 2) care: concern, worry, anxiety
• 3) One more day of suffering would mean a day nearer my death (would bring me closer to my death).
• I have the opportunity to improve my character: I have the chance to raise my moral standard, to purify my soul.
• Stretchers and wheelchairs lined the walls… send shivers down the spine of any healthy visitor:
• 1) stretchers and wheelchairs are for invalids and the disabled
point over where the bomb exploded
• They would also like to demolish the atomic museum:
• 1) demolish: pull down or tear down
• e.g. They have demolished the slum district.
• People are afraid of genetic damage from the radiation:
• 1) genetic: of or relating to genes
• e.g. genetic information
• 2) People fear that the effect of the atomic radiation may be hereditary (may pass on from parents to children). People suffering from genetic damage may not be able to produce offspring or may give birth to deformed or otherwise unhealthy children.

修辞手法Rhetorical Devices—高级英语

Rhetorical DevicesLesson11.Onomatopoeia（拟声）is the formation of words in imitation of the sounds associated with the thing concerned.e.g. tinkling bells2.Alliteration(押首韵)is the use of several words in close proximity beginning with the same letter or letters.e.g. thread their way among the throngs of people3. Hyperbole(夸张) is the use of a form of words to make something sound big, loud and so on by saying this is like something even bigger, louder, etc.e.g. a flood of glistening linseed oil4. Antithesis(对偶，对语) is the setting, often in parallel structure, of contrasting words or phrases opposite each other for emphasis.“Ask not what you country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”e.g. which towers to the vaulted ceiling and dwarfs the camels and their stone wheels.5. Parallelism(并列) consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.e.g. the din of stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clearing, of would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining6. Metaphor(隐喻) makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but the comparison is implied rather than stated, without using words like, as etc. (simile)e.g. It is a vast, somber cavern of room.7. Personification（拟人）gives human form or feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes to inanimate objects, or to ideas and abstractions.e.g. Camels lie disdainfully chewing their hay.8. Inversion (倒装)mainly refers to the reversal of the usual order of the subject and the predicate in a sentence.e.g. In this cavern are three massive stone wheels, …Lesson21.Rhetorical question(反问) is usually defined as any question asked for a purpose other thanto obtain the information the question asks.e.g: Was I not at the scene of the crime? (rhetorical question)2.Synecdoche（提喻）is figure of speech in which a word literally denoting a part is substituted for the whole; or the whole for a part, or a specific word is used to stand for abstract one or vice versa.e.g.They were short of hands at harvest time.China beat Brazil in yesterday’s soccer game.3. Metonymy(换喻) is a figure of speech in which the name of an attribute or a thing is used to stand for another thing, and the relation between the two things is not of similarity, but of contiguity.e.g.The kettle is boiling.Wall Street, American financial centerCapital Hill, U.S. Congressthe Pentagon, U.S. Defense Department4. Anti-climax(渐降) is a figure of speech in which a series of ideas are arranged in such a way that they go from the most important to the least important with steady weakening of emotion and tone. It is usually used for humorous effect.e.g. He lost his empire, his family and his fountain pen.The duties of a soldier are to protect is country and peel potatoes.5. Climax（层递）refers to the arrangement of series of ideas, which go from the least important to the most important with steady strengthening of emotion and tone.e.g. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested6. Euphemism (委婉语)is mild, pleasant, neutral, or inoffensive expressions used instead of harsh, blunt, coarse, or unpleasant ones. They are often used out of courtesy or consideration for other people’s feelings.e.g. pass away, go to heaven, to be gone.weight-watcher, under-achiever, perspiration, do one's business, answer the nature's call etc. Earthly care, worldly worry or concern.7.Irony (反语)is a figure of speech in which the meaning literally expressed is the direct opposite of the me aning intended and which aims at ridicule, humor or sarcasm to make one’s remarks forceful.e.g. Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act.…on the good fortune that my illness has brought me.Lesson51.Antithesis(对照; 对立; 对偶)It is a counter-propositions and denotes a direct contrast to the original proposition.Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will have our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.Rhetorical Devices in the speech•1) Periodic sentence•2) Rhetorical question•3) Parallelism•4) Inversion•5) Repetition•6) Alliteration•7) Simile•8) Metaphor•9) AntithesisLesson 61.Metaphor:...the nerves of both ... Were excessively frayed...his wife shot him a swift, warning glance.The words spat forth with sudden savagery.Her tone ...withered......self-assurance...flickered...The Duchess kept firm tight rein on her racing mind.2. Euphemism:...and you took a lady friend.3. Metonym y:won 100 at the tableslost it at the barthey'll throw the book,...4. Onomatopoeia:appreciative chuckleclucked his tongueLesson 91.Metaphor eg:Mark Twain is Mirror of America2.Metonymy eg: His pen would prove mightier than his pickax 2. Simile:Most American remember M. T. as the father of......a memory that seemed phonographic3. Hyperbole:...cruise through eternal boyhood and ...endless summer of freedom... The cast of characters... - a cosmos.4. Personification:life dealt him profound personal tragedies...the river had acquainted him with ......to literature's enduring gratitude...The grave world smiles as usual...Bitterness fed on the man...Personal tragedy haunted his entire life5. Antithesis:...between what people claim to be and what they really are...6. Euphemism:...men's final release from earthly struggle7. Alliteration:...the slow, sleepy, sluggish-brained sloths stayed at home...with a dash and daring......a recklessness of cost or consequences...8. Metonymy:...his pen would prove mightier than his pickaxe。

英语修辞手法rhetorical devices

Lesson PlanTeaching Material: Advanced EnglishTeaching Content: Unit 7 Everyday UseTime: 20 minutesAnalysis of the students:Students have some basic knowledge of rhetorical devices but they still have some difficulty in comparing and mastering the major rhetorical devices.Teaching Objectives:At the end of this class,Ss are able to recognize different kinds of rhetorical devices;Ss are able to compare the differences between some rhetorical devices, like simile & metaphor;Ss are able to appreciate the beauty of language by using rhetorical devices;Ss are able to create their own sentences by using some rhetorical devices.Key Points & Difficult Points:Form a sharp feeling to rhetorical devices that used in the passage;Lead students put rhetorical devices into their writing.Teaching Procedure：Step 1: Lead in (2minutes)1. Greet the students2. Compare a short paragraph with two versions—one with rhetorical devices another one without rhetorical devices.(In this part, we will rise students’ interest by feeling the magic of rhetorical devices with an example, and then lead to today’s topic.)Step 2: Presentation (7minutes)Give the definition of each rhetorical devices with proper examples.1. Present the definition of simile2. Compare simile with metaphor3. Present the definition of sarcasm and irony and comparison of them4. Complement of other rhetorical devices such as rhetorical question, alliteration, metonymy and repetition.Step 3: Practice and consolidation(7minutes)1. Lead students to appreciate the use of rhetorical devices such as simile, metaphor, irony and some other rhetorical devices.Step 4: Summary (3minutes)Review the key rhetorical devices and sum up the function of rhetorical devices.Step 5: Homework (1minute)1. Ask students to write a short passage of what is love by using rhetorical devices.2. Ask students to find out all the rhetorical devices in unit7.。

高级英语一修辞格归纳

《高级英语（一）》修辞格归纳英语修辞格种类1.音韵修辞格(phonological rhetorical devices)音韵修辞格是利用词语的语音特点创造出来的修辞手法。

主要包括onomatopoeia、alliteration、assonance（元韵）、consonance（辅韵）等。

2.词义修辞格(semantic rhetorical devices)主要借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。

主要包括simile, metaphor, allusion（典故）, metonymy, transferred epithet, personification, hyperbole, irony, euphemism, pun, oxymoron, zeugma（轭式修饰法）, contrast 等。

3.句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造出来的修辞手法。

这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, parallelism, antithesis, apostrophe （顿呼）等。

Anti-climax 渐降、突降法It is the opposite of Climax (渐升、层进法). A climbing down from strong to weak, from most impressive to less impressive. It is often used in humorous writing.1.For God, for American, and for Yale.2.The duties of a solider are to protect his country and peel potatoes.3.O dear!What shall I do?I have lost my beau and lipstick too.4.I love my motherland,I love my people,I love my wife and my son and my daughter,I also love my pretty little dog.幽默风趣讽刺嘲笑出人意料Climax 渐升、层进法A figure of speech in which a series of words or ideas is arranged in order of increasing importance.1.We’re low---we’re very low---we’re very very low, as low as low can be.2.The audience smiled, chuckled and finally howled.3.Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed anddigested.4.He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses courageloses all.5.The drunkard smashed the glasses, upturned the table, and hit an old woman.Rhetorical Question 修辞问句Asking a question whose answer is self-evident intended to stir emotions.A question requiring no answer.不需要回答,其答案寓于问句的反面, 其作用是加强语气,表达强烈的感情, 以引起读者或听者深思。

修辞手法 Rhetorical devices

小组成员：唐苗师其燕李巍董星英张琪（36）
Simile
• A simile is a figure of speech which makes a
comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.
• the difference between simile and metaphor is that simile points out the similarity between two compared things directly, while metaphor does not do like that and its meaning is implied, you have to read between the line.
我的大脑像地球一样不停地转动。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel.
那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.
杰夫的神情就好像见到鬼似的。
metapha figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily and primarily denotes one thing is applied to another in an implied comparison.
没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫瑰。
He has a heart of stone. 他铁石心肠。

词义修辞格（LexicalRhetoricalDevices）

词义修辞格（LexicalRhetoricalDevices）所谓修辞是指依据题旨情境恰当地选择语言手段和表达方式, 以有效地表情达意。

修辞的目的是使作品更加形象生动、引人入胜。

了解英语中的修辞, 有助于我们更好地理解、欣赏文章,也有助于在写作中丰富我们自己的表达。

英语修辞格按其构成大致可以分为三类:(一)词义修辞格(Lexical Rhetorical Devices)词义修辞格主要是指借助语义的联想和语言的变化等特点创造出来的修辞手法。

大学英语中常见的词义修辞格有以下几种:1.Simile 明喻与汉语的明喻基本相同,是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比,表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系。

常用来表示明喻的喻词有like, as, as if, as though等。

如:Learning is like rowing upstream; not to advance is to drop back. 学如逆水行舟,不进则退。

“How like the winter hath my absence been” or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 如“我的离开好象是冬天来临”或“你对我的思想就象食物对于生命一样重要”（莎士比亚）My love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。

他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。

He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。

2. Metaphor 暗喻暗喻也是一种比喻, 但不用比喻词, 因此被称为"缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)"。

Rhetoric_Devices修辞格的使用

Rhetoric Devices:(修辞) (Stylistic Devices, Figures of Speech)1.Alliteration:（头韵）( repetition of initial consonant sound :The initial consonant sound isusually repeated in two neighbouring words (sometimes also in words that are not next to each other). Alliteration draws attention to the phrase and is often used for emphasis. Examples:If neighbouring words start with the same consonant but have a different initial sound, the words are not alliterated. Examples:1）. a C anadian c hild….2）. h onoured and h umbled (the ‘h’ in honoured is silent)2. Allusion:(引喻) indirect reference to a person, event or piece of literatureAllusion is used to explain or clarify a complex problem. Note that allusion works best if you keep it short and refer to something the reader / audience is familiar with, e.g.: famous people ; history ; (Greek) mythology ; literature ; the bible .If the audience is familiar with the event or person, they will also know background and context. Thus, just a few words are enough to create a certain picture (or scene) in the readers’ minds. The advantages are as follows:1）. We don’t need lengthy explanations to clarify the problem.2）. The reader becomes active by reflecting on the analogy.3）. The message will stick in the reader's mind.Examples:1）. The software included a Trojan Horse. (allusion on the Trojan horse from Greek mythology) 2）. Plan ahead. It was not raining when Noah built the Ark. (Richard Cushing) (allusion on the biblical Ark of Noah)Many allusions on historic events, mythology or the bible have become famous idioms. Examples:1）. to meet one’s Waterloo (allusion on Napoleons defeat in the Battle of Waterloo)2）. to wash one’s hands of it. (allusion on Pontius Pilatus, who sentenced Jesus to death, but washed his hands afterwards to demonstrate that he was not to blame for it.)3）. to be as old as Methusalem (allusion on Joseph’s grandfather, who was 969 years old according to the Old Testament)4）. to guard sth with Argus’s eyes (allusion on the giant Argus from Greek mythology, who watched over Zeus’ lover Io.)3. Anaphora:（首语重复法）successive clauses or sentences start with the sameword(s)4.Antithesis : （对照法）contrasting relationship between two ideasAntithesis emphasises the contrast between two ideas. The structure of the phrases / clauses is usually similar in order to draw the reader's / listener's attention directly to the contrast. Examples:5. Transferred epithet:(转类形容词) an adjective or adjective phrase appropriately qualifying a subject (noun) by naming a key or important characteristic of the subject, as in "laughing happiness," "sneering contempt," "untroubled sleep," "peaceful dawn," and "lifegiving water." Sometimes a metaphorical epithet will be good to use, as in "lazy road," "tired landscape," "smirking billboards," "anxious apple." Aptness and brilliant effectiveness are the key considerations in choosing epithets. Be fresh, seek striking images, pay attention to connotative value. A transferred epithet is an adjective modifying a noun which it does not normally modify, but which makes figurative sense:1. At length I heard a ragged noise and mirth of thieves and murderers . . . . --George Herbert2. In an age of pressurized happiness, we sometimes grow insensitive to subtle joys.6. Hyperbole: （夸张法）deliberate exaggerationUsed sparingly, hyperbole effectively draws the attention to a message that you want to emphasize. Example:7. Hypophora （自问自答）question raised and answered by the author / speakerThe author / speaker raises a question and also gives an answer to the question. Hypophora is used to get the audience's attention and make them curious. Often the question is raised at thebeginning of a paragraph and answered in the course of that paragraph. Hypophora can also be used, however, to introduce a new area of discussion. Example:1）Why is it better to love than be loved? It is surer. (Sarah Guitry)2）How many countries have actually hit […] the targets set at Rio, or in Kyoto in 1998, for cutting greenhouse-gas emissions? Precious few8. Litotes：（反语法）form of understatementLitotes is a form of understatement which uses the denied opposite of a word to weaken or soften a message. Examples:1）That's not bad. (instead of: That's good/great.)2）Boats aren't easy to find in the dark. （instead of: Boats are hard/difficult to find in the dark.)9. Metaphor:(隐喻，暗喻) figurative expressionMetaphor compares two different things in a figurative sense. Unlike in a simile (A is like B.), “like” is not used in metaphor (A is B.). Example:10. Metonymy: (转喻) figurative expression, closely associated with the subjectMetonymy (unlike metaphor) uses figurative expressions that are closely associated with the subject in terms of place, time or background. The figurative expression is not a physical part of the subject, however (see synecdoche). Examples:11. Onomatopoeia: (拟声法)word imitating a soundThe pronounciation of the word imitates a sound. Onomatopoeia is used because it's often difficult to describe sounds. Furthermore, a story becomes more lively and interesting by the use of onomatopoeia. Examples:12. Parallelism: (并行体，对句法，平行句) parallel sentence structureSuccessive clauses or sentences are similarly structured. This similarity makes it easier for the reader / listener to concentrate on the message. Example:1. We are bound by ideals that move us beyond our backgrounds, lift us above our interest, and teach us what it means to be citizens.2. The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates.The great teacher inspires. (William A. Ward)3. The mistakes of the fool are known to the world, but not to himself. The mistakes of the wise man are known to himself, but not to the world. (Charles Caleb Colton)4. Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I may remember. Involve me and I will learn. (Benjamin Franklin)Note: When writing, parallelism is a useful device for instructions. Due to the parallel structure, the reader can concentrate on the message and will immediately know what to do (see examples below).Example 1 (no parallelism):Open the book first.You must read the text now.There are pictures in the book–Look at them.The questions must be answered.Example 2 (parallelism):Open the book.Read the text.Look at the pictures.Answer the questions.You surely agree that the second instruction is easier to follow (and to remember) than the first one. The change of structure in the first example is confusing and distracts the reader from the actual message. It might be okay with simple messages like the ones we used here. But following more complex instructions is really hard if they are not in parallel structure.13. Parenthesis: (插入语) additional informationThe normal progression of a sentence is interrupted by extra information or explanations enclosed in commas, brackets or dashes. The extra information can be a single word, a phrase or even a sentence. Examples:1. We ( myself, wife Lorraine and daughters Caroline and Joanna) boarded our boat 'Lynn', a Duchess class vessel barely a year old, at Black Prince Holidays' Chirk boatyard.2. The boats have remarkably few controls and we were given a thorough briefing about 'driving' ours–along with advice on mooring, lock operation and safety considerations–by Pauline, who even set off with us for a few minutes to ensure we were confident.Depending on the importance attached to it, additional information can be enclosed in bracket, commas or dashed.Brackets –not importantConnor (A my’s boyfriend) bought the tickets.Commas –neutralConnor, A my’s boyfriend, bought the tickets.Dashes- emphasizedConnor—Amy’s boyfriend –bought the tickets14. Personification: （拟人）attribution of human characteristics to animals, inanimate objects or abstractionsAnimals, inanimate objects or abstractions are represented as having human characteristics ( behavior, feelings, character etc.). Personification can make a narration more interesting and lively. Examples:15. Repetition: (重复法) repeating words or phrasesWords or phrases are repeated throughout the text to emphasize certain facts or ideas. Examples:16. Rhetorical Question: (修辞问句) question without a direct answerThe author / speaker raises a question, but doesn't answer it directly as he/she sees the answer (usually Yes or No) as obvious. Rhetorical questions are used to provoke, emphasize or argue. Examples:1. When public money brings windfalls to a few, why should the state not take a share?2. But was the best way to win them over to threaten to ignore them altogether? Like so many things this week, the administration's diplomacy needs a smoother touch.(Note that the sentence following the question is not an answer to it.)17. Simile: (明喻) direct comparisonTwo things are compared directly by using 'like' (A is like B.).Other possibilities are for example:A is (not) like BA is more/less than BA is as … as BA is similar to BA is …, so is BA does …, so does BExamples:1. concrete box-style buildings are spreading like inkblots2. The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel3. Personality is to a man what perfume is to a flower. (Charles Schwab)4. My friend is as good as gold.18. Synecdoche: (提喻法) using a part instead of the whole or vice versaSynechdoche is some kind of generalization or specification that uses a part,a member or a characteristic of what is meant. The following possibilities are common: Part used instead of the whole: Example:1. Turning our long bo at round […] on the last morning required all hands on deck … (hands = people)Whole used instead of a part: Example:1. Troops halt the drivers (troops = soldiers)Specific term used instead of a general one: Example:1. A major lesson Americans need to learn is that life consists of more than cars and television sets. [Two specific items substituted for the concept of material wealth]2. Give us this day our daily bread. --Matt. 6:113. If you still do not feel well, you'd better call up a sawbones and have him examine you.19. Understatement: (低调陈述) weaken or soften a statementA statement is deliberately weakened to sound ironical or softened to sound more polite.Note that understatement is a common feature of the English language (especially British English) used in everyday-life situations. Examples:1. I know a little about running a company. (a successful businessman might modestly say.)2. I think we have slightly different opinions on this topic. (instead of: I don't agree with you at all.)20) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.21) Euphemism: (委婉）It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".22) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.23) Pun: (双关语）It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has twomeanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)24) Syllepsis: (一语双叙）It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)25) Zeugma: (轭式搭配）It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)26) Irony: (反语）It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.27) Sarcasm: (讽刺）It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.28) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语）It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.29) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰）It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).30) Epigram: (警句）It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.31) Climax: (渐进）It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I conquered.32) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.33) Apostrophe：(顿呼）In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!34). Oxymoron：（矛盾修饰法）is a paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun ("eloquent silence") or adverb-adjective ("inertly（惰性的）strong") relationship, and is used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit:1. I do here make humbly bold to present them with a short account of themselves and their art.....--Jonathan Swift2. The bookful blockhead, ignorantly read,/ With loads of learned lumber in his head . . . .--Alexander PopeOxymoron can be useful when things have gone contrary to expectation, belief, desire, or assertion, or when your position is opposite to another's which you are discussing. The figure then produces an ironic contrast which shows, in your view, how something has been misunderstood or mislabeled:1. Senator Rosebud calls this a useless plan; if so, it is the most helpful useless plan we have ever enacted.2. The cost-saving program became an expensive economy.35.Epistrophe: （结句反覆）(also called antistrophe) forms the counterpart to anaphora, because the repetition of the same word or words comes at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences:1. Where affections bear rule, there reason is subdued, honesty is subdued, good will is subdued, and all things else that withstand evil, for ever are subdued. --Wilson2. And all the night he did nothing but weep Philoclea, sigh Philoclea, and cry out Philoclea. --Philip Sidney36. Chiasmus:(交错法) might be called "reverse parallelism," since the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Instead of an A, B structure (e.g., "learned unwillingly") paralleled by another A,B structure ("forgotten gladly"), the A,B will be followed by B,A ("gladly forgotten"). So instead of writing, "What is learned unwillingly is forgotten gladly," you could write, "What is learned unwillingly is gladly forgotten." Similarly, the parallel sentence, "What is now great was at first little," could be written chiastically as, "What is now great was little at first." Chiasmus is easiest to write and yet can be made very beautiful and effective simply by moving subordinate clauses around:1. Tell me not of your many perfections; of your great modesty tell me not either.2. Just as the term "menial" does not apply to any honest labor, so no dishonest work can be called "prestigious."。

英文修辞手法Rhetoric Devices

I used to organize my father’s
tools, my mother’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriends.
Irony: (反语) It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. eg. we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.
metonymy /mi`tCnimi/ It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the name of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).
Rhetoric Devices
figure of speech:比喻 1. simile(明喻)： 2. metaphor(暗喻) 3. metonymy(转喻)
simile A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared. He is as slippery as an eel. He jumped as if he had been stung.
It is also a form of

高级英语修辞格New Rhetorical Devices

Rhetorical DevicesCompiled by Zhang Jiuquan (Aaron)关于修辞格，依所使用的手段的不同可分为三类：一、使用语音手段的修辞格(Phonetic Stylistic Devices)：1.Alliteration（头韵）: A figure of emphasis that occurs through the repetition of initial consonant letters (or sounds) in two or more different words across successive sentences, clauses, or phrases. It catches the listener’s attention and fix it in their mind, and so is useful for emphasis as well as art.For example,＊She sells sea-shells on the sea-shore.她在海边卖蚌壳。

＊Sea, Sun, Sand, Seclusion---- and Spain!有大海，有阳光，有沙滩，有幽静——更有西班牙风情。

＊Men may meet but mountains never.人生何处不相逢。

More examples,＊kith and kin (亲戚朋友) / be beaten black and blue (被打的青一块、紫一块) / vim and vigor （精力和活力）/ fame and fortune（名利）/ pride and prejudice（傲慢与偏见）/ sense and sensitivity（理智与情感）/ cooperation and competition （合作与竞争）＊Note:头韵：在词的开头重复相同的元音或辅音，多用于诗歌和散文中。

修辞手法 Rhetorical devices

2.两者结构形式及其意义的区别
移就一般有转移形容词+中心词组成
例如：the sleepless bed(辗转难眠的床)， nervous hours(紧张的时刻)，merry bells(快乐的铃声)，weary way(疲惫的路途)。
通感的结构形式要比移就复杂，但是其结构形式与意义相符合，相一致，即中心词为名词本身。例如：heavy silence(凝重的寂静)，icy voice(冷峻的声音)
没有德行的美丽好比没有芬芳的玫瑰。
He has a heart of stone. 他铁石心肠。
to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧 to plough the sand 白费力气
Simile vs Metaphor
Similarities: • Both of them are comparisons made between two unlike
Antithesis 对比,对照对偶
• Definition: • a special kind of parallelism. As a figure of speech it is
characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences or ideas. It is balancing of one term against the other for emphasis and the repeating of the structure not to stress similarity but to stress contrast. • Antithesis：这种修辞指将意义完全相反的语句排在一起对比的一种修辞方法.。

Rhetorical Devices 修辞手法

Importance of Rhetorical Study
杭州大学1984年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 V. Define the following terms: (20%) 1. allegory 2. comedy 3. epic 4. epistolary novel 5. euphemism 6. neo-classicism 7. onomatopoeia 8. oxymoron 9. realism 10. romanticism 国际关系学院1987年研究生入学考试试题 I. Tell what you know about ten of the following terms: (5% each)
Importance of Rhetorical Study
山东师范大学1986年招收研究生试题 IV. Rhetoric (20%) 1. How many figures of speech can you give? Try to name five at least, each with an example: (15 points) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
Importance of Rhetorical Study
1. He has never read Shakespeare before. 2. The pupils took a leaf out of their teacher‟s book. 3. Malene called my conviction a “Victorian defeat.” 4. Neither his vanity nor his purse is any concern of the dictionary‟s. 5. Mark Twain became clear about the difference between what people claim to be and what they really are.

英语修辞手法汇总大全Rhetorical-Devices

For Death:
to be asleep in the Arms of God (本义）安睡在上帝的怀中 to be at peace (本义）平静了 to be at rest (本义）在休息 to be called to God (本义）被召唤到上帝那 to be called home (本义）被召回家 to be home and free (本义）到家自由了 to be taken to paradise (本义）被送进天堂 The call of God (本义）上帝的召唤 to depart (本义）离去 The final departure (本义）最后离去 final sleep (本义）最后一觉
the transference of an adjective to a noun to which it is not wholly appropriate 转类形容法
• More example： • This bad news has brought me a
sleepless night. • They climbed to a dizzy height and then
jumped down.
7. Rhetorical question: 反诘
• A question neither requiring nor intended to produce a reply but asked for emphasis. More example: If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? (Shelley: Ode to the West Wind)
8. Anti-climax: 突降法
• The sudden appearance of an trivial idea following one or more significant ideas. It is usually comic(滑稽的)in effect.

Lecture 7 Other 修辞手段kinds of Rhetorical Devices

7.5 Parallelism & antithesis (排比与对偶排比与对偶) 排比与对偶
7.5.1 parallelism is meant to put such sentences with the same structure, similar meaning, and the same mode into order as a whole. Look at the following example: (20) Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man… To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affection; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humor of a scholar. (Francis Bacon, Of Studies)
Lecture 7 Other kinds of Rhetorical Devices
7.1 Simile
Simile is a kind of rhetorical devices which is used to describe an analogical or comparison relationship between two types of different things. In doing so, the preposition ‘like’ or ‘as’ is usually used. For example: (1) She is like a grandmother to all of us. (2) As you sow, you shall mow.(种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆)

Rhetorical_device英语中的修辞

Rhetorical device：修辞方式Part I Figure of speech 比喻1．明喻(Simile)明喻就是用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处Use a book as a bee does flowers. 读书如蜜蜂采蜜。

Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit. 没有学识的机智犹如没有果实的树。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。

他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。

He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

2．暗喻( Metaphor)暗喻和明喻一样也是在两个不同类对象之间进行比较。

但暗喻不用比喻词as或like等，而是直接把本体说成喻体。

如：Time is money. 时间就是金钱。

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother. 经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。

He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。

3．换喻/借喻( Metonymy)换喻不像明喻、暗喻等比喻形式那样利用不同类对象的相似或类同点构成比较，而是利用对象之间的某种联系来唤起他人的联想，从而避免直说。

比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。

pentagon如：His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。

The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。

英文修辞详解Rhetorical_Devices

• The sun stretches its warmth across the land.
• I think the machine is being uncooperative.
• Walls have ears.
Hyperbole
• She is starving. • Maggie smiles and the whole world is happy. • I have tried millions of times but it did not work. • We have not met you for ages. • This box weighs a ton. • The movie almost scared us to death.
Irony
• I lost my wallet and the key to the apartment last night. Was I lucky enough? • She is as slender in the middle as a cow in the waist. • It must be delightful to find yourself in a strange city without a cent in your pocket. • What a nice and warm day today? (Actually, it’s cold and cloudy. )
Simile
• • • • He regards me as a thorn in his flesh. Her eyes are as blue as the sea. He is like a brave lion. Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. • He has no more ideas of money than a cow.

Rhetorical Device

Rhetorical Device（修辞技巧）1. Simile 明喻【就两个截然不同的事物之间的相似处进行比较，表明本体和喻体的相类关系】eg. （1）The man can't be trusted. He's as slippery（很狡猾）as an eel（鳗鱼）.（2）My life is like a long curve（曲线）, full of turning points.2. Metaphor 暗喻【文学作品中常用的表现技法，是用一种事物暗喻另一种事物，是一种寻求文字表象与其内蕴世界有机结合的做法】eg. （1）Efficiency（效率）is undermined（被破坏的）in a jungle（丛林）of red tape（繁文缛节）.（2）In foreign policy, flying solo can be dangerous.3. Personification 拟人【是指把非人的事物当作人来写，把本来只适用于人的动词、形容词、名词或代词等用于写物，使读者感到该物具有人的属性】eg. （1）The match will soon be over and defeat（失败）is staring（凝视的）us in the face. （2）Dusk（黄昏）came stealthily（悄悄地）.4. Metonymy 换喻，借代【是指两种不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一种事物名称代替另一种】eg. （1）His purse would not allow him that luxury（奢华）.（2）He reads Shakespeare.5. Synecdoche 提喻【是不直接说某一事物的名称，而是借事物的本身所呈现的各种对应的现象来表现该事物的这样一种修辞手段】（一种修辞方法，以局部代表全部和以全部指部分）eg. （1）He has many mouths to feed in his family.（2）Germany beat Argentina（阿根廷） 2 to 1 in this match.6. Euphemism 委婉【即用一种温和、间接的词或短语代替直截了当或生硬刺目的词或短语,或代替令人不快的词或短语】eg. （1）He is a little bit overweight.（2）She is plain-looking（长得不好看的）.7. Irony 反语【用含蓄的褒义词表示批判性的评价,用反意进行强调】eg. （1）It's really nice of you to say I'm a dork（笨蛋）.（2）Look at the heavy rain. What a fine day for an outing!8. Overstatement（Hyperbole）夸张eg. （1）Thanks a million（非常感谢）.（2）It's a crime to stay indoors on such a beautiful day.9. Understatement 轻描淡写eg. （1）The man is no fool.（2）It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.10. Transferred Epithet 移就【把修饰语从它本来应该修饰的名词之前移到与该名词有关的词之前的写法】eg. （1）He spent a lot of sleepless night alone.（2）He said yes in an unthinking moment.11. Synesthesia 通感eg. （1）She has a sweet voice.（2）It's a sour remark（言辞）.12. Oxymoron 逆喻，矛盾【是将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理】eg. （1）Although they lose the game, it's a victorious（胜利的）defeat.（2）She read the letter with a tearful smile.13. Alliteration 头韵【是英语中语音修辞手段之一，是世界上最普通的押韵。

Rhetorical_device英语中的修辞

Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit. 没有学识的机智犹如没有果实的树。

The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。

他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。

He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。

2．暗喻( Metaphor)暗喻和明喻一样也是在两个不同类对象之间进行比较。

但暗喻不用比喻词as或like等，而是直接把本体说成喻体。

如：Time is money. 时间就是金钱。

Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother. 经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。

He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。

比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。

pentagon如：His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。

The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。

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