英语时态、语态、比较级以及最高级总结

时态：

【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。时态是英语中一个重要的语法范畴，它表示不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态以及动作发生或存在的方式。动作发生的时间可分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来四种形式（即时），动作发生的方式可分为一般、完成、进行和完成进行四种形式（即体）。将时间形式和动作方式结合起来，就构成了以下

英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。可以看出“时”的变化体现在助动词上，“体”的变化体现在助动词及动词上。

（1）一般现在时

基本形式（以do为例）：

第三人称单数：does（主语为非第三人称单数）；

肯定句：主语＋动词原形＋其他；

He works for us.

否定句：主语＋don‘t/doesn't＋动词原形＋其他；

He doesn't work for us.

一般疑问句：Do/Does＋主语＋动词原形＋其他。

肯定回答：Yes，（＋主语＋do/does）．

否定回答：No，（＋主语＋don't/doesn't.）

特殊疑问句：疑问词+一般疑问句语

Does he work for us?

Yes, he does.

No, he doesn't

What does he do for us?

He works for us.

（2）一般过去时

be动词＋行为动词的过去式否定句式：在行为动词前加didn‘t，同时还原行为动词，或was／were＋not；was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词例如：Did he work for us? He didn't work for us. He worked for u s.

（3）一般将来时

am／are／is＋going to＋do 或

will／shall＋do

am/is/are/about to + do

am/is/are to + do;

一般将来时的表达方法

be going to +动词原形

be +不定式,be to+动词原形,be about to ＋动词原形

be able to +不定式

be about to+动词原形

will + 动词原形；

例如：He is going to work for us.

He will work for us；

He is coming.这是特殊的用一般现在时表达将来时态的例子！！

(4)过去将来时

be（was，were）going to+动词原形

be（was，were）about to+动词原形

be（was，were）to+动词原形

肯定句：主语+be（was，were）going to+动词原形～.

否定句：主语+be（was，were）not going to+动词原形～.

疑问句：Be（Was，Were）+主语+going to+动词原形～？

肯定句：主语+would（should）+动词原形～.

否定句：主语+would（should）not+动词原形～.

疑问句：Would（Should）+主语+动词原形～？

He would work for us.

(5)现在进行时

主语+be+v.ing〔现在分词〕形式(其中v表示动词)

表示现在正在进行的动作或最近在做的事。

例如：I am buying a book.

第一人称+am+doing+sth

第二人称+are+doing +sth （doing是泛指所有的v-ing形式）

第三人称+is+doing+sth

例：He is working.

(6)过去进行时

肯定句：主语+was/were+doing+其它

否定句：主语+was/were+not+doing+其它

一般疑问句及答语：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它；答语：Yes,I主语+was/were. /No,I主语+wasn't/weren't.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它

He was working when he was alive.

(7)将来进行时

主语+will + be +现在分词

He will be working for us.=He will work for us.

(8)过去将来进行时

should(would)+be+现在分词

He said that he would be working for us.=He said that he would work for u s.

(9)现在完成时

基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他\

He has worked for us for ten years.

Has he worked for us for ten years.

(10)过去完成时

基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)

①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他

②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他

③一般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他

肯定回答：Yes,主语+had

否定回答：No,主语+hadn't

④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（had+主语+过去分词+其他）

语法判定:

（ 1 ）by + 过去的时间点。如：

I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.

（ 2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：

We had learnt over two thousand English words by the end of last term.

（ 3 ）before + 过去的时间点。如：

They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

(11)将来完成时

（shall）will+have+动词过去分词

before+将来时间或by+将来时间

before或by the time引导的现在时的从句

He will have worked for us.=He will work for us.

(12)过去将来完成时

should / would have done sth.

He said that he would have worked for us.=He said that he would work for us.

(13)现在完成进行时

基本与现在完成时相同，但是现在完成进行时只能表示仍然持续的概念

have/has been +-ing 分词

He has been working for us for ten years.=He has worked for us for ten yea rs.

(14)过去完成进行时

had been +-ing 分词