社会工作专业英语_参考资料

what is social work?“The social work profession专业promotes促进social change, problem-solving in human relationships, and the empowerment许可，授权 and liberation释放，解放 of people to enhance 提高，加强well-being幸福，幸福感，福利. Utilising使用，利用theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes干预，介入at points在点where people interact with与相互作用their environments. Principles原则of human rights人权and social justice司法 are fundamental to对~是必要的social work.”Nature of the WorkSocial work is a profession for those with a strong desire to help improve people lives. Social workers help people function（动词）运行 the best way they can in their environment, deal with their relationships, and solve personal and family problems. Social workers often see看见，理解clients案主who face a life-threatening重度，致命的disease疾病or a social problem, such as inadequate不足的housing, unemployment, a serious illness, a disability残疾，丧失能力的, or substance abuse药物滥用. Social workers also assist帮助families that have serious domestic家庭的 conflicts冲突, sometimes involving child or spousal abuse虐待配偶.Social workers often provide social services in health-related settings设置that now are governed管理，支配by managed care管理式医疗organizations. To contain含，控制costs, these organizations emphasize强调，注重short-term intervention介入，干预, ambulatory流动的，非固定的and community-based社区的care, and greater decentralization分散of services.Most social workers specialize专门从事，专业化. Although some conduct research进行研究，进行调研工作or are involved in planning or policy development, most social workers prefer an area of practice in which they interact with与相互作用 clients.Child, family, and school social workers provide social services and assistance帮助to improve the social and psychological functioning心理机能，心理功能of children and their families and to maximize取最大值，最大化 the family well-being and academic学术的，理论的 functioning of children. Some social workers assist single parents, arrange adoptions领养, or help find foster homes寄养家庭 for neglected被忽视的, abandoned被抛弃的, or abused被虐待children. In schools, they address从事，忙于such problems as teenage pregnancy怀孕, misbehavior品行不端, and truancy旷课，逃学 and advise teachers on how to cope with处理，应付 problem students. Increasingly逐渐的, school social workers are teaching workshops研习会，讲习班to an entire整个的class. Some social workers specialize in专门研究，专攻services for senior citizens老人（尤指退休者）, running流动的，连续的 support groups支持小组for family caregivers照顾着，看护人or for the adult children of aging成年parents, advising elderly老年的people or family members about choices in areas such as housing, transportation, and long-term care长期护理，长期医疗, and coordinating协调 and monitoring 监督 these services. Through employee雇员 assistance帮助 programs, they may help workerscope with处理，应付 job-related pressures or with personal problems that affect the quality of their work. Child, family, and school social workers typically代表性的，典型的work for individual个人的 and family services agencies, schools, or State国家，州 or local governments. These social workers may be known as被称为，被认为child welfare儿童福利 social workers, family services social workers, child protective保护的 services social workers, occupational职业的 social workers, or gerontology老年学 social workers.Medical医学的and public health公共卫生social workers provide persons, families, or vulnerable易受伤害的populations with the psychosocial社会心理的support needed to cope with chronic长期的，慢性的, acute严重的, or terminal illnesses终期病患，晚期疾病, such as Alzheimer's disease早老性痴呆, cancer, or AIDS. They also advise family caregivers照顾者, counsel建议，劝告patients, and help plan for patients’ needs after discharge后放 by arranging for at-home services, from meals-on-wheels to oxygen氧气equipment. Some work on interdisciplinary跨领域的 teams that evaluate评价，评估 certain kinds of patients—geriatric老年病人or organ transplant器官移植patients, for example. Medical and public health social workers may work for hospitals, nursing护理，看护 and personal care facilities, individual个人的，个别的 and family services agencies, or local governments.Mental health心理健康and substance abuse药物滥用social workers assess评定，评估and treat individuals个人with mental illness精神病or substance abuse problems, including abuse of alcohol, tobacco烟草, or other drugs. Such services include individual and group therapy治疗，疗法, outreach延伸，扩广, crisis intervention危机干预，危机介入, social rehabilitation复原, and training in skills of everyday living. They also may help plan for supportive支持的 services to ease减轻，使安心 patients and return to the community. Mental health and substance abuse social workers are likely to work in hospitals, substance abuse treatment centers, individual and family services agencies, or local governments. These social workers may be known as clinical临床的social workers. (Counselors辅导员，顾问and psychologists心理学家, who may provide similar services.)Other types of social workers include social work planners and policymakers, who develop programs to address处理 such issues问题，议题 as child abuse, homelessness, substance abuse, poverty贫困, and violence. These workers research and analyze policies, programs, and regulations条例，规程. They identify social problems and suggest legislative立法机构and other solutions. They may help raise funds筹集资金or write grants补助金，津贴to support these programs.Employment工作，就业Social workers held about 562,000 jobs in 2004. About 9 out of 10 jobs were in health care and social assistance社会救助industries, as well as State and local government agencies, primarily首先，主要的in departments of health and human services. Although most social workers are employed受聘于，被雇佣 in cities or suburbs郊区, some work in rural areas农村地区. The following tabulation表格 shows 2004 employment by type of social worker: Child, family, and school social workers 272,000Mental health and substance abuse social workers 116,000Medical and public health social workers 110,000Social workers, all other 64,000Job Outlook展望Competition for social worker jobs is expected in cities, where demand for对~的需求services often is highest and training programs训练计划 for social workers are prevalent流行的，普遍的. However, opportunities should be good in rural areas农村计划, which often find it difficult to attract and retain保持，保留 qualified合格的，能胜任的 staff. By specialty专业，专长, job prospects前景 may be best for those social workers with a background in gerontology 老年医学 and substance abuse treatment.Employment of social workers is expected to increase faster than the average平均 for all occupations职业，行业through 2014. The rapidly迅速的growing elderly年老的population and the aging baby boom generation生育高峰年 will create greater demand for health and social services, resulting in particularly rapid job growth among gerontology老年医学 social workers. Many job openings职位空缺 also will stem from出于，来自 the need to replace取代，替换social workers who leave the occupation.As hospitals continue to limit the length of patient stays, the demand for social workers in hospitals will grow more slowly than in other areas. Because hospitals are releasing释放 patients earlier than in the past, social worker employment in home health care services is growing. However, the expanding扩大的 senior年老的 population is an even larger factor. Employment opportunities for social workers with backgrounds in gerontology should be good in the growing numbers of许多，若干assisted协助，辅助-living and senior-living communities. The expanding senior population also will spur鼓舞，刺激demand for social workers in nursing homes, long-term care facilities, and hospices济贫院.Strong demand is expected for substance abuse social workers over the 2004? 4 projection 规划 period周期，时期. Substance abusers are increasingly逐渐的 being placed into treatment programs instead of being sentenced to判决prison. Because of the increasing numbers of individuals sentenced to prison or probation缓刑 who are substance abusers, correctional 矫正的systems are increasingly requiring substance abuse treatment as a condition added to their sentencing量刑or probation试用. As this trend grows, demand will increase for treatment programs and social workers to assist abusers on the road to在~过程中 recovery恢复，痊愈.Employment of social workers in private social service agencies also will increase. However, agencies increasingly will restructure调整，重改结构 services and hire more lower paid social and human service assistants instead of social workers. Employment in State and local government agencies may grow somewhat有点，稍微in response to响应，对~有反应increasing needs for public welfare社会福利，公共福利, family services, and child protection 保护，照顾 services; however, many of these services will be contracted out包出，批给外界承办 to private agencies. Employment levels in public and private social services agencies may fluctuate波动，涨落, depending on need and government funding资金，经费 levels.Employment of school social workers also is expected to grow as expanded efforts to respond to响应rising student enrollments登记，注册人数and continued emphasis on着重于，强调 integrating整合 disabled children into the general school population lead to more jobs. There could be competition for school social work jobs in some areas because of the limited number of openings. The availability有效性，可用性of Federal联邦的，同盟的, State and local funding资金，经费 will be a major factor in determining the actual job growth in schools.Opportunities for social workers in private practice私人机构 will expand, but growth may be somewhat hindered阻碍，妨碍 by restrictions限制，限制条件 that managed care 管理式医疗organizations put on增加mental health心理健康services. The growing popularity of employee assistance programs is expected to spur demand for private practitioners, some of whom provide social work services to corporations公司，企业 on a contractual合同的，契约的basis. However, the popularity of employee assistance programs will fluctuate波动，涨落with the business cycle商业周期, because businesses are not likely to offer these services during recessions衰退.EarningsMedian中值，中位数 annual earnings年收益 of child, family, and school social workers were $34,820 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,840 and $45,140. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $23,130, and the top 10 percent earned more than $57,860. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of child, family, and school social workers in May 2004 were:Elementary小学 and secondary中学 schools $44,300Local government 40,620State government 35,070Individual and family services 30,680Other residential住宅的 care facilities 30,550Median annual earnings of medical医学的 and public health social workers were $40,080 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $31,620 and $50,080. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $25,390, and the top 10 percent earned more than $58,740. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of medical and public health social workers in May 2004 were:General medical and surgical外科的 hospitals $44,920Home health care services 42,710Local government 39,390Nursing care护理 facilities 35,680Individual and family services 32,100Median annual earnings of mental health and substance abuse social workers were $33,920 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $26,730 and $43,430. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $21,590, and the top 10 percent earned more than $54,180. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of mental health and substance abuse social workers in May 2004 were:Psychiatric精神病学的 and substance abuse hospitals $36,170Local government 35,720Outpatient门诊服务 care centers 33,220Individual and family services 32,810Residential mental retardation智力缺陷, mental health and substance abuse facilities 29,110Median annual earnings of social workers, all other were $39,440 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $30,350 and $51,530. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $24,080, and the top 10 percent earned more than $62,720. Median annual earnings in the industries employing the largest numbers of social workers, all other in May 2004 were:Local government $42,570State government 40,940Individual and family services 32,280About 1 out of 5 social workers is a member of a union. Many belong to the union associated with their place of employment.二、汉译英①There are many ways to have a happy marriage,but only a few ways marriages go bad.有很多方法可以有一个幸福的婚姻，但只有少数的方式结婚变坏。