《白鲸》的论文
白鲸论文象征手法论文：小议《白鲸》中的“象征手法”
白鲸论文象征手法论文：小议《白鲸》中的“象征手法”摘要：长篇小说《白鲸》是美国作家赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的代表作，其意象之丰富，内容之驳杂，思想之幽深为作者赢得了极高的文学地位。
当代评论家都认为这是美国文学史上最伟大的作品之一。
这部小说深受《圣经》的影响，充满了象征和寓意(symbol and moral)。
本文将对文中各个要素的象征意义作探索性分析。
关键词：白鲸；赫尔曼·麦尔维尔；象征手法《白鲸》是梅尔维尔最杰出的作品，是美国文学中的一部经典性著作。
这部小说曾一度被十九世纪美国文学的大潮所淹没,经过半个多世纪的沉寂后,当新时代的人们以新的视角重新审视它时,这部史诗般的文学巨著就像深埋于古墓中的珠宝重见天日,放射出前所未有的璀璨光芒。
如今它已成为世界文坛公认的伟大杰作,被誉为“时代的镜子”和“美国想象力最辉煌的表达”。
（伊恩·乌斯比.《50部美国小说》）。
《白鲸》是一部融戏剧、冒险、哲理、研究于一体的鸿篇巨制。
依托美国资本主义上升时期工业发达、物质进步的时代背景,作者将艺术视角伸向了艰辛险阻、财源丰厚的捕鲸业,以沉郁瑰奇的笔触讲述了亚哈船长指挥下的“裴廓德号”捕鲸船远航追杀白鲸最后与之同归于尽的海洋历险故事。
在与现实生活的相互映照中,作者寓事于理,寄托深意,或讲历史,谈宗教,或赞自然,论哲学,闲聊中透射深刻哲理,平叙中揭示人生真谛,不但为航海、鲸鱼、捕鲸业的科学研究提供了丰富的材料,而且展现了作家对人类文明和命运的独特反思。
一、裴考德号的象征意义显然,裴考德号及全体船员的悲惨下场是从一开始就已注定了的。
首先,这艘船的名字本身就象征着灭亡。
裴考德是美国印第安人一个种族的名字,在美国被白人殖民者占领以后,许多本土的印第安人部落和种族在和白人殖民者的冲突中被消灭了。
裴考德就是一个已经被白人消灭了的种族。
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔用这个名字来命名捕鲸船,象征着它必定灭亡的悲惨下场。
《白鲸》中麦尔维尔的自然观-自然辩证法论文-哲学论文
《白鲸》中麦尔维尔的自然观-自然辩证法论文-哲学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——《白鲸》这部作品利用伊什梅尔的口讲述了船长在一次捕鲸行动中，与鲸鱼反复而以失败告终的故事。
这部小说具有较高的文学艺术价值，但是在成书伊始并没有受到广大读者的热爱和追捧，直至上世纪20 年代才引起人们的重视，而这部作品因具有对人们破坏海洋生态的警示意义被人们赞为海洋生态的扛鼎之作。
在上世纪的60 年代，美国兴起了生态文学批评的潮流，这一潮流立足于文学，通过对自然的认知，来对人们的人类掌握世界的思想进行批评，直击工业社会对自然的破坏，强调保护自然、热爱自然的重要性，强调人与自然之间是一种和谐共处的关系，总而言之就是人类应当保护自然。
当时，大自然是人们很少涉及的领域，这一潮流着眼于生态批评是具有前瞻性和发展性的。
而《白鲸》作为一部与生态环境密切相关的文学作品，必然成为批评界关注的焦点。
如今，我们更应当正确处理人与自然的关系，因此，这部作品对当代环境的保护和发展具有重要意义。
唯物辩证法认为人与自然是辩证统一的，既对立又统一，即人总是认为人定胜天,人类是大自然的主宰，殊不知天定胜人,在人们对大自然造成破坏时，人们也终将受到大自然的惩罚。
而人又是大自然的重要组成部分，大自然是一个整体，人是其中不可或缺的一部分，人的发展与大自然息息相关。
在古代，人们对大自然总是怀有敬畏之心。
但是，随着科学技术的发展，尤其是在经过工业的洗礼之后，人类研发了多种新技术，对大自然的敬畏之心就渐渐减少，甚至一些极端的人认为人类是大自然的主宰，这是极其不正确的思想。
《白鲸》讲述的就是在较早时期，靠近海边的人以出海逮捕鲸鱼为生，这为人们带来了巨大幸福，而后，美国进入到工业社会，更多的人投入到这个行业之中，大海中鲸鱼的数量急剧下降。
故事的主人公小学教师因为实现不了自己的精神理想，于是就投入到大海的怀抱，去海洋中寻求自己的精神寄托。
《白鲸》中的《圣经》元素本科毕业论文
泰山学院本科毕业论文《白鲸》中的《圣经》元素I摘要《白鲸》是美国浪漫主义文学的代表作家麦尔维尔的代表作，自从1919年以后，这部书已经成为公认的杰作。
《白鲸》的故事情节较为简单，但隐含的内涵深邃难测，这是一部具有丰富的象征意义的作品。
《白鲸》中有大量的文学和神话暗示等元素，其中的很多内容都取自《圣经》文学。
本文从作品命名、象征手法、文学原型三个方面阐释该作品所蕴含的《圣经》元素。
关键词：圣经元素，宗教主题，人物原型，自然意象IAbstractABSTRACTMoby-dick is a representative of the American romantic literature writer Melville's masterpiece, since 1919, the book has become recognized as a masterpiece. Moby-dick storyline is relatively simple, but the implicit meaning abstruse obscure, this is a work with rich symbolic meanings. Moby-dick in a large number of literature and myth implies elements, and many of those content are taken from the bible literature. This article naming, symbolism, literary works in the prototype three aspects to interpret the works contains the elements of the bible.Keywords: moby-dick ；biblical character ；prototype elements of symbolism and meaningII目录1. 引言----------------------------------------------------------42.《白鲸》中来源于《圣经》的人物-------------------------------------4 2.1 《白鲸》中源于《圣经》的主要人物--------------------------42.1.1 叙述者“以实玛利”在《圣经》中的人物原型------------------42.1.2小说中的船长亚哈在《圣经》中的人物原型---------------------52.2 《白鲸》中源于《圣经》的次要人物----------------------------------5 2.2.1 以利亚在《圣经》中的人物原型---------------------------------5 2.2.2 斯达巴克在《圣经》中的人物原型----------------------------6 2.2.3 船东比勒达在《圣经》中的人物原型--------------------------72.3 这些人物之间的关系------------------------------------------73 《白鲸》中来源于《圣经》中的自然意象------------------------83.1 《白鲸》中大海意象和《圣经》的关系-------------------------------83.2《白鲸》中鱼的意象和《圣经》的关系-----------------------------------84. 《白鲸》和《圣经》在宗教主题上的内在关系-------------------------105.结语---------------------------------------------------------10参考文献--------------------------------------------------------11致谢---------------------------------------------121 引言《圣经》是基督教的经典，又称《新旧约全书》。
从“生态批评”的角度解读小说《白鲸》-外国文学论文-文学论文
从“生态批评”的角度解读小说《白鲸》-外国文学论文-文学论文——文章均为WORD文档，下载后可直接编辑使用亦可打印——美国着名小说家，散文家，赫尔曼麦尔维尔的很多作品都与海洋有关，因而也被人们称为海洋文学家。
《白鲸》是他的代表作，同时也是一部宏伟的海洋史诗。
随时间的推移，人们对小说的层次进行了深入的解读。
本文试从生态批评的角度对作品进行解读。
生态批评的主要理念是批判人类中心主义，现代工业文明对自然环境的破坏。
面对当今全球生态系统被破坏的现状，就需要人类深入思考。
一、由《白鲸》着作解读当今环境自然观（一）海洋环境在着作中的自然观体现《白鲸》这本着作所描绘的就是以海洋为背景而创作的。
小说的作者之所以以海洋为背景主要是因为其对于自然的热爱。
因此才会将海洋描绘得既纯净又富有生命力，为了那种他认为有意的操劳和船上的纯净空气以实玛利来到心缘已久的海上体验自己想要的生活。
他认为，海洋具有大自然独特的魅力和神奇的治愈功能。
在甲板上他享受船头的健康运动和洁净空气；在桅杆上了望，他又无时无刻不在观察自然和白鲸的美。
同时，麦尔维尔也描述了海洋的凶险。
它那些令人类最害怕的生物多数是在人眼看不见水底游来滑去，狡猾的躲在平静的海面之下。
种种描述都反映了作者那种对于自然的喜爱敬畏之情。
( 二) 海洋生物白鲸所体现的麦尔维尔的自然观白鲸作为海洋中独特的生物，它是海洋不可分割的一部分，体现了大自然的神奇力量。
在该部小说中，作者描写的白鲸是一种善良的代表，是自然之美的体现。
例如在小说的第87 章，以实玛利把白鲸人性化了，在以实玛利眼中他们是夫妻母子，而不是简单的动物，麦尔维尔给予他们人的美德。
通过对白鲸种种的描述，让主人公意识到人与自然，人与动物之间那种微妙的关系，在以实玛利心目中，人与白鲸应该平等和谐相处，但这种平静与和谐却被人类毁坏了。
二、从人与自然关系解读小说自然观（一）《白鲸》中人与自然是征服与被征服的关系人类文明的发展的同时自信心膨胀过头，人类相信自己可以征服自然并付诸行动---到深海猎杀。
《白鲸》叙事艺术论文
《白鲸》叙事艺术论文摘要：《白鲸》作为美国著名的文化著作，其艺术魅力无需赘言，它的内涵与意义已经超越了其他传统小说，其叙事技巧与叙事艺术更是被现代人所推崇、赞扬与学习，解读《白鲸》中的叙事艺术对我们理解与体会这部著作具有积极意义。
关键词：白鲸；叙事艺术1851年，麦尔维尔创作出《白鲸》，作者融合了虚幻手法与写实手法，故事选材于捕鲸业。
小说主要叙述了“裴圭亚特”号渔船的船长亚哈在一次出海捕鲸过程中被白鲸莫比咬掉一条腿，亚哈使用鲸鱼骨重新做了假腿，然后发誓即使船毁人亡也要将莫比捕杀。
追逐较量过程中，亚哈始终不肯退却，漂泊数日后终于发现莫比，一人一鲸开始进行生死搏斗，莫比身负重伤下撞毁了小船，亚哈被捕鲸的绳子缠绕致死，所有船员失踪或身亡，只有一名水手玛利得以存活。
作品中莫比象征大自然，而亚哈作为人类想要征服自然，最终却遭受到自然惩罚。
一、叙事视角《白鲸》全篇共有135个篇章，但是仅有的一个结尾却异常简短，作品通过实玛利视角将一个纷繁惊险的捕鲸故事徐徐展开，叙述过程中同时穿插部分非叙事的章节，将古往今来的捕鲸史开始系统梳理了一遍，因此《白鲸》完全可以看做一部关于鲸鱼的哲理书或者百科全书。
作品中还有诸多关节宗教、社会与人生方面的哲理探讨，严肃、风趣与凝重的语言巧妙融合。
《白鲸》改变了传统小说在叙事过程中采用的清晰一致的叙述者方式，选择了前后不同的叙述人，麦尔维尔赋予了《白鲸》多重现代全新的艺术特征。
小说前二十章以实玛利的视角讲述故事，整体的故事情节与作者一路经历类似。
然而在亚哈要捕杀白鲸莫比的时候，作为叙述者的实玛利不见踪影，小说三十七章为亚哈独白，而三十八章则是以全知视角的语气叙述故事情节。
不管是讲述哪一类型故事，作者总是将叙述者放在一个特定视角下进行描述，语言视角不同，产生的艺术效果也会不同。
《白鲸》的故事情节错综复杂，而且不断变换叙述视角。
捕鲸的整个过程里，作者一般通过大幅篇章对捕鲸知识与人生哲理进行描述或探讨，将追忆往事产生的思考与当下想法融为一体，在充实小说内容的同时更加富有张力的表现故事情节。
论《白鲸》中白鲸的象征意义论文(修改后)
On Symbolism of the White Whale in MobyDickZhao Cuiting赵萃婷AcknowledgementsI would like to take this chance to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Shu Jingwei, who is the lecturer in the Foreign Languages and Literature Department for her kindly assistance and valuable suggestions during the process of my thesis writing. His willingness to give his time so generously has been very much appreciated.My gratitude also extends to all the teachers who taught me during my undergraduate years for their kind encouragement and patient instructions.Last but not the least; I would like to offer my particular thanks to my friends and family, for their encouragement and support for the completion of this thesis.First and foremost, I appreciate my country who gives me a comfortable learning atmosphere. Second, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Shu Jingwei, who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his illuminating instruction and patience, this thesis could not have reached its present form. I am also greatly indebted to all my teachers who have helped me to develop the fundamental and essential academic competence. My sincere appreciation also goes to all my classmates, who are my proud of my life. Last but not least, I want to thank all my friends, especially my three lovely roommates, for their encouragement and support.The white whale likes a symbol of the labyrinth. From the people, macro features, small stationary objects almost always have multiple layers of symbolism. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the life of Melville and his writing style and content of the white whale, pave the way for the in-depth analysis of the context. The second part, the writer focus on symbolism from a general angle and narrow angle analysis, and proposed a theory of symbolism, revealing the function of symbolism in literature. The next three parts the writer has an in-depth analysis of the symbolism of the white whale: Beluga incarnation of evil, all-powerful all-knowing God and not to resist nature. Finally, the article has once stressed the importance of the application of symbolismContentsAbstract (English) (i)Abstract (Chinese) ............................................................................... i i Introduction .. (1)A. Introduction to Herman Melville (1819-1891) (3)1. His great success as a writer can be attributed to many factors. (3)2. Nathaniel Hawthorne exerts a profound influence on him. (3)3. His writing is consciously literary. (4)4. His style is highly symbolic and metaphorical. (4)B. Introduction to Moby Dick (5)1. Symbolism makes Moby Dick a great success (5)2. Herman Melville was the celebrated author of several big 19th-century novelsabout the sea. (5)Ⅱ.Extended meaning of Moby Dick (6)A. Symbolism (6)1. Symbol (6)2. Symbolism (6)3. Functions of Symbolism (7)B. Symbolism of Evil (7)1. Transcendentalism and Anti-transcendentalism (7)2. The Nature of Evil (7)3. Symbols of Evil (8)II. Symbolism of God (8)A. View of God in Anti- transcendentalism (8)B. The Symbol of God (9)III. Symbolism of Nature (9)A. View of Nature (9)B. symbol of nature (9)Conclusion (10)Bibliography (11)AbstractHerman Melville has been considered as one of the greatest writers in American literature of the19th century. The success of this masterpiece is largely attributed to its adoption of symbolism. In light of this, it is both penetrating and comprehensive to study symbolism and to explore the symbolic elements in Moby Dick so as to bring about a deeper understanding of the author's penetration into humanity and liberalism.At the beginning of the thesis, a brief introduction to the author, Herman Melville and Moby Dick is presented so as to pave the way for further exploration. In the following part, the focus is put on the analysis of symbolism in both broad sense and narrow sense. It begins with the analysis of symbol, which is an important means of symbolism. Furthermore, theories concerning symbolism are put forward, and in the end, the functions of symbolism in literature are displayed to full. The next three parts bring the thesis to highlight by probing into the symbolism of Moby Dick, the white whale, who stands for evil, God and nature from different perspectives. The thesis ends with reiterating the significance of symbolism adopted in Moby Dick.The white whale likes a symbol of the labyrinth. From the people, macro features, small stationary objects almost always have multiple layers of symbolism. This paper begins with a brief introduction to the life of Melville and his writing style and content of the white whale, pave the way for the in-depth analysis of the context. The second part, the writer focus on symbolism from a general angle and narrow angle analysis, and proposed a theory of symbolism, revealing the function of symbolism in literature. The next three parts the writer has a in-depth analysis of the symbolism of the white whale: Beluga incarnation of evil, all-powerful all-knowing God and not to resist nature. Finally, the article has once stressed the importance of the application of symbolismKey words: Moby Dick symbolism evil God nature摘要《白鲸》作者赫尔曼·尔维麦尔被公认为19世纪美国最伟大的作家之一，《白鲸》这部杰作的成功在很大程度上归功于象征主义手法的应用。
《白鲸》殖民隐喻论文
《白鲸》的殖民隐喻【摘要】本文通过对美国作家麦尔维尔小说《白鲸》的文本分析，讨论了作品的殖民隐喻。
在《白鲸》中，不但“裴廓德号”捕鲸船本身在文中有着明显的殖民象征，以船长为首的全体成员所组成的集体也喻示着殖民的权力体系；《白鲸》还表现了西方白人对其他种族人群的异化；其中最重要的殖民隐喻要算对白鲸莫比迪克的恐怖神秘的渲染。
【关键词】《白鲸》象征异化权力体系十九世纪美国浪漫主义小说家赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的代表作《白鲸》在作者生前并未引起很多关注，但在赫尔曼·麦尔维尔去逝后，它却引起了读者及评论家激烈的评论。
有人认为它是民族史诗的巨著，有人却认为它甚至连小说都不一定算得上[1](p251)。
，今天，经过时间的沉淀，大多数读者都会把它当成一部划时代的伟大作品，因为它不但跨越了浪漫主义成为极其现代性的一部新颖之作，而且意义丰富，主题多维，为我们对小说文本的释义提供了一个绝妙的典范。
《白鲸》作为一部划时代的作品，似乎很少能跟美国帝国文化有所关联。
其实刚好相反，美国的帝国主义扩张精神早在其建国之初就以民族精神的外衣显现出来[2](p74)，到十九世纪中叶，其淘金热潮事实上是这样扩张精神的一次内部演练。
《白鲸》作为帝国扩张前期一个小说文本，必定会留下历史的印迹。
如果我们仔细解析小说文本，就会发现《白鲸》中有很多殖民隐喻。
这正是美国帝国主义扩张精神在当时的小说文本中留下的痕迹。
正如美国著名后殖民主义批评家爱德华·赛义德（edward w. said）所说：“在库柏，马克·吐温，麦尔维尔及其他作者的作品中，一种可以与欧洲匹敌的帝国主义主题已在美国出现。
”[3](p63)本文认为，在《白鲸》中，不但“裴廓德号”捕鲸船本身在文中有着明显的殖民象征，以船长为首的全体成员所组成的集体也预示着殖民的权力体系。
《白鲸》中的捕鲸船很有深意。
以实玛利在上船之前去梅普尔神父的教堂里时，看到神父的讲坛就做成了一艘捕鲸鱼船的形状。
从《白鲸》看人与自然的冲突与和谐
从《白鲸》看人与自然的冲突与和谐《白鲸》是美国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的一部文学巨著，以捕鲸者与一只巨大的白色抹香鲸之间的斗争为主线，探讨了人与自然之间的冲突与和谐。
其中，人类对自然资源的剥夺和滥杀动物，以及自然界对人类的反抗和复仇，成为小说的核心主题。
通过对《白鲸》的深入分析，我们可以更好地理解人与自然的关系，以及如何实现双方的和谐共存。
在《白鲸》中，人与自然的冲突主要体现在捕鲸活动中。
捕鲸者们为了获取鲸油和鲸骨，无视生态平衡和资源保护，大肆屠杀鲸类。
他们的目标是追逐一只巨大的白色抹香鲸-莫比·迪克，而这只鲸鱼则象征着无尽的力量和智慧。
人类的贪婪和对自然资源的过度追求，导致了与自然的冲突。
然而，小说并未一味地将人类描绘为自然的敌人。
相反，梅尔维尔通过一系列对人物的刻画，展示了人与自然的和谐共存的可能性。
船长艾哈伊·艾哈伊布的理性和对人类存在的思考，以及船员伊舍曼和星巴克的善良和对自然的尊重，都为人与自然的和谐提供了积极的力量。
通过小说中的情节和对话，我们可以看到作者对人与自然的和谐共存问题的思考和表达。
小说中提到的鲸鱼被描绘为强大而神秘的存在，它们有自己的情感和智慧，与人类并无敌对关系。
梅尔维尔通过描绘鲸鱼的复仇和报复行为，传达了一种警示：当人类无视自然，盲目侵犯它的权益时，自然界会作出反应，并可能给人类带来巨大的灾难。
此外，小说中还揭示了人类在面对自然力量时的渺小和无助感。
尽管捕鲸者们手持强大的武器，但他们不得不面对自然的无法驾驭性。
他们尝试以武力征服自然，却最终被自然力量所征服。
这展示了人与自然之间的不对等和无法战胜的关系。
通过对《白鲸》的分析，我们可以得出结论：人与自然之间的和谐共存是可能的，但要实现这一目标，就需要人类对自然的尊重和保护。
人类应该意识到自然的力量和自身所处的位置，不应过度追求自己的利益，而是要与自然建立起相互尊重和谐共存的关系。
从更广泛的视角来看，人与自然的和谐不仅仅体现在保护环境和动植物资源上，还涉及到人类文明的可持续发展。
《白鲸》所透射的种族意识论文
塔斯蒂哥是书中人物中给予我最大震撼的角色。终于，英雄们凭借着自己的信念和勇气，以自己死的代价战胜了邪恶的“白鲸”。英雄主义的事业因为勇士们的牺牲而获得了成功。
美国的捕鲸业起步晚于荷兰和英国，但到了十八世纪时，已一跃成为世界捕鲸第一大国，捕鲸业在美国整体经济中占据了重要的地位，成为举足轻重的行业，为美国最初资本主义发展做出了巨大贡献。“裴廓德号”捕鲸船上聚集了来自不同国家，不同种族的人，法国人，中国人，冰岛人，马尔他人，印度人还有黑人，他们都怀着各自的梦想来到美国，来到“裴廓德号”捕鲸船，希望能够凭着自己的勇气和能力干出一番事业。所以“裴廓德号”就成了聚集他们梦想的地方，“裴廓德号”成了美国社会的缩影。这些水手们和其他千千万万来到美国社会的人们一样，都怀有单纯的梦想和美好的希望，当亚哈船长下达命令要全力追杀可恶而又令人可怖的白鲸时，他们有的不是恐惧和退缩，却处处透露着积极和乐观，因为他们知道，他们崭露头角的时候到了。“我们的船长他站在甲板上/用望远镜搜索大海寻找希望/成群的大鲸在大海里到处喷水/我们摩拳又擦掌/让我们下到艇里去吧/让我们准备好绳子和刀枪/让我们勇敢地追上去/把大鲸拖回我们的船旁/使劲拉呀使劲拉/用完左手再把右手上/让我们高高兴兴地打道回府/勇敢的标枪手总会受到赞扬。”（《白鲸》第40节）然而同样的梦想、同样的贡献和同样的付出，却不能换来平等的地位，这些勇敢的水手们没有丝毫的社会地位，他们要受船长、大副和其他白人高级船员的指挥和欺压。而黑人水手更是受到几乎所有人的歧视。所以，“裴廓德号”船上的黑人水手们面临着和全体美国黑人一样的历史使命——争取平等的地位。可是这场斗争却来得并不那么容易，长达几个世纪的黑奴贸易，使得歧视黑人的观念在人们头脑中根深蒂固。
可惜，在欧洲白人侵入北美大陆之后，他们对本土的土著居民施以残酷的屠杀。至使本土的土著居民大幅减少，而“裴廓德”部族是美国本《白鲸》所透射的种族意识79土土著中，命运最为悲惨的一支。亚哈船长为什么要以一个即将要灭亡的土著部落的名称命名呢？到底是什么将他压得透不过气来呢？“这世界是公平的，我只是在维持这公平，我不接受谁的统治，我只相信真理的存在。”这句出自亚哈船长之口的话也许能够解答我们的疑问。他要维系这社会的公平，他不能容忍这个世界的不公平。所以他要解救这些生活在水深火热之中，被奴隶制度压的无法喘息的有色民族，同时他要解救他自己。可是要与长期的奴隶制度，与不公平的种族压迫作斗争又谈何容易呢？首先，在黑人种族中，族群本身就有弱小者存在，他们逆来顺受，畏惧强权。有些人甚至在骨子里轻视自己，所以他做什么事都唯唯诺诺，毫无胆量。这群人，是争取和平斗争中的阻碍者。水手比普就是这样一个唯唯诺诺的人，当大家都在因为亚哈船长要追杀白鲸“莫比·迪克”的号召而兴奋不已时，（他在绞车下缩成一团）……“今晚上他们说的话我都听见了，我心里清楚，这一切都是因为白鲸，因为亚哈船长要去捉白鲸。”“我现在害怕极了，我像我的小鼓一样地抖着。”“那不知藏在何处的白鲸，我的神呀，请你可怜可怜我比普吧，可怜可怜我这个不足轻重的黑小子吧，我可不是故意跟他们结成一起和你作对的呀！”（《白鲸》第40节）比普就是这类懦弱者的代表，他们不仅不能在为斗争贡献他绵薄的力量，而且甚至是斗争有效进行的阻碍者，他的一番话往往会成为船上水手们内心摇摆的动因。其次，黑奴制度的拥护者也是一股强大的社会力量，他们是长期阻碍废奴运动的残忍的白人统治者。（“莫比·迪克已经成了一个神，一个令企图征服自己的种族的人所畏惧万分的神。捕鲸者对莫比·迪克的恐惧并不是仅仅因为莫比·迪克的凶残，而是基于对整体抹香鲸家族的一种畏缩的心理。”《白鲸》第41节）白鲸“莫比·迪克”就是这层社会力量整体的化身。他们本身就非常的强大的力量，无数的捕鲸者成为了它们的口中之物。有斗争就必然会流血，要奋斗就必然会有牺牲。最后的胜利是属于那些有坚定信念的正义之士的。所以，流血和牺牲是不能吓倒亚哈船长这样的英雄的。虽然一条腿没了，但他并没有因此而恐惧，他以超乎常人的意志力来支撑自己，没有丝毫畏惧的向黑暗奔涌。（“‘裴廓德号’坚定地在黑暗之中前进，丝毫没有半点的畏惧。它载着大火，载着大鲸的焚炉，像是在举行一个盛大的火葬仪式，不住地向黑暗的深处猛奔。也许，这就是亚哈船长。”《白鲸》第96节）当然，英雄也有想要过平凡人的生活的时候，当亚哈与自己的大副斯达巴克谈论着远在家乡的妻子和儿子，想像着一家人团聚的情景时，“两人沉浸在了美好的憧憬里”。“就在两人趴在船舷上望着水面时，亚哈船长被水面上的一双眼睛吓住了。那双眼睛来自费达拉，是那样地坚定和富有令人畏惧的力量。亚哈船长一下子从梦幻般的憧憬中醒过来，竟打了一个寒颤。”是这个坚毅的眼生把亚哈船长拉回了现实生活之中，他知道既然选择了这条路就要义无反顾的走下去，所以他收起了他所以的儿女亲情，走上了与白鲸决一死战的道路上。亚哈船长是一个英雄，是一个为了既定目标殊死奋斗不达目的不罢休的英雄。他同情，赞美和尊重黑人，蔑视把黑人看作低等民族的所谓的文明社会。在“裴廓德号”这个小社会里面，亚哈船长充分表现了他对黑人的同情和赞美。在文章的第125章当长岛老头叫骂可怜的比普时，“亚哈船长听到叫声走了过来，他对长岛老头儿骂比普很不高兴。”“亚哈船长看着比普感叹道‘好了，可怜的比普，以后只要我还在，我的舱房就是你的家，好了，跟我走吧，到我的舱里去。’亚哈船长伸出手来拉比普。”并且亚哈船长总是不断流露出对标枪手魁魁格等黑人勇士的赞美。
白鲸的象征意义英语毕业论文
本科毕业论文（设计）教学部专业名称英语专业年级学生指导教师摘要《白鲸》是美国伟大的象征主义大师麦尔维尔的一部重要作品，发表于1851年。
但是当时并没有引起人们的重视，直到1919年以后才被文学界重视。
我觉得《白鲸》之所以受到如此重视，不仅在于它生动细致的描写了捕鲸的壮观场面和过程，以及对人物心世界的深刻挖掘，在很大意义上还取决于它的象征意义，从而展现了作者对人类文明和命运的独特反思。
小说捕鱼的过程就是善与恶、人与自然之间无休止的战争的最好说明。
本文将对各个要素的象征意义进行探索分析。
实际上,小说里的多种人和物看似是作者编纂的，其实他们都具有一定的象征意义，都蕴含着作者对社会、对人生的独特见解。
对于小说的象征意义众说纷纭，有人认为白鲸是善的象征，有人又把它看作是恶的体现，还有人认为它代表着大自然，代表着资本主义，“一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特”，在作者的笔下白鲸颇有神秘色彩。
小说中所使用的象征手法还有很多,例如船长，船，伊什梅尔等，这种写作手法的使用使这篇小说意义深远,令人回味无穷。
所以它被称为是一部“可以让读者任意理解的”巨著,深受读者和现代评论家的赞美。
本文将对Moby Dick、Ahab、Ishmael and Pequod、Queequeq and the sea六个素材的象征意义进行探索分析。
关键词：莫比迪克;象征主义;自然ABSTRACTMoby Dick, published in 1851, is one masterpiece of Melville who is the noticeable symbolist master of American. But it failed to bring him the fame he had acquired in the 19th. There is no denying that Moby Dick attracted so seriously attention, not only lies in its vivid and detailed description of the spectacular process of whaling, as well as the deep excavation of the inner world of characters, to a great extent, it also depends on its symbolism which show unique reflection of human civilization and the fate. The course of whaling is the embodiment of the ceaseless conflicts between good and evil, of nature’s indifference to man.This thesis will explore the symbol of the various elements in the novel. A variety of elements in this novel appears to be made up by the author, in fact, they have a certain symbolic significance, which contains the unique insights into life and society. Melville makes this conflict live for the reader using symbols which invite various interpretations. The white whale, Moby Dick, some think it symbolizes good, the other regard it as embodiment of evil, while more insist it represents the nature, even the capitalism. “There are a thousand Hamlets in a thousand people’s eyes”, in author’s pen, Moby Dick is quite mysterious. There is a plethora of symbolic using, for instance, Captain Ahab, the ship, Ishmael, and so on. This writing techniques lead to a far-reaching significance. So it is known as “a book which readers can understand arbitrarily”, praising by the readers and modern critics, I will analyze the symbolism of Moby Dick, Ahab, Ishmael and Pequod, Queequeq and the sea six material here.Key Words：Moby Dick，symbolism，natureTable of ContentsChapter One INTRODUCTION (1)1.1 Background of Herman Melville (1)1.2 The plot of Moby Dick (1)Chapter Two MOBY DICK AND AHAB (3)2.1The Symbolic meaning of Moby Dick (3)2.2Moby Dick’s whiteness (4)2.3The Symbolic meaning of Ahab (4)Chapter Three OTHER SYMBOLIC (7)3.1The Symbolic meaning of Ishmael and Queequeq (7)3.2 The Symbolic meaning of Pequod (8)3.3Symbolic meaning of the sea (9)CONCLUSION (11)REFERENCES (12)THE SYMBOLISM OF MOBY DICK Chapter One INTRODUCTION1.1 Background of Herman MelvilleHerman Melville was born in New York, and his childhood was happy to the age of eleven when his father died in debt. He had little education and began to work early. He had be a bank clerk, a salesman, and a school teacher, and when these all failed to offer him a decent livelihood, he went to sea at about twenty. He was a Whaler, about the lowest of sailors. In that capacity he saw life from the bottom as did Mark Twain. He went to Liverpool, England, and the South Pacific, spending most of his young manhood on the sea. From his experiences and adventures on the sea would come the material for his Moby Dick.1.2 The plot of Moby DickMoby Dick, from which we can get to know the nineteenth-century American mind and American itself, is first a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds indifferent and even hostile universe. And it is a sprawling colossus into which the author kept dumping everything he saw as necessary to prove his point.The story goes roughly as follows. Ishmael, feeling depressed，seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him to the kill. He hangs a doubloon on the mast as a reward for anyone who sights the whale first. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.Moby Dick is a highly symbolic work .If we only come to see the story from thesurface, the novel is no genius, but if we can see the structure under the story deeply, we can recognize the meaning is significant.Chapter Two MOBY DICK AND AHAB2.1The Symbolic meaning of Moby DickMoby Dick is the White Whale; the world’s largest creature. Moby Dick possesses various symbolic meanings for various individuals.To character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil. Indeed, in the novel the whale is described as a destructive, hostile and mysterious being which is difficult to conquer. But such evil is not just totally in form. So, to some degree, the white whale is metaphor for the industrialization of the capitalism. In the 19th century, whaling is a very dangerous vocation, which can “being one into the abyss of future and time”. Only those impoverished and desperate would risk their life in such dangerous. The author makes a mysterious atmosphere in the novel and express human’s incapability in face to the fate. On one hand, it shows the fear and panic of Melville to the newborn capitalism, and the strength of capitalist social productivity. On the other hand reflects his sympathy and concerns to the fate and situations of people at this time.It symbolizes nature to human beings, for it is powerful, complex, mysterious, and dangerous. It swims peacefully in the sea until disturbed by humans, then shows a terrible fury and anger. Melville tries to convey to us such a faith: man cannot triumph over nature. In order to live a better life, one must follow certain principles, rather than doing absurd things like Ahab, who is obsessed with revenge. Ahab has no chance of killing Moby Dick, yet he engaged in his suicide plan to kill the whale. In the end the ship sank with the flag enfolding a sky-hawk from its natural home among the stars, indicating that if American keeps revenging on and going against nature, it is ironically seeking its own destruction. So when Ahab desperate to kill the white whale, the white whale also strike the crew. Symbolically, this is punishment of the nature. Ahab’s plan make the tragic fate fo r himself and the crew of the Pequod. Facts speak louder than words. A series example proved that while we are disrupting the order of the nature world, we are the ultimate victims, for nature is seeking its revenge.2. 2Moby Dick’s W hitenessTo some degree it is also symbol of good and purity because of its whiteness. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing, as Howard P.Vincent observes. The white whale has lived a happy life in the nature and never intentionally hurt man. But the sailors want to conquer and kill it while at last be killed by it. At the same time, white symbolizes the mystery of the universe. To human, the secret of universe is white; people could see nothing except the white. This is one of the author's permissive opinions: man is so little in front of the strong nature that he could never know about the secret of the nature. We must realize that we are not the master of the earth. Men and nature are supposed to coexist in great harmony. Just as Darwin said “only obey nature, can conquer nature”.2.3The Symbolic Meaning of AhabAhab, the captain of the ship Pequod, is the other central character and the primary focus of the novel. Ahab is a typical Melvillean “isolato”. He cuts himself off from his wife and kid to hunt Moby Dick which makes him loss his leg. He hates Moby Dick which is an embodiment of nature. After the wound of his pride in his encounter with the white whale, he seems to hold God responsible for the presence of evil in the universe.He is an opponent of the white whale. He is a Symbol of solipsism.In order to settle his personal avengement, Ahab alternated kindness with profit, ignoring the crew’s interests and life, persist the sailors to hunt the white whale. At last the staffs except Ishmael are all buried in the sea. Ahab became a devil who is more exposed than Moby Dick here. He is the embodiment of the evil and darkness of human’s consciousness. What he doing is not in a rational and moral principle but chain by instinct and impulse, this is bound to lead to tragedy.The name Ahab in Moby Dick is symbolic and taken from the Bible, in which Ahab is described as a king who turns vile, having had someone killed so he could beking. This suggests that the Ahab of this novel will be a similarly conflicted leader. Melville many times in Moby Dick makes Ahab’s association with evil forces in the world apparent. He was called the Anti-Christ by the church Fathers. Ahab sets sail on Christmas Day, leaving when Christ’s life begins, symbolizing Ahab’s opposition to Christ like values.Ahab, on behalf of the evil, attempts to destroy the beauty and goodness. And he considers that Moby Dick bite off his leg out off a sinister motivation, is deliberately against him. Therefore, he must fight a decisive battle with it to get the psychological balance. For the sake of revenge, he can go against the interests of the owner to kill whales; in order to revenge, he spared no expense to reward, using sweet words to confuse personnel. To revenge, he threats the whole seaman bowing to his will absolutely ; To revenge, he even putting all the crew's lives in danger , betting all on a single throw, refusing to mend his way . He and his sailors' crazy seek for the white whale just means people whose state is out of control. When man is in such state, he will be controlled by the vicious side and destroy others, even himself. He is like a crazy beast, meeting the tragic ending step by step.However, he is also a man dare to against the gods, against the old custom rules, a man fear nothing, never gives up, and he is an experienced sea captain. Having fight with the terrible sea for forty years, He has a" noble soul, great and simple heart ".He exercises fish gun agile and accurate, he was stabbed numerous large whales .He suffered a contusion setbacks, but he will never be defeated. At this time, he is a Promethean Man, just like Byron's Cain rebelled against god's will, risked danger in desperation.Like Gerd's Faust, never satisfied, and explore with no end; He also likes Hamilton's Samson, proceeding without hesitation to perish together with the enemy. In the novel, the sailors spend nearly three years to complete the voyage, and during this period, they living in the shabby canvass in the ship, are merely on stocked food and seawater. They are exposed to the freezing storm from the polar areas, and their life is always on the verge of death. Even Ahab himself is ripped off one leg.With the above analysis, Ahab's character is multiple, contradictory. This image of the symbolic meanings is also complex, vague, difficult to grasp .To him, good, evil coexist, and beauty and ugly exist side by side.Chapter Three OTHER SYMBOLIC3.1The Symbolic Meaning of Ishmael and QueequeqIshmael is schoolteacher and part-time sailor; a Presbyterian, like Melville, he projects Calvinistic thinking tempered by his background in literature and philosophy. He discusses such issues as free will, predestination, necessity, and damnation. He is the sole survivor of the Pequod. He was controlled by a feeling of loneliness and estrangement, which is between man and man, nature and soul, which is one of the themes of the novel. The author thought that in 19th century, American was under the control of such loneliness. So He escaped from his living environment and got on the Pequod just want to find a new life that could make him feel happy and fulfilled. In this voyage, he gradually know the importance of love and friendship, which the author through is the guarantee of human life. This perspective we can see from the relationship between Ishmael and Queequeq.Queequeq was the first man that Ishmael met in his adventure. He was the son of a chief of a tribe. He represented the ancient society. He learned the knowledge of civilization from those passing ship then he began to imagine and yearn for the civilized world. To search for happiness and joy for his people, he landed on a ship whose purpose was to search for whale. When Ishmael first met Queequeq , he is afraid of that this black man must eat human. But with deep contracts with Queequeq, the first impression is quickly replaced by the impression of noble and trustworthy friend. What’s more, his behavior of saving a sailor established his heroic image in Ishmael’s heart. And he is the only man Ishmael want to sleep with. Their friendship proved that man can be happy and acceptable with his peers:It was a humorously perilous business for both of us. For, before we precede any further, it must be said that the monkey rope was fast at bothends; fast to Queequeg’s broad canvas belt, and fast to my [Ishmael’s]narrow leather one. So that for better or for worse, we two, for the time,were wedded; and should poor Queequeg sink to rise no more…whileearnestly watching his motion, I seemed distinctly toperceive that my own individuality was now merged in a joint stockcompany of two;….. But handle Queequeg’s monkey-rope heedfully as Iwould… Nor could I possibly forget that, do what I would, I only hadmanagement of one end of it. (玲玲.《白鲸》的象征意义.第16页)To Queequeq’s disappoint he has found the so-called civilized man is hypocrisy and insincerity until he is died. The contrast of the attitude of Queequeq towards the western world before and after he got on the ship was a bitter taunt from Melville. Melville used the form of words to criticize and reconsider the western civilization which centered on materialism. as novel went on, when the Pequod and the crew all died, Ishmael was saved by Queequeq’ coffin, which symbolized the remains of the ancient culture. On one aspect, Melville showed his wish to the development of western culture. On the other aspect, the passage proves that Ishmael and Queequeg are close enough that weare willing to die for each other. Melville emphasizes the importance of the friendship and the beauty of human’s soul, and also shows how the interdependency of mankind is unavoidable and how no person can control it. Melville asserts that life interwoven, whether it be one human connects to another human or one action connects to another action; everything it ultimately interdependent.3.2 The Symbolic Meaning of Pequod"Moby Dick" is a description about a whale catcher named Pequod led by the Capitan Ahab hunt the whale. On the surface, it seems that the whole book focus on the implacable hatred between Captain Ahab and Moby Dick, however in fact it is not only an odd adventure novel. The whole staff of Pequod approached to the whales step-by-step and their ultimate demise, which symbolized the fate of human beings in the society, nature and even the universe. And the author used symbolism to express his sense of concern for the fate of mankind.Obviously, the tragic fate of the Pequod and the crew was destined from the beginning. First of all, the ship's name itself is a symbol of death. Pequod is the name of a tribe in American Indian. After the white occupy American, many local Indian tribes and ethnic were killed by the white in their conflicts and Pequod was one of them. The author used it to name the ship just indicated the misery fate. Thus we can move naturally to the second aspect that, the narrator Ishmael of the whole story was the only survivor of this ship, he just retold the disaster. Just as Ishmael said: “The sailors have made great efforts to g o through the wide sea only to run to their death. They searched and pursued, only to look for the thing that finally destroyed them.”Melville used this kind of arrangement, only one survivor to tell the whole story, just imply the tragedy of the ship.Furthermore, the voyage of Pequod, in another word, represents the spirit of expansion of capitalism. Melville’s time is in the expansion oriented era, and whaling contributes to the affluence of people and the accumulation of capital. Even the development o f capitalism depends on the whaler’s toil and blood on the expansive sea. And at this time, the great Westward Expansion is so hot, especially the famous dictate “go west, young man” spreads all over the American nation. Industry gradually become the majority apart of American, and is the key to uplift the living standards and quality of life of the people.3.3Symbolic Meaning of the SeaThe author in the novel describes a fascinating and calm of the sea. It is quiet, magnificent and full of temptation. It is a stark contrast to the thick earth. It attracts people on this land with its extraordinary glamour. Just like a famous people says: Water is always linked with thought and the sea is the best place where Ishmael could think and explore life. It gives the tender call day and night with the crew back to its bosom.The sea has a charming and gorgeous scenery during the day and night. Its beautiful makes them feel amazing. The crew was deeply attracted by the unique charm of the sea. Of course, the sea is not always calm. It is also turbulent. Itsindignation makes the crew feel that death comes. The sea evokes the sadness of their lives and great hope for the future. In the description of the sea, the author not only points out that the unique charm of the sea, also showed the deep connotation of the sea represent. The sea is the call of the mother gives to her children far away, is the teacher to students carefully cultivated, and is the love of the land given by autumn leaves. It also like human's soul, have nothing to fear.The sea in the novel shows a mysterious force, that is the power of nature, powerful and irresistible. This power is endowed from the White Whale, but is presented by the unpredictable sea. It is sometimes calm dignity, sometimes sweet, sometimes gives a terrible storm. He let people like and unpredictable. No matter sunny day or night, under the calm seas are the unknown astonishing destructive power and deadly whale.At the end of the novel, the sea calm again, suggesting that it should be peaceful coexistence between human and other species. Human beings should live in harmony with nature, respect each other. At the same time, water represents the source of life, human cannot break away from water. So, the ocean is also a symbol of the unpredictable fate for the human. In our lives, we often have to face the challenge of life, the fate of the tease. Ocean represents the danger in our real life, ship is a symbol of our life protection. Sometimes people have to face life's challenges and unpredictable risk. We need to do is accept challenge bravely, take out your courage, struggle for ever.If we know these, we might have a better understanding of life. We should get rid of the old thought to learn to know the ocean again.CONCLOSIONMoby Dick is a comprehensive summary of the author’s understanding of society and life; it describes the whaling workers hard work and wisdom, revealed the cruelty Exploitation of capitalism. Since half a century of oblivion, Moby Dick Nowadays, becomes the first-class novel work in nineteen century around the world, and its influence is still far-reaching, even it has been adapted into movie and plays. The permanent charm and the transcend space’s value of it cannot be separated from the complex symbolism of the novel. And the symbolic meanings are still applicable in the modern society. In recent years, Moby Dick is so hot that many scholars committed to study it from every aspect. The symbolism of Moby Dick has been excavated multiple, however, it need to explore constantly. I believe more people can find illumination in it, and will attract by its charm.REFERENCES1.常耀信.《美国文学简史》[M].天津：南开大学，2008.92. Richard H. Brodhead..《白鲸新论》[M].：大学，20073.麦永雄.《美国现代史诗：〈白鲸〉四个世界的阐释》[J].《广西师大学学报.哲学社会科学版》.第33卷第3期，1997.94.金丽，亚青.《美国文学》[M].：外语教学与研究出版，19975.丞华.《文化与人格—对中西文化差异的一次比较》[M]. ：中国科技法学.，19956.左金梅.《美国文学》[M].：中国海洋大学，2006, 67.朱立元.《当代西方文艺理论》[M].：华东师大学，2005urence Macphee.《赫尔曼麦尔维尔的<白鲸>》[M].王克非，等译.：外语教学与研究，19979.朱永涛.《英语国家社会与文化入门》[M].：高等教育，199810.洁.《美国文学选读》[M].：高等教育，2002.。
人性与自然——对《白鲸》的分析英文论文
人性与自然——对《白鲸》的分析摘要:《白鲸》作为一部充满浪漫主义气息和现代精神的预言小说成为梅尔维尔关注和表达人与自然关系的平台。
国内外有很多学者对这部小说中的人与自然的关系进行了研究。
然而，很少人进一步对人性与自然的关系进行阐释。
在《白鲸》中，人性的邪恶与自然的关系构成了人与自然不和谐的一面。
在人与自然的交锋中，人类试图凭借自我意识的膨胀来征服大自然，而自然又并不为人类所摆布，甚至对人类实施还击。
同时，人性的宽容与自然的关系构成了人与自然和谐的一面。
人类要寻求与自然的和谐与统一，就必须保持一颗对自然界宽容的心。
本文进一步分析了人性与自然的关系，同时探讨了影响这种关系的诸多因素。
关键词:人性；自然；《白鲸》；人性与自然的关系Humanity and Nature—An Analysis of Moby-DickAbstract:Moby-Dick, as a predictive fiction with romantic color and modern spirit, becomes the center of the stage for Melville to show his care and express the relationship between humanity and nature. Some researchers at home and abroad have deeply studied the relationship between human beings and nature in the novel. However, few studies clarify the relationship between humanity and nature. In the novel, the inharmonious side of human and nature reflects the relationship between human’s evil and nature. In the fierce battle of them, human beings relying on the swelling self-awareness try to conquer nature. Howev er, nature doesn’t surrender to human beings but retaliates upon them. Meanwhile, the harmonious side reflects the relationship between human’s tolerance and nature. When human beings try to live in harmony with nature, they must be tolerant to nature. This thesis further analyzes the relationship between humanity and nature. In addition, this thesis also explores the factors influencing the relationship between humanity and nature.Key Words: Humanity; Nature; Moby-Dick; Relationship between humanity and natureContents1. Introduction (1)2. An Analysis of nature (1)2.1 The white whale —Moby Dick (1)2.2 The ocean (2)2.3 The Pequod (2)3. An analysis of humanity (3)3.1 Human beings’ evil (3)3.2 Human beings’ tolerance (4)4. An analysis of the relationship between humanity and nature (4)4.1 The relationship between humanity and nature in the 19th century (4)4.2 An analysis of the relationship between humanity and nature (5)4.2.1 Human beings’ evil and nature (5)4.2.2 Human beings’ tolerance and nature (6)4.2.3 Human beings’ suspicion and nature (7)4.3 Factors influencing the relationship (8)5. Conclusion (9)Bibliography (10)Acknowledgements (11)1. IntroductionHerman Melville is one of the greatest American literary naturalists, who was born in a rich family in New York in 1819. After his father died in debt, 11-year-old Melville had to begin to work early. He once worked as a bank clerk, a salesman, a schoolteacher, but all these failed to offer him a decent livelihood. Then he went to sea at twenty, which provided him rich experiences, especially his sailing experiences that furnished him with abundant material for fiction. For a period of some eight years after his return from the sea, he was at most prolific. Melville composes lots of works, such as Typee (1846), Omoo(1847), Mardi(1849), Redburn(1849), White Jacket(1850), Moby-Dick(1851) etc. Among his works, Moby-Dick is one of the greatest masterpieces of the world.Moby-Dick is a very famous novel showing that Ahab, the captain of the Pequod, leads the crew to pursue and kill the white whale. It is also the story of the struggle and harmony of nature and human beings, reflecting the complex relationship between humanity and nature. The others also have touched upon the relationship. For example, Tian Fang, the instructor of Wuhan University of Science and Technology, writes one paper –Melville’s opinion on the relationship between human beings and nature. Wang Yiqun also writes an article entitled On Humanistic Thinking In Moby-Dick.In the novel, the purpose of analyzing humanity and nature is to research the relationship between humanity and nature. The analysis of the relationship in the novel reflects human’s evil and tolerance in the realistic society. According to the analysis, we can find the positive side of humanity to harmoniously coexist with nature.2. An Analysis of natureNature means all the things in the universe that are not made by human beings, such as animals, plants, mountains, and rivers. The analysis of nature in the thesis mainly focuses on the white whale—Moby Dick, the ocean and the ship—the Pequod.2.1 The white whale—Moby DickMoby Dick is also called the white whale literally because it possesses a special white back and a huge white head. It is so noble and tranquil that it freely swims in the ocean and shares the sunshine. It has blended into nature admirably and becomes a typical representation of nature. However, Moby Dick is a dreadful whale. It is a white-headed whale with three holes punctured in its starboard fluke, which reminds people of fearsomeness and evil. It represents the devil of nature and receives God’s order to fight against those whalemen who desire to chase, even kill it. Thosewhalemen almost reach a co ncensus on Moby Dick’s destruction. They think that Moby Dick is more curious than other whales living in the ocean. They also believe that once they meet with Moby Dick and try to attack it, they will suffer from such harmful calamity in these assaults which may cause sprained wrists and ankles, broken limbs, or devouring amputations, even death. Moby Dick is also clever. It can estimate accurately what is the best time to assault human beings successfully. Therefore, Moby Dick is the scared, mysterious, invincible and intellectural embodiment of the ocean in nature.2.2 The oceanOur first impression of the ocean is that it is so vast and endless. When sailing in the sea, we feel that we are so tiny. We adore the broad attitude of the ocean with awe from the bottom of our hearts.But the cunning, fierce and unmerciful features of the ocean are substantial. It is cunning because it knows how its dreaded creatures glide under water, unapparent for the most part, and treacherously hide beneath the loveliest tints of azure. Indeed, in order to escape from the human’s chase and protect themselves, the marine creatures have to seek a shelter. The best shelter is beneath the ocean where they can hide. If human beings desire to gain the things they need, they must pay for these, such as hard work, much energy, etc. People should know that seeking the necessary things in the ocean is lengthy and hard work. Meanwhile, the scene of cannibalism and the rule that strong animals prey upon weaker ones hide subtly in the ocean. This kind of feint induces us to think that the ocean is so peaceful, quiet and divine. However, it is really fierce and unmerciful because it dashes the mightiest whales against the rocks, and leaves the whales’ corpses there side by side with the sp lit wrecks of ships. The power of the ocean shows that nature is inviolable and unconquered. But the power is at the cost of destroying the ships randomly and killing the marine animals. Therefore, in the novel, the author wants to show that the ocean is cunning, fierce and unmerciful.2.3 The PequodFrom the frame of the novel, the Pequod is a high generalization and an epitome of the human beings’ society. The firm body and the advanced equipments bestow this ship the strong power. The moment it sails in the ocean, it begins its provocation and invasion to the divine sea. In fact it is the delegate of destroying nature. The whalemen on the ship are connived to pursue and kill the whales. So the Pequod is a direct participator. On the other hand, in this small ship, there is a sharply divided hierarchy. Captain Ahab is the sovereign lord and the sailors are only the slaves in the lower end of the social ladder at the outset. When they set foot on this ship, they have lost their human rights. They have to obe y Ahab’s order so that they devote their ownlives to the whale fishery because their bodies and soul belong to the captain. An unlucky encounter of the Pequod actually reflects the tragic fate of the whalemen. 3. An analysis of humanityGenerally speaking, humanity involves two aspects: one negative side of humanity, such as human beings’ suspicion, cruel and evil, etc; one positive side, such as human beings’ tolerance, kindness, pity, etc. Humanity not only appears between human beings and nature, but al so in the human’s own society. In the novel, human beings’ evil is the typical negative side of humanity and human’s tolerance is the typical positive side.3.1 Human beings’ evilCaptain Ahab is the most typical representative of the wicked quality in this novel. His name, Ahab, has an obvious symbolism. In the Bible, Ahab is a wicked king from Israel. He introduces Paganism to his own country. So we can absolutely find that Ahab’s archetype in the Bible is so wicked. In Moby-Dick, Ahab’s wicked quality is also showed clearly. In the course of whaling, he encounters a cachalot called Moby Dick. When he chases the white whale with his sailors, he suffers a great blow. The white whale devours his leg cruelly. However he makes use of the sperm’s jawbone to burnish an artificial leg. Ahab is hostile to nature after he becomes handicapped from the action of burnishing the artificial leg. He concentrates hatred on Moby Dick. To achieve his purpose of finding and killing Moby Dick, he persists in setting sail with out considering the stockholders’ benefit of the Pequod. When he meets the captains of the other boats sailing on the sea, he refuses to accept their suggestions that he should turn back. He solely wants to chase and kill the white whale. At that time, Ahab has cherished a wild hatred against the whale. Actually the white whale not only brings him bodily woes, but also the intellectual and spiritual exasperations. Therefore the white whale becomes the monomaniac incarnation of all those malicious agencies. He crazily chases Moby Dick in order to comfort his injured heart and smooth his wounds. His ruinous deed has pushed him into the abyss of the wicked quality.Ahab doesn’t really care about his crew but ask them to work for him with the temptation of benefits. He prefers to take advantage of them to achieve his dream of chasing and killing Moby Dick. He equates crew’s lives with money in his hand. In his mind, he regards their lives as the slaves and the tools of revenging Moby Dick. This kind of internal s pirit of Ahab’s trampling their lives and controlling their soul shows obviously that his evil in his inner heart has absolutely exposed his real natural instincts.3.2 Human beings’ toleranceHuman beings’ tolerance is manifested in two aspects: human’s tolerance to nature and human’s tolerance to themselves. First, we need to simply know tolerance to nature. In chapter 100, the captain of the Samuel Enderby says that he will not struggle with Moby Dick any longer after his arm is bitten off by the white whale. He even warns Captain Ahab not to get a rise out of Moby Dick. His concession on escaping from the disaster shows human’s tolerant attitude to nature. Th is kind of attitude roots in the instinct of human’s self-protection. The captain of Samuel Enderby knows that if he doesn’t provoke nature, his life affirmatively will not be threatened. This is the most original way for human beings to deal with the relationship between human and nature.In terms of interpersonal tolerance, Melville adequately expresses his thought and opinion. In that period, the white men always discriminate the black men in the American society. But Melville shows the deep friendship between the white man—Ishmael and the cannibal—Queequeg. We may think that this kind of friendship shows that the interpersonal relationship is so equal. In the beginning, Ishmael considers that Queequeg is a cannibal, a devil of killing others. But after noticing Queequeg’s kind and polite action, he changes his opinion and starts to give a high praise for Queequeg. In fact, when Ishmael eliminates his prejudice, he admits that Queequeg has the equal right with him. In Ishmael’s mind, he has broken th e interpersonal discrimination. The interpersonal equal relationship is one kind of tolerance because once we treat anyone equally, we will remove interpersonal estrangement and we can also excuse them although they made the mistake before. 4. An analysis of the relationship between humanity and natureThe relationship between humanity and nature is quite complicated. When human beings invade nature with hatred, they will suffer from retaliation of nature. In the novel, Ahab’s hatred to the white whale brings its revenge. Moreover, when human suspect nature and begin to invade nature, they will be punished by nature. In the novel, when Ahab is still persisting in fighting against nature, he will suffer from punishment of nature. But human also know how to tolerant nature. When human’s tolerance begins to emerge, they will keep a harmonious relationship with nature.4.1 The relationship between humanity and nature in the 19th centuryIn the 19th century, American relying on the advanced equipments and ships became the overlord of the whale fishery. They captured various whales, extracted the sperm oil, cut off the whalemeat and fished out the costly ambergris. They desired toseek more benefits from nature and began to invade nature. Therefore human’s evil dominated in humanity in that period. However, some curious whales, rainstorm and tsunami forced human beings to pay a painful price. In that period, nature began to revenge human’s invasion. The phenomenon ulteriorly aggravated the dreadful relationship between human beings and nature. However, human’s tolerance, the most valuable quality in humanity, appeared in that period. Human realized gradually that if they continued to invade nature, they would be revenged by nature. Human began to seek the essential quality of humanity though human’s evil still played a dominated role.Therefore, in the 19th century, human kept an inharmonic relationship with nature. But a harmonious relationship began to appear.4.2 An analysis of the relationship between humanity and natureThe relationship between humanity and nature has two aspects: the inharmonic relationship and the harmonious one. In the novel, the inharmonic one embodies in human’s hatred to nature and nature’s revenge to human. The harmonious one embodies in human’s tolerance to nature. Therefore, human beings must show their tolerance if they want to keep the harmonious relationship with nature.4.2.1 Human beings’ evil and natureAhab is an opposite role to Moby Dick. In his instinct, his evil almost comes from his hostility to nature. The hostility focuses on his hatred to Moby Dick. He can bare the physical pain, but he cannot tolerant the failure and disgrace which originate from his broken leg. He loses sense absolutely because of the torment of the soul suffering from the bad setback, not the disabled body. In his opinion, human being is a master of the world. Consequently, he is so crazy to take the actions to chase and kill Moby Dick without considering any cost and consequence. In Moby-Dick,it is impossible for Ahab to love Moby Dick. The hatred has congested his whole mind. According to his actions, he has become a determined person not the hesitated one. Hatred inflames his boiling heart and releases his evil. Before he is inflamed by hatred, he only hunts the whales for his own benefit. But now his purpose is to chase and kill Moby Dick.After Ahab is injured physically and mentally by Moby Dick, his view of nature and life is that he will beat it up if the sun insults him. He has been so illiberal that he is hostile to all the things. When the sperm oil leaks into the ocean in the course of chasing the white whale, he is unwilling to undertake necessary remedial work because his brain fills with the hatred to the white whale. He damages his range quadrant deliberately in order to continue to go forward with the goal of chasing and killing the white whale. Hatred shows Ahab’s evil and forces him to depart the way ofhis normal life. Therefore, his extreme hatred and hostility to nature show the evil side of human beings’ losing sense and conscience.On the other hand, the sailors crazily cut down the head of the whale, dissect the abdomen of the whale and peel the whale and scoop the whale oil in the ocean. For their own benefits, they cruelly destroy and nibble nature. When they hunt the whales, they lose the good quality of humanity and show their evil. During three days of their receiving Ahab’s order to chase Moby Dick, their hatred to Moby Dick and atrocity to nature have not been controlled by themselves. When they find the white whale’s sign of floating on the surface of the sea again and again, they shout crazily in order to tell the other sailors that their evil actions of whaling will start. They rush the white whale with the spear gun without considering their safety. They give up their kindness and become the enemy of nature. Their bodies have been controlled by evil soul. In their mind, bloody slaughter and extreme destruction can force nature to succumb to their strong power.But nature doesn’t succumb to human beings. Human beings will suffer from retribution after they constantly conquer and destroy nature. Even if Ahab orders his crew to chase Moby Dick again and again, the white whale doesn’t surrender but appeal to counterattack. It attacks the boats, wrecks the whaling ship and brings much pain to human beings. It is the symbol of the God’s power and the embodiment of justice. It is so great that it announces to human beings that if they still destroy nature unshakably, they will be buried by divine nature finally. The author wants to tell us that it is difficult for human beings relying on our own stuffless power to win the battle between nature and them.4.2.2 Human beings’ tolerance and natureAs a narrator of the whole story and Melville’s prolocutor, Ishmael appears as a wise man. He figures out the best way to seek the harmonious relationship between human beings and nature. By researching the whales, Ishmael observes that the animals possess special strong vitality and human beings should learn from the whales. In Ishmael’s mind, the whale should be respected and praised by human. Therefore, human should not cruelly kill them. In chapter 65, Ishmael shows that he loathes people who eat the whalemeat. He criticizes that it will be more tolerable for the cannibals than for the civilized and enlightened gourmands who crazily chew the whalemeat. He not only expresses his resentful attitude to the action of eating the whalemeat, but also shows his pity to nature. As far as he concerns, all the creatures are so divine and inviolable. On his travel, he fully appreciates the charm of nature and regards the ocean as a remote and quiet hope. He holds that he possesses a kind of incomparable appetency to nature, which is the most inornate affection for human beings.Not only does Ishmael show his tolerance, but the captain of the Rachel manifests his special tolerance. In the beginning, the captain like Ahab is so crazy to chase Moby Dick. But after his son is missing chasing the white whale, he begins to repent what he has done. He should not show off human beings’ power to nature and he has realized that human beings have no ability to defeat nature. Invading and conquering nature is a mistake from the very beginning. Therefore, he begs Ahab to stop his crazy chase and asks Ahab to help seek his son. This kind of realization comes from the instinct of self-protection. When human beings give up fighting against nature, they show their tolerance and they hope to live in harmony with nature.Starbuck, the chief mate, is also tolerable because he is the first person bravely opposing Ahab’s vengean ce project and showing a pity for the whales. He utmostly takes exception to Ahab because he thinks that Ahab shouldn’t hate Moby Dick. In his mind, attacking the animals that lack of spiritualism is not allowed by the God. It hurts Ahab out of its natural instinct. It is very precious for Starbuck to keep the tolerant attitude in the self-centered human civilization. On the third day of chasing, Starbuck finds that crazy Ahab takes the ultra actions to kill Moby Dick without concerning any consequences. In the end, he is so intolerable that he shouts,“Ahab, stop and turn back. This is the third day, to desist. Moby Dick doesn’t seek you. It’s you to seek the white whale madly.”(Melville 2002: 465). At that time, he has clearly realized that he himself makes an unforgiven mistake to nature and he is the tool of Ahab’s invading nature. Although he does lots of wrong things before, now he knows that he should not destroy the balance between human beings and nature. His confession to nature adequately proves that his hu manity’s tolerance has persuaded him to give up his whaling actions.In the novel, Melville mainly wants to show the opinion: human beings can get along well with nature and they can keep a harmonious relationship with nature. But keeping the harmo nious relationship must be based on human beings’ tolerance to nature.4.2.3 Human beings’ suspicion and natureAttitude of human beings’ suspecting nature focuses on the human beings’ excessive confidence. They believe that the purpose of God’s creating h uman beings as the sapiential and creative creature is to permit them to dominate the whole world. Therefore when Ahab gets a chance to stop his plan on the way of chasing Moby Dick and go back, he gives up the chance and believes that he can defeat the white whale on the basis of his excessive confidence.When the Pequod chases the white whale, it meets with many whale catchers, who definitely warn and persuade the crew to cease their actions for Moby Dick thathas a preternatural power and will punish those people fighting against it. But Ahab still suspects the power of nature. To make his attitude clear, he relies on the radical utterance to beat the drum for human’s invincibility. He also takes full advantage of lure of the benefits to make the crew believe that nature is bound to be defeated. The suspecting attitude is based on the human beings’ self-centered thought.On the other hand, they suspect nature because they think that nature is savage, uncivilized and ignorant. With the development of science and technology, human beings’ civilization also develops endlessly. Therefore human’s mind changes frequently. In the beginning, human beings adore nature with awe. They believe that nature creates all the creatures and controls the whole world. However, nowadays, human’s mind has swelled crazily. They believe that nature may be defeated and conquered. Meanwhile, human beings not only get access to nature but also can change it. The crankiness departs from the original orbit and shows one side of lacking of sense and conscience.After human beings’ suspicion to nature appears, they have a strong desire to conquer nature. When human begin to take the destructive actions to nature, nature also resists human’s invasion. To defeat the white whale, Ahab insist s on making his evil plan. In the end, nature becomes angry so that the ship sinks and all the crew are killed except for Ishmael. In fact, nature’s power is so great that human cannot manage to defeat it. Human’s attitude to nature determines nature’s att itude to human beings. So human will be punished by nature if they make suspicion to nature and start conquering nature.4.3 Factors influencing the relationshipThere are three factors influencing the relationship: first, to get economic benefits, human beings hold out their evil hands to raven nature, which is reflected in the selfish desire of human beings. Therefore, in the whale fishery, human beings have the same idea: in order to cut down the whale’s head, dissect the whale’s abdomen, peel the whale and scoop the whale oil, they are willing to spend much money and time in preparing the ships, purchasing the equipment and employing the crew without complaining. But human beings’ rapacity is endless. Nature begins to counterattack. For instance, the inv aders’ ships are broken. The invaders themselves are also punished by nature.Second, when human beings are punished by nature, disequilibrium of their inner mind will cause them to assault nature again and again. Therefore the inconsistent relationship between nature and human beings will last forever.Third, human beings have realized that the harmonious relationship between human and nature comes from human’s tolerance. If human really stop to invadenature, they will not be revenged by nature and get along well with nature.5. ConclusionMoby-Dick, as a predictive fiction with romantic color and modern spirit, becomes a terrace of Melville’s caring and expressing the relationsh ip between human beings and nature. Facing the fierce battle between them, nobody can get benefits. People want to conquer nature relying on the swelling self-awareness. Nature doesn’t surrender to human beings but retaliates upon them for justice. Therefore, human beings must control their desire sanely and make the self-reflection. So long as keeping a tolerant mind, human beings will live in harmony with nature.Bibliography[1] Brodhead, Richard H. New essays on Moby-Dick [M]. Beijing: Peking University Press,2007.[2] Levine, Robert. Herman Melville [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language EducationPress, 2005.[3] Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick [M]. London: Wordsworth Editions Limited Corporation，2002.[4] Roberts, James L. Notes On Moby –Dick [M]. Washington D. C.: Lincoln Nebraska Press,1966.[5] Wang Ling, Tian Li. Selected Readings In American Literature[M]. Shanghai: ShanghaiCommunication University Press, 2004.[6] 陈秋红.《白鲸》象征意义的文化阐释[J]. 外国文学研究, 1997,(2): 96-99.[7] 荆晶. 敬畏生命—生态批评下视域的《白鲸》[J]. 比较文学与世界文学研究, 2007,(3):140-142.[8] 田芳. 梅尔维尔眼中的人与自然[J]. 天津市经理学院学报,2005,(2): 95-96.[9] 王诺. 欧美生态文学[M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2003.[10] 汪义群. 论《白鲸》中的人道主义思想[J]. 外国文学研究,1991,(4): 45-49.[11] 杨东. 谈《白鲸》中象征手法的应用[J]. 黑龙江教育学院学报, 2006,(3): 95-96.AcknowledgementsAt the point of finishing this paper, I’d like to express my profound thanks to those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, I'd like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Mr. Gao, who has given me the valuable suggestion on my writing. From the bottom of my heart, I appreciate that he teaches me the writ ing skills. Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offer me references and information on time. I’d like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff in my University and especially those in the School of Foreign Languages. Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.。
六年级《白鲸》体会例文六篇
六年级《白鲸》体会例文六篇
美国浪漫主义作家霍桑曾盛赞《白鲸》是“一部何等伟大的作 品”。美国作家海明威和法国作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者加缪都 十分推崇此书。下面是我为大家整理的六年级《白鲸》体会例文 六篇，希望能帮助到大家!
六年级《白鲸》体会例文 1 最近，我有幸在图书馆借到了一本文学巨著——《白鲸》。 听别人说这本书是梅尔维尔写的，十分感人。我不知怎么感 人，可当我读完这本书后竟已泪流满面。 这本书叙述了一个捕鲸故事。故事的主人公以实玛利准备搭 船到南塔开特，再选一艘吉利些的捕鲸船出海远航。可是当以实 玛利来到港口时，船已经走了，他不得不再回客栈，在客栈里， 他认识了科科伏柯岛王子魁魁格。于是两人商量好结伴而行。他 们挑了一艘名叫裴廓号捕鲸船。这艘船的船长亚哈在上一个航程 中被白鲸莫比·迪克咬掉了一只腿，因此和莫比·迪克结下了深 仇大恨。水手们总是乘着风浪，一心一意地追踪浪头中忽隐忽现 的白鲸，果然碰到了莫比·迪克，经过三次搏斗后，大家还是失 败了，所有的船都沉没了。 这本书是一曲反复触动人类心灵的歌谣，暗喻了人类盲目地 坚持目标却迷失在自己不断膨胀的固执念头里。我要有亚哈船长
论《白鲸》中的象征主义
论《白鲸》中的象征主义一、本文概述《白鲸》是19世纪美国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的代表作，以其丰富的主题、独特的叙事风格以及深刻的人物刻画，成为文学史上的一部经典之作。
本文旨在探讨《白鲸》中的象征主义，分析作品中如何通过象征手法深化主题、塑造人物，并增强作品的艺术表现力。
我们将对作品中的关键象征元素进行解析，如白鲸的象征意义、船长的复仇心理、捕鲸业的社会隐喻等，以期更全面地理解这部作品所蕴含的深刻思想。
通过对《白鲸》的象征主义进行深入研究，我们不仅能够更好地理解这部文学经典的艺术魅力，还能够从中获得对人性、命运、社会等议题的启示和思考。
因此，本文旨在为读者提供一个全新的视角，以更加深入地欣赏和理解《白鲸》这部作品。
二、白鲸的象征意义在赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的《白鲸》中，白鲸莫比迪克不仅仅是一个海洋生物，更是一种深刻的象征。
白鲸的象征意义复杂且多面，它既是自然力量的象征，也是正义与邪恶冲突的体现。
白鲸莫比迪克象征着大自然的力量和威严。
白鲸作为海洋的霸主，其巨大的体型和强大的力量使它在海洋世界中无所畏惧。
埃哈伯船长对白鲸的追杀，实际上是人类对自然力量的挑战和蔑视。
然而，最终埃哈伯船长的丧命，则是对人类傲慢和无知的有力讽刺。
白鲸莫比迪克的存在，提醒着人类应尊重自然，与自然和谐相处。
白鲸莫比迪克也是正义与邪恶冲突的体现。
在小说中，白鲸并没有主动去攻击人类，它只有在受到人类的伤害时，才会奋起反抗。
这使得白鲸在某种程度上成为了正义的象征。
白鲸与“披谷德号”所代表的资本主义社会、埃哈伯所代表的邪恶势力以及无耻邪恶的人类之间的冲突，反映了正义与邪恶之间的斗争。
最终，白鲸莫比迪克的胜利，象征着正义终将战胜邪恶。
然而，另一种理解则是认为白鲸莫比迪克是世间一切“恶”的集合，它象征着万恶的资本主义。
在这种理解下，白鲸的每一次攻击都代表着资本主义对人类的剥削和压迫。
白鲸的死亡，则预示着资本主义的衰落和消亡。
这种理解虽然具有一定的争议性，但也为理解《白鲸》中的象征主义提供了新的视角。
试论《白鲸》中的生态自然观毕业论文
【标题】试论《白鲸》中的生态自然观【作者】李林【关键词】生态批评生态视野生态观【指导老师】魏旭【专业】汉语言文学【正文】一、前言现今以生态批评理论重读经典作家和作品是文学研究的一个新动向。
19世纪美国浪漫主义作家赫尔曼.麦尔维尔的《白鲸》不仅以其复杂的结构和多义的象征引起人们解读它的兴趣而且现在人们也开始尝试用20世纪90年代才兴起的生态批评理论来解构这部作品。
生态批评是20世纪90年代兴起于美国并迅速蔓延到全世界的批评流派。
它属于文化研究范畴是谌 蛭； 涨餮现氐那榭鱿虏 摹Ｉ 难 勒庖桓拍钍怯?972年约瑟夫米克在《生存的喜剧文学生态研究》所提出的。
它是对人类中心主义的批判和反思。
在文学实践上生态批评首先通过寻找“自然”的缺席从生态批评的视角重新阐释文学作品挖掘生态文学中体现出来的生态意识和生态智慧。
其次生态批评揭露人们对自然的熟视无睹和肆意破坏批判渗透着人类中心主义的反生态文学作品质问令人怀疑的普遍真理和那些歪曲和忽视自然写作文学的美学价值唤起人们对自然的怜悯、同情和尊重唤醒人们的生态保护意识。
1p63-65当前研究现状是国外生态批评在20世纪90年代已经成为公认的流派著书立说者不乏其人如格劳特费尔蒂借鉴女性主义批评提出了“三段模式说”国内生态批评理论家也有不少如王诺先生著有《生态批评发展与渊源》鲁枢元教授著的《生态批评的空间》等但是生态批评仍处于建设阶段在理论定位、批评对象和批评方法上仍有很大的探索空间。
国内学者运用生态批评理论来解读《白鲸》及其它生态文学作品已经取得了一些可喜的成绩。
从相关的文献资料中可以看出这些学者都试图深度挖掘麦尔维尔在《白鲸》中所要表达的是一种怎样的生态自然观并对此做出评价。
他们探讨角度都有所不同有从《白鲸》生态世界来看有从自然与人人类主体欲望与整体的生态系统协调等问题来研究还有用生态伦理学来解读这部作品。
不管这些文献的研究角度有什么不同他们最终目的都是在寻求人与自然应该怎样达到和谐境界。
向远功臣服-《白鲸》反古倾向优秀论文
向远功臣服-《白鲸》反古倾向优秀论文向远功臣服-《白鲸》反古倾向优秀论文论文摘要：工具的诞生，使人与自然的关系有了极大变化，随着文明不断发展，人类甚至有时能令自然低头。
从生态角度来说，人与自然的关系有矛盾也有和谐，正如父母与孩子一样。
但有时文明锁链会断裂，让人类具有反古倾向。
美国作家麦尔维尔的著作《白鲸》通过鲜活的人物形象，对环境以及一些细微之处的描写，体现反古。
以散发着原始气息的大海为背景，亚哈，魁魁格，阿什伯里，比普，斯达巴克，这些船上的人们都有与众不同的性格特征，也都表现出不同的反古特点。
这些描写都是人们在资本主义的社会制度下对原始的渴望，对自由的渴望。
不过这还仅仅只是从《白鲸》里挖掘出的一部分内涵，也正是因为有众多深刻的内涵，《白鲸》才会被誉为美国最伟大的小说。
论文关键词：白鲸,原始力量,反古麦尔维尔所著的《白鲸》一书具有众多深刻的内涵，无论从哲学，人类学，生态学乃至神学角度，都可以对这部作品进行剖析，也正是由于这个原因，《白鲸》才会被誉为美国最伟大的小说。
而通过剖析《白鲸》中通过鲜活的人物形象和对环境以及一些细微之处的描写，可以看出其中的反古倾向。
一．海魄有句话叫“人人心里都有一件海魂衫”，人们总向往着宽阔无垠的大海，仿佛在那里才能找到生命的意义大海是地球上唯一一个能够远离人类文明的地方，也是唯一为人类所畏惧，不敢随意逾越的地方,因此海洋在人类看来，是最神秘古老的地方。
在很多文学作品中，海洋都象征着古老，蒙昧以及原始形态，如海明威的《老人与海》，杰克伦敦的《海狼》，笛福的《鲁滨逊漂流记》等。
麦尔维尔将《白鲸》小说的背景设在环绕世界的海洋，而不是陆地，正是为了让小说中的野蛮原始能够彻底地展现出来。
人类在这海洋之上为了生存，只能抛开所谓的文明面具，回归本性，将自我超我的意识舍去，让原始本能主宰自己。
《白鲸》中，作者用了大量的篇幅来描写海洋，有时描写白天静谧的海洋，如同阳光下的处子，有时描写夜里平和的海洋，如同睡梦中的婴儿，有时又描写狂风暴雨下的海洋，如同愤怒的神灵要惩罚人类，有时又描写汹涌浪涛后的海洋，如死一般的寂静。
自尊与抗争—论《白鲸》主人公亚哈的英雄悲剧性本科毕业论文
学科分类号0502本科学生毕业论文（设计）题目（中文）：自尊与抗争—论《白鲸》主人公亚哈的英雄悲剧性（英文）：Self-esteem And Struggle –Appreciating theTragic Hero Ahab in Moby-Dick二、湖南科技学院本科毕业论文（设计）评审表优秀，80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。
优秀，80—89分记为良好，70—79分记为中等，60—69分记为及格，60分以下记为不及格。
Contents摘要 (Ⅰ)Abstract (Ⅱ)1. Introduction (1)2. Melville and His Moby-Dick (5)2.1 Brief Introduction of the Author (5)2.2 Main Content of Moby-Dick (6)3. The Personality of Ahab (8)3.1 A Lonely and Crazy Hero–Ahab (8)3.2A Brave and Resolute Hero –Ahab (11)3.3 Regarding the Self-esteem as Life (14)4.The Performances of Struggle (17)4.1 Th e Performances of Struggle on Psychological Activity (17)4.2 The Performances of Struggling with the Society........ . (19)5.The End of the Unsuccessful Hero (23)5.1 The Occupational Tragedy (23)5.2The Tragedy of Struggle with Fate (25)6. Conclusion (29)Notes (31)Bibliography (32)Acknowledgements摘要《白鲸》是19世纪美国著名浪漫主义作家麦尔维尔的代表作，它讲述了亚哈船长为追杀白鲸而导致船毁人亡的悲剧故事。
读《白鲸》有感800字作文精选
读《白鲸》有感800字作文精选《白鲸》是一部由美国作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔所著的经典小说，该作品以其丰富的文学内涵和深邃的思考引起了许多读者的共鸣。
在读完《白鲸》后，我深受触动，并激发出了许多对生活和人性的思考。
首先，小说中表现出来的主题之一是对人性的深刻剖析。
故事讲述了船长艾哈布与巨大的白色座头鲸莫比·迪克之间的较量。
艾哈布对海洋的痴迷，对征服白鲸的执念，让我们看到了人性中的野心、傲慢和对权力的渴望。
而莫比·迪克则是象征着自然的力量和智慧。
这种人性与自然力量的激烈碰撞，引发了对人性本质的思考。
通过艾哈布的形象，我们可以看到人类对未知的渴望和对生死边缘的探索。
这种对人类内心深处的欲望的描绘，使我对自己和他人的内心也有了更深的认识。
其次，小说中关于命运和宿命的探讨也给我留下了深刻的印象。
在《白鲸》中，所有的角色都被命运的纠缠所摆布。
无论是艾哈布的执着，还是莫比·迪克的复仇，都在命运的制约下前行。
小说通过展示这些命运纠葛的场景和对角色心理的刻画，使我感受到了人生的无常和强大的命运力量。
同时，这也让我思考到人应如何应对命运的摆布与限制。
在生活中，我们也时常会遇到各种困难和挑战，而《白鲸》中所呈现的对命运的抗争精神，启发了我要积极面对生活中的困难，坚持自己的信念。
此外，小说中蕴含的对自然的崇敬和环境保护的呼吁也引起了我的共鸣。
在小说中，作者对自然界的描绘极为细腻，通过描写白鲸的伟岸和神秘，反映了作者对自然界的敬畏之情。
而人类的贪婪和野心却对自然界造成了巨大的伤害。
这使我联想到现实生活中的环境问题，例如全球变暖和生物多样性的消失等。
正如《白鲸》中船员们的命运与座头鲸莫比·迪克的命运紧密相连，我们与自然界也是相互依存的。
因此，我们有责任保护和维护自然环境，以及珍惜与自然界的和谐共生状态。
总之，读完《白鲸》给我留下深刻的思考。
通过对人性的深刻剖析、对命运和宿命的探讨，以及对自然的崇敬和环境保护的呼吁，我对自己和周围的世界都有了更进一步的理解。
六年级议论文作文：“白鲸”的意义_900字
“白鲸”的意义_900字梅尔维尔的世界名著《白鲸》的出版，标志着美国文学时代的到来。
《白鲸》是一部以叙事性为主的小说。
描述了一个叫以实玛利的人厌倦了平淡的生活而出海捕鲸的事。
但整个过程，以实玛利的描写很少，重点讲的，其实是一个有精神偏执症的埃哈伯船长，因多年前在一次捕鲸行动中被一头大白鲸咬断左腿而耿耿于怀、要亲手杀了这头叫莫比·迪克的白鲸的故事。
《白鲸》简直可以说是美国文化的独立宣言。
大气磅礴的史诗风格和气魄反映了美国人的时代精神和生活风貌，展现了一幅轰轰烈烈的美国工业的大跃进。
梅尔维尔可以说是摆弄文字的大师，因而《白鲸》也被称为“一锅用罗曼司、哲学、自然史、美文、优美感情和粗俗语言熬成的文字粥”。
在他的长篇巨著《白鲸》中，可以看到现代派小说艺术的前奏，时空的交叠、叙述语气的转换构造了《白鲸》中的丰富多彩的世界。
而最为出彩的莫过于其中一些章节的意识流写作手法。
一泻千里、戏剧形式的内心独白，让读者感受到的是一个个复杂多变的心境。
看这些章节，不能像研究类似《红楼梦》凄凄惨惨、悲悲戚戚的书那样一个字一个字那样读，而应该一目十行、一气呵成，方能感受到痛快淋漓的阅读快感，读完后满头大汗，拍案叫绝，才是真的读懂了这些独白。
如果仅仅将《白鲸》当作一个人与鲸生死相搏的海上惊险故事来读，就像被好莱坞拍成电影的《白鲸》那样，好看固然好看，却流失了很多养分，这就是阐述《白鲸》的最低层次。
读《白鲸》，我们应该将它放在当时的时代背景下来读。
当时的美国移民正大批大批地迁往美国西部去开拓疆土，创立基业，倍尝艰苦。
美国的捕鲸业正是大进军的海上方面军，它依仗着美国工业为它装备的先进捕鲸船，超过了西欧的捕鲸大国，一跃而居世界首位。
通过这个背景可读出美国创业时代的精神和它所蕴涵的史诗气派。
但此时的意境并非最深刻的。
如果。
《白鲸》的论文
AbstractMoby-Dick is regarded as the masterpiece of Herman Melville. It contains plenty of symbolism. Understanding the symbolic meanings of the characters and subjects in the novel is important. This paper analyses the symbolic meanings of different individuals in order to make a better understanding of the novel. Moby Dick represents God owing to his godlike characters and his awfully severe beauty. Ahab symbolizes the league human with evil. In the whaling trip, we can see his bravery and patience, as well as his madness and stubbornness. The third symbolic element is the idea of the “counterpane” that is woven throughout the story as a symbol of the world’s multiculturalism. Melville develops the symbol proving that the world is indeed a counterpane of diverse cultures, races, and environment, in which we are always connected by our humanity.Key words:symbolism; Moby Dick; Arab; counterpane摘要《白鲸》被看作是赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的杰作。
善与恶的融合-以《白鲸》为例
善与恶的融合----以《白鲸》为例摘要：“挫折引起攻击行为”，这一挫折攻击理论的核心观点在小说《白鲸》当中得到了论证。
不只如此，修正后的挫折攻击理论告诉我们挫折可导致另外一种结果。
本文对《白鲸》的两位主人公的人物行为和心理状态展开分析，对比其遭受挫折前及挫折后的状态，研究其人物性格特征。
从而为挫折攻击理论及其修正理论提供实证。
关键词:善与恶；挫折攻击理论；《白鲸》目录1.介绍 (2)1.1关于作者的背景资料 (2)1.2 《白鲸记》的主旨 (2)1.3挫折攻击理论概述 (3)2.文献综述 (4)2.1研究成果 (4)2.2研究述评 (5)3.挫折攻击理论在主人公性格变化中的体现 (5)3.1在巨大的挫折之前 (5)3.2在巨大挫折之后 (7)3.3挫折攻击理论对主人公的影响差异分析 (9)4 结论 (10)1.介绍《白鲸》作为一部十九世纪美国文学史上具有重要意义的作品，塑造出了几个鲜明的海员与船长的形象，展示了美国社会的时代特色。
而挫折攻击理论则是现当代十分重要的一个心理学发现。
用挫折攻击理论来分析《白鲸》主人公，对于更好地理解该理论有很大的帮助。
同时，也可以帮助我们更深入地分析《白鲸》主人公的人物性格和心理状态。
1.1关于作者的背景资料《白鲸》的作者赫尔曼·麦尔维尔是十九世纪美国文学史上的一个伟大作家，但那时他的读者却寥寥无几。
他是在二十世纪才开始进入人们的视野。
现今，他的作品愈发受到读者的欢迎。
人们开始认识到麦尔维尔作品的深度与广度。
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔是一名浪漫主义作家。
因贫寒而深入底层，做过各行各业，这为他深入了美国社会打下了基础。
麦尔维尔还曾做过海员，他的作品《塔比》、《欧穆》和《白鲸》就是航海题材小说。
不过与麦尔维尔的其他航海小说相比，《白鲸》在当时并没有引起评论界重视。
由于他长期的海员经历，麦尔维尔的作品背景大多是海洋和海岛，作品的主人公也多为水手、渔民等。
通过海上风光的奇异引起人们的好奇，最终反映的却是美国的社会现实和他鲜明的个人态度。
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AbstractMoby-Dick is regarded as the masterpiece of Herman Melville. It contains plenty of symbolism. Understanding the symbolic meanings of the characters and subjects in the novel is important. This paper analyses the symbolic meanings of different individuals in order to make a better understanding of the novel. Moby Dick represents God owing to his godlike characters and his awfully severe beauty. Ahab symbolizes the league human with evil. In the whaling trip, we can see his bravery and patience, as well as his madness and stubbornness. The third symbolic element is the idea of the “counterpane” that is woven throughout the story as a symbol of the world’s multiculturalism. Melville develops the symbol proving that the world is indeed a counterpane of diverse cultures, races, and environment, in which we are always connected by our humanity.Key words:symbolism; Moby Dick; Arab; counterpane摘要《白鲸》被看作是赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的杰作。
它包含了大量的象征主义。
在这部小说中，理解人物事物的象征意义是非常重要的。
为了更好的理解这部小说，这篇论文将分析不同个体的象征意义。
其中的白鲸被描写成无处不在，无所不能的万能的上帝。
埃哈布船长为复仇远涉重洋捕捉白鲸，最后自己，同伴与白鲸同归于尽的事迹，既表现了人类的勇敢与忍耐，也反映了他们的偏执与疯狂。
另一个贯穿全文的象征就是“床单”，它象征世界不同文化的混合与交织，世界就像一块由多种布拼凑而成的床单，由不同的文化、种族、背景交织而成，人们在一起相互依靠，相互依存，小说中来自不同国家的船员就是最生动形象的体现。
关键词：象征主义；白鲸；埃哈布; 床单Introduction1851, Herman Melville had his novel Moby Dick published, which was not a stir at that time. However, a half century later, in 1920s, this book has been recognized as one of the most significant works in American literature.Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic. It is a naturalistic story of whale-hunting. The story tells that a captain named Ahab led his crews to hunt a white whale who sheared off his leg on a previous voyage. Finally all people on board drown, except Ishmael, who survives to tell the story. Moby-dick is so popular not only because of the exciting whale-hunting scenes and the exploration of the internal world of human beings, but also the skillful use of symbolism. What does make him become a master of symbolism? It relates to his life experience and culture background.Herman Melville began working on his epic novel Moby Dick in 1850, writing it primarily as a report on the whaling voyages he undertook in the 1830s and early 1840s. Many critics think that his initial book didn’t contain characters such as Ahab, Starbuck, or even Moby Dick, but the summer of 1850 c hanged Melville’s wri ting and his masterpiece. He became friend, with author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was greatly influenced by him. He also read Shakespeare and Mil ton’s Paradise Lost. Their influences lead to the novel Moby Dick completed and published in 1851. Although ignored by critics after its release, Moby Dick took an important place in the world literature.In Moby Dick, Melville’s imagination has achieved its great peak through employing every means and technique he can reach, among which symbolism is the most thought-provoking and well-studied one. The symbolism of the white whale can be interpreted in many ways. The paper concerns that Moby Dick is the symbol of God. Ahab, the captain of the ship, represents the league human with evil. He questions the fate that God sends upon him and wants to challenge him. The idea of “counterpane” is the third symbolic element, which is woven throughout the story as a symbol of the world’s multiculturalism.I. The Symbolic Meanings of Moby DickThe white whale is one of the best known symbols in the novel. What it represents depends entirely on who is noticing. To Starbuck, it is just another whale while is more dangerous. To Ishmael, it suggests the demonism in the world. To others, the white whale symbolizes mysterious and powerful nature. But one significant question is what the white whale to Ahab is? According to the captain Ahab’s comments in Chapter 36, there, he says he sees Moby Dick as a “mask”, behind which lies a great power. It can be concluded, to Ahab, the white whale represents that power which limits and controls man. Ahab sees it as evil. Melville uses many other symbols to make the white whale a symbol of divine power. Moby Dick is thought to be immortal. He is the collective whale soul, the essential, eternal whale of which all other whales are only ephemeral manifestations. The sacred, special character of Moby Dick is indicated by his whiteness. His awfully severe beauty is godlike, as is his titanic power and his pyramid-like white hump. His color, white, has signified a special sanctify: Melville portrays Moby Dick in nearly human terms, endowing the great whale a sense of intelligence, strategy and grandeur. The whale is more than a match for Ahab, despite his dogged persistence, and in fact appears altogether unconquerable. From the beginning of the novel, we are confronted with the image of the whale as the personification of power and strength.II. The Symbolic Meanings of Captain AhabAhab is the central character and the primary focus of the novel, despite his mysterious and long-delayed appearance. Long before Ahab actually interacts with Ishmael and the other characters, Melville establishes him as an impressive and tragic figure, deserving of sympathy. Ahab is a very complicated man with heroic and evil qualities at the same time. What does he stand for? A hero fights against evil? Or an evil himself takes revenge on the nature or god? He starts with a noble intention to crush malignance of the universe. But he is out of control as he rants about attacking the force behind the mask of the white whale. He wants to kill the whale in order toreach that force. He seems to want to be God. He is, unfortunately, consumed by his consuming desire to destroy evil and finally turned evil himself.Unlike the heroes of older tragic works, however, Ahab suffers from a fatal flaw that is not necessarily inborn but instead stems from damage, in his case psychological and physical, inflicted by life in a harsh world. He is as much a victim as he is an aggressor, and the symbolic opposition that he constructs between himself and Moby Dick propels him toward what he considers a destined end.III. The Symbolic Meanings of CounterpaneIn Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, a symbolic element that makes the novel clearer a nd more real to his reader is the idea of the “counterpane”, or tapestry, of humanity which is woven through out the story as the symbol of the world’s multiculturalism. Melville develops the symbolism on at least three levels, proving that the world is indeed a counterpane of diverse cultures, races and environment.On a great scale, Melville uses the sea as a metaphor for the world and mankind. There are many creatures that depend on the water and others who depend on the creatures that depend on the water. In order for everything to be balanced, people must learn to coexist peacefully when they try to meet all of the different needs they may have. The multiple ships that the Pequod meets at the travel represent different cultures of people. For instance, the Jungfrau [or virgin] is a ship from Germany, while the Rosebud is from France, and the Town Ho comes from Nantucket. Not only are the different ships different in style and accent, but also their views on whaling and life are all greatly varied as well. There is also a great irony in the meetings of the Pequod with other ships. “Another homeward bound whale man, the Town Ho, was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians.’ Whales are not running the ship that comes from one of the most “white” places in the whaling world! The multiculturalism of all the different ships proves that we as humans are all connected by the idea that sometimes we will have to rely on people we would never expect.IV. Analyzed from the Relationship between Human and NatureCaptain Ahab, is the emblem and embodiment of the pioneers engaging in the exploration of the great nature. He represents those challenging the mysterious nature fearlessly despite all the obstacles and hardship. Though confronted with many unforeseeable difficulties, Ahab never drawn back or ceased his expedition. Asdescribed in chapter 120, Pequod is caught in a terrible storm. Starbuck wants permission to furl a sail. But Ahab refuses, saying only cowards take down sails or back down on the purpose in bad weather. Ahab steadfastly continues to battle nature. He even mocks it, suggesting that the fury of the storm is nothing majestic, but a kind of gassy stomachache.Moby Dick, however, is a complicated symbol. It is depicted as an unexplainable and powerful force of nature. It is the combination of wisdom, beauty, strength, cruelty, malignity and annihilation. It is the awful mystery of the universe. Melville tries to convey to us such a faith: in the battle between man and nature we are inevitably confronted with such obstacles as Moby Dick, but in the long run, man will be the final winner. At the same time, man must follow certain principle, rather than doing irrational things like Ahab, who is obsessed with revenge. Ahab has no chance of killing Moby Dick, yet he engaged in his suicide plan to stab at the whale. His plan to kill Moby Dick seals the tragic fate for himself and the crew of the Pequod. He is responsible for the death of the crew.On the other hand, Moby Dick represents the artistic beauty man’s tragic struggle against nature. The adventure reveals the tragic spirit of the ancient epics in western literature. Ahab, the veteran captain who has been whaling for more than 40 years, is assaulted by a white whale and left one-legged. Confronted with such a fearful monster, Ahab acts like an epic hero in the Greek mythology. Yet, as in the epics, there is always a pervasive influence of fate in life.Moby Dick in particular suggests hidden terrors and incomprehensible tragedy and fatalism in life. Symbolically, the actions are important on a national level, for the story can be read as an allegory of the risks involved in trying to subjugate nature to the will of man—a danger quite obvious to American in a century in which the annihilation of humanity has become a possibility.ConclusionThe paper has discussed Melville’s symbolism in Moby Dick. As a master of allegory and symbolism, Melville develops a great deal of symbols to add beauty to his novel, and makes it become a timeless masterpiece. What remain to be pointed out are the symbolic meanings of Ahab, Moby Dick and counterpane. Ahab is viewed as the human with evil, Moby Dick as God, counterpane as the world’s multiculturalism.However, what the paper has discussed about symbolism in the novel is just a little part of the whole. There are many other symbols in the novel. For instance, the voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” The Pequod is the ship of the American soul, and the endeavor of its crew represents “the maniacal fanaticism of our white mental consciousness”. By far the most conspicuous symbol in the book is, of course Moby Dick, the white whale is capable of many interpretatio ns. It’s viewed as God, an unstoppable force of nature and as simply a whale. It is apparent that he represents more. It symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant and beautiful as well. For the author, as well as for the reader and Ishmael, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery; an ultimate mystery of the universe, inscrutable and ambivalent, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth.Thus, people should not be satisfied with learning from the ancient only. A more important thing for them to do is to develop more scientific and reasonable point of view about Melville’s symbolism in Moby Dick. The use of symbolic art in Moby Dick makes its theme raise a higher level, the figures more distinctive and vivid, the character disposition more projecting, and this novel far-reaching significance. It is referred to as a “readers will understand arbitrary collection”.B i b l i o g r a p h y1.Bloom, Harold, ed. Herman Melville’s Moby Dick. New York: Chelsea House,1996.2. Harriet , Todd A. The Quest in the Works of Herman Melville. Amherst: Universityof Massachusetts Press, 1996.3. Heimert, Alan. Moby Dick and American Political Symbolism. Cambridge,Massachusetts: The Eliot House Edition, 1991.4. Slade, Leonard A. Symbolism in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick: From the Satanicto the Divine. Leviston, New York: E. Mellen Press, 1998.5. Herman, Melville. Moby-Dick. 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