英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编12.doc

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英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编20.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编20(总分：132.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：14，分数：28.00)1.As the lexical words carry the main content of a language while the grammatical ones serve to link its different parts together, the lexical words are also known as content words and grammatical ones 1. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.In traditional grammar, 1is the only word class which can function as a substitute for another item. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________3.In terms of the meaning expressed by words, they can be classified into 1words and 2words. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________4.The 1is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether lexical or grammatical. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.There are two fields of morphology: the study of 1and the study of 2. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.A 1morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________7. 1 is a branch of linguistics that studies the interrelationship between phonology and morphology. (南开大学2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________8. 1is a relatively complex form of compounding in which a new word is formed by joining the initial part of one word and the final part of another word. For example, the English word smog is made from 2and 3. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________9.Back-formation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an 1affix from a longer form already in the language. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________10. 1is a unit of expression that has universal intuitive recognition by native speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. It is the minimum free form. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________11.Affix is the collective term for the type of formative that call be used only when added to another morpheme. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and are generally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix, suffix, and 1. (北京邮电大学2010研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________12.Words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. As for variable words, they may have 1changes. That is, the same word my have different grammatical forms but part of the word remains relatively constant (中山大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________13.Bound morphemes are classified into two types; 1and 2root.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________14.A word formed by derivation is called a 1, and a word formed by compounding is called a 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)15.Some linguists maintain that a word group is an extension of word of a particular class. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假16.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units in respect of their internal structure. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假17.Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假18.Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. (清华2001研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假19.The words "loose" and "books" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假20.Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假21.Root also falls into two categories: free and bound. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假22.A stem is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假23.The words "water" and "teacher" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假24.The words "boys" and "raise" have a common phoneme and a common morpheme as well. (北二外2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假25.Analogic change refers to the reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真26.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：15，分数：30.00)27.Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are______items. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.open-classB.closed-classC.neither open-class nor closed-class28.Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words29.Bound morphemes do not include______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.rootsB.prefixesC.suffixesD.words30.______other than compounds may be divided into roots and affixes. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.Polymorphemic wordsB.Bound morphemesC.Free morphemes31.______refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number.(西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.AffixationB.InflectionC.DerivationD.Conjugation32.Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day + break — daybreak. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.inflection and compoundpound and derivationC.inflection and derivationpound words consist of______ morphemes. (北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）A.boundB.freeC.both bound and free34.Which of the following words is formed by the process of blending? (对外经贸2006研)（分数：2.00）A.WTOB.MotelC.BookshelfD.red-faced35.Which of the following words are formed by blending? (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.girlfriendB.televisionD.bunch36.The word UN is formed in the way of______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.acronymyB.clippingC.initialismD.blending37.Which of the following is NOT a process of the lexical change? (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.INVENTION.B.ACRONYM.C.LEXICON.nguage has been changing, but such changes are not so obvious at all linguistic aspects except that of______. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.phonologyB.lexiconC.syntaxD.semantics39."Wife", which used to refer to any woman, stands for "a married woman" in modern English. This phenomenon is known as______. (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）A.semantic shiftB.semantic broadeningC.semantic elevationD.semantic narrowing40.It is true that words may shift in meaning, i. e. semantic change. The semantic change of the word tail belongs to______.（分数：2.00）A.narrowing of meaningB.meaning shiftC.loss of meaningD.widening of meaning41.A suffix is an affix which appears______.（分数：2.00）A.after the stemB.before the stemC.in the middle of the stemD.below the stem四、简答题(总题数：8，分数：16.00)42.What is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes? (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 43.What does the concept morphophoneme mean? What is the relationship between phoneme and morphophoneme?(南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 44.What are phonologically conditioned and morphologically conditioned form of morphemes? (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 45.How are affixes classified? (四川大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________46.A number interesting word-formation processes can be discerned in the following examples. Can you identify what is going on in these?(a) The deceased's cremains were scattered over the hill.(b) He's always taking pills, either uppers or downers. (上海交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 47.How to distinguish root and stem?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 48.Illustrate the relationship between morpheme and allomorph by examples.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 49.What are closed-class words and open-class words?（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)50.Open-class words (浙江大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 51.Lexical word (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 52.Morpheme (武汉大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 53.Stem (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 54.inflectional morpheme (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 55.Free morphemes (西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 56.Bound morpheme (上海交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 57.Inflection (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ pound (四川大学2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 59.Allomorph (四川大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 60.Back-formation(四川大学2008研；北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 61.Prefix (北外2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 62.cognate(南开大学2011年研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)63.Illustrate lexical change proper with the latest examples in English, covering at least four aspects. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 64.Semantic change plays a very important role in widening the vocabulary of a language. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 65.Illustrate the ways of lexical change. (武汉大学2005研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 66.What are the major types of semantic Changes? (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编27

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编27(总分：36.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：5，分数：10.00)1.Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using 1in language study.(中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：corpora）解析：解析：语料库语言学指论述语言研究中使用语料的原理和实践。

2.In the Phases IV of CALL Development, instead of writing specific programs for language teaching, 1has adapted to language teaching by enabling students to compose and try out their own writings in a non-permanent form.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：word processing）解析：解析：计算机运用到第二语言教学中的第四个阶段，文字处理不再是为语言教学编写具体的程序，而是适应语言教学，使学生用一种非永久性形式写作并能修改它们的作品。

3.MT can be divided into two types: 1and 2.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：unassisted MT，assisted MT）解析：解析：机器翻译可以分为两类：不需要帮助的和需要帮助的。

4. 1a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as a transcription of recorded speech.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Corpus）解析：解析：语料库是一个语言数据的集合，可以由书面文本构成，也可以由录音言语的转写本构成。

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：13，分数：26.00)1.Sociolect(中山大学2000年；南开大学2003年研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Dialects which identify where a person is in terms of a social scale are called "social dialects"or "class dialects" or "sociolects" for short.)解析：2.Linguistic variable(北外2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Linguistic variables are those where the meaning remains constant but form varies like cat and pussy have the same social meaning but different from. So far as pronunciation is concerned house[h]and with[h]has same social meaning with different pronunciations. Here variables are just the tools to analyze the language to set social dimensional society.) 解析：3.prototype（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Prototype: what members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexicalcategory, e. g. for some English speakers "cabbage"(rather than say"carrot")might be the prototypical vegetable.)解析：4.conceptual metonymy（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Metonymy is a cognitive process in which one cognitive category, the source, provides mental access to another cognitive category, the target, within the same cognitive domain, or idealized cognitive model(ICM).) 解析：5.iconicity（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a feature of language which means that the structure of language reflects in some way the structure of experience, that is, the structure of the world, including the perspective imposed on the world by the speaker.)解析：6.grammaticalization（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The process whereby an independent word is shifted to the status of a grammatical element is called grammaticalization. Grammaticalization brings about typical changes in meanings and the distribution of forms. Another characteristic of grammaticalized forms is that the constraints ontheir grammatical uses tend to reflect their lexical histories. Another typical outcome of grammaticalization is the development of different historical levels of nearly equivalent forms.)解析：7.Interlanguage（上海交大2005研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Interlanguage. refers to the type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language. It"s a language system between the target language and the learner"s native language, and imperfect compared with the target language, but not mere translation from the learner"s native language. For example, when the Chinese student is learning English, he may make errors like "to touch the society".)解析：8.Universal Grammar(西安交大2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Universal grammar is a theory of linguistics postulating principles of grammar shared by all languages, thought to be innate to humans(linguistic nativism). It attempts to explain language acquisition in general, not describe specific languages. Universal grammar proposes a set of rules intended to explain language acquisition in child development.)解析：9.contrastive analysis(浙江大学2004研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Contrastive analysis is an approach to analysis of second language acquisition, based on a belief that a more effective teaching pedagogy would come out when the similarities and differences between native language and target language are taken into consideration. By such an analysis, it is supposed that some leaning difficulties could be predicted in terms of language transfer.)解析：10.Error Analysis（中山大学2011研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt. They are worth further probing Error Analysis involves, first independently or objectively, describing the learners" interlanguage(that is, their version of the target language and the target language itself), then a comparison of the two is followed to locate mismatches. Different from contrastive analysis, Error Analysis, EA for short, gives less consideration to learners" native language. The procedure of Error Analysis consists of the following steps: (1)Recognition (2)Description (3)Explanation For example, explanation; the absence of an item that must appear in a well-formed utterance: e. g. She sleeping. Type of error; Omissions.)解析：11.applied linguistics (武汉大学2006研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of linguistics which studies the application of linguistics in reality. For example, there are studies on multilingualism, language acquisition, first and second language teaching and learning.)解析：12.the audiolingual method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：It is the teaching of a second language through imitation, repetition, and reinforcement. It emphasizes the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing and the use of mother tongue in the classroom is not allowed.) 解析：13.the direct method of language teaching（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The learning of a second language by using the target language directly and associating speech form with action, gesture, objects and situations. Mother tongue is never or rarely used in the classroom, and the students supposedly acquire the second language in a way similar to the way they acquired their first language.)解析：二、简答题(总题数：12，分数：24.00)14.Linguistics is not the only field concerned with language. Other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, ethnography are also preoccupied with language.(中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：Since language has both individual and social aspects, it is naturally of interest to psychologists and sociologists among others. Many psychologists are interested to investigate the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example, language development in the child, such as the theories of language acquisition; biological foundations of language , and a big topic—the relationship between language and cognition, so there are psycholin-guistics. Socialists who are interested in the relations between language and society do researches concerned both sociology and linguistics, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users. When anthropologists enlisted the help of linguists to study unwritten languages, anthropology and linguistics became closely associated in the early days of anthropological fieldwork. In contrast with other linguists, anthropological linguists are interested primarily in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages. They are concerned with the emergence of language and also with the divergence of languages over thousands of years. Therefore, it is not surprising there are some branches of macrolinguistics that show an interdisciplinary nature.) 解析：15.There are two kinds of grammar based on differentlinguistic points of view. They are prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar. A grammar may describe how language is actually spoken and/or written, and may not state or postulate how it ought to be spoken or written. But a grammar may also state the rules for what is considered the best or most correct usage. Which grammar is descriptive grammar, and which grammar is prescriptive grammar? Cite some examples to give your reasons.(北师大2003研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________正确答案：(正确答案：The first one is typical of descriptive grammar, while the second one is prescriptive grammar. The descriptive grammar aims to describe how people speak and detail the underlying knowledge. It is believed in descriptive grammar that whatever occurs in natural speech, such as hesitation, incomplete utterance, should be described in the analysis, and not be marked as incorrect, abnormal, or corrupt; modern linguistics is mostly descriptive. Whereas, the prescriptive approach aims to teach people how to speak, read, and write a particular language;in the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied prescriptively. For example, the statement that "in standard English, a double negative is rarely used" is a description, showing how the language is used in standard English, regardless whether it is correct or not. "You should never use a double-negative" is a typical grammar rule that prescribes what should be grammatically correct in the Standard English. As for the spelling, prescription says "judgment" is correct, but description accurately points out that "judgement" is consideredby Edited English to be correct too, and a descriptive account for these two different spellings will show how the later one is used and who uses it.)解析：16.Saussure puts forward the concept of langue and parole, and Chomsky puts forward the concept of competence and performance. Please dwell upon the differences and similarities, if any, of the two pairs; langue and parole /doc/524189031.html,petence and performance.(北京交通大学2007研)（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：According to F. de Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community; while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. For Chomsky, a fundamental distinction between linguistic competence and performance should be made. A language user"s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called linguistic competence. And performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. In light with this, competence enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities. A speaker"s competence is stable but his performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors, and thus would involve imperfections such as slips of tongue, false starts, unnecessary pauses, and so on. Thus, the point is that a speaker"s performance does not always match his competence. Saussure"s distinction is somewhat similar with Chomsky"s in the sense that they both refer to the constant factor which underlies theutterances that constitute parole/performance. However, their difference is quite obvious. Saussue"s language is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussrue looks at language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological point of view.)解析：17.Examine the following two statements about language, and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements? Explain your answer.Sapir(1921: Language):"Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols. "Bloch and Trager(1942; Outline of Linguistic Analysis): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates. "（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：Similarities;(1)Both definitions stick to the fact that language is primarily a matter of speech because the primary medium of language is sound. Sapir illustrates this idea by implying that the produced symbols are auditory and Bloch and Trager by explicitly using the word " vocal". (2)Both definitions allude to the fact that the association between the words and the things that they denoted is rarely inherent, Sapir by using the word * symbols" and Bloch and Trager by placing emphasis on " arbitrary"and "symbols". Differences: (1)Sapir"s definition emphasize that language relates to communication between human beings. It is very different from the communication systems of other creatures, such as birdsongs and bee dances. Bloch and Trager do not clearly indicate this property, only saying that it is possessed by a social group.(2)Sapir also considers that language is " non-instinctive" and " voluntarily produced". Thus for himlanguage does not include such instinctive forms of communication as smiling and cries of pain, etc. However, Bloch and Trager"s definition do not include this feature. (3)The element " system" in Bloch and Trager"s definition reflects the fact that language provides us with the framework for generating appropriate utterances rather than providing us with an infinite store of ready-made utterances. Still elements of lacunae are combined according to rules. (4)The function of language is indicated differently in two definitions. Sapir sees language as for communicating ideas, emotions and desires, while Bloch and Trager considers it for a social group"s co-operation. Sapir"s definition proposes " communication" as the principal function of language and specifies what is communicated; Bloch and Trager only vaguely points out that language can be used for co-operation. Each of the two definitions has its own special emphasis and it not totally free from limitations. We think the two definitions grasp some defining properties of language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, for example, " vocal" , " arbitrary" , " symbol" , " purely human" , " a system". But either has some limitation. As for Sapir"s definition, whether one considers language to be instinctive or not is an issue. Language is instinctive in so far as we are all born with a predisposition to speak, we all acquire a language without tuition and when we speak we do not consciously convert our thoughts into speech. Language is, however, non-instinctive in that we can choose what to say or whether to say anything at all. Both thedefinition"s description of language"s function is not precise. Sapir"s definition confines language only to communicating ideas, emotions and desires, and Bloch and Trager"s definition does not point it out at all.)解析：18.It is widely known that animals have their own ways of communicating with each other. For example , bees can dance very complicated dances and some birds can sing very complicated songs. It is also generally agreed that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating. i.What is your view on this point? ii. If you also think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, according to you, what are the differences? Please give short explanations. If you don"t think that there are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, please also defend your position. Illustrate your points with examples if necessary.（分数：2.00）________________________________________________________________ __________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：i. There"re fundamental differences between human language and other animal"s ways of communicating. All creatures, not only the "clever" ones like apes and dolphins but also such "lower" ones as bees and birds are able to communicate with each other. We have been careful in using the term "animal communication system" to indicate this ability. But language is human-specific which is not merely a tool used to transmit information but also a means of social communication. Linguists made a list of "design features" , which are found utterly absent in animalcommunication and thus distinguish human language from animal"s cry . ii. There are fundamental differences between human language and other animals" ways of communicating, such as the "design feature" could distinguish human language from other systems of communication. For instance, 1)Duality, animals that use vocal signals have a stock of basic sounds which vary according to species. A cow has less than ten, a chicken has around twenty, but most animals can use each basic sound to stand for one thing only, so the communicative power of animal language is highly limited. However, human language has a number of sound units, or phonemes and each phoneme can become meaningful when it is combined with other phonemes, so we say human language operates on two levels of structures.2)Productivity or Creativity, it means that human beings can produce novel utterances whenever they want. The robin is creative in its ability to sing the same thing in many ways, but not creative in its ability to use the same units of the system to express manydifferent messages with different meanings. 3)Displacement, it is a property of language enabling people to talk about things being remote either in space or in time. Most animals can only communicate about things in the immediate situation.) 解析：解析：(本题主要考查语言的本质特征。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编2(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human language is arbitrary. This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the 1it is associated with.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：meaning）解析：解析：（语言具有任意性，其所指与其形式没有逻辑或内在的联系。

)2.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication. This quality is labeled as 1.（北二外2003研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：displacement）解析：解析：（移位性是指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间和空间上不可及的物体、事件和观点。

)3.By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the 1level are composed of elements of the 2level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(北二外2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：primary）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：secondary）解析：解析：（双重性是指拥有两层结构的这种属性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分，每层都有自身的组合规则。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编12

)2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：co一hyponyms）解析：解析：（同类中的成员叫做同下义词。

)3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：consequence; change brought about by）解析：4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：illocutionary）解析：解析：（行事行为是表达说话人意图的行为，老师所说的话表明了让学生努力学习的意图。

语言学历年真题试卷汇编12_真题-无答案

语言学历年真题试卷汇编12(总分68,考试时间90分钟)1. 判断题请判断下列各题正误。

1. 索绪尔开创的描写语言学标志语言走向独立的道路。

(2009年北京语言大学考题)A. 正确B. 错误2. 汉语中的“哥哥、弟弟”和“姐姐、妹妹”，英语中只用“brother”和“sister”就可以包括，这种语言的不同反映了不同民族的思维能力是不同的。

(2005年山东师范大学考题)A. 正确B. 错误3. 汉语普通话中有zhuang这样的音节，因此汉语中有复辅音。

(2006年中国传媒大学考题)A. 正确B. 错误4. 汉语中有“男生、女生、公牛、母牛”等词，由此可见，汉语中有“性”这种语法范畴。

(2005年山东师范大学考题)A. 正确B. 错误2. 案例分析题1. 指出下面词的构成方式。

(2012年中国海洋大学考题)尖子念头老百姓西红柿进驻用变换分析法分析下面三个句子。

(2012年中国海洋大学考题)2. 讲台上站着老师。

3. 台上唱着戏。

4. 后山上架着炮。

5. 结合汉语例子，论述层次分析法的主要特点及其局限。

(2009年厦门大学考题)3. 单项选择题单项选择题下列各题的备选答案中，只有一个是符合题意的。

1. 下列因素中，全部属于浊辅音的是( )。

(2006年中山大学考题)A. [b p m]B. [b d z]C. [d t l]D. [f v m]2. 确定“忽然”是副词，“突然”是形容词，主要是依据( )。

(2005年中山大学考题)A. 词的意义B. 词的形态变化C. 词的句法功能D. 词的意义和形态变化3. 下列不属于“转移”这种词义演变方式和途径的是( )(2006年中山大学考题)A. 英语中的“book”本来是一种树木的名称，现在用来表示写成的书。

B. 俄语中的“py”本来是各种武器的总称，现在只指“枪”。

C. 汉语的“豆”古代是一种盛食物的器皿，现在指豆类植物。

D. “锑”是一种金属元素，元素符号是Sb，用在化工、电工和医药上，广州话用来指制造日用器皿的铝合金。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。

)2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。

)3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。

) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。

英语专业基础英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编12

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编12(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.霸王条款（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：inequality clause）解析：2.暗箱操作（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：black case work）解析：3.爱心工程（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：loving Care Project）解析：4.国家科技进步奖（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：National Prize for Progress in Science and Technology）解析：5.在职博士生（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：on-job doctorate）解析：6.大病统筹（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：comprehensive arrangement for serious disease）解析：7.论资排辈（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：by way of seniority）解析：8.亚太新兴市场国家快速发展，直接改变了许多国家和地区的落后面貌，改善了亿万人民生活，为缩小发展差距、减少贫困人口、实现联合国千年发展目标做出重要贡献。

亚太新兴市场国家积极参与国际经贸合作，供应大量能源和原材料，为其他国家发展提供了充足资源；出口物美价廉的工业制成品，为各国提供了丰富多样的商品；进口大量商品和服务，为世界经济增长提供了市场和动力；吸纳巨额外资，为国际资本流动提供了重要目的地。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编26.doc

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编26(总分：52.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)1.The part of linguistics that studies the language of literature is called 1. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2."The world is like a stage" is an example of 1, and "All the world is a stage" is an example of 2. They are often used in analyzing features of literary language. (人大2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________3.At different times, different patterns of metre and sound have developed and become accepted as ways of structuring poems. Among them, 1 consists of lines in iambic pentameter which does not rhyme. (中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________4.A 1foot contains two syllables. A stressed syllable comes first, following by an unstressed syllable. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________5.The term 1was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his principle of Psychology (1890) to describe the free association of ides and impression in mind. It was later applied to the writing of William Faulkner, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf. (中山大学2005研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________6.Euphemism, which serves as a polite substitute for 1, is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears that more direct, wording might be harsh or offensive.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________二、判断题(总题数：6，分数：12.00)7.Metonymy is a kind of figurative language which is usually classed as a type of synecdoche. It refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa, as the use of "hands" in "We are short of hands". (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假8.Blank verse consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假9.The initial consonants are identical in alliteration. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假10.The term Stream of consciousness writing was originally coined by the philosopher William James in his Principle of Psychology to describe the free association of ideas and impressions in the mind. (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假11.Authorial style looks closely at how linguistic choices help to construct textual meaning. When we examine it, we will need to examine linguistic choices which are intrinsically connected with meaning and effect on the reader. (大连外国语学院2008研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假12.The opinion that a language is primitive reflects the social judgment of the language. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.真B.假三、单项选择题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)13."Formal" and "informal" are features of______. (对外经贸2005研)（分数：2.00）A.slangB.lingua francaC.styleD.jargon14.______is a figurative use of language which implies a comparison between two unlike elements. (西安外国语学院2006研)（分数：2.00）A.SimileB.MetaphorC.MetonymyD.Synecdoche15.The cognitive approach to literature does not include______（分数：2.00）A.Figure and GroundB.Image SchemataC.Cognitive MetaphorD.Judgment and comparison四、简答题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)16.What are the differences between simile and metaphor? (南开大学2004研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 17.How to analyze dramatic language? VI. Essay questions（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________五、名词解释(总题数：5，分数：10.00)18.Foregrounding (北交大2007研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 19.Speech and thought presentation (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 20.Metonymy (北航2010研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 21.Stylistics（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 22.Third-person narrators（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________六、1 举例说明题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)23.What is the relationship between language and literature? (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.What is the main difference between literal language and figurative language? (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 25.Read the following sentence and illustrate the ideas behind this statement: "Register is the term used in linguistics to describe the relationship between a particular style of language and its context of use." (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 26.List different types of Speech presentation and Thought presentation.（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

专业英语四级(核心语法)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级（核心语法）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARYPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1．In the sentence “It’s no use waiting for her”, the italicized phrase is ______.A．the objectB．an adverbialC．a complementD．the subject正确答案：D解析：It’s no use doing sth．中，It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的doing sth．，因此waiting for her在句子中是主语。

答案是D。

2．Which of the italicized parts functions as an object?A．He doesn’t like the idea of my speaking at the meeting.B．It is no use your pretending not to know the matter.C．Her falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.D．My parents strongly object to my going out alone at night.正确答案：D解析：考查句子成分。

专业英语四级(词汇突破)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级（词汇突破）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARYPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1．She answered with an______ “No” to the request that she attend the public hearing.A．eloquentB．effectiveC．emotionalD．emphatic正确答案：D解析：形容词辨析题。

emphatic表示“加强语气的，强调的，着重的”，修饰no表示语气强烈的否定或拒绝；eloquent表示“有口才的，雄辩的”；emotional 表示“情感的，情绪的”。

根据题意应选emphatic。

2．Everyone who has visited the city agrees that it is ______with life.A．vibrantB．violentC．energeticD．full正确答案：A解析：形容词辨析题。

vibrant表示“充满生气的；兴奋的”，be vibrant with life表示“生机勃勃，生机盎然”；violent表示“强烈的，猛烈的；暴力的”；energetic 表示“精力充沛的”；而full要与of搭配。

根据题意和搭配要求应选vibrant。

3．The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the______.A．latterB．latestC．laterD．last正确答案：A解析：形容词辨析题。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编2

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix twoexamples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）!Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme？42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius？Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with exampleshow they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）《五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been？B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements Support your statement with examples.the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）{语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.(语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）二、1、C 2、C 3、D 4、D 5、D三、6、B 7、B 8、C 9、A 10、D四、五、二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）六、七、11、knowledge八、12、bilabial九、13、morphology十、14、sentence十一、15、complete十二、16、representatives十三、17、coinage十四、18、delete十五、19、critical十六、20、interlanguage十七、十八、三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）十九、二十、21、F二十一、Actually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.二十二、二十三、22、F二十四、Voicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.二十五、二十六、23、F二十七、The meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".二十八、二十九、24、F三十、Apart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.三十一、三十二、25、F三十三、Dialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.三十四、三十五、26、T三十六、三十七、27、T三十八、三十九、28、F四十、They have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, . one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.四十一、四十二、29、F四十三、The true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"四十四、四十五、30、T四十六、四十七、四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）四十八、四十九、31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.五十、五十一、32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.五十二、五十三、33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.五十四、五十五、34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, can be added toa noun to form an adjective.五十六、五十七、35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences五十八、五十九、36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.六十、六十一、37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.六十二、六十三、38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kindsof knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.六十四、六十五、39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . "pass away" for "die".六十六、六十七、40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.六十八、六十九、五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）七十、七十一、41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.七十二、1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, . between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, /fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)七十三、2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.七十四、3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involvesthe insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle ofa word is known as epenthesis,七十五、4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced / ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".七十六、评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编19

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编19(总分：158.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：17，分数：34.00)1.The sound /p/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2007研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiceless）解析：解析：／p／是双唇音，爆破音，清音。

2.The sound /b/can be described with " 1, bilabial, stop". (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：voiced）解析：解析：／b／是双唇音，爆破音，浊音。

3.Consonant articulations are relatively easy to feel. And as a result are most conveniently described in terms of 1and manner of articulation. (北二外2004研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：place）解析：解析：辅音根据发音方式和发音部位进行分类。

4. 1are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. (中山大学2006研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Consonants）解析：解析：发音时，声道的某些部位受到压缩或阻碍后，使得气流在口腔里转向、受阻或完全被阻塞而产生的音叫做辅音。

专业英语四级(语法与词汇)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语四级（语法与词汇）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 4. GRAMMAR & VOCABULARYPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY (15 MIN)Directions: There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.1．Mr. White works with a chemicals import & export company, but he ______ for this industrial fair, since he is on leave.A．has workedB．worksC．has been workingD．is working正确答案：D解析：从句意来看，怀特先生并不是工业交易会的长期雇员，所以不能用一般现在时；此外他正在休假期间，所以才有空做其他工作，所以包含过去含义的现在完成时和现在完成进行时都不合适；现在进行时与“在休假期间”相吻合，所以D为正确选项。

2．Professor Johnson is said ______ some significant advance in his research in the past year.A．having madeB．makingC．to have madeD．to make正确答案：C解析：is said后跟不定式，不能跟动词-ing形式，排除A和B。

从句中的时间状语in the pastyear可以看出动作已经发生并完成。

C项to have made是不定式的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语动词之前，而D项to make表示动作没有发生，故C项正确。

雅思(写作)历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（写作）历年真题试卷汇编12(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 2. WRITING TASK 2WRITING TASK 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.1．Reading story books is better for children than watching television or playing computer games. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2015-12-12)正确答案：Reading is a vital skill for children to acquire as all information is available through either the written or spoken word. The ability to read quickly and accurately in order to process information is the key to education at a higher level and through that to many jobs. Those who fail to learn to read are barred from most jobs. As a skill it needs constant practice. Stories demonstrate how ideas can progress towards the ending as well as helping children to understand their cultural heritage. Non-fiction is also important, but, more often a reader will dip into a reference book to find what they need, whereas stories can be pure pleasure. It is vital that parents and teachers do everything possible to ensure that children read widely and with confidence. Television too has its part to play in educating children. Children need to understand where the “off button is, and to be able to judge what to watch and when to switch off. There are programmes that show the natural worlds, landscapes, other cultures, music, sport, drama, dance and news from the world, all of which are important. On the other hand, there are programmes for pure fun, and some that are such rubbish one wonders who would watch. Parents have to ensure that children use the television well, in an active not passive way. Computer games cover a wide spectrum. Some are challenging, demanding high levels of thinking and planning skills, whilst others are pure entertainment. The latter have value in that they encourage children to be at ease and proficient with such machines, and again, children have to learn to balance their time and not become addicted. Reading, television and computers all have an important role to play in modern life. Specifically, reading stories is not vital; reading is. Computer literacy is important, not necessarily playing computer games, and although television has many advantages, it could be argued that reading stories is the best use of time. 涉及知识点：大作文2．Some people think that cultural traditions are destroyed as they are used as money-making attractions aimed at tourists. Other people believe that it is the only way for such traditions to be saved in the world today. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. (2015-12-19)正确答案：‘Cultural traditions’ as a term covers a huge range of events that are enjoyed by many people, including tourists. Many local events have their origins in the very distant past. In Derbyshire there is a unique tradition of welldressing, decorating the village wells with pictures made of leaves and flower petals pushed into clay, and then having the clergy bless the wells. It is thought to date from pre-Christian times. Originally the custom survived in a few villages, but it attracts tourists, and others have taken it up. Proceeds go to local charities. A similar thing has happened to Morris dancing. No-one knows when it originated and it is thought that some, like the Abbots Bromley horn dance, go back to the Bronze Age, 5000 years ago. In cases like these, local people do it out of interest, and money is raised for local charities. If tourists come and contribute, they are welcome, but it is not done for their benefit. Other traditions attract more tourists, probably because they take place in towns and cities where tourists visit more frequently. In London, for example, the Guard is changed several times a day in a ceremonial way, and tourists flock to see it. There is no charge. Such ceremonies take place at Army bases up and down the country ... with no spectators . The Queen opens Parliament, travelling in a golden coach, wearing a crown, in the way that monarchs have opened Parliament for hundreds of years. London has other events like the Thames Watermen’s race and swan-upping when they count the swans, but they all date back hundreds of years. They all form part of the attraction of the city, but they serve a purpose. It could be said that tourism encourages the continuation of such ceremonies. The Guard could be mounted by soldiers wearing combats. The Queen could open Parliament conveyed in a car, but I think too many people still like things to be done in the traditional way, and whilst tourism is very important, it is not what sustains these traditions. People have pride in traditions and the community spirit they represent; money doesn’t really come into the argument. 涉及知识点：大作文3．Differences between countries are becoming less evident recently. People can see the same films, brands, fashion, advertisements and TV channels. Do the disadvantages of this development outweigh the advantages? (2016-01-09A)正确答案：The world today is experiencing globalisation, and more and more interdependence. Technology makes it possible for culture to be shared in a way that could not have been achieved even a few years ago. The advantages of this far outweigh the disadvantages. Much of this sharing of culture depends on the use of English, which so many people in the world learn as a second language, although the use of subtitles mitigates this. A possible disadvantage is that smaller countries’film industries, for example, might find it difficult to compete against the better endowed bigger companies. There is also a disadvantage that the culture of smaller communities is lost. Making people in disadvantaged parts of the world more aware of the differences between their lifestyle and that of those in richer countries can lead to discontent and economic migration, depriving those countries of the best of their population, as those who are able to move for a better life. However, the advantages of such cultural exchange are considerable. People can understand different customs better, and know what to expect if they travel or meet people from other countries. It is easier to share expertise in all sorts of ways. An excellent example of this is the way that London theatres and the Royal Opera House film andtransmit performances live to cinemas all over the world, making top class theatre or opera available, with subtitles in non-English speaking countries. The more people meet, understand each other, and realise that all human beings are essentially interested in having a comfortable secure life, the less the chance of catastrophic wars. Easier travel and better communications, with the sharing of the things we are all interested in, help to achieve better relations. At the same time, we should celebrate and share our differences. Wales is a small country, part of the United Kingdom. It has its own language and a strong tradition of choral singing. Huge efforts have been made to preserve that language, and the male voice choirs delight audiences all over the world. We must embrace technology, share and celebrate what we have, acknowledging difference and enjoying similarities. 涉及知识点：大作文4．Some people think the government should invest more money in teaching science than other subjects for a country to develop and progress. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (2016-01-09B)正确答案：The debate about what to include in the curriculum and how much money should be spent on is non-ending and reaches as far back as history allows. Most educators would argue for a broad and balanced curriculum that includes the native language and at least one other, mathematics, science, the humanities and the arts as well as physical activity, at least for the duration of compulsory schooling. There is never enough money; there is always something more that could be included and decisions have to be made. Some subjects simply cost more, and science subjects are high on the list. If students are to be able to use laboratories and conduct experiments, the costs are considerable, so more investment is needed at school level. Undergraduate and postgraduate studies cost even more. Much of the progress and development in our world depends on science: health, food supplies, communications, building safety and transport to name a few. On the other hand, science is only useful if applied for the benefit of humankind, and in the thrust for progress it is vital that the role of humanities is acknowledged. Our history and culture makes us what we are. Cultural activities, such as music, art, dance and drama, all enrich our lives, and yet training people and encouraging creativity, which are also important, are also expensive. Musical instruments are expensive and training is time-consuming, for example. Science might need more money than other individual subjects if it is to be taught effectively, but a scientifically educated population with no humanity, no knowledge of its history, no moral standards, no culture nor cultural development will be a most unpleasant society. Governments must support a well-rounded, balanced education, encouraging and supporting science but not exclusively to the detriment of the rest of the curriculum. 涉及知识点：大作文。

英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)

有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets infront of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。

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英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编12
(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、填空题(总题数：25，分数：50.00)
1.Sentence meaning is the combination of the meanings of the component words and 1.（分数：
2.00）填空项1:__________________
2.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called 1.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
3.A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the 1 of, or the 2the utterance.（人大2004研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
4.When a teacher says "The exam this year is going to be really difficult" , the sentence would have an 1force.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
5.There has been a maxim in 1which claims that "You are what you say. "（中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
6.The theory of conversational implicature was proposed by 1.（中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________
7.Y"s utterance in the following conversation exchange violates the maxim of 1.X: Who was that you were with last night?Y: Did you know that you were wearing odd socks?（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
8.Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the 1.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
9. 1refers to ties and connections which exist within texts. They are also called formal links between sentences and between clauses.（人大2007研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
10. 1 is the information that the addresser believes is known to the addressee, while 2is the information that the addresser believes is not known to the addressee.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
11. 1represents what the utterance is about; 2is what is said about it.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
12."Linguistic relativity" was proposed by 1and 2.（清华2001研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
填空项1:__________________
nguage varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, 1language.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________
14.A speech 1is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
15.A 1language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
16.A linguistic 1refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the "polite" society from general use.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
nguage itself is not sexist, but its use may reflect the 1attitude connoted in the language that is sexist.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
18.In terms of sociolinguistics, 1is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a person"s language.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
19.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, 1inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
20. 1is the mental process of classification, while 2is the products of the preceding process.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
填空项1:__________________
21. 1is an approach to the analysis of natural language that focuses on language as an instrument for organizing, processing, and conveying information.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
22.There are three aspects in basic-level categories; 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
23.The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as 1.（中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
24.Error is the grammatically incorrect form; 1 appears when the language is correct grammatically but improper in a communicational context.（中山大学2008研)（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________
25.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge. This process is called language 1.（分数：2.00）
填空项1:__________________。