口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析

Module 2 Logical analysis

I Theory and skills

口译中的逻辑分析指的是对讲话进行纵向和横向的分析，纵向分析是指分清关键信息和辅助信息，即找出逻辑的层次；横向分析则是明确各信息点之间的逻辑关系，如因果关系、对比对照、举例说明等。逻辑分析的目的是为了透彻地理解原语讲话的内容，对信息的点(具体的信息内容) 、线(各点之间的联系)和面(即整体概念)进行全面的把握，以便于记忆和表达。信息经过分析加工，便能在记忆中留下更深的印象。

逻辑分析练习可分为纵向分析和横向分析练习。纵向分析的训练方法和第一课介绍的概述练习有些类似，但侧重点不一样。纵向分析要求进行逻辑分层训练，即在听完一篇讲话后首先用一句话概括出讲话的中心内容，这是逻辑的最上层；围绕这一中心问题讲话人谈了哪几个方面的内容，这是第二层关系；而每个方面又具体谈了些什么，这是逻辑的下一个层次。例如第一课的练习 1.1 介绍了三种错误的饭后习惯，这三种习惯分别是：饭后立即吃水果、喝茶和散步；针对每一种错误习惯，分析了其原因，提出了正确的做法；在原因里又提到几种原因，分别是……。就这样将信息一层一层地剖析下去，形成一个清晰的逻辑线路图，然后按照逻辑线路对原语讲话进行复述，复述时不必拘泥于原语的顺序和结构。

横向分析的练习则要求我们找出信息之间的逻辑关系。一般的信息结构都遵从一定的逻辑关系模式，女口：概括(generalization )、分类(classification )、因果 (cause-effect )、对比对照 (compare & contrast )、按照时间、空间、步骤、重要性的顺序排列 (sequencing )、列举( simple listing )、提出问题 - 解决问题( problem-solution )等。找逻辑关系可以根据线索词汇，如英文里表示概括关系的线索词汇有：to sumup, in summary, in conclusion, in brief, in short, on the whole 等；表示顺序的词汇有：first, second, furthermore, before, preceding, during, when, finally, meanwhile 等；表示对比的词汇有：likewise, as well as, in common with, both, similarly

， compared to 等；表示对照的有： on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, instead, still, yet, whereas, differently 等；表示因果的则有： so, since, because, as a result, consequently, lead to 等等。逻辑分析要求在听取信息时不是被动地接收，而是在全神贯注地收听的同时，结合自己对口译情境和讲话人背景的了解，进行合理的分析和预测，这样才能更好地跟上讲话人的思路，缓解“听”的压力，使口译理解更轻松更准确。

II Skills practice

Teaching suggestions: Tell the students to form a mind picture or logic tree while listening, trying to associate main points with the corresponding sub-points, and then do the retelling to check the effectiveness of their logic analysis.

Instruction: retell the passage, paying attention to the logic

2.1 有偿搭车

“上班族”借助网络发帖联络搭乘“顺风车”，这种出行方式最近在北京、上海、深圳等一些大中

型城市开始流行起来。一些网站还专门设立了相关的栏目，北京出现了全国第一家

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顺风车专业门户网站， 有需求者只要将自己的出发地和目的地发布上网， 就会很容易获得理 想的搭乘机会。除此之外，也有一些搭乘者是通过朋友介绍认识的。

与国外一些国家搭顺风车现象有所不同的是， 按事先约定， 国内的一些搭乘者会以现金 或实物的形式给车主一定的补偿，而一些车主也将省钱和挣钱作为提供便利的目的之一。

面对越来越多的汽车污染以及日渐严重的交通压力，“顺风车”的出现无疑是件好事。 但随之而来的“有偿搭车”现象却引起了各方的不同看法。

对此持赞同意见的人认为应该提倡这种做法， 因为它既方便了乘车人， 也减轻了车主的 经济负担， 同时还能缓解城市交通压力； 反对的人则认为私家车收费搭乘他人， 严格意义上 属于非法营运，由于它没有办理任何证件，干扰了正常的客运市场。政府应加以严格管理； 一些保险公司相关人士还认为， 一旦发生事故， 保险公司有权拒赔， 理由是营运车风险比较 大，同类型汽车的保险费收费标准，营运车辆要高于私家车。

2.2 Why are girls not as good at maths and science?

Girls don't do as well at maths and science as boys. There are several reasons for this. The first and most important reason is that they aren't encouraged to play with toys that build up interest in maths and science problems and that build skills for problem solving or understanding how things work. Girls are encouraged to play with toys that foster language and human relations skills. As a result, they can grow up not knowing how an engine works or how to build a model from directions.

Second, studies have shown that teachers don't expect girls to be good at maths.

Even female maths and science teachers pay more attention to boys in class and call on boys more often. Because teachers don't expect girls to excel, they don't try very hard, and soon girls are far behind boys in these studies.

Finally, girls don't have many role models to look up to. Not very many maths and science teachers are women, especially in the later grades. When the media picture mathematicians and scientists, they usually picture men. As a result, girls aren't inspired to choose these fields as careers. In summary, several factors work together in the home, in schools, and in society at large to send a subtle message to girls. Girls almost always get the message; as a result, few girls excel at maths and science.

III. Interpreting exercise

2.1 Yo-Yo Ma 词汇与短语

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