中国矿业大学2015年考博英语之语言能力
英语语言博士试题及答案
英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following English words?A. PhenomenalB. PhenomenologyC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenon答案：B2. Which of the following sentences is grammatically correct?A. She is more intelligent than what I thought.B. She is more intelligent than I thought.C. She is more intelligent than I had thought.D. She is more intelligent than I thought she was.答案：D3. The phrase "break a leg" is commonly used to mean:A. To cause an injuryB. To wish someone good luckC. To perform poorlyD. To take a break答案：B4. In English, the term "modal verb" refers to:A. A verb that is used to express necessity or possibilityB. A verb that is used to express actionC. A verb that is used to express emotionD. A verb that is used to express a fact答案：A5. Which of the following is an example of a phrasal verb?A. To look upB. To look afterC. To look intoD. All of the above答案：D6. The word "facetious" is an example of:A. A nounB. An adjectiveC. A verbD. An adverb答案：B7. The sentence "The cat is on the mat" is an example of:A. A declarative sentenceB. An interrogative sentenceC. An imperative sentenceD. An exclamatory sentence答案：A8. Which of the following is not a preposition in English?A. AtB. InC. OnD. And答案：D9. The term "passive voice" is used to describe:A. A sentence structure where the subject performs the actionB. A sentence structure where the subject receives the actionC. A sentence structure where the object performs the actionD. A sentence structure where the object receives the action 答案：B10. The phrase "kick the bucket" is an idiomatic expression that means:A. To dieB. To start a new jobC. To move to a new placeD. To give up答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "____" can be used to describe someone who is very talkative and humorous in a way that is not serious.答案：facetious2. The phrase "____" is used to express that something ishappening right now.答案：right now3. In English grammar, the term "____" refers to the subject of a sentence that performs the action.答案：active voice4. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very careful and precise in their work.答案：meticulous5. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening in the future.答案：in the future6. The word "____" is used to describe a situation where something is not possible or cannot happen.答案：impossible7. The term "____" refers to a verb that is used to describea state of being rather than an action.答案：linking verb8. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening in the past.答案：in the past9. The word "____" is used to describe a person who is very enthusiastic and energetic.答案：zealous10. The phrase "____" is used to express that something is happening at the present moment.答案：right now三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between a countable noun and an uncountable noun in English.答案：A countable noun is a noun that can be counted and has both singular and plural forms, such as "apple" and "apples". An uncountable noun, on the other hand, is a noun that cannot be counted and does not have a plural form, such as "water"or "information".2. What is the function of an adverb in a sentence?答案：An adverb is a word that modifies or provides more information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. It can describe how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed.3. Describe the use of the subjunctive mood in English.答案：The subjunctive mood is used to express various statesof unreality such as doubt, possibility, necessity, or action that has not yet occurred. It is often used in conditional sentences, to express wishes, or in certain fixed expressions.四、论述。
中国矿业大学考博英语真题2015年
中国矿业大学考博英语真题2015年Part ⅠReading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by four questions or statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.Passage OneThe purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people. According to American law, if someone is accused of a crime, he or she is considered innocent until the court proves that the person is guilty. In other words, it is the responsibility of the court to prove that a person is guilty. It is not the responsibility of the person to prove that he or she is innocent.In order to arrest a person, the police have to be reasonably sure that a crime has been committed. The police must give the suspect the reasons why they are arresting him and tell him his rights under the law. Then the police take the suspect to the police station to "book" him. "Booking" means that the name of the person and the charges against him are formally listed at the police station.The next step is for the suspect to go before a judge. The judge decides whether the suspect should be kept in jail or released. If the suspect has no previous criminal record and the judge feels that he will return to court rather than run away—for example, because he owns a house and has a family—he can go free. Otherwise, the suspect must put up bail. At this time, too, the judge will appoint a court layer to defend the suspect if he can't afford one.The suspect returns to court a week or two later. A lawyer from the district attorney's office presents a case against the suspect. This is called a hearing. The attorney may present evidence as well as witnesses. The judge at the hearing then decides whether there is enough reason to hold a trial. If the judge decides that there is sufficient evidence to call for a trial, he or she sets a date for the suspect to appear in court to formally plead guilty or not guilty.At the trial, a jury of 12 people listens to the evidence from both attorneys and hears the testimony of the witnesses. Then the jury goes into a private room to consider the evidence and decide whether the defendant is guilty of the crime. If the jury decides that the defendant is innocent, he goes free. However, if he is convicted, the judge sets a date for the defendant to appear in court again for sentencing. At this time, the judge tells the convicted person what his punishment will be. The judgemay sentence him to prison, order him to pay a fine, or place him on probation.The American justice system is very complex and sometimes operates slowly. However, every step is designed to protect the rights of the people. These individual rights are the basis, or foundation, of the American government.1. What is the main idea of the passage? ______A.The American court system requires that a suspect prove that he or she is innocent.B.The US court system is designed to protect the rights of the people.C.Under the American court system, judge decides if a suspect is innocent or guilty.D.The US court system is designed to help the police present a case against the suspect.答案：B[解答] 本文的第一段第一句话“The purpose of the American court system is to protect the rights of the people.”就点明了文章的主旨，即美国法院系统的作用是保护人民的权利，因此选择B。
中国矿业大学考博英语必备语法知识点
中国矿业大学考博英语必备语法知识点1.With irrigation came surplus food，which meant that large numbers of people were freed trom the land to pursue nonagrarian specialities—technological development，scholarship for its sake——and war。
随着有了灌溉，粮食就有了剩余，这就意味着大批人就可解脱出来从事农业以外的工作一发展工艺，研究其学问——甚至参加战争。
(with...“随着”，引导的短语作状语。
With the approach of sunset it became chilly，come surplus food 是倒装语序，food是主语，came是谓语。
which引导特种定语从句，指上句话。
不定式to pursue..。
war有结果状语的意味。
).2.First of all， Kepler found that each planet goes around the sun in a curve called an ellipse，with the sun at a focus of the ellipse.开普勒首先发现了每个行星都以椭圆曲线绕太阳运行，太阳则位于椭圆的焦点。
(with the sun at，..为介词复合结构作状语，补充说明。
).3.It should be noted that a rocket does not depend on the atmosphere for its propulsion，but would actually perform better in the absence of an atmosphere becauseOf lessened air resistance.应该注意，火箭的推力与大气无关，在没有大气的情况下，由于空气阻力减小，火箭实际上会运行得更好。
2015矿大考博英语完型备考复习方法-育明考博
2015矿大考博英语完型备考复习方法想要在考博英语中取得一个不错的成绩不是难事，但是想要取得高分就不是一件简单的事情了。
对于想要拿高分的考生朋友来说，完型填空就是一个必须要拿下的敌人。
虽然说完型填空的分值不是很多，但是在大家差距不大的情况下，完型填空就成了一个关键点，谁能够在完型填空拿到更多的分数，那么在总分上必定会占有不小的优势。
那么怎么样才能让自己在完型填空这块取得先机呢?完型填空的基本解题原则是从已知信息中寻找，定位出所有与未知填空相关联的信息线索，通过综合分析这些线推测未知填空的答案。
即相关已知信息(线索)定位分析法。
下面我们总结一些具有普遍性的寻找定位相关已知线索的方法和规律。
1. 如何用“无关词排除法”来解完型填空题?完型文章一般都有非常明确的中心主线，且整个文章很紧凑，就是紧紧围绕着中心主线展开。
因此，理论上正确的选项一定是紧扣文章的主题和中心主线的。
故而，一些看上去明显和文章主题和中心主线毫无关系的选项基本上可以排除在正确答案之外。
（育明考博辅导课程咨询方式TEL:四零零 六六八 六九七八;扣扣：五四七零六三八六二）例如：2001年考博完型试题的第35题“bill that will propose making payments to witnesses(34 illegal) and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case.”[A]publicity[B]penalty[C]popularity[D]peculiarity答案:[A]publicity分析：此题可以应用“无关词排除法”。
本题所考查的名词处于这样一个句子结构中：作为control的宾语;后边还受到一个定语从句的限制。
根据文章的主题，可以发现3个选项[B]penalty(惩罚)、[C]popularity(流行度)、[D]peculiarity(古怪度)与文章的主题根本无关，政府不可能去控制这些东西。
考博面试英语口语
研究生期你的划 (plans in the postgraduate study)First,I hope I can form systematic view of . As for ,my express wish is to get acomplete comprehension of the formation and development as well as . If possible,Iwill go on with my study for doctorate degree.In a word,I am looking forward to making a solid foundation forfuture profession after two years study here.If luckily I got the chance to learn environment engineering in TongjiUniversity,I will concentrate on the study and research in this field. First,I will hard tolearn the theoretical knowledge,constructing a solid base for my future work；Second,Iwould like to do some practical work with the help of the supervisor and classmate.And through this,I can get something that cannot be acquired from the textbooks. I believe after 2 years of learning,my dream will finally come true⋯⋯First of all,I love my major. Chinese literature is the symbol of thestart of Chinese literary modernization. It plays an important part inmodernization of our citize ns'thoughts. What’s more,modern literatureis very close to our daily life and it can deeply reflect the styles andfeatures of our society. I am fascinated by the great masters refreshingor warm or profound styles as well. But I am not easily satisfied withsuch superficial knowledge. I hope I could have a better understandingin modern literature by studying further. This is a very important reasonfor me to take the postgraduate exams.Next,I love the feeling in the university. It is full of youthfulspirit. And I am deeply attracted by the scholarly atmosphere. And themost important,it's my great honor to open my ears to your teaching.Finally,I want to talk about a very practical problem. That is my dream ofbecoming a teacher in the university. I want to realize my dream and make myself tobe a well-qualified person. I think the postgraduate studies can enrich myknowledge and make me competent in my future job.That's my simple and clear reasons why I took the postgraduate examsINTUCTION:Thank you for giving me the chance to interview and it is my pleasure to introducemyself to you. My name is Wang Chenghua. I major in⋯⋯and I will graduate fromthe ⋯⋯ .. Medical University in July, 2006. Hope a chance to work and develop inyour department.During the past three years, under the strict guidance of my tutor,professor⋯⋯ incollege of⋯⋯⋯, I have learned systematically the theory of profession and gotthe basic manipulative skills about⋯⋯.. With the help of my supervisor, I havesuccessfully fin ished the subject“⋯⋯⋯ ” and grasped some experimental skill , such as cell culture,DNA extraction and other molecular biology technique; abstraction, separation,⋯.. ..I passed the CET band 6 test in2002, after that, I tried my best to learn MedicalEnglish and mastered a lot of professional vocabulary. I am good at listening,speaking, reading and writing.. I can manipulate computer proficiently and masterMicrosoft Office software, also be familiar with SPSS and Photoshop, etc.During three-year study in research, I studied hard and strived for excellence inour field. I benefit from working together with excellent colleague. I developedquality of diligence,responsibility,kindness and honesty. My internship in college of ⋯.. could qualify me for this job, and I believe I can be fit for the positionquickly. I am looking forward to working in your department. If I am admitted, Iwill be thankful and try my best to work for you.Thank you very much.1. If there were no one-child policy and you could have as manychildren as you wanted, how many would you choose to have?And why?Whyjust want one child?Children are expensive to raise.They take all of the parents’ time and energy⋯ so more children are a greater demandon the parents.Yet,someAmerican families choose to have more child2.Describe yourself. (appearance, inside qualities)Generally speaking, I am a common girl with good personalities. I am not very tall, just average level. Myface is unthinkable round, so I looked younger than myappearance.3. Describe: three GOOD qualities three BAD qualitiesfor each of the following people: (1). An ideal husband/ wife(2). An ideal teacher/boss/political leader (3). An idealparent (4). An ideal friend4. Who are your role models? Why do you choose this person asyour model? What do you mean by “a friend ”? And the nature of friendship?5.What do you mean by “a friend ”? And the nature of friendship?6.Who is your best friend? Where did you meet? And, how didyou meet? What is he/she (your friend)like? What is his/her(your friend’s) best qualities?7.How is your friend similar to or different from you?8.Do you have a lot of friends? How important are friends toyou? What do you think are the top 5 personal qualities yourfriends should have?9.Too much stress and pressure can cause serious health problems.What health problems do the stress cause? What causes stressfor students? For most Chinese adults?10. If you could take a trip to relax from too much work/study,where would you go? What would you do? Whowould you travel with?11.What are the most serious health problems in China today?How are these problems dealt with?12.What are some common health problems for children? Foradults? What health problems cause the most fear?13. If an American was coming to visit China, what would youadvise him about staying healthy while traveling? What should he do if he becomes ill?14.Illness caused by/as a result of modern technology:Ways to deal with technological illness:15.What is an ideal or a perfect job for you? (Salary, Work,Location, Working Environment, Opportunity for)16.What will you like(not like)about your job? Howcan youfind such a job? What problems do you think you will have?17.T he top 3 popular occupations in China at present? What arethe top ten popular occupations in China at present? And,What are the major attractions of each occupation?18.Gun control19.You meet a Westerner —Jeff or Anna who asks you suchquestions about your hometown:1)What do you think are the special features of your hometown?2)What is your hometown like? In two or three sentences,describe your hometown.20.Which city would you like to work and live?Scenario: You are working for a large company with officesin many cities. As a reward for hard work, you are being promoted a management position and your will be themanager of the office in one of those cities in the world. Youget to choose which city where you live.21. What do you think are the most important factors when youchoose a place to live?1)Job opportunities 2)Environment 3) Shopping 4) Crimerate 5) Weather 6) Cuisine 7) Historical sights 8)Cost ofliving 9) Nightlife10) Architecture 11) Scenery22.If you could live and work in any city in China,which city would you choose? And, why?23. Which city would you like to move to, if you could afford it?24.Explain: 1) The best thing in life is free. 2) Moneytalks. 3) Time is money. 4) No money, no love. 5) Saveyour pennies for a rainy day. 6) You can’t take it with you. 7) Money doesn ’t grow on trees. 8) Until somebody puts some money on the table, all you have is talk.25.If you could buy anything this year what is thefirst thing you would like to get? And, why?26.Recent headlines in newspapers. List one positiveconsequence and one negative consequence for each of thefollowing scientific development.1). Plastic surgery better and chapter than ever2) Pig organs save human lives3) Prospective parents choose child’s sex4)Sixty-year-old grandmother gives birth27.The advantages and disadvantages of each of these moderninventions.Howhas each invention improved our quality of life? And 2) How has each invention created problems andstress?Personal computer Cell phone ATM (Automatic TellerMachine) The Internet Email Virtual chat/Virtualdates ? Computer games Remote control GPS (Global Position System) MP3 player Kindle IPad28. What do you think are some customs that a visitor to Chinashould know about?29.What do you think are some interesting customs from theare the five biggest environmental problems in China? What should we do about these problems?30.Christmas customGood afternoon. I am very glad to be here for this interview.First let me introduce myself. My name is XX. I will finish mypostgraduate education in XX University, Majoring in XX during the postgraduate. Every one may have a dream, and I still remember that mydream is to be a expert in the field XX. I liked to make wonders just like, where are we from? Where are we going in the universe? And then I wouldfind the answers in book by myself. Still today I think that interest isthe best teacher in one's whole life (and knowledge comes from practice) Three years' graduate university education gives me a lot of thingsto learn, a lot of chances to try, and a lot of practices to improve myself.It teaches me not only what to study and how to think, but also to seethe importance of practical ability(such as doing experiment as much as possible). In the university life, I have made many good friends. Theyhelp me improve my study and research ability, do everything justlike a man, and often give me good example to follow.Second, I will introduce my major in the graduate university.My major is XX in XX University. It has a great relationship with XX .介绍自己的专业专长Besides what I have introduced myself above, I also have many interests in my spare time. I like playing badminton, which is an effective way i think to improve my body health, and it can teach me how to joinin a group and deal with other people. Drawing and writing is another favor to me.Above all,I choose the major in order to broad my view in XXand enhance my research ability.I will do my best to join the new group and be good at postgraduate study.OK, that ’s all. Thank you very much.31. 1. 介绍下自己，什么学校毕业什么专业，让大家认识你（一页）2.自己参加过的项目、工程之类的，让人理解你干过些什么（一页）3.假如论文许多，能够排列出来，可是报告的时候不要读，带过就行（一页）4.硕士论文的状况（一页）5.目前主要干的工作是啥（你假如是应届生，手上必定有一些正在参加的工作）6.下一步你想干什么（要点）依据这个思路来的话，基本能描绘你过去干了什么，此刻在干什么，未来想干什么此外作报告的时候，要注意控制好时间，这个很重要的，不要以为报告越细越详尽越好，必定要掌握好时间，挑要点讲。
中国矿业大学(北京)考博英语复习-报考分析及备考指导-育明考博
中国矿业大学（北京）考博报考分析及备考指导 一、招考介绍学校所属招生总数名额分布考博英语难易程度复试分数线211/985266人（57各专业）直播和硕博连读人数：48人考研英语难度外语成绩≥55分专业课成绩≥60分二、矿大考博英语备考规划1、矿大考博初试英语题型和分值设置词汇完型填空阅读理解翻译短文作文15题15分20题10分五篇20题40分英译汉10分汉译英10分15分2、英语复习推荐用书：育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》《考博词汇》，是最为权威的考博英语备考资料。
同时也得到了育明考博学员的肯定和证明，并且每年都会再版更新。
可以联系育明考博购买邮寄，或在全国各大书店及卓越亚马逊及当当网下单。
（PS：育明考博咨询方式 扣扣：547 063 862 TEL：四零零 六六八 六九七八）3、复习策略、答题技巧、经验分享（1）词汇备考：矿大对考博英语词汇量在7000—8000左右。
部分院校，如社科院，对词汇量的要求会比较大，大约会达到10000以上。
虽然不推荐盲目的扩大词汇量，但是足够的单词储备还是会对应试起到比较积极的作用。
根据自身的复习时间和实际需要，可以选择考研词汇、六级词汇、托福词汇、专八词汇、或者GRE词汇进行备考，推荐育明教育考博教研室主编的《考博英语系列教程—考博10000词》进行有针对性的词汇备考。
有很多人在学习英语的过程中，只注重了学习当时的记忆效果，孰不知要想做好学习的记忆工作，是要下一番工夫的。
单纯的注重当时的记忆效果，而忽视了后期的保持和再认同样是达不到良好的效果的，于是就产生了记忆的牢固度问题。
所以我们一直在向强调反复记忆单词，但是如何反复记忆却是一个复杂的工作。
记忆规律可以具体到我们每个人，因为我们的生理特点、生活经历不同，可能导致我们有不同的记忆习惯、记忆方式、记忆特点。
如果与个人记忆特点相悖，记忆效果则会大打折扣。
因此，我们要根据每个人的不同特点，寻找到属于自己的艾宾浩斯记忆遗忘曲线。
(完整word版)2015年全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按”考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。
2。
试卷一（Paper One)答案和试卷二（PaperTwo）答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。
3。
试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑：如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。
书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。
4。
标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。
5。
听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间。
国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation，you will hear a question about what is said，The question will be read only once, After you hear the question，read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D。
Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example。
You will hear.Woman：1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven’t had a bite all day Question: What's the matter with the woman? You will read。
中国矿业大学2015考博英语长难句解析(一)
中国矿业大学2015考博英语长难句解析(一)考博英语翻译的特点是长难句比较多，体现在两方面：一是修饰成分较多，二是句子结构层次较复杂，长难句的结构分析在考博英语翻译中就显得尤为重要。
这也是备考2015考博的考生遇到的难点。
对此，育明网校的老师列举了一些常见的考博英语长难句，并对这些长难句的句子结构进行详细解析，以帮助考生们快速突破考博英语长难句。
1.The company,a major energy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.解析：本句结构相对较复杂。
主干是The company provoked justified outrage…when…，中间出现一个分隔结构a major energy supplier in New England,说明the company。
后面出现when引导的时间状语从句when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.我们在翻译时要注意要把分隔结构及状语从句提前。
同时注意本句中出现的以下词汇的意思：provoked justified outrage，理所当然激起愤怒;reneging on a longstanding commitment，违背长期的承诺;abide by遵守。
参考译文：这家公司是新英格兰的主要能源供应商，当它上周宣布违背遵守严格的核规则这一长期承诺时，理所当然的激起了佛蒙特州人民的愤怒。
中国矿业大学考博英语必备翻译知识点及其例句
中国矿业大学考博英语必备翻译知识点及其例句01.The tenant is discontented with the content of the agreement for renting the tennis tent.租客对承租网球帐篷协议的内容不满。
02.The current occurrence of torrent spurs him to buy fur and sulfur.最近的洪流事件刺激他去买皮毛和硫磺。
03.I'm confident that the dentist will deny the confidential accidental incident.我确信这个牙医将会否认这个秘密的意外事件。
04.The student identified the identical idiom on the identity cards.学生鉴别身份证上完全相同的的成语。
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05.The stupid student rapidly studied the accident in the studio.愚蠢(乏味、麻木)的学生在工作室内快速学习这个意外事件。
06.Considering considerable spiders outside,I stay in the president's residence.鉴于外面有太多的蜘蛛，我留在校长的住处。
07.Besides this side,I considered both the inside and outside.除了这一侧面，内外两面我都考虑了。
08.It's evident that the evil devil inevitably goes to ruin.很明显，邪恶的魔鬼必定走向灭亡。
英语语言博士试题及答案
英语语言博士试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The word "phenomenon" is most closely related to which of the following?A. PhenomenaB. PhenomenalC. PhenomenonD. Phenomenology2. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the English language?A. FlexibilityB. Global reachC. Limited vocabularyD. Rich in idiomatic expressions3. The concept of "semantics" in linguistics refers to the:A. Study of language soundsB. Study of language meaningsC. Study of language structureD. Study of language change4. The term "morphology" is associated with the study of:A. Word formationB. Sentence structureC. Language acquisitionD. Language change over time5. In the context of sociolinguistics, "code-switching" refers to:A. Switching between different languagesB. Changing the tone of voiceC. Using different dialectsD. Alternating between formal and informal language6. The "phoneme" is the smallest unit of sound that can:A. Change the meaning of a wordB. Be heard by the human earC. Be written downD. Be pronounced by a speaker7. "Pragmatics" is the study of:A. The meaning of words in a sentenceB. The context in which language is usedC. The rules of grammarD. The physical properties of speech sounds8. The "passive voice" in English is used to:A. Emphasize the actionB. Emphasize the receiver of the actionC. Describe the action in detailD. Highlight the time of the action9. "Syntactic ambiguity" occurs when a sentence can be:A. Heard in different waysB. Written in different waysC. Interpreted in more than one wayD. Pronounced in different ways10. The term "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A specific languageB. A specific style of language useC. A specific set of vocabularyD. A specific set of grammar rules二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. Explain the difference between "prescriptive" and "descriptive" approaches in linguistics.2. Describe the process of language acquisition in children and the role of "input" and "interaction" in this process.3. Discuss the impact of globalization on the English language, including the emergence of new varieties and the spread of English as a global lingua franca.三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）1. Analyze the role of language in shaping cultural identity and the challenges faced by minority languages in a globalized world.2. Discuss the principles of translation and the challenges of translating literary works from one language to another, including the issues of cultural context and idiomatic expressions.四、案例分析题（共30分）Analyze the following dialogue between two speakers, identifying the use of language, the social context, and the implications of their conversation.Speaker A: "You know, I've been thinking about moving to a new city. I hear the job opportunities are great there." Speaker B: "Oh, really? But don't you think you'll miss your family and friends? And what about the cultural differences?"答案：一、选择题1. A2. C3. B4. A5. A6. A7. B8. B9. C10. B二、简答题1. Prescriptive linguistics focuses on the "correct" use of language and often seeks to enforce rules, while descriptive linguistics aims to describe how language is actually used by speakers without making judgments about correctness.2. Language acquisition in children is a natural process that involves exposure to language (input) and interaction with caregivers and peers. Input provides the child withlinguistic data, while interaction helps the child to understand the social and communicative functions of language.3. Globalization has led to the spread of English as a global lingua franca, facilitating international communication and trade. It has also resulted in the emergence of new varieties of English, such as World Englishes, which are influenced by local languages and cultures.三、论述题1. Language is a fundamental part of cultural identity, shaping how individuals perceive themselves and their placein the world. Minority languages face challenges such as language shift, where speakers adopt the dominant languagefor economic or social reasons, and a lack of resources and recognition, which can lead to language endangerment or extinction.2. Translation。
中国矿业大学2015考博英语语法长难句精析(二)
中国矿业大学2015考博英语语法长难句精析(二)考生在分析考博英语长难句时要注意语法在句子中的“混搭”，对于综合语法的运用，考生要有能识别的慧眼，下面育明考博英语辅导老师给考生详细解析：1.Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore’s law,which acts as a battle plan for the semiconductor industry.解析：本句不是很长，结构比较清晰，主句为Some technologies do indeed improve at such a predictable pace that they obey simple formulae such as Moore’s law，这里考生要能识别出such…that…结构;后面的which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词formulae such as Moore’s law，which在从句中作主语。
参考译文：的确，有些技术的进步是以一种可预测的节奏进行着，它们遵循摩尔定律般简单的公式，好比是半导体工业的行动计划。
2.Visit many online sites to research a car,and they will sell your name immediately to local dealerships which will then harass you in the old-fashioned way.解析：本句是and引导的两个并列分句。
注意前一分句省略了和后一分句相同的主语they(指代网络销售商)。
同时也可以理解为是：祈使句+and+一般将来时，后一分句中，they will sell your name immediately to local dealerships是主句，关系代词which引导定语从句which will then harass you in the old fashioned way，which指代上文的一整句话。
中国矿业大学2015考博英语长难句解析(二)
中国矿业大学2015考博英语长难句解析(二)语法点在考博英语长难句中的翻译是多元化的，比如名词性从句，定语从句，非谓语动词等语法点，这些是分析英语长难句的核心难点。
虽然是难点，但只要掌握翻译技巧，就能轻松解决。
下面，育明网校老师为各位考生解析几个常见的英语长难句翻译技巧，以帮助考生快速掌握英语长难句的分析。
1.The next important function of culture is to instantly provide new interpretation to different situations arising from the traditional cultural elements transmitted to the group.解析：本句的难点在于出现两个后置定语。
一个是arising from做situation的后置定语，一个是transmitted做elements的后置定语，在翻译后置定语时，我们要注意语序，首先要先按意群翻译：源于传统的文化元素，传授给团体的传统的文化元素，我们可以整合下语序：源于传授给团体的传统文化元素。
参考译文：文化的下一个重要功能就是能够对不同的情况迅速做出全新的解释，这些不同的情况源于传授给团体的传统文化元素。
2.A technological advancement is gauged by the power it gives or the energy it consumes and the cost that is involved.解析：本句的难点在于并列的后置定语it gives，it consumes，that is involved.把后置定语直接作为形容词短语放在前面就行，同时本句也出现了被动语态的结构A technological advancement is gauged by…参考译文：技术改进的标准在于它所给予的能量，它所消耗的能源以及它涉及的价值。
中国矿业大学英语口语考试试题
1A: C ,I have a question for you. As all we known , we started to learn English when we were in the junior high school .And till now ,we are still learning it .I mean , in your view ,should China abolish English as a compulsory subject in the post graduate curriculum ?C: Um ,in my opinion ,English courses should be reserved for specialized ones only . A: Why?C: Firstly , we are not studying English as our major ,but a totally unrelated ones .English might even not prove of any use for our major in the future .We should focus our time and attention on more useful studies ,instead of wasting time on English . Furthermore ,English study takes up to much time and the classroom efficiency is very low .Some other main subjects are compelled to give way to English courses . Finally ,only a very small number of us will actually use it when we get into society .We can make use of some translation tools if we want to write an essay .A: I see what you mean ,but I hold the contrary view ,to put English as a compulsory subject is necessary . English is very important in com- munication with people from all over the world as an indispensable skill .For post graduate students ,English is rather necessary .If you want to write an academic article in English well ,you need great English skills .And to our major ,many sophisticated equipments are made by foreigner , you couldn’t do a good job without English .What ‘s more ,in order to ensure a satisfactory job and a promising future ,you have to learn English very well2A: Hi, the coat you’re wearing looks so pretty! Did you buy it at the store outside ? B: No , I just bought it online last week, and I got it in the post office yesterday .A: That’s nice .It must be very expensive.B: It’s so cheap that it just cost me only 80 Yuan. I can’t believe my eyes.A: You’re kidding me! I ‘v never seen such low price of that kinds of coat at store . B: Well, you know , that is online shopping. You can always find the lowest prices of all things .A: Yes, it’s ture .I know something about online shopping. Comparing with buying in stores, shopping on the Internet has a lot of advantages. It is very convenient and comfortable for us. People don't have to waste a lot of energy and time to go from one shop to another to choose what they like. This is especially suitable for the old, sick or the busy people who go to the shops rarely .B: That’s right. Shopping online can give not only lower prices ,but more choices to us. We can buy the commodities from the “virtual store” by paying for postages, which can save our money because the price is close to the cost price. And they can also provide us with the goods in all shapes, sizes and colors on the Internet. We can choose what we want easily by looking at the photos .A: I couldn’t agree more, but on the other hands, there are many disadvantages of shopping online. Although the sellers provide some photos and specifics of the items on the web, I’m still not sure if the quality is really good and whether it suit me or not .B: Well, you can also see the other buyers’ comments and the seller’s reputation to make sure if the sellers is reliable .A: Oh ,that’s a good idea . I’ll do that .By the way ,I wanna buy a pair of basketball shoes ,could you mind helping me to choose one online ?B: Definitely .Let ‘s open the web now !3.A: Hi，Do you know what event happened in Beijing during 2008?B: Of course, as a Chinese, I am sure everybody knows that Beijing held the 29th Olympic Games.A: Yes, you are right. In my opinion, Beijing Olympic Games is the most perfect Olympic Games. Many aspects, including torch passing, opening ceremony, volunteer spirit and so on, showed our Chinese cultural style.B: I definitely agree with you. The slogan of Beijing Olympic Games is One World One Dream and the Olympic spirit is higher, faster, and stronger. But the thing impressing me most is some sporting heroes in the games. Their spirit impresses me deeply.A: So who are the most impressive sporting heroes for you?B: Of course Steiner(施泰德). Did you hear about his story?A: Actually not.B: He is a weightlifting athlete. He fell in love with his wife Susan in 2004 and they married in 2006. But Susan died in an accident in 2007. Instead of giving up his dream, he promised Susan that he would get the gold medal. High strength training was the only way that Steiner got rid of the pain. He did it. At the award ceremony, he raised the medal and Susan’s photo and cried excitedly.A: What a moving scene.B: Yes. He finished his commitment and he was really a real man. So and you? Who is the most impressive sporting hero for you?A: I think he is the greatest genius of the swimming athletes, his name is Phelps(菲尔普斯).B: Yes, I know him. He got 8 gold medals in Beijing Olympic Games.A: Actually, he got 6 gold medals in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. He promised to get all the swimming medals which he attended. His promise also came true. He totally got 8 medals and broke the world record. No one did this crazy thing before .It’s so difficult for someone to surpass . Maybe only the top-talented man can do that in the future .B: That’s right. The Olympic Games is the platform that the talented athletes show themselves.A: I hope more talented athletes will appear in London Olympic Games in 2012. It is really a feast for our eyes.B: Absolutely.4.A: Hi, are you free this weekend ?B: Actually, I am not sure, maybe I have to finish my English homework. You know our English teacher is so strict that I must spend more time on my English study. What’son your mind?A: I want to see a movie this weekend and I'd like to invite you to go with me.B: I'm afraid I can't go. I have so many works to do .A: Come on! The film is very wonderful.B: Really? What is the movie’s name?A: Titanic. It’s a very famous affectional film.B: Yes. I have seen it 2 years ago. The film torched me strongly, especially their love. But compared with the affectable film, I like action film. I think it’s a feast for our eyes.A: Great. So do I. People always like excitement, I also like action film. Who’s your favorite movie star?B: I am a real fan of Zhen Zidan. His Kung fu is amazing, and his acting impress me deeply. I have seen almost all the films that he acted.A: Yes ,I like him , too .But my favorite is Cheng Long. He is really an famous action movie star. He is so humorous and his films are funny. In his films he is never replaced by others when met dangerous scenes. I think we can see an action film instead of Titanic, what’s your opinion?B: En…It’s a good idea, but I don’t know which film we should go and see .A: I heard that there is a new film named Wuxia. Its Starring is your idol Zhen Zidan. Additionally ,your favorite singer Wanglihong joined it , too .B: Really? Sounds great! I’d love to. But...A: I know what you are worry about. I can help you to do your homework later.B: OK, it is a deal. See you this weekend !A: See you !5A: Good morning , sir , is here Sunshine Holiday Travel Agency ?C:Yes , what can I do for you ?A:I plan to go to travel with my friends , but I have no idea where to go .C:Do you prefer to visit seaside , natural scenery or some other places ?A:Er…I prefer to visit some natural scenery , such as landscapes ,famous mountains ,great rivers , and so on .C:I see . How about Guilin ?Here ‘s a trip that is picked by one of the airline companies , it includes your air and hotel fare .I think you may be interested in it . A:Well , it sounds nice ,but we have been there last time .Is there any other place you can provide ?C:Yes .Actually we have some great packages like Suzhou Gardens ,Mount Huangshan , Jiuzhaigou , and so on .By the way ,the most exciting season of Jiuzhaigou is now . How about a relaxing vacation there ?A:Great ! Can you tell me some details of the itinerary [ai’tinarari]?C:We have a 7-day tour that includes all the famous scenic spots .You will fly to Chengdu and get into Jiuzhaigou by bus . Accommodation and 3 meals will be provided .A:That’s to say we will have a whole journey service during all this .I think the route is appropriate for me .But I should go back to discuss it with my friends .C:No problems .For any questions or further inquires ,please call me anytime .A:OK ,thank you for your service . You are so kind !6A: Hi, Thank you for helping me to complete my work yesterday. So can I invite you to have a dinner today?B: No thanks. It’s a piece of cake.A: In my opinion, you provide me with fuel in snowy weather, so you must accept my invitation.B: Well. I will go.A: How about having Chinese food?B: OK. I like Chinese food very much.C: Hello, sir. Welcome to our restaurant. What can I do for you?A: Yes. May I have the menu, please?C: Here you are. Are you ready to order now?A: Actually not. We haven’t decided yet. (To B) this is the order, just order what you like. This dinner is very informal.B: I’m not familiar with Chinese food. I just order kung-pao chicken.A: No. It’s not enough. What flavour do you like best?B: I like spicy. It’s so exciting.C: How about fried tofu, it may be a good choice.A: OK. What is today’s special?C: I strongly recommend roast mutton chops.A: what are the specialties of this dish?C: It is our chef’s specialty dish. It is very delicious and I am sure you will love it.A: Good. I can’t wait to taste it. Others, let me see. How about some steamed crab or prawns?B: No, no, no. I t’s enough for us.C: OK. What would you like to drink?A: We will try some beer which the price is relatively expensive.C: OK. Please wait a moment. Hope you enjoy your meal.7A: I’ Panny from Voice of Campus .Today , we’ll look at the present health condition among graduate students .A:Good morning .I’m from Voice of Campus ,and I wondered if you ‘d mind answering a few quentions for our survey .C:Not at all .A:Do you often stay up at night ?C:Oh ,well , I have to say yes .A:Why ?C:Um…I usually worked very late ,there’re so many things to do .I have to finish my homework ,prepare for the exams ,write academic articles…I even have no time to relax .A:It means you’re not free to go out to do some exercise ?C:It depends .9A blind dateA(男): Hi, are you?B（女）: Yeah, my name is Mia. Are you Rubin?A: Yes, I am Rubin!B: Finally! The infamous Rubin! I've heard so much about you .A: Oh no, I hope they had positive things to say.B: Don't worry. All of the stories were good. How were you able to find me so quickly? A: It was pretty easy to find the beautiful woman in a red dress .If you don`t mind , may I know something about your hobbies.B:In my spare time, I feel like going shopping ,reading books, listening to music and so on.A: Could you talk about your family?B:I have one cute sister both man's love and flower's bloom are for. Now, we live with my parents.A: You are fun to be with. You live in a relaxed family atmosphere with plenty of pleasure.B:Of course. Only a relaxed family atmosphere can help the physical and psychological growth of children.A: Mia, could I interest you in some lunch down the street at my favorite restaurant? B: Yes, it's a great day for a little walk and some lunch.A：I hope we will be good friends.10find a jobA:The graduation is coming. I have to find a job, but I really don`t know how to start. What is your suggestion?B: Do you have the feeling that there are lots of jobs out here but it seems you cannot find one?A: How do you know?B: I felt the same when I hunted for a job before. The first thing you should do is to know what you`re good at and put it into words.A: What do you mean?B: Actually, many of us are not naturally proficient at talking or writing about ourselves, so you have to brush up on the techniques. But do look objectively at yourself.A: And after knowing myself, I may decide which job suits me.B: Right! Once you`ve worked out why you`re a good match for a job, it will be eaiser to make convincing applications.A:Then what should I do?B: Target the right employers, and reduce the chance of repeated rejection.A: I hate being rejected. It will make me unconfident.B: With any hunt there`s always the possibility of disappointment, but don`t let that turn into defeat. From every pursuit that doesn`t bring the result you want, there`s something to be learned.A:Another problem is that should I make demands on the salary? Do you think it's appropriate?B: Every professional should know their worth in the employment marketA:Lastly, what’s your main consideration in your current job hunt?B:Potential growth opportunity. If a potential job does offer me an opportunity to growand mature, I will find it very easy to devote my career to executing my responsibilities at thehighest level.A: Thank you very much. You`ve been very helpful.11 will the traditional Chinese culture fade awayA: Hi, The Christmas has passed, but the atmosphere is still strong. You can see Santa Claus portraits, everywhere.B：Yes，it can rival our spring festival in the atmosphere of jollification.A: Not only the Christmas Day, you see people have more enthusiasm for the western Valentine’s Day than the Chinese.B: That's right , compared with the western festivals, we have less enthusiasm for our tratditional festivalsA: More than traditional festivals, many traditional Chinese cultures are fading away. B：Like what?A：Such as traditional festival, folk culture, handicraft, some dialects and so on. B：Get it. Referring to the dialect, I remember a report said something about Manchu language. It is a Tungusic language spoken in Northeast China, used by Manchu. Historically, the Manchu language is also important in that some Europeans were exposed to and familiar with Manchu before the encountered Chinese language. However, currently, very few native Manchu speakers remain and the entire area has been completely sinicized. Just think if the Manchu language is out of history stage, we will lost a lot of cultural heritage. What a terrible.A: You said it. Besides, the adult ceremony. You know. The growing-up of a man is a process of metamorphosis. In the bygone days, the main purpose to hold an adult ceremony was to put the ceremony receiver under various tribulations, and finally took them into the society of adults. The adult ceremony dates back to the Zhou Dynasty, enjoying a history of over 2000 years. And many ethnic minorities have their own unique adult ceremony as well. However in modern china the cultural adult ceremony is replaced by a programmed 18-years-old declaration. It contains little traditional culture.B：The most obvious recession of traditional Chinese culture can be observed from our traditional festivals. Struck by western festivals, some traditional Chinese festivals have been left behind by our nation. The registration of dragon boat festival on UNESCO by South Korea is a good lesson for us. Compared with our traditional festivals, people showed more attention on western festivals, especially Saint Valentine’s Day and Christmas Day. The connotation and meaning of festivals areneglected by us. People focus much on the style and entertainment, which are the right characteristics of western festivals. What do you think of the causes of the status?A: I think New cultural movement is one important part of the influential factors. You know the movement leads a revolt against Confucian culture. They called for the creation of a new Chinese culture based on global and western standards, especially democracy and science. However New Culture leaders exaggerated the radical nature of their intellectual break with the past and that basic shifts had already taken place in earlier generations.B: And the government bears a heavy responsibility for the mess. Besides the civil group, government should play a prime role in protecting and propagating our traditional Chinese culture. However, compared with western countries, the attention paid by our country on culture protection is obviously not enough. So China still has a long way to go. what about your opinion？A：But you must admitted that :so many Chinese traditional culture is developed very fast, it has it's own magic ,in recent years ,so many foreigners are flooding in to China to learn Chinese traditional culture ,which is called the " Chinese crazy", such as kongfu, sichuan cuisine and acupuncture.The Chinese traditional culture has passed on from generation to generation for 5,000 years ,and it will not fade away. B: May be. I hope so.12 Christmas DayA:What did you do at Christmas Day?B: I held a party with my friends. What about you?A: I stayed at home with my families.B: Do you think it is necessary for Chinese to celebrate some western festivals, such as Christmas Day, Valentine’s Day and so on?A: I don’t think so. Different countries have different festivals, each festival has itself significance meaning, and we have no necessary to celebrate the different countries’ festivals.B: But there are still some festivals worth celebrating, such as Thanks-giving Day, M other’ Day, Father’ Day, and so on.A: Yeah, usually how do the westerners celebrate Christmas?B: On this day, many people go to church, where they take part in special religious services. During the Christmas season, they also exchange gifts and decorate their homes with holly, mistletoe, and Christmas trees.A ：You are right. Most families get up early on Christmas morning and open their gifts together. But some families open their gifts on Christmas Eve.B：What's all this I hear about Christmas stockings in America？You don't wear them，do you？A：Never！But American children do hang Christmas stockings by the fireplace. Then their parents fill the stockings with candy and small toys.B：Speaking of gifts，what gift did you get for your best friend LI this Christmas day？A ：I decided not to buy him anything.But it's something I made.B：That's beautiful！I'm sure John must be touched that you took the time to make such adelightful present.A:Yeah,you guess it.Topic 13: Debate: Have a debate on the to pic “Economic development or environmental protection?”A:Economic development and environmental protection are a pressing issue primarily for developing countries where, in trying to catch up with developed countries, they have to consume natural resources on an unprecedented scale. This has seriously polluted our environment. In my opinion, in China we should call for the precedence of environmental protection over economic development.B: On the whole I don’t support your opinion, I think We shal l give priority to the development of economy. China is a developing country, our economy is far behind the developed counties.Economic development is the foundation of all the national problems. No money can do nothing.A: Well, you have a point there, but we should be aware that during the Economic development, the natural environment and our living environment being destroyed.B: Can u give me more about the environment problems?A: The overcrowded living areas, the foul air, the impure water, the unbearable noise and rush hour traffic, all these things have affected the quality of life. For developing economy,the human crazy Plunder the natural resources which lead to earthquakes, landslides, dust storms, floods and other natural disasters occurred frequently.B Ok, I admit that but I’d like to draw your attention to the fact that there are many places of china, where the environment is pretty good, but there are lots of people lacking of food for survival. So why not develop firstly and protect later? A: But think about the past decades we followed the old model of “first pollution last treatment”, how did it come out? We must learn from the past, put environment protection in first priority. Only in this way can we solve the environmental problems in the future reasonably.B: If we can’t settle the problem of food and clothing,how do we call on people to protect the environment?Moreover, environmental protection also needs a lot of money. We must improve people’s living standards first, then to c onsider other things.A:I can understand the importance of economic development but china’s economy has developed to a stage where we have to consider the environment .Actually, environment protection can save a lot of money and destruction.B: But it’s th e current situation, on one hand we need to develop, but on the other hand we should protect our environment. How can we deal with it?A:Any attempt to pose economic development and environmental protection as diametrically contradictory is simple-minded. Since no country is willing to stop its economic development, the best way is to strike a balance between the two andto heighten the environmental awareness of those solely concerned with economic development.Those European countries both economically developed and environmentally friendly can serve as perfect examples for China. Their success story in both undertakings illustrates that environmental protection does not mean a complete standstill of economic activities or exploitation of natural resources, but rather an active development and application of effective technologies to minimize environmental consequences.B: neither a primitive society which is perfectly ecologically friendly nor an industrial civilization which is ecologically hostile is what we want. Environmental problems arise as a result of industrialization and only technologies can deliver solutions to those problems.Topic 14: What is low carbon energy? Why should we favor low carbon energy?A: With the development of society and Industrial technology, the quantity demand is becoming more and more large. The traditional energy, for example mine, creates a large amount of carbon dioxide. So the need of low carbon energy is very important.B: I definitely agree with you. As we know, Low-carbon power comes from sources that produce greenhouse gases but fewer than usual. It includes zero carbon power generation sources, such as wind power, solar power, geothermal power and nuclear power, as well as sources with lower-level emissions such as natural gas. These power-generation techniques emit significantly less carbon dioxide than a traditional fossil fuel power plant.A: You are right. So far, the global energy scene is currently dominated by climate change. Energy security is strongly affecting the problem about energy development priorities. Because of The traditional energy, climate change has become our main problems. Climate change is widely recognized as the major global environmental problem. Such as icecaps melting in the polar areas, rainfall, storms, and so on.B: Yes. So In order to mitigate the phenomenon, we should make efforts to develop new energy resources as soon as possible by calling for international cooperation in energy field. Besides, paying more attention on energy saving and full-efficient in our daily life, which are helpful in reducing the release of carbon. Most importantly, it’s essential to emphasize the concept of improving the efficiency of energy.A: That’s right. In a word, we should actively favor the low carbon energy to make sure the sustainable development.Topic 15Q: Can you make a list of some coal mining safety problems? What are the measures and precautions we can take to eliminate coal mine accidents based on what you have learned?A: Hi , what are you reading?B: Today’s newspaper.A: Is there Any important news?B: Look，there is a report about the coal mine accident. forteen people were killed and six people are missing.A: Oh, my god! I can’t understand why coal mine is always in the accident.Jack, I heard that you graduated from China university of mining, can you explain it for me. B: Ok. In general, coal accidents mainly include four problems which are outburst, roof collapse, water rush and coal mine blasts.A: wait, wait, wait, what is outburst?B: Gas outburst is refers to the coal mine with the increase of mining depth, the increase of the content of gas, In the ground stress effect, the gravitational force of gas released under weak coal seam breakthrough resistance line, instantly release a lot of gas and coal and cause a geological disasters.A: oh, I see.B: Mining is usually dubbed “the most dangerous job in China” followed by news reporting. In fact most mine accidents are blamed on failures to follow safety rules. Therefore, the central government takes measures to emphasizing the stricter regulation, and mine managers must follow workers down the shaft. The daily procedure is recorded, displayed and subject to public supervision. That’s no doubt that essential training can also play an important roleA: What are the measures and precautions we can take to eliminate coal mine accidents based on what you learn?B: For my major, we can improve the condition by being equipped with advanced and intelligent machines and systems. In other words, we have to promote the development of mining machinery and equipment.A: Can you tell me about specific?B: For example, make use of the more reliable systems to the fullest to detect explosive and dangerous gases. In addition, installing mine monitoring equipment, pressure fans, water supplies and communications systems and to build emergency shelter systems are necessary.B: Your work is very important!A: In a word, coal mine is a very dangerous place, we should stick to do our best to make sure the safety of miners by many kinds of ways.。
中国矿业大学考博英语必备语法知识点1
中国矿业大学考博英语必备语法知识点1.It means reorganising them on democratic lines，with governing boards made up of workers and technicians from the trade unions concerned，loyal to the concept of nationalisation as a force for social changes and operating their industry according to anational plan arrived at democratically by the community as a whole.这意味着：要以民主的方式，由有关工会的工人和技术员所组成的管理董事会来改组各项工业。
这些工人和技术员作为社会改革的一支力量要忠实于国有化这一观念，同时他们必须按照由作为整体的社会用民主方法制定的全国性计划来管理各工业。
(on...1ines，“按照……方针，办法”，作状语。
with...concerned介词短语作状语，用来修饰动名词reorganising。
Made up of...过去分词短语作定语修饰boards。
loyal...changes为形容词短语修饰workers and technicians。
as force for social changes是“工人和技术员”的同位语，operating...as a whole为现在分词短语作定语，也是用来修饰workers and technidans。
它是与形容词短语loyal。
.是并列关系。
arrive at作出(决定)，得出(结论)等。
句中arrived at...whole是过去分词短语作定语修饰plan。
).2.Thirty-five seconds into the flight，with the solid rockets pumping out maximum power，Challenger—like all its predecessors—was undergoing severe aerodynamic stress.“挑战者”号在其固体燃料助推火箭发出最大推力的推动下，飞行了35秒后，同以前的航天飞机一样，正在承受着巨大的空气动力的压力。
中国矿业大学(北京)考博英语题型分析
2015中国矿业大学（北京）考博英语分析一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、中国矿业大学（北京）考博英语题型Part1:词汇，15题15分Part2:完型填空,20题10分。
Part3:阅读理解，五篇20题40分。
Part4:翻译短文，英译汉10分，汉译英10分。
Part5:写作，15分。
三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
中国矿业大学考博英语真题及其精解
中国矿业⼤学考博英语真题及其精解中国矿业⼤学考博英语真题及其精解Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order forQuestions41-45,you are required to reorganize these paragraphs intoa coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in eachnumbered box.The first and the last paragraphs have been placed foryou in Boxes.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job.We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewardsat my disposal.In fact,we’ll probably have to lay some people offin the near future.It’s hard for me to make the job interesting andchallenging because it isn’t—it’s boring,routine paperwork,andthere isn’t much you can do about it.[B]“Finally,I can’t say to them that their promotions willhinge on the excellence of their paperwork.First of all,they knowit’s not true.If their performance is adequate,most are more likelyto get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of yearsthan for some specific outstanding act.Second,they were trained todo the job they do out in the streets,not to fill out forms.Allthrough their career it is the arrests and interventions that getnoticed.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jiexi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liuliu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu sanqi.[C]“I’ve got a real problem with my officers.They come on theforce as young,inexperienced men,and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a heat.They seem to like the contact they have with the public,the action involved in crime prevention,and the apprehension of criminals.They also like helping people out at fires, accidents,and other emergencies.[D]“Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion.However,we know that’s not fair—too many other things are involved.Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court,but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win.We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports,but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly.No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition,and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.”[E]“The problem occurs when they get back to the station.They hate to do the paperwork,and because they dislike it,the job is frequently put off or done inadequately.This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court.We need clear,factualreports.They must be highly detailed and unambiguous.As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect,the rest of the report is suspect.Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.[F]“So I just don’t know what to do.I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years.And I hope that this seminar will shed somelight on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”[G]A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators,managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city.At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation—how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job.The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:G4142434445F答案详解41.【解析】[C]按照答题步骤，我们⾸先应当对已知信息进⾏研读，即阅读⾸尾段，归纳语篇的基本结构，找出答题的线索。
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题
2015年博士生入学考试外语真题中国社会科学院研究生院2015年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷英语2015年3月14 日8:30 – 11:30PART I: Vocabulary and GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.1. Even the president is not really the CEO. No one is. Power in a corporation is concentrated and vertically structured. Power in Washington is ______________ and horizontally spread out.a. prudentb. reversiblec. diffused. mandatory2. In describing the Indians of the various sections of the United States at different stages in their history, some of the factors which account for their similarity amid difference can be readily accounted for, others are difficult to _______________.a. refineb. discernc. embedd. cluster3. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by T ony Blair, wasdesigned to give the other members of the club a bigger ______________ and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.a. sayb. transmissionc. decayd. contention4. It can hardly be denied the proliferation of so-called dirty books and films has, to date, reached almost a saturation point. People do not acknowledge the _______________ fact that children are bound to be exposed to ―dirty words‖in a myriad of ways other than through the public airwaves.a.i rrefutableb. concretec. inevitabled. haphazard5. A condition is an essential term of the contract. If a contract is not performed, it may constitute a substantial breach of contract and allow the other party to _______________ the contract, that is, treat the contract as discharged or terminated.a. repudiateb. spurnc. declined. halt6. Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words as well as agreed conventions ______________ these words should be arranged to convey a particular message. a. as the way by which b. by the way in whichc. as to the way in whichd. in the way of which7. Rarely ______________ a technological development _______________ an impact on many aspects of social, economic, and cultural development as greatly as the growth of electronics.a. has… hadb. had…hadc. has…hasd. have…had8. If early humans ______________ as much as they did, they probably ______________ to evolve into different species.a. did not move and intermingle…would continueb. would not move and intermingle…had continuedc. had not moved and intermingled…would have continuedd. were not to move and intermingle…could have continued9. It was ______________ the last time around the track ______________ I really kicked itin--passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran--pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.a. not until…whenb. not until…thatc. until…whend. until…that10．One impediment ______________ the general use of a standard in pronunciation is the fact ______________ pronunciation is learnt naturally and unconsciously, while orthography is learnt deliberately and consciously.a. in…whichb. of …in whichc. on…thatd. to…thatSection B (5 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.11. It is some 15 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims swept up in a tumultuous shuffle of citizensbetween India and Pakistan after the partition of the subcontinent in 1947.a. divisionb. turmoilc. fusiond. consolidation12. Concerning speculation, philosophy looks upon things from the broadest possible perspective;for criticism, it has the twofold role of questioning and judging everything that pertains either to the foundations or to the superstructure of human thinking.a. inebriatesb. forsakesc. relatesd. emaciates13. Meeting is, in fact, a necessary though not necessarily productive psychological side show.Perhaps it is our civilized way to moderating，if not preventing, change.a. promotingb. impedingc. temperingd. arresting14. The truth about alliances and their merit probably lies somewhere between the travel utopiapresented by the players and the evil empires portrayed bytheir critics.a. collaborationb. worthc. triumphd. defect15. But Naifeh and Smith reveal a keen intellect, an avid reader and a passionate observer of otherartists’ work who progressed from labored figure studies to inspir ed outbursts of creative energy.Far from an artistic flash in the pan, he pursued his calling with dogged determination against nearly insurmountable odds.a. insuperableb. unsurpassablec. uncountabled. invaluableSection C (5 points)Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.16.One of the most important non-legislative functions of the U.S. Congress is the power toinvestigate, which is usually delegated to committees—either standing committees, specialA Bcommittees set for a specific purpose, or joint committees consisting of members of bothC Dhouses.17.One of the important corollaries to the investigative power is the power to publicizeinvestigations and their results. Most committee hearings areopen to public and are reportedA Bwidely in the mass media. Congressional investigations thus represent one important toolCavailable to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interest in national issues.D18.It is not a voice we recognize at once, whereas our own handwriting is something which weA Balmost always know. We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long before we start Clearning to read or write, and in our early years we go on unconsciously imitating andDpracticing the pronunciation of those around us for many hours everyday.19. It had happened too often that the farmers sold their wheat soon after harvest when farm debtsAwere coming due, only to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions,Bproducer groups, asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become involved, atCleast not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild.D20.Detailed studies of the tribe by the food scientists at the University of London showed thatAgathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields onB Caverage about 100 edible calories as an hour of gathering produces 240.DPART II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: Choose the best answers based on the information in the passages below. Passage 1Plato’s Republic has been the source of great consternation, especially in literary circles, for itsattack on the poets. Socrates in fact asserts that they should have no place in the ideal state. Eric Havelock suggests that there are several misunderstandings in this regard, and in his Preface to Plato he identifies the issues, explains the historical context.Havelock opens his discussion by suggesting that the very title of the Republic is the source of much confusion. The book is commonly understood to be a treatise on the ideal political entity, but even a casual analysis will show that only one-third of the text is concerned with statecraft. The other two-thirds cover a variety of su bjects, but the thrust of Plato’s argument amounts to an attack on the traditional Greek approach to education.The educational methods still in use in the 4th century BC had their origins in what has been called the Greek Dark Age beginning around 1200 BC when the Mycenaean era collapsed. Very little is known about the whys and wherefores of this collapse, but it wasn’t until around 700 BC that the Phoenicianalphabet began to be adapted and used in the Greek-speaking world. During the intervening centuries, all knowledge concerning Greek history, culture, mores and laws were orally transmitted down through the generations. The most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of information was rhyme. The epic form we see in Homer’s Iliad grew out of the need to preserve the Greek cultural memory. Havelock takes the reader through Book 1 of The Iliad and dissects it in detail to show how this cultural, historical and ethical heritage was conveyed. The Iliad takes on new and significant meaning to the reader of this minute examination.The Iliad and presumably other poetic vehicles were taught to children from an early age. The whole of the Greek-speaking world was immersed in the project of memorizing, and out of the masses arose those individuals with superior memories and theatrical skills who became the next generation of minstrels and teachers. Education was thus comprised of memorization and rote learning, and the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals.Plato’s focus in the Republic and elsewhere is on Homer and Hesiod and to some extent the dramatists which at the time were the centerpieces of the educational regime. Their works presented gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth. The overall result is that the Greek adolescent is continually conditioned to an attitude which at bottom is cynical. It is more important to keep up appearances than to practice the reality. Decorum and decent behavior are not obviously violated, but the inner principle of morality is. Once the Republic is viewed as a critique of the educational regime, Havelock says that the logic of its total organization becomesclear.What Pl ato was railing against was an ―oral state of mind‖ which seems to have persisted even though the alphabet and written documentation had been in use for three centuries. Illiteracy was thus stil l a widespread problem in Plato’s time, and the poetic state of mind was the main obstacle to scientific rationalism and analysis. This is why Plato regarded the poetic or oral state of mind as the arch-enemy. In his teachings he did the opposite. He ask ed his students to ―think about what they were sa ying instead of just saying it.‖The epic had become, in Plato’s view, not ―an act of creation bu t an act of reminder and recall‖ and cont ributed to what Havelock terms ―the Homeric state of mind.‖It was So crates’project (and by extension Plato’s) to reform Greek education to encourage thinking and analysis. Thus all the ranting and railing about the ―poets‖ in Plato’s Republic was limited basically to Homer and Hesiod because of what he viewed as a wholly inadequate approach to education of which these particular poets were an integral part.Unfortunately, Western culture has misconstrued wh at Plato and Socrates meant by ―the poets.‖And because we view poetry as a highly creative and elevated form of expression, our critics have failed to recognize that Plato’s diatribe had a very specific and limited target which had nothing to do with high-minded creativity, of which there is plenty, by the way, in the proscribed poet s. It wasn’t really the poets who were the problem; it was the use of them that was deemed unacceptable.Post-Havelock, we can now read the Republic with the scales lifted from our eyes and see it for what it really was: an indictment of an antiquated educational regime which had no place in a democratic society.Comprehension Questions:21. The mistaken understanding of Plato's Republic consists in the widespread belief that it consistsof _______________.a.literary criticismb. a treatise on the ideal polityc. a critique of rationalismd. an indictment of an obsolete pedagogy22. According to Havelock, Plato’s anger with the poets arose from:I: Their representation of gods and heroes as fundamentally immoral and thus bad examples for youth.II: Their transmission of culture, mores and laws.a. I.b. II.c. Both I and II.d. Neither I nor II.23. Prior to the 4th century BC, recitation was considered the best educational method because______________.a.poetry was seen as a highly creative and elevated form of expressionb.rhyme was the most effective device in aid of memorizing vast amounts of informationc.there was no writing systemd.the people enjoyed constant reminders through public readings and festivals24. In Plato's diatribe the poetic or oral state of mind is the arch-enemy of _______________.a.democratic societyb. the Mycenaean Republicc .the Phoenicians d. literacy25. A common critique of the present-day Chinese educational system resembles the educationalsystem that Plato fulminated against in that it often _______________.a.asks students to think about what they were saying instead of just saying it/doc/8e18884558.htmlprises of memorization and rote learningc.has a very specific and limited targetd.encourages thinking and analysisPassage 2To govern is to choose how the revenue raised from taxes is spent. So far so good, or bad. But some people earn more money than others. Should they pay proportionately more money to the government than those who earn less? And if they do pay more money are they entitled to more services than those who pay less or those who pay nothing at all? And should those who pay nothing at all because they have nothing get anything? These matters are of irritable concern to ourrulers, and of some poignancy to the rest.Although the equality of each citizen before the law is the rock upon which the American Constitution rests, economic equality has never been an American ideal. In fact, it is the one unmentionable subject in our politics, as the senator from South Dakota recently discovered when he came up with a few quasi-egalitarian tax reforms. The furious and enduring terror of Communism in America is not entirely the work of those early cold warriors Truman and Acheson.A dislike of economic equality is something deep-grained in the American Protestant character. After all, given a rich empty continent for vigorous Europeans to exploit (the Indians were simply a disagreeable part of the emptiness, like chiggers), any man of gumption could make himself a good living. With extra hard work, any man could make himself a fortune, proving that he was a better man than the rest. Long before Darwin the American ethos was Darwinian.The vision of the rich empty continent is still a part of the American unconscious in spite of the Great Crowding and its attendant miseries; and this lingering belief in the heaven any man can make for himself through hard work and clean living is a key to the majority’s prevailing and apparently unalterable hatred of the poor, kept out of sight at home, out of mind abroad.Yet there has been, from the beginning, a significant division in our ruling class. The early Thomas Jefferson had a dream: a society of honest yeomen, engaged in agricultural pursuits, without large cities, heavy industry, banks, military pretensions. The early (and the late) Alexander Hamilton wanted industry, banks, cities, and a military force capable of making itself felt in world politics. It is a nice irony that so many of toda y’s laissez-faire conservatives think that they descend from Hamilton, the proponent of a strong federal government, and that so many liberals believe themselves to be the heirs of the early Jefferson, who wanted little more than a police force and a judiciary. Always practical, Jefferson knew that certain men would rise through their own good efforts while, sadly, others would fall. Government would do no more than observe this Darwinian spectacle benignly, and provide no succor.In 1800 the Hamiltonian view was rejected by the people andtheir new President Thomas Jefferson. Four years later, the Hamiltonian view had prevailed and was endorsed by the reelected Jefferson. Between 1800 and 1805 Jefferson had seen to it that an empire in posse had become an empire in esse. The difference between Jefferson I and Jefferson II is reflected in the two inaugural addresses.It is significant that nothing more elevated than greed changed the Dr. Jekyll of Jefferson I into the Mr. Hyde of Jefferson II. Like his less thoughtful countrymen, Jefferson could not resist a deal. Subverting the Constitution he had helped create, Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon, acquiring its citizens without their consents. The author of the Declaration of Independence was quite able to forget the unalienable rights of anyone whose property he thought should be joined to our empire—a word which crops up frequently and unselfconsciously in his correspondence.In the course of land-grabbing, Jefferson II managed to get himself into hot water with France, England, and Spain simultaneously, a fairly astonishing thing to do considering the state of politics in Napoleonic Europe.Comprehension Questions:26. The author believes that Americans ________________.a. still believe America to be largely unpopulatedb. largely believe in lower taxationc. are in favor of taxation without representationd. should reconsider the Louisiana purchase27. From the passage, we may assume that the senator from South Dakota _______________.a. opposed tax reformb. was Thomas Jeffersonc. failed in his attempt to reform tax lawd. was Alexander Hamilton28. Jefferson made it possible for ________________.a. a potential empire to become a real oneb. tax laws to reflect the will of the peoplec. France, England, and Spain to simultaneously vacillate upon their mutual feelings towardsthe United States.d. Darwinian social theories to be accepted without question29. Jefferson’s early political writings espoused what would today b e called _______________.a. collectivismb. libertarianismc. socialismd. liberalism30. The author holds that Jefferson’s purchase of the Louisiana territories _______________.a. may be seen as a hypocritical actb. rigorously held with his previous views of inalienable rightsc. cannot be seen as an act of empire-expansiond. was an act meant to lower taxes and improve the wealth of the nationPassage 3If, besides the accomplishments of being witty and ill-natured, a man is vicious into the bargain, he is one of the most mischievous creatures that can enter into a civil society. His satire will then chiefly fall upon those who ought to be the most exempt from it. Virtue, merit, and everything that is praiseworthy, will be made the subject of ridicule and buffoonery. It is impossible to enumerate the evils which arise from these arrowsthat fly in the dark; and I know no other excuse that is or can be made for them, than that the wounds they give are only imaginary, and produce nothing more than a secret shame or sorrow in the mind of the suffering person. It must indeed be confessed that a lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder; but at the same time, how many are there that would not rather lose a considerable sum of money, or even life itself, than be set up as a mark of infamy and derision? And in this case a man should consider that an injury is not to be measured by the notions of him that gives, but of him that receives it. Those who can put the best countenance upon the outrages of this nature which are offered them, are not without their secret anguish. I have often observed a passage in Socrates’ behavio r at his death in a light wherein none of the critics have considered it. That excellent man entertaining his friends a little before he drank the bowl of poison, with a discourse on the immortality of the soul, at his entering upon it says that he does not believe any the most comic genius can censure him for talking upon such a subject at such at a time. This passage, I think, evidently glances upon Aristophanes, who write a comedy on purpose to ridicule the discourses of that divine philosopher. It has been observed by many writers that Socrates was so little moved at this piece of buffoonery, that he was several times present at its being acted upon the stage, and never expressed the least resentment of it. But, with submission, I think the remark I have here made shows us that this unworthy treatment made an impression uponhis mind, though he had been too wise to discover it. When Julius Caesar was lampooned by Catullus, he invited him to a supper, and treated him with such a generous civility, that hemade the poet his friend ever after. Cardinal Mazarine gave the same kind of treatment to the learned Quillet, who had reflected upon his eminence in a famous Latin poem. The cardinal sent for him, and, after some kind expostulations upon what he had written, assured him of his esteem, and dismissed him with a promise of the next good abbey that should fall, which he accordingly conferred upon him in a few months after. This had so good an effect upon the author, that he dedicated the second edition of his book to the cardinal, after having expunged the passages which had given him offence. Though in the various examples which I have here drawn together, these several great men behaved themselves very differently towards the wits of the age who had reproached them, they all of them plainly showed that they were very sensible of their reproaches, and consequently that they received them as very great injuries. For my own part, I would never trust a man that I thought was capable of giving these secret wounds; and cannot but think that he would hurt the person, whose reputation he thus assaults, in his body or in his fortune, could he do it with the same security. There is indeed something very barbarous and inhuman in the ordinary scribblers of lampoons. I have indeed heard of heedless, inconsiderate writers that, without any malice, have sacrificed the reputation of their friends and acquaintance to a certain levity of temper, and a silly ambition of distinguishing themselves by a spirit of raillery and satire; as if it were not infinitely more honourable to be a good-natured man than a wit. Where there is this little petulant humor in an author, he is often very mischievous without designing to be so.Comprehension Questions:31. According to the author, those who want to trivializesatire tend to suggest that_______________.a. the damage is immaterialb. the effect is mere buffooneryc. wit is a streak of geniusd. the mischief must be taken in a spirit of raillery32. What would be the best strategy for the object of satire to adopt, according to the author?a. To take no heed.b. To placate the author.c. To take offence.d. To suffer the consequences.33. The main purpose of this article is ________________.a. the derision of the perpetrators of satireb. a warning against mischievous scribblersc. creating understanding of the genred. reproaching fellow satirists34. When the author speaks of ―this little petulant humor‖it is evident that he means________________.a. good-natured witb. the choleric temperc. a silly ambitiond. submission35. In view of the opinion of the author, it is unlikely that the author is a ________________.a. man of lettersb. satiristc. witd. a good-natured man Passage 4Alexander the Great’s conquests in the Eastern Mediterranean initiated a series of profound cultural transformations in the ancient centers of urban civilization of the Fertile Crescent. The final destruction of native rule and the imposition of an alien elite culture instigated a cultural discourse—Hellenism—which irrevocably marked all participants, both conquerors and conquered. This discourse was particularly characterized by a transformation of indigenous cultural traditions, necessitated by their need to negotiate their place in a new social order. As Bowerstock has argued, the process of Hellenization did not accomplish the wholesale replacement of indigenous cultural traditions with Greek civilization. Instead, it provided a new cultural vocabulary through which much pre-existing cultural tradition was often able to find new expression. This phenomenon is especially intriguing as it relates to language and literacy. The ancient civilizations of the Syro-Mesopotamian and Egyptian cultural spheres were, of course, literate, possessing indigenous literary traditions already of great antiquity at the time of the Macedonian conquests. The disenfranchisement of traditional elites by the imposition of Greek rule had the related effect of displacing many of the traditional social structures where in indigenous literacy functioned and was taught—in particular, the institutions of the palace and the temple. A new language of power, Greek, replaced the traditional language of these institutions. This had the unavoidable effect of displacing the traditional writing systems associated with these indigenous languages. Traditional literacy’s longstanding association with the centers of social and political authority began to be eroded.Naturally, the eclipse of traditional, indigenous literacy did not occur overnight. The decline of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphicliteracies was a lengthy process. Nor was the nature of their respective declines identical. Akkadian, the ancient language of Mesopotamian court and temple culture, vanished forever, along with cuneiform writing, in the first century CE. Egyptian lived on beyond the disappearance of hieroglyphic in the fourth century CE in the guise of Coptic, to succumb as a living, spoken language of daily social intercourse only after the Islamic conquest of Egypt. Even then, Coptic survives to this day as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church. This latter point draws attention to an aspect of the decline of these indigenous literacies worthy of note: it is in the sphere of religion that these literacies are often preserved longest, after they have been superseded in palace circles—the last dated cuneiform text we have is an astrological text; the last dated hieroglyphic text a votive graffito. This should cause little surprise. The sphere of religion is generally one of the most conservative of cultural subsystems. The local need to negotiate the necessities of daily life and individual and collective identity embodied in traditional religious structures is slow to change and exists in ongoing dialogue with the more readily changeable royal and/or state ideologies that bind various locales together in an institutional framework.The process of ―Hellenization‖ of the an cient cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean provides us, then, with an opportunity to observe the on-going effect on traditional, indigenous literacy of the imposition of a new status language possessed of its own distinct writing system. The cultural politics of written and spoken language-use in such contexts has been much discussed and it is clear that the processes leading to the adoption of a new language—in written form, or spoken form, or both—in some cultural spheres and the retention of traditional languages inothers are complex. Factors including the imposition of a new language from above, adoption of a new language of social prestige from below, as well as preservation of older idioms of traditional statusin core cultural institutions, must have affected different sectors of a conquered society in different fashions and at different rates.Comprehension Questions:36. The languages that have to some extent managed to survive Hellenization did so in what area?a. In palace circles.b. In governmental institutions.c. In the religious sphere.d. In philological circles.37. Which aspect of society, according to the passage, is one of the most resistant to change?a. Monarchical institutions.b. Religious institutions.c. Linguistic norms.d. State ideologies.38. In the first paragraph, you saw the underlined word disenfranchisement. Choose, among thefollowing expressions, the closest in similar meaning.a. the removal of power, right and/or privilegeb. a strong sense of disappointmentc. the prohibition of the right to conduct businessd. the loss of social position39. Who was the leader of the Macedonian Conquest?a. King Philip of Macedon.b. Pericles of Athens.。
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中国矿业大学2015年考博英语之语言能力
在2015考博暑期复习这段黄金期，同学们可以静下来心来认真备考各个科目。
在这里，育明考博小编着重为大家分享考博英语暑期复习中长难句如何进行拆分和翻译。
让我们继续之前的《每天一句：育明2015考博英语100句》，来看看接下来老师会跟同学们分享什么样的精彩句子吧!
七月，全力以赴!但是如果能有效的利用好七月的黄金复习时间，在这里给大家一个规划，大家抽时间一定好好看看!我希望对大家复习是有帮助的!全国免费电话：四零零六六八六九七八.2015考博交流群：一零五六一九八二零，联系我们扣扣：二四七八七四八零五四或者四九三三七一六二六。
【语言能力】
首先，单词肯定是需要记忆方法的，通过记忆方法能快速的记住单词的字典含义；但记住单词的字典含义只是第一步，更重要的是注意在语境中调整和赋予这个单词更准确和通顺的语境含义，以帮助我们更贴切的理解文章。
比如：
1.rested with字典含义：取决于...
Copyright rested with the journal publisher.，and researchers seeking knowledge of the results wouldhave to subscribe to the journal.
在这个句子中根据语境：版权属于期刊的出版者;
2.entail字典含义是：使蒙受，使产生;必须，使承担;
Deliberate practice entails more thansimply repeating a task.Rather,it involves setting specific goals,obtainingimmediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.
这句中的entails=involves.
(这句把并列连词省略了，补全是：Deliberatepractice entails more than…and it involves…)
3.substantial字典含义：大量的;结实的，牢固的;重大的
Genetically speaking,there are advantagesto avoiding substantial height.
从基因的角度来讲，避免长的“太”高是有好处的。
就把substantial理解为一个程度词即可。
4.adding to字典含义是：增加，添加
Adding to a woman’s increased dose ofstress chemicals,are her increased“opportunities”for stress.
这句话的结构是：Adding to A is(are)B=B is(are)adding to A
A=a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals
B=her opportunities for stress
在理解的时候，最好就理解为：除了A还有B;这样更能理解深层含义。
5.flap字典的含义是：上下或左右移动、摆动;轻拍;振翅而飞;<口>焦虑
在这个句子中：The flap over rap is not making life any easier for him.
关于饶舌音乐的(焦虑)争论并没有让他的日子变得轻松一点。
根据文章后文内容是可以灵活理解的。
当然在翻译题目中一般出现这样的短语就是硬伤了。
6.allow for sth：字典含义：在计算，估计，考虑时包括某人
Supporters ofthe new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial costreductions and better coordinated service.
Allow for=bring about带来
新的超级系统的支持者认为，这些合并将带来费用的大幅降低和更协调的服务。
从以上的例子中，我们确实可以看出字典是不可能涵盖单词的所有语境含义的，在理解单词在句中含义的时候一定要根据语境调整。
而这种赋意的过程其实就是所谓的语感。
只能通过相对大量的阅读才能形成的能力，这种能力我们从去年9月就开始引导同学们培养了。
同时，正是这种语境含义的出现使得两个在字典含义上不太可能相等的单词成为了一组可相互替换的单词：
比如：
1.Thinking ability=critical thinking=creative=innovation
2.popular culture=common culture
3.cultural power=assimilating power
4.prevent(同意替换)=hinder=refrain=deter(同意替换)
5.apprehension=worry
6.visualize=imagine=conceive
7.mechanical=unchanged
8.Modify=change
9.spontaneity=informal
10.mind=people
11.faith=confidence=assertiveness
12.accumulation=expansion
13.suits=enable(同意替换)=entail
14.dismiss斥责=rebuke=criticize
15.tap开发tap themarket=explore the market=expand the market
16.not nearly=far from
而这些正是考点之所在，得分点之所在。
考点会重复，可以通过平时积累考点，也就是从真题中把这些同意替换总结出来背诵，随着你模糊识意能力的提高，即使在考场上遇到了不认识的替换也能推断的出来。
其次，句子结构的分析能力。
从长难句的课程到我空间日志中的每天一句，如果今天在回过头来看句子分析的能力那重点就应该是切分句子的能力，倒不一定要准确的说出句子中每个部分的具体语法成分的名字，但是必须得学会切分句子，调整语序;具体讲就是你可以不知道定语从句和同位语从句的区别;状语和宾语补足语的区别;…但是你至少可以把这个部分完整的切分出来，再放到合理的位置上。
本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。