自动化专业外文文献
自动化专业毕业论文外文文献翻译
目录Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and parameters adaptive method (1)Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system in power station (7)Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive control of boiler steam temperature ..................................................................... (13)Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制21Part 1 PID type fuzzy controller and Parametersadaptive methodWu zhi QIAO, Masaharu MizumotoAbstract: The authors of this paper try to analyze the dynamic behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a PD controller that may yield steady-state error for the control system. By relating to the conventional PID control theory, we propose a new fuzzy controller structure, namely PID type fuzzy controller which retains the characteristics similar to the conventional PID controller. In order to improve further the performance of the fuzzy controller, we work out a method to tune the parameters of the PID type fuzzy controller on line, producing a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. Simulation experiments are made to demonstrate the fine performance of these novel fuzzy controller structures.Keywords: Fuzzy controller; PID control; Adaptive control1. IntroductionAmong various inference methods used in the fuzzy controller found in literatures , the most widely used ones in practice are the Mamdani method proposed by Mamdani and his associates who adopted the Min-max compositional rule of inference based on an interpretation of a control rule as a conjunction of the antecedent and consequent, and the product-sum method proposed by Mizumoto who suggested to introduce the product and arithmetic mean aggregation operators to replace the logical AND (minimum) and OR (maximum) calculations in the Min-max compositional rule of inference.In the algorithm of a fuzzy controller, the fuzzy function calculation is also a complicated and time consuming task. Tagagi and Sugeno proposed a crisp type model in which the consequent parts of the fuzzy control rules are crisp functional representation or crisp real numbers in the simplified case instead of fuzzy sets . With this model of crisp real number output, the fuzzy set of the inference consequence willbe a discrete fuzzy set with a finite number of points, this can greatly simplify the fuzzy function algorithm.Both the Min-max method and the product-sum method are often applied with the crisp output model in a mixed manner. Especially the mixed product-sum crisp model has a fine performance and the simplest algorithm that is very easy to be implemented in hardware system and converted into a fuzzy neural network model. In this paper, we will take account of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller.2. PID type fuzzy controller structureAs illustrated in previous sections, the PD function approximately behaves like a parameter time-varying PD controller. Since the mathematical models of most industrial process systems are of type, obviously there would exist an steady-state error if they are controlled by this kind of fuzzy controller. This characteristic has been stated in the brief review of the PID controller in the previous section.If we want to eliminate the steady-state error of the control system, we can imagine to substitute the input (the change rate of error or the derivative of error) of the fuzzy controller with the integration of error. This will result the fuzzy controller behaving like a parameter time-varying PI controller, thus the steady-state error is expelled by the integration action. However, a PI type fuzzy controller will have a slow rise time if the P parameters are chosen small, and have a large overshoot if the P or I parameters are chosen large. So there may be the time when one wants to introduce not only the integration control but the derivative control to the fuzzy control system, because the derivative control can reduce the overshoot of the system's response so as to improve the control performance. Of course this can be realized by designing a fuzzy controller with three inputs, error, the change rate of error and the integration of error. However, these methods will be hard to implement in practice because of the difficulty in constructing fuzzy control rules. Usually fuzzy control rules are constructed by summarizing the manual control experience of an operator who has been controlling the industrial process skillfully and successfully. The operator intuitively regulates the executor to control the process by watching theerror and the change rate of the error between the system's output and the set-point value. It is not the practice for the operator to observe the integration of error. Moreover, adding one input variable will greatly increase the number of control rules, the constructing of fuzzy control rules are even more difficult task and it needs more computation efforts. Hence we may want to design a fuzzy controller that possesses the fine characteristics of the PID controller by using only the error and the change rate of error as its inputs.One way is to have an integrator serially connected to the output of the fuzzy controller as shown in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1,1K and 2K are scaling factors for e and ~ respectively, and fl is the integral constant. In the proceeding text, for convenience, we did not consider the scaling factors. Here in Fig. 2, when we look at the neighborhood of NODE point in the e - ~ plane, it follows from (1) that the control input to the plant can be approximated by(1)Hence the fuzzy controller becomes a parameter time-varying PI controller, itsequivalent proportional control and integral control components are BK2D and ilK1 P respectively. We call this fuzzy controller as the PI type fuzzy controller (PI fc). We can hope that in a PI type fuzzy control system, the steady-state error becomes zero.To verify the property of the PI type fuzzy controller, we carry out some simulation experiments. Before presenting the simulation, we give a description of the simulation model. In the fuzzy control system shown in Fig. 3, the plant model is a second-order and type system with the following transfer function:)1)(1()(21++=s T s T K s G (2) Where K = 16, 1T = 1, and 2T = 0.5. In our simulation experiments, we use thediscrete simulation method, the results would be slightly different from that of a continuous system, the sampling time of the system is set to be 0.1 s. For the fuzzy controller, the fuzzy subsets of e and d are defined as shown in Fig. 4. Their coresThe fuzzy control rules are represented as Table 1. Fig. 5 demonstrates the simulation result of step response of the fuzzy control system with a Pl fc. We can see that the steady-state error of the control system becomes zero, but when the integration factor fl is small, the system's response is slow, and when it is too large, there is a high overshoot and serious oscillation. Therefore, we may want to introduce the derivative control law into the fuzzy controller to overcome the overshoot and instability. We propose a controller structure that simply connects the PD type and the PI type fuzzy controller together in parallel. We have the equivalent structure of that by connecting a PI device with the basic fuzzy controller serially as shown in Fig.6. Where ~ is the weight on PD type fuzzy controller and fi is that on PI type fuzzy controller, the larger a/fi means more emphasis on the derivative control and less emphasis on the integration control, and vice versa. It follows from (7) that the output of the fuzzy controller is(3)3. The parameter adaptive methodThus the fuzzy controller behaves like a time-varying PID controller, its equivalent proportional control, integral control and derivative control components are respectively. We call this new controller structure a PID type fuzzy controller (PID fc). Figs. 7 and 8 are the simulation results of the system's step response of such control system. The influence of ~ and fl to the system performance is illustrated. When ~ > 0 and/3 = 0, meaning that the fuzzy controller behaves like PD fc, there exist a steady-state error. When ~ = 0 and fl > 0, meaning that the fuzzy controller behaves like a PI fc, the steady-state error of the system is eliminated but there is a large overshoot and serious oscillation.When ~ > 0 and 13 > 0 the fuzzy controller becomes a PID fc, the overshoot is substantially reduced. It is possible to get a comparatively good performance by carefully choosing the value of αandβ.4. ConclusionsWe have studied the input-output behavior of the product-sum crisp type fuzzy controller, revealing that this type of fuzzy controller behaves approximately like a parameter time-varying PD controller. Therefore, the analysis and designing of a fuzzy control system can take advantage of the conventional PID control theory. According to the coventional PID control theory, we have been able to propose some improvement methods for the crisp type fuzzy controller.It has been illustrated that the PD type fuzzy controller yields a steady-state error for the type system, the PI type fuzzy controller can eliminate the steady-state error. We proposed a controller structure, that combines the features of both PD type and PI type fuzzy controller, obtaining a PID type fuzzy controller which allows the control system to have a fast rise and a small overshoot as well as a short settling time.To improve further the performance of the proposed PID type fuzzy controller, the authors designed a parameter adaptive fuzzy controller. The PID type fuzzy controller can be decomposed into the equivalent proportional control, integral control and the derivative control components. The proposed parameter adaptive fuzzy controller decreases the equivalent integral control component of the fuzzy controller gradually with the system response process time, so as to increase the damping of the system when the system is about to settle down, meanwhile keeps the proportional control component unchanged so as to guarantee quick reaction against the system's error. With the parameter adaptive fuzzy controller, the oscillation of the system is strongly restrained and the settling time is shortened considerably.We have presented the simulation results to demonstrate the fine performance of the proposed PID type fuzzy controller and the parameter adaptive fuzzy controller structure.Part 2 Application of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control for main steam temperature control system inpower stationZHI-BIN LIAbstract: In light of the large delay, strong inertia, and uncertainty characteristics of main steam temperature process, a self adaptation fuzzy-PID serial control system is presented, which not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also combines the good dynamic performance of fuzzy control. The simulation results show that this control system has more quickly response, better precision and stronger anti-disturbance ability．Keywords：Main steam temperature；Self adaptation；Fuzzy control；Serial control1. IntroductionThe boiler superheaters of modem thermal power station run under the condition of high temperature and high pressure, and the superheater’s temperature is highest in the steam channels．so it has important effect to the running of the whole thermal power station．If the temperature is too high, it will be probably burnt out. If the temperature is too low ,the efficiency will be reduced So the main steam temperature mast be strictly controlled near the given value．Fig l shows the boiler main steam temperature system structure.Fig.1 boiler main steam temperature systemIt can be concluded from Fig l that a good main steam temperature controlsystem not only has adequately quickly response to flue disturbance and load fluctuation, but also has strong control ability to desuperheating water disturbance. The general control scheme is serial PID control or double loop control system with derivative. But when the work condition and external disturbance change large, the performance will become instable. This paper presents a self adaptation fuzzy-PID serial control system. which not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also combines the good dynamic character and quickly response of fuzzy control ．1. Design of Control SystemThe general regulation adopts serial PID control system with load feed forward ．which assures that the main steam temperature is near the given value 540℃in most condition ．If parameter of PID control changeless and the work condition and external disturbance change large, the performance will become in stable ．The fuzzy control is fit for controlling non-linear and uncertain process. The general fuzzy controller takes error E and error change ratio EC as input variables ．actually it is a non-linear PD controller, so it has the good dynamic performance ．But the steady error is still in existence. In linear system theory, integral can eliminate the steady error. So if fuzzy control is combined with PI control, not only contains the anti-disturbance performance of serial control, but also has the good dynamic performance and quickly response.In order to improve fuzzy control self adaptation ability, Prof ．Long Sheng-Zhao and Wang Pei-zhuang take the located in bringing forward a new idea which can modify the control regulation online ．This regulation is:]1,0[,)1(∈-+=αααEC E UThis control regulation depends on only one parameter α.Once αis fixed ．the weight of E and EC will be fixed and the self adaptation ability will be very small ．It was improved by Prof. Li Dong-hui and the new regulation is as follow;]1,0[,,,3,)1(2,)1(1,)1(0,)1({321033221100∈±=-+±=-+±=-+=-+=ααααααααααααE EC E E EC E E EC E E EC E UBecause it is very difficult to find a self of optimum parameter, a new method is presented by Prof ．Zhou Xian-Lan, the regulation is as follow:)0(),ex p(12>--=k ke αBut this algorithm still can not eliminate the steady error ．This paper combines this algorithm with PI control ，the performance is improved ．2. Simulation of Control System3.1 Dynamic character of controlled objectPapers should be limited to 6 pages Papers longer than 6 pages will be subject to extra fees based on their length ．Fig .2 main steam temperature control system structureFig 2 shows the main steam temperature control system structure ，)(),(21s W s W δδare main controller and auxiliary controller,)(),(21s W s W o o are characters of the leading and inertia sections,)(),(21s W s W H H are measure unit.3.2 Simulation of the general serial PID control systemThe simulation of the general serial PID control system is operated by MATLAB, the simulation modal is as Fig.3.Setp1 and Setp2 are the given value disturbance and superheating water disturb & rice .PID Controller1 and PID Controller2 are main controller and auxiliary controller ．The parameter value which comes from references is as follow ：667.37,074.0,33.31)(25)(111111122===++===D I p D I p p k k k s k sk k s W k s W δδFig.3. the general PID control system simulation modal3.3 Simulation of self adaptation fuzzy-PID control system SpacingThe simulation modal is as Fig 4.Auxiliary controller is:25)(22==p k s W δ.Main controller is Fuzzy-PI structure, and the PI controller is:074.0,33.31)(11111==+=I p I p k k s k k s W δFuzzy controller is realized by S-function, and the code is as fig.5.Fig.4. the fuzzy PID control system simulation modalFig 5 the S-function code of fuzzy control3.4 Comparison of the simulationGiven the same given value disturbance and the superheating water disturbance，we compare the response of fuzzy-PID control system with PID serial control system. The simulation results are as fig.6-7.From Fig6-7,we can conclude that the self adaptation fuzzy-PID control system has the more quickly response, smaller excess and stronger anti-disturbance．4. Conclusion(1)Because it combines the advantage of PID controller and fuzzy controller, theself adaptation fuzzy-PID control system has better performance than the general PID serial control system.(2)The parameter can self adjust according to the error E value. so this kind of controller can harmonize quickly response with system stability．Part 3 Neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive controlof boiler steam temperatureXiangjie LIU, Jizhen LIU, Ping GUANAbstract: Power plants are nonlinear and uncertain complex systems. Reliable control of superheated steam temperature is necessary to ensure high efficiency and high load-following capability in the operation of modern power plant. A nonlinear generalized predictive controller based on neuro-fuzzy network (NFGPC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed nonlinear controller is applied to control the superheated steam temperature of a 200MW power plant. From the experiments on the plant and the simulation of the plant, much better performance than the traditional controller is obtained.Keywords: Neuro-fuzzy networks; Generalized predictive control; Superheated steam temperature1. IntroductionContinuous process in power plant and power station are complex systems characterized by nonlinearity, uncertainty and load disturbance. The superheater is an important part of the steam generation process in the boiler-turbine system, where steam is superheated before entering the turbine that drives the generator. Controlling superheated steam temperature is not only technically challenging, but also economically important.From Fig.1,the steam generated from the boiler drum passes through the low-temperature superheater before it enters the radiant-type platen superheater. Water is sprayed onto the steam to control the superheated steam temperature in both the low and high temperature superheaters. Proper control of the superheated steam temperature is extremely important to ensure the overall efficiency and safety of the power plant. It is undesirable that the steam temperature is too high, as it can damage the superheater and the high pressure turbine, or too low, as it will lower the efficiency of the power plant. It is also important to reduce the temperaturefluctuations inside the superheater, as it helps to minimize mechanical stress that causes micro-cracks in the unit, in order to prolong the life of the unit and to reduce maintenance costs. As the GPC is derived by minimizing these fluctuations, it is amongst the controllers that are most suitable for achieving this goal.The multivariable multi-step adaptive regulator has been applied to control the superheated steam temperature in a 150 t/h boiler, and generalized predictive control was proposed to control the steam temperature. A nonlinear long-range predictive controller based on neural networks is developed into control the main steam temperature and pressure, and the reheated steam temperature at several operating levels. The control of the main steam pressure and temperature based on a nonlinear model that consists of nonlinear static constants and linear dynamics is presented in that.Fig.1 The boiler and superheater steam generation process Fuzzy logic is capable of incorporating human experiences via the fuzzy rules. Nevertheless, the design of fuzzy logic controllers is somehow time consuming, as the fuzzy rules are often obtained by trials and errors. In contrast, neural networks not only have the ability to approximate non-linear functions with arbitrary accuracy, they can also be trained from experimental data. The neuro-fuzzy networks developed recently have the advantages of model transparency of fuzzy logic and learning capability of neural networks. The NFN is have been used to develop self-tuning control, and is therefore a useful tool for developing nonlinear predictive control. Since NFN is can be considered as a network that consists of several local re-gions, each of which contains a local linear model, nonlinear predictive control based onNFN can be devised with the network incorporating all the local generalized predictive controllers (GPC) designed using the respective local linear models. Following this approach, the nonlinear generalized predictive controllers based on the NFN, or simply, the neuro-fuzzy generalized predictive controllers (NFG-PCs)are derived here. The proposed controller is then applied to control the superheated steam temperature of the 200MW power unit. Experimental data obtained from the plant are used to train the NFN model, and from which local GPC that form part of the NFGPC is then designed. The proposed controller is tested first on the simulation of the process, before applying it to control the power plant.2. Neuro-fuzzy network modellingConsider the following general single-input single-output nonlinear dynamic system:),1(),...,(),(),...,1([)(''+-----=uy n d t u d t u n t y t y f t y ∆+--/)()](),...,1('t e n t e t e e (1)where f[.]is a smooth nonlinear function such that a Taylor series expansion exists, e(t)is a zero mean white noise and Δis the differencing operator,''',,e u y n n n and d are respectively the known orders and time delay of the system. Let the local linear model of the nonlinear system (1) at the operating point )(t o be given by the following Controlled Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (CARIMA) model:)()()()()()(111t e z C t u z B z t y z A d ----+∆= (2) Where )()(),()(1111----∆=z andC z B z A z A are polynomials in 1-z , the backward shift operator. Note that the coefficients of these polynomials are a function of the operating point )(t o .The nonlinear system (1) is partitioned into several operating regions, such that each region can be approximated by a local linear model. Since NFN is a class of associative memory networks with knowledge stored locally, they can be applied to model this class of nonlinear systems. A schematic diagram of the NFN is shown in Fig.2.B-spline functions are used as the membership functions in theNFN for the following reasons. First, B-spline functions can be readily specified by the order of the basis function and the number of inner knots. Second, they are defined on a bounded support, and the output of the basis function is always positive, i.e.,],[,0)(j k j j k x x λλμ-∉=and ],[,0)(j k j j k x x λλμ-∈>.Third, the basis functions form a partition of unity, i.e.,.][,1)(min,∑∈≡j mam j k x x x x μ(3)And fourth, the output of the basis functions can be obtained by a recurrence equation.Fig. 2 neuro-fuzzy network The membership functions of the fuzzy variables derived from the fuzzy rules can be obtained by the tensor product of the univariate basis functions. As an example, consider the NFN shown in Fig.2, which consists of the following fuzzy rules: IF operating condition i (1x is positive small, ... , and n x is negative large),THEN the output is given by the local CARIMA model i:...)()(ˆ...)1(ˆ)(ˆ01+-∆+-++-=d t u b n t y a t y a t yi i a i in i i i a )(...)()(c i in i b i in n t e c t e n d t u b c b -+++--∆+ (4)or )()()()()(ˆ)(111t e z C t u z B z t yz A i i i i d i i ----+∆= (5) Where )()(),(111---z andC z B z A i i i are polynomials in the backward shift operator 1-z , and d is the dead time of the plant,)(t u i is the control, and )(t e i is a zero mean independent random variable with a variance of 2δ. The multivariate basis function )(k i x a is obtained by the tensor products of the univariate basis functions,p i x A a nk k i k i ,...,2,1,)(1==∏=μ (6)where n is the dimension of the input vector x , and p , the total number of weights in the NFN, is given by,∏=+=nk i i k R p 1)( (7)Where i k and i R are the order of the basis function and the number of inner knots respectively. The properties of the univariate B-spline basis functions described previously also apply to the multivariate basis function, which is defined on the hyper-rectangles. The output of the NFN is,∑∑∑=====p i i i p i ip i i i a y aa yy 111ˆˆˆ (8) 3. Neuro-fuzzy modelling and predictive control of superheatedsteam temperatureLet θbe the superheated steam temperature, and θμ, the flow of spray water to the high temperature superheater. The response of θcan be approximated by a second order model:The linear models, however, only a local model for the selected operating point. Since load is the unique antecedent variable, it is used to select the division between the local regions in the NFN. Based on this approach, the load is divided into five regions as shown in Fig.3,using also the experience of the operators, who regard a load of 200MW as high,180MW as medium high,160MW as medium,140MW as medium low and 120MW as low. For a sampling interval of 30s , the estimated linear local models )(1-z A used in the NFN are shown in Table 1.Fig. 3 Membership function for local modelsTable 1 Local CARIMA models in neuro-fuzzy modelCascade control scheme is widely used to control the superheated steam temperature. Feed forward control, with the steam flow and the gas temperature as inputs, can be applied to provide a faster response to large variations in these two variables. In practice, the feed forward paths are activated only when there are significant changes in these variables. The control scheme also prevents the faster dynamics of the plant, i.e., the spray water valve and the water/steam mixing, from affecting the slower dynamics of the plant, i.e., the high temperature superheater. With the global nonlinear NFN model in Table 1, the proposed NFGPC scheme is shown in Fig.4.Fig. 4 NFGPC control of superheated steam temperature with feed-for-ward control.As a further illustration, the power plant is simulated using the NFN model given in Table 1,and is controlled respectively by the NFGPC, the conventional linear GPC controller, and the cascaded PI controller while the load changes from 160MW to 200MW.The conventional linear GPC controller is the local controller designed for the“medium”operating region. The results are shown in Fig.5,showing that, as expected, the best performance is obtained from the NFGPC as it is designed based on a more accurate process model. This is followed by the conventional linear GPC controller. The performance of the conventional cascade PI controller is the worst, indicating that it is unable to control satisfactory the superheated steam temperature under large load changes. This may be the reason for controlling the power plant manually when there are large load changes.Fig.5 comparison of the NFGPC, conventional linear GPC, and cascade PI controller.4. ConclusionsThe modeling and control of a 200 MW power plant using the neuro-fuzzy approach is presented in this paper. The NFN consists of five local CARIMA models.The out-put of the network is the interpolation of the local models using memberships given by the B-spline basis functions. The proposed NFGPC is similarly constructed, which is designed from the CARIMA models in the NFN. The NFGPC is most suitable for processes with smooth nonlinearity, such that its full operating range can be partitioned into several local linear operating regions. The proposed NFGPC therefore provides a useful alternative for controlling this class of nonlinear power plants, which are formerly difficult to be controlled using traditional methods.Part 4 为Part3译文：锅炉蒸汽温度模糊神经网络的广义预测控制Xiangjie LIU, Jizhen LIU, Ping GUAN摘要：发电厂是非线性和不确定性的复杂系统。
自动化论文参考文献范例
自动化论文参考文献一、自动化论文期刊参考文献[1].PGP成像光谱仪的全视场自动化光谱定标方法.《光谱学与光谱分析》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年8期.孙慈.巴音贺希格.崔继承.潘明忠.李晓天.唐玉国.[2].人工与自动化双分拣区系统品项分配优化.《机械工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年10期.李明.吴耀华.吴颖颖.陈宁宁.[3].荷兰温室盆花自动化生产装备系统的发展现状.《农业工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年19期.辜松.杨艳丽.张跃峰.[4].民勤沙区非称量式蒸渗仪组扩容及其自动化监控系统设计.《农业工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年23期.张锦春.刘世增.方峨天.田亚菲.王珊.朱维亮.柴成武.郭树江.李云鹏.姜生秀.[5].基于EPON的电力自动化信息传送平台.《电力系统保护与控制》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年2期.殷志锋.周雅.张元敏.[6].构建中国智能电网技术思考.《电力系统自动化》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2009年9期.肖世杰.[7].面向工厂自动化无线网络的时间同步方法.《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年3期.杨雨沱.梁炜.张晓玲.刘帅.[10].大型飞机自动化装配技术.《航空学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2008年3期.许国康.二、自动化论文参考文献学位论文类[1].YT公司光盘的自动化质量控制研究.作者：王金帅.工商管理山东大学2012（学位年度）[2].翻译认知过程视角下译者控制加工与自动化加工研究.被引次数：1 作者：陈罗霞.英语语言文学湖南大学2013（学位年度）[3].环形轨自动化制孔系统开发及其定位精度分析.作者：江一行.机械工程浙江大学2014（学位年度）[4].基于激光跟踪仪的飞机机翼自动化扫描测量系统设计.作者：袁菲菲.机械制造及其自动化浙江大学2014（学位年度）[5].分布式系统自动化测试平台设计与实现.作者：胡瑶.计算机系统结构电子科技大学2014（学位年度）[6].项目管理在非标自动化设备制造中的应用研究——以厦门D公司非标自动化设备制造为例.作者：吴健康.项目管理厦门大学2012（学位年度）[7].金盐银盐自动化生产线的设计与研究.作者：郭豪.控制工程山东大学2014（学位年度）[8].自动化仓储系统的设计与应用前景分析.作者：郝晶晶.管理科学与工程中国科学技术大学2015（学位年度）[9].飞机壁板机器人自动化制孔法向修正技术研究.作者：李永超.机械制造及其自动化浙江大学2014（学位年度）[10].基于无线通信技术的水利自动化监控系统研究.被引次数：11作者：田野.电气工程山东大学2012（学位年度）三、相关自动化论文外文参考文献[1]Optimizationofautomation:Ⅰ.Estimationmethodofcognitiveautomat ionratesreflectingtheeffectsofautomationonhumanoperatorsinnuclearpowe rplants.SeungMinLeeJongHyunKimPoongHyunSeong《Annalsofnuclearenergy》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.2014Aug.[2]SelfRepresentationforSelfConfigurationandMonitoringinAgentBase dFlexibleAutomationSystems.Kaindl,H.Vallee,M.Arnautovic,E.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics.PartA,Systemsandhumans 》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131[3]SelfRepresentationforSelfConfigurationandMonitoringinAgentBase dFlexibleAutomationSystems.Kaindl,H.Vallee,M.Arnautovic,E.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics,PartA.Systemsandhumans :ApublicationoftheIEEESystems,Man,andCyberneticsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131[4]ImprovingtheDriverAutomationInteraction:AnApproachUsingAutomat ionUncertainty.JohannesBellerMatthiasHeesenMarkVollrath《Humanfactors:ThejournaloftheHumanFactorsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20136[5]ShoulditbeautomaticormanualTheoccupant'sperspectiveonthedesign ofdomesticcontrolsystems.SamiKarjalainen《Energyandbuildings》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.2013Oct.[6]EffectsofModesofCockpitAutomationonPilotPerformanceandWorkload inaNextGenerationFlightConceptofOperation. GukHoGilDavidKaberKarlKaufmannSangHwanKim 《HumanFactorsandErgonomicsinManufacturing&ServiceIndustries》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20125[7]AdaptiveAutomation,LevelofAutomation,AllocationAuthority,Super visoryControl,andAdaptiveControl:DistinctionsandModesofAdaptation. Sheridan,T.B.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics,PartA.Systemsandhumans :ApublicationoftheIEEESystems,Man,andCyberneticsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20114[8]AdaptiveAutomation,LevelofAutomation,AllocationAuthority,Super visoryControl,andAdaptiveControl:DistinctionsandModesofAdaptation. Sheridan,T.B.《IEEEtransactionsonsystems,man,andcybernetics,PartA.Systemsandhumans:ApublicationoftheIEEESystems,Man,andCyberneticsSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20114[9]Cognitiveautomationstrategyforreconfigurableandsustainableasse mblysystems.AsaFasthBerglundJohanStahre《AssemblyAutomation》,被EI收录EI.被SCI 收录SCI.20133[10]Molecularautomation:anewkindofsimulationappliedtoionicsolutio ns.Quesnel,D.J.Zhang,Y.《PhysicsandChemistryofLiquids》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20121/2四、自动化论文专著参考文献[1]自动化专业教育的指导性要求.郭晓华.田作华，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[2]基于自动化学科领域范畴的自动化专业卓越工程师课程体系构建.韩璞，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[3]压铸单元深度自动化方式浅谈.李哲.张国忠.杨锐，20142014重庆市铸造年会[4]自动化专业“产学研用”四位一体创新人才培养模式的研究与实践. 王海英.谢桂花.范宇红.许家忠.闫哲.殷玉恒，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[5]高校自动化专业学生就业现状分析及对策研究.孙立雄.洪洁.梁雪莲.李立鹏.许建.孙研.孙冬雪.刘伟，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[6]如何上好自动化专业概论课.王永忠，20112011年北京服装学院学科专业建设年教研论文报告会[7]自动化专业的二维课程体系结构.萧德云.田作华.吴晓蓓，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[8]河南理工大学自动化专业工程教育与实践探讨.王红旗.卜旭辉，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[9]运用多学科交叉模式培养创新型自动化专业人才.马建军.郑志强.郭鸿武，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[10]自动化专业应用型本科人才培养模式的构建.王淑红.李双科，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.
1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。
电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译 plc方面
1、外文原文（复印件）A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n i n -5A, ot he rs fo ll ow th e ph i lo so ph y, w i de ly a da pt ed fo r g en er al-p ur pos e c om pu te rs an d m i cr op ro ce ss or s, o f m a ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n b e tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da t a m em ory a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in-5A.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e dev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.-5A-1 A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt, n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at io ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m ad e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he re c a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。
自动化专业-外文文献-英文文献-外文翻译-plc方面
1、外文原文（复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w t ype s o f a rc hi te ct ur e a re fo un d i n s i ng le—ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r。
S o me em pl oy th e s p li t p ro gr am/d at a me mo ry of t he H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n in Fi g.3-5A—1，ot he r s fo ll ow t hep h il os op hy, wi del y a da pt ed f or ge n er al—pu rp os e c o mp ut er s an dm i cr op ro ce ss or s, of ma ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n be tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da ta m em or y a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in F ig。
3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e—ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter isc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e de v i ce，as s ho wn i n F ig3—5A—3。
自动化设计论文参考文献范例
自动化设计论文参考文献一、自动化设计论文期刊参考文献[1].基于自动化设计网格的产品系统的研究.《计算机集成制造系统》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2006年6期.李治.金先龙.曹源.喻学兵.[2].大型火电厂自动化设计的若干问题.《电力系统自动化》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年24期.郑慧莉.[3].基于AGA的导弹控制系统自动化设计.《系统工程与电子技术》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年9期.沈永福.戴邵武.邓方林.[4].纳米操纵机器人及其自动化设计.《光学精密工程》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年4期.[5].海水有机锡快速测定仪的自动化设计.《河北科技大学学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年5期.周长杰.刘魁.仇计清.李景印.史会英.[6].产品电缆自动化设计.《电光与控制》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2011年6期.李延蕊.[9].解析变电站电气二次设备自动化设计.《建材与装饰》.2015年40期.管丽波.[10].机械制造和自动化设计中的节能设计理念应用研究.《建筑工程技术与设计》.2015年18期.李海梦.郭秀萍.二、自动化设计论文参考文献学位论文类[1].船舶分段吊装方案自动化设计方法研究.被引次数：1作者：白璐.船舶与海洋工程大连理工大学2013（学位年度）[2].夹具定位点布局自动化设计关键技术研究.被引次数：1作者：崔跃.航空宇航制造工程南昌航空大学2012（学位年度）[3].煤浮选捕收剂的超声乳化研究及其自动化设计.被引次数：4作者：李昕帆.矿物加工工程太原理工大学2010（学位年度）[4].船舶分段吊装方案自动化设计方法研究及程序开发.作者：张小明.船舶与海洋结构物设计制造大连理工大学2014（学位年度）[5].冲压生产线上下料机械手端拾器自动化设计.被引次数：3作者：王鹏.机械制造及其自动化同济大学中德学院同济大学2008（学位年度）[6].月牙肋岔管智能自动化设计系统研究.作者：周志琦.结构工程大连理工大学2007（学位年度）[7].基于演化硬件的演化电路自动化设计研究与应用.被引次数：2作者：梁九生.计算机应用技术江西理工大学2008（学位年度）[8].大型风电安装船分段吊装方案自动化设计及仿真设计研究.作者：马驰.船舶与海洋工程大连理工大学2015（学位年度）[9].测试芯片自动化设计与集成电路成品率提升研究.被引次数：1作者：张波.电路与系统浙江大学2012（学位年度）[10].微波设计联合仿真研究.作者：李英杰.电磁场与微波技术西安电子科技大学2011（学位年度）三、相关自动化设计论文外文参考文献[1]Anevolutionarygeometricprimitiveforautomaticdesignsynthesisoff unctionalshapes:Thecaseofairfoils.L.DiAngeloP.DiStefano《Advancesinengineeringsoftware》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.2014[2]THEINNOVATIVEDESIGNOFAUTOMATICTRANSMISSIONSFORELECTRICMOTORCYC LES.LongChangHsiehHsiuChenTang 《TransactionsoftheCanadianSocietyforMechanicalEngineering》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20133[3]Algorithmforautomaticpartingsurfaceextensioninthemolddesignnav igatingprocess.WenRenJongTaiChihLiRongZeSyu 《TheInternationalJournalofAdvancedManufacturingTechnology》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20125/8[4]DesignOptimizationofPIDControllerinAutomaticVoltageRegulatorSy stemUsingTaguchiCombinedGeneticAlgorithmMethod.Hasanien,H.M.《IEEEsystemsjournal》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20134[5]Studyofautomaticforestroaddesignmodelconsideringshallowlandsli deswithLiDARdataofFunyuExperimentalForest..Saito,M.Goshima,M.Aruga,K.Matsue,K.Shuin,Y.Tasaka,T.《CroatianJournalofForestEngineering》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131[6]Designpatternsselection:Anautomatictwophasemethod. Hasheminejad,S.M.H.Jalili,S.《TheJournalofSystemsandSoftware》,被EI 收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20122[7]SatisfiabilityBasedAutomaticTestProgramGenerationandDesignforT estabilityforMicroprocessors.LingappanL.JhaN.K.《IEEEtransactionsonverylargescaleintegrationsystems》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20075[8]Newautomaticballbalancerdesigntoreducetransientresponseinrotor system.TaekilKimSungsooNa《MechanicalSystems&SignalProcessing》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131/2[9]DesignandAnalysisofanUltraWidebandAutomaticSelfCalibratingUpco nverterin65nmCMOS. ByoungjoongKangJounghyunYimTaewanKimSangsooKoWonKoHeeseonShinInhyoRyu SungGiYangJongDaeBaeHojinPark 《IEEETransactionsonMicrowaveTheoryandTechniques》,被EI收录EI.被SCI 收录SCI.20127[10]AutomaticAdaptationoftheTimeFrequencyResolutionforSoundAnalys isandReSynthesis.Liuni,M.Robel,A.Matusiak,E.Romito,M.Rodet,X.《IEEEtransactionsonaudio,speech,andlanguageprocessing:APublicationof theIEEESignalProcessingSociety》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20135四、自动化设计论文专著参考文献[1]东北过程自动化设计专业委员会19年发展历程.，2009中国仪器仪表学会东北过程自动化设计专业委员会第19届年会[2]基于演化的电路自动化设计.魏巍.刘睿.张良峰.曾三友，2005中国宇航学会深空探测技术专业委员会第一届学术会议[3]透射电镜样品台移动的自动化设计.张兴堂.万绍明.孙成风.党智强.蒋晓红.郭新勇，2004第十三届全国电子显微学会议[4]筛板塔设计过程的自动化实现.张秋利.兰新哲.宋永辉.郑英辉，20082008年全国精馏技术交流与展示大会[5]船舶自动化机舱CAN总线控制系统.许明华，20112011年苏浙闽沪航海学会学术研讨会[6]油脂加工厂自动化.左青，2011中国粮油学会油脂分会第二十届学术年会暨产品展示会[7]在工程设计投标中对有关热工自动化设计的几个问题的思考.李春，2002电站自动化信息化学术技术交流会议[8]型腔刚强度计算的自动化.郭建芬.陈以蔚，20082008年中国工程塑料复合材料技术研讨会[9]一种密钥协商协议的自动化设计方法.李松.王丽娜.余荣威.匡波，2008第三届可信计算与信息安全学术会议[10]地面观测工作基数统计的自动化设计.郑峤，2013第十届长三角气象科技论坛。
自动化专业外文文献
Development of Sensor New TechnologySensor is one kind component which can transform the physical quantity, chemistry quantity and the biomass into electrical signal. The output signal has the different forms like the voltage, the electric current, the frequency, the pulse and so on, which can satisfy the signal transmission, processing, recording, and demonstration and control demands. So it is the automatic detection system and in the automatic control industry .If automatic Technology is used wider, then sensor is more important.Several key words of the sensor：1 Sensor ElementsAlthough there are exception ,most sensor consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or sensor. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical sensor respectively.2 Sensor SensitivityThe relationship between the measured and the sensor output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the sensor sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the sensor sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1.3 Characteristics of an Ideal SensorThe high sensor should exhibit the following characteristics.ahigh fidelity-the sensor output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion.bThere should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the sensor should not alter the measured in any way.cSize. The sensor must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.dThere should be a linear relationship between the measured and the sensor signal. eThe sensor should have minimum sensitivity to external effects, pressure sensor,for example,are often subjected to external effects such vibration and temperature.fThe natural frequency of the sensor should be well separated from the frequency and harmonics of the measurand.Sensors can be divided into the following categories：1 Electrical SensorElectrical sensor exhibit many of the ideal characteristics. In addition they offer high sensitivity as well as promoting the possible of remote indication or mesdurement.Electrical sensor can be divided into two distinct groups:avariable-control-parameter types,which include:iresistanceiicapacitanceiiiinductanceivmutual-inductance typesThese sensor all rely on external excitation voltage for their operation.bself-generating types,which includeielectromagneticiithermoelectriciiiphotoemissiveivpiezo-electric typesThese all themselves produce an output voltage in response to the measurand input and their effects are reversible. For example, a piezo-electric sensor normally produces an output voltage in response to the deformation of a crystalline material; however, if an alternating voltage is applied across the material, the sensor exhibits the reversible effect by deforming or vibrating at the frequency of the alternating voltage.2 Resistance SensorResistance sensor may be divided into two groups, as follows:iThose which experience a large resistance change, measured by using potential-divider methods. Potentiometers are in this group.iiThose which experience a small resistance change, measured by bridge-circuit methods. Examples of this group include strain gauges and resistance thermometers.3 Capacitive SensorThe capacitance can thus made to vary by changing either the relative permittivity, the effective area, or the distance separating the plates. The characteristic curves indicate that variations of area and relative permittivity give a linear relationship only over a small range of spacings. Thus the sensitivity is high for small values of d. Unlike the potentionmeter, the variable-distance capacitive sensor has an infinite resolution making it most suitable for measuring small increments of displacement or quantities which may be changed to produce a displacement.4 Inductive SensorThe inductance can thus be made to vary by changing the reluctance of the inductive circuit.Measuring techniques used with capacitive and inductive sensor:aA.C. excited bridges using differential capacitors inductors.bA.C. potentiometer circuits for dynamic measurements.cD.C. circuits to give a voltage proportional to velocity for a capacitor. dFrequency-modulation methods, where the change of C or L varies the frequency of an oscillation circuit.Important features of capacitive and inductive sensor are as follows:iresolution infiniteiiaccuracy±0.1% of full scale is quotediiidisplacement ranges 2510-6 m to 10-3mivrise time less than 50us possibleTypical measurands are displacement, pressure, vibration, sound, and liquid level.5 Linear Variable-differential Ttransformer6 Piezo-electric Sensor7 Electromagnetic Sensor8 Thermoelectric Sensor9 Photoelectric Cells10 Mechanical Sensor and Sensing ElementsIn information age, the information industry includes information gathering, transmission, process three parts, namely sensor technology, communication, computer technology. Because of ultra large scale integrated circuit’s rapid development after having been developed Modern computer technology and communication, not only requests sensor precision reliability, speed ofresponse and gain information content request more and more high but also requests its cost to be inexpensive. The obvious traditional sensor is eliminated gradually because of the function, the characteristic, the volume, the cost and so on. As world develop many countries are speeding up to the sensor new technology’s research and the development, and all has obtained the enormous breakthrough. Now the sensor new technology development mainly has following several aspects:Using the physical phenomenon, the chemical reaction, the biological effect as the sensor principle therefore the researches which discovered the new phenomenon and the new effect are the sensor technological improving ways .it is important studies to developed new sensor’s the foundation. Japanese Sharp Corporation uses the superconductivity technology to develop successfully the high temperature superconductivity magnetic sensor and get the sensor technology significant breakthrough. Its sensitivity is so high and only inferior in the superconductivity quantum interference component. Its manufacture craft is far simpler than the superconductivity quantum interference component. May use in magnetism image formation technology. So it has the widespread promoted value.Using the immune body and the antigen meets one another compound when the electrode surface. It can cause the electrode potential change and use this phenomenon to be possible to generate the immunity sensor. The immunity sensor makes with this kind of immune body may to some organism in whether has this kind of ant original work inspection. Like may inspect somebody with the hepatitis virus immune body whether contracts the hepatitis, plays to is fast, the accurate role. The US UC sixth branch has developed this kind of sensor.The sensor material is the important foundation for sensor technology, because the materials science is progressive and the people may make each kind of new sensor For example making the temperature sensor with the high polymer thin film; The optical fiber can make the pressure, the current capacity, the temperature, the displacement and so on the many kinds of sensors; Making the pressure transmitter with the ceramics. The high polymer can become the proportion adsorption and the release hydrogen along with the environment relative humidity size. The high polymer electricity lies betweenthe constant to be small, the hydrogen can enhance the polymer the coefficient of dialectical loss. Making the capacitor the high polymer dielectric medium, determines the electric capacity cape city the change, then obtains the relative humidity. Making the plasma using this principle to gather the legitimate polystyrene film temperature sensor below, it has the characteristic.Measured the wet scope is wide; The temperature range is wide, may reach -400 ℃ ~ +1,500 ℃; The speed of response is quick, is smaller than 1S; The size is small, may use in the small space measuring wet; The temperature coefficient is small.The ceramic electric capacity type pressure transmitter is one kind does not have the intermediary fluid the dry type pressure transmitter. Uses the advanced ceramic technology, the heavy film electronic technology, its technical performance is stable, the year drifting quantity is smaller than 0.1%F.S, warm floats is smaller than ±0.15%/10K, anti- overloads strongly, may reach the measuring range several hundred times. The survey scope may from 0 to 60mpa.German E+H Corporation and the American Kahlo Corporation product is at the leading position.The optical fiber application is send the material significant breakthrough, its uses in most early the optical communication techniques. In the optical communication use discovered works as environmental condition change and so on the temperature, pres-sure, electric field, magnetic field, causes the fiber optic transmission light wave intensity, the phase, the frequency, change and so on the polarization condition, the survey light wave quantity change, may know causes these light wave physical quantity the and so on quantitative change temperature, pressure ,electric field, magnetic field size, uses these principles to be possible to develop the optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor and the traditional sensor compare has many characteristics: Sensitivity high, the structure simple, the volume small, anti-corrosive, the electric insulation good, the path of rays may be curving, be advantageous for the realization telemeter and so on. Optical fiber sensor Japan is in the advanced level. Like Idec Izumi Corporation and Sun x Corporation. The optical fiber send receiver and the integrated path of rays technology unify, accelerates the optical fiber sensor technology development. Will integrate the path of ray’s component to replace the original optics part and the passive light component;enable the optical fiber sensor to have the high band width, the low signal processing voltage, the reliability high, the cost will be low.In semiconductor technology processing method oxygenation, the photo etc hang, the proliferation, the deposition, the plane electron craft, various guides corrosion and steams plates, the sputtering thin film and so on, these have all introduced to the sensor manufacture. Thus has produced each kind of new sensor, like makes the silicon micro sensor using the semiconductor technology, makes the fast response using the thin film craft the gas to be sensitive, the wet sensitive sensor, the use sputtering thin film craft system pressure transmitter and so on..The Japanese horizontal river company uses various guides’ corrosion technology to carry on the high accuracy three dimensional processing; the system helps the silicon resonance type pressure transmitter. The core partially presses two resonant Liang by the feeling which above the silicon diaphragm and the silicon diaphragm manufactures to form, two resonant Liang's frequency difference correspondence different pressure, measures the pressure with the frequency difference method, may eliminate the error which factor and so on ambient temperature brings. When ambient temperature change, two resonant Liang frequencies and the amplitude variation are same, after two frequency differences, its same change quantity can counterbalance mutually. It’s survey most high accuracy may reach 0.01%FS.American Silicon Microstructure Inc.SMI the company develops a series of low ends, linear in 0.1% to 0.In 65% scope silicon micro pressure transmitter, the lowest full measuring range is 0.15psi 1KPa, it makes take the silicon as the material, has the unique three dimensional structure, the light slight machine-finishing, makes the wheat stone bridge many times with the etching on the silicon diaphragm, when above silicon chip stress, it has the distortion, the resistance produces presses the anti- effect but to lose the bridge balance, the output and the pressure becomes the proportion the electrical signal.Such silicon micro sensor is the front technology which now the sensor develops, Its essential feature is the sensitive unit volume is a micron magnitude, Is the traditional sensor several dozens, several 1%. In aspect and so on industry control, aerospace domain, biomedicine has the vital role, like on the airplane the use may reduce the airplane weight, reduces the energy.Another characteristic is can be sensitive is small surveyed, may make the blood pressure pressure transmitter.The Chinese aviation main corporation Beijing observation and control technical research institute, the development CYJ series splashes thanks the membrane pressure transmitter is uses the ion sputtering craft to process the metal strain gauge, it has over come the nonmetallic strain gauge easily the temperature influence insufficiency, has the high stability, is suitable in each kind of situation, is measured the medium scope widely, but also overcame the tradition lowly to glue the precision which the type brought, sluggish big, shortcoming and so on slow change, had the precision high, the re-liability is high, the volume small characteristic, widely used in domain and so on aviation, petroleum, chemical industry, medical service.Integrates the sensor the superiority is the traditional sensor is unable to achieve, it is a simple sensor not merely, it in at the same time the auxiliary circuit part and send the part will integrate on together the chip, will caus e it to have the calibration, to compensate, from the diagnosis and the network correspondence function, it might reduce the cost, the gain in yield, this kind of blood pressure sensor which American LUCAS, NOVASENSOR Corporation will develop, each week will be able to produce 10,000.The intellectualized sensor is one kind of belt microprocessor sensor, is achievement which the microcomputer and the sensor unifies, it has at the same time the examination, the judgment and the information processing function, compares with the traditional sensor has very many characteristics: Has the judgment and the information processing function, can carry on the revision, the error to the observed value compensates, thus enhancement measuring accuracy; May realize the multi-sensor multi parameters survey; Has from the diagnosis and from the calibration function, enhances the reliability; The survey data may deposit and withdraw, easy to operate; Has the data communication interface, can and the microcomputer direct communication.The sensor, the signal adjustment electric circuit, the monolithic integrated circuit integration forms ultra large-scale integrated on a chip the senior intelligence sensor. American HONY WELL Corporation ST-3000 intelligence sensor, the chip size only then has 3×4×2mm3, uses the semiconductor craft,makes CPU, EPROM, the static pressure, the differential pressure, the temperature on the identical chip and so on three kind of sensitive units.The intellectualized sensor research and the development, US is at the leading position. American Space Agency when development spaceship called this kind of sensor for the clever sensor Smart Sensor, on the spaceship this kind of sensor is extremely important. Our country in this aspect research and development also very backward mainly is because our country semiconductor integrated circuit technological level is limited.The sensor’s development is changing day after day since especially the 80's humanities have entered into the high industrialization the information age, sensor techno-logy to renewal, higher technological development. US, Japan and so on developed country sensor technological development quickest, our country because the foundation is weak, the sensor technology compares with these developed countries has the big disparity. Therefore, we should enlarge to the sensor engineering research, the development investment, causes our country sensor technology and the foreign disparity reduces, promotes our country instrument measuring appliance industry and from the technical development.——FromSensor Technology Handbook,Jon Wilson,Newnes传感器新技术的发展传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件;输出信号有不同形式,如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等,能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求,是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件;如果把计算机比作大脑,那么传感器则相当于五官,传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量,对系统的质量起决定性作用;自动化程度越高,系统对传感器要求越高;传感器的几个关键词：1传感器元件除特例外,大多数的传感器都由敏感元件、转换元件或控制元件组成;如振动膜、波纹管、应力管和应力环、低音管和悬臂都是敏感元件,它们对压力和力作出响应把物理量转变成位移;然后位移可以改变电参数,如电压、电阻、电容或者感应系数;机械式和电子式元件合并形成机电式传感设备或传感器;这样的组合可用来输入能量信号;热的,光的,磁的和化学的相互结合产生的热电式、光电式、电磁式和电化学式传感器;2 传感器灵敏度通过校正测量系统获得的被测物理量和传感器输出信号的关系叫做传感器灵敏度K1,也就是K1=输出信号增量/测量增量;实际中,传感器的灵敏度是已知的,并且通过测量输出信号,输入量由下式决定,输入量=输出信号增量/K1;3 理想传感器的特性a高保真性：传感器输出波形应该真实可靠地再现被测量,并且失真很小;b可测量最小的干扰,任何时候传感器的出现不能改变被测量;c尺寸：传感器必须能正确地放在所需的地方;d被测量和传感器信号之间应该有一个线性关系;e传感器对外部影响的灵敏度应该小,例如压力传感器经常受到外部振动和温度的影响;f传感器的固有频率应该避开被测量的频率和谐波;传感器可分为以下几类：1 电传感器电传感器具有许多理想特性;它们不仅实现远程测量和显示,还能提供高灵敏度; 电传感器可分为两大类;a变参数型,包括：i电阻式；ii电容式；iii自感应式；v互感应式；这些传感器的工作依靠外部电压;b自激型,包括：i电磁式；ii热电式；iii光栅式；iv压电式;这些传感器根据测量输入值产生输出电压,而且这一过程是可逆的;比如,在一般情况下,压电式传感器可根据晶体材料的变形产生一个输出电压；但是,如果在材料上施加一个可变电压,传感器可以通过变形或与变电压同频率的振动来体现可逆效应;2 电阻式传感器电阻式传感器可以分为两大类：i那些表现为大电阻变化的物理量可通过分压方式进行测量,电位器就属于此类; ii那些表现为小电阻变化的物理量可通过桥电路方式进行测量,这一类包括应变仪和电阻温度计;3 电容式传感器电容量随着相对介电常数、截面面积、或者极板间的距离的变化而变化;电容的特征曲线表明,在空间的一段范围内,截面面积和相对介电常数的变化与电容量变化成线性关系;不象电位器,变极距型电容传感器有无限的分辨率,这最适合测量微小的位移增量的位移;4 电感式传感器电感可以通过改变电感电路的阻抗来调节;电容式和电感式传感器的测量技术：a用差分式电容或电感作为交流电桥；b用交流电位计电路做动态测量；c用直流电路为电容器提供正比于容值变化的电压；d采用调频法,C或者L随着振荡电路频率的变化而改变;电容式和电感式传感器的一些重要特性如下：i分辨率无限ii精确到满量程的±0.1%iii位移范围从2510-6m到10-3miv上升时间小于50us典型的被测量是位移、压力、振动量、声音和液位;5 线性调压器6 压电式传感器7 电磁式传感器8 热电式传感器9 光电管10 机械式传感器及敏感元件在今天的信息时代里,信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分,即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术;现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展,而已经充分发达后,不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高,还要求其成本低廉且使用方便;显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰;世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发,并且都已取得极大的突破;如今传感器新技术的发展,主要有以下几个方面：利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理,所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作,是研究开发新型传感器的基础;日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器,是传感器技术的重大突破,其灵敏度高,仅次于超导量子干涉器件;它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单;可用于磁成像技术,有广泛推广价值;利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时,会引起电极电位的变化,利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器;用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查;如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎,起到快速、准确作用;美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器;传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础,由于材料科学进步,人们可制造出各种新型传感器;例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器；光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器；用陶瓷制成压力传感器;高分子聚合物能随周围环境的相对湿度大小成比例地吸附和释放水分子;高分子电介常数小,水分子能提高聚合物的介电常数;将高分子电介质做成电容器,测定电容容量的变化,即可得出相对湿度;利用这个原理制成等离子聚合法聚苯乙烯薄膜温度传感器,其有以下特点：测湿范围宽；温度范围宽,可达-400℃～+1500℃；响应速度快,小于1S；尺寸小,可用于小空间测试；温度系数小;陶瓷电容式压力传感器是一种无中介液的干式压力传感器;采用先进的陶瓷技术和厚膜电子技术,其技术性能稳定,年漂移量小于0.1%F.S,温漂小于±0.15%/10K,抗过载强,可达量程的数百倍;测量范围可从0到60Mpa;德国E+H 公司和美国Kahlo公司产品处于领先地位;光导纤维的应用是传感材料的重大突破,其最早用于光通信技术;在光通信利用中发现当温度、压力、电场、磁场等环境条件变化时,引起光纤传输的光波强度、相位、频率、偏振态等变化,测量光波量的变化,就可知道导致这些光波量变化的温度、压力、电场、磁场等物理量的大小,利用这些原理可研制出光导纤维传感器;光纤传感器与传统传感器相比有许多特点：灵敏度高,结构简单、体积小、耐腐蚀、电绝缘性好、光路可弯曲、便于实现遥测等;光纤传感器日本处于先进水平;如IdecIzumi公司和Suns公司;光纤传感受器与集成光路技术相结合,加速光纤传感器技术的发展;将集成光路器件代替原有光学元件和无源光器件,使光纤传感器有高的带宽、低的信号处理电压,可靠性高,成本低;半导体技术中的加工方法有氧化、光刻、扩散、沉积、平面电子工艺,各向导性腐蚀及蒸镀,溅射薄膜等,这些都已引进到传感器制造;因而产生了各种新型传感器,如利用半导体技术制造出硅微传感器,利用薄膜工艺制造出快速响应的气敏、湿敏传感器,利用溅射薄膜工艺制压力传感器等;日本横河公司利用各向导性腐蚀技术进行高精度三维加工,制成全硅谐振式压力传感器;核心部分由感压硅膜片和硅膜片上面制作的两个谐振梁结成,两个谐振梁的频差对应不同的压力,用频率差的方法测压力,可消除环境温度等因素带来的误差;当环境温度变化时,两个谐振梁频率和幅度变化相同,将两个频率差后,其相同变化量就能够相互抵消;其测量最高精度可达0.01%FS;美国Silicon Microstructure IncSMI公司开发一系列低价位,线性度在0.1%到0.65%范围内的硅微压力传感器,最低满量程为0.15psi1KPa,其以硅为材料制成,具有独特的三维结构,轻细微机械加工,和多次蚀刻制成惠斯登电桥于硅膜片上,当硅片上方受力时,其产生变形,电阻产生压阻效应而失去电桥平衡,输出与压力成比例的电信号;象这样的硅微传感器是当今传感器发展的前沿技术,其基本特点是敏感元件体积为微米量级,是传统传感器的几十、几百分之一;在工业控制、航空航天领域、生物医学等方面有重要的作用,如飞机上利用可减轻飞机重量,减少能源;另一特点是能敏感微小被测量,可制成血压压力传感器;中国航空总公司北京测控技术研究所,研制的CYJ系列溅谢膜压力传感器是采用离子溅射工艺加工成金属应变计,它克服了非金属式应变计易受温度影响的不足,具有高稳定性,适用于各种场合,被测介质范围宽,还克服了传统粘贴式带来的精度低、迟滞大、蠕变等缺点,具有精度高、可靠性高、体积小的特点,广泛用于航空、石油、化工、医疗等领域;集成传感器的优势是传统传感器无法达到的,它不仅仅是一个简单的传感器,其将辅助电路中的元件与传感元件同时集成在一块芯片上,使之具有校准、补偿、自诊断和网络通信的功能,它可降低成本、增加产量,美国LUCAS、NOV ASENSOR公司开发的这种血压传感器,每星期能生产1万只;智能化传感器是一种带微处理器的传感器,是微型计算机和传感器相结合的成果,它兼有检测、判断和信息处理功能,与传统传感器相比有很多特点：具有判断和信息处理功能,能对测量值进行修正、误差补偿,因而提高测量精度；可实现多传感器多参数测量；有自诊断和自校准功能,提高可靠性；测量数据可存取,使用方便；有数据通信接口,能与微型计算机直接通信;把传感器、信号调节电路、单片机集成在一芯片上形成超大规模集成化的高级智能传感器;美国HONYWELL公司ST-3000型智能传感器,芯片尺寸才有3×4×2mm3,采用半导体工艺,在同一芯片上制成CPU、EPROM、静压、压差、温度等三种敏感元件;智能化传感器的研究与开发,美国处于领先地位;美国宇航局在开发宇宙飞船时称这种传感器为灵巧传感器Smart Sensor,在宇宙飞船上这种传感器是非常重要的;我国在这方面的研究与开发还很落后,主要是因为我国半导体集成电路工艺水平有限;传感器的发展日新月异,特别是80年代人类由高度工业化进入信息时代以来,传感器技术向更新、更高的技术发展;美国、日本等发达国家的传感器技术发展最快,我国由于基础薄弱,传感器技术与这些发达国家相比有较大的差距;因此,我们应该加大对传感器技术研究、开发的投入,使我国传感器技术与外国差距缩短,促进我国仪器仪表工业和自化化技术的发展;摘自——传感器技术手册,Jon Wilson,Newnes。
农业机械化及其自动化外文文献及外文翻译
外文文献：STUDY RELATING TO FORMULATING LONG-TERM MECHANIZATION STRATEGY FOR EACH AGRO CLIMATIC ZONE/STATE IN INDIA题目：Need for Farm Mechanization专业：农业机械化及其自动化班级：0801班姓名：王根旺外文原文：INTRODUCTIONThe productivity of farms depends greatly on the availability and judicious use of farm power by the farmers. Agricultural implements and machines enable the farmers to employ the power judiciously for production purposes. Agricultural machines increase productivity of land and labour by meeting timeliness of farm operations and increase work out-put per unit time. Besides its paramount contribution to the multiple cropping and diversification of agriculture , mechanization also enables efficient utilisation of inputs such as seeds, fertilisers and irrigation water.The Technology Development Advisory Group Constituted by the Directorate General of Technical Development, in its industry monograph on agricultural machinery, observed that the usage of a seed-cumfertiliser drill does not just conserve energy but also saves around 20% of seeds and also increases the yield by 15% through better placement and more effective utilisation of fertilisers and seeds.ROLE AND PROGRESS OF MECHANIZATIONMechanization in Indian agriculture started with the establishment of the Central Tractor Organisation (CTO) mainly for land reclamation and development, mechanical cultivation and reduction of sanccharum spontanium (Kans).The production of irrigation pumps and diesel engines started during 1930s. The manufacture of tractors and power tillers started in 1960. Since then by the virtue of its inherent edge over the conventional means of farming, agricultural mechanization has been gaining popularity. The increased use of farm machines has found expression in the phenomenal expansion of cropped area and cropping intensity and the country’s agricultural production on all fronts. The shift has also helped in diversification of agriculture from conventional crops to commercial crops.The programmes of farm mechanization have resulted in adoption of farm machinery such as tractors, power tillers, combine harvesters, irrigation equipment, plant protection equipment, threshers, improved implements and hand tools. However the country still lags behind in terms of the available number of tractors per thousand hectares. In terms of density of tractors per thousand hectares, India not only lags behind the developed countries but also some of the developing countries of the world, especially a few of the neighbouring ones. The trend of sale of tractors over the years indicates a rising acceptance of agricultural machines and equipment with the Indian farmers. The use of different types of farm machinery including hand tools, animal-drawn implements, threshers, plantprotection equipment, diesel/electric pump sets etc. has been accelerating over the past several years; as a result of which the total power available per unit area on farms has also increased.翻译文章：引言农场的生产力在很大程度上取决于农民是否能明智地利用农业机械以及农业机械的可用性。
电气工程与其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面
1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p mic ro co mput er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pmen t o f t he d ig it al co m pu te r an d th e i n te gr at ed c i rc ui t a rg ua bl y t h e to w mos t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s of t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e t ow ty pe s of ar ch it ec tu re a re fo un d i n s in gle -ch i p m i cr oc ompu te r. So me em pl oy t he spl i t pr og ra m/da ta memory o f th e Ha rv ar d ar ch it ect ure , sh own in Fi g.3-5A-1, o th ers fo ll ow t he ph il os op hy , wi del y a da pt ed f or ge ner al -pur po se co m pu te rs a nd m i cr op ro ce ss or s, o f maki ng n o log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n pr og ra m an d d at a memory a s i n t he P r in ce to n ar ch ite c tu re , sh own i n F ig.3-5A-2.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e -chi p m ic ro co mput er i sc h ar ac te ri zed by t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mputer i n to a s in gl e d ev i ce , as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeProgrammemory DatamemoryCPU Input&Outputunitmemory CPU Input&OutputunitFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerReset Interrupts PowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s us ua ll y f or th e p erm an ent, no n-vo la ti le s tor age o f an a pp lic ati on s pr og ra m .Man ym i cr oc ompu te rs an d m ar e in te nd e d f or hi gh -v ol ume a ppl ic at ions an d he nc e t he eco nomic al m an uf act ure o f th e de vic es re qu ir es t h at t he co nt en t s of t he pr og ra m mem or y b e co mm it t ed pe rm ane ntly du ri ng t he m an ufa c tu re o f ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, t hi s i mpl ie s a r i go ro us a pp ro ach to R OM c od e de ve l op ment s in ce ch ang es c an not be mad e af te r manu f ac tu re .Th is d ev elo pmen t pr oc ess ma y in vo lv e emul at io n us in g a so ph is ti ca te d d eve lo pmen t sy ste m w it h a ha rd ware e mula tio n c ap ab il it y as wel l as t he u se o f po werf ul s o ft ware t oo ls.Some m an uf act ure rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l ROM opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th eir r ange d ev ic es wi t h (or i nt en de d f or u se wit h)us er p ro gr ammable memory. Th e sim ple st o f th es e i s u su al lyde vi ce w hi ch c an o per at e in a mi cro pro ce ss or mod e b y u si ng s ome of t he i np ut /o utp ut li ne s as a n a ddr es s an d da ta b us f or ac ce ss in g ex te rna l m emor y. T hi s t y pe o f de vi ce ca n b eh av eExternalTimingcomponents System clock Timer/ CounterSerial I/OPrarallelI/ORAMROMCPUf u nc ti on al ly a s t he si ng le ch ip mi cr oc ompu te r fro m w hi ch it is de ri ve d al be it wi t h re st ri ct ed I/O a nd a m od if ied ex te rn alc i rc ui t. Th e u se o f th es e dev ic es i s c ommon e ve n i n pr od uc ti on c i rc ui ts wh ere t he vo lu me do es no t j us tif y t h e dev el opmen t costsof c us to m o n-ch i p ROM[2];t he re c a n s ti ll be a s ig nif i ca nt sa vingi n I/O an d o th er c hip s c ompa re d t o a co nv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor ba se d ci rc ui t. Mo r e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be ob ta in ed i n th e f orm o f va ri an ts wit h 'p ig gy-b ack'EPRO M(Er as ab le pr o gr ammabl e RO M )s oc ke ts o r d ev ic e s wi th EP ROM i n st ea d of ROM 。
自动化专业外文翻译----基于嵌入式处理器的VLSI芯片的温度自动控制
毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译系别自动化专业班级自动化 0601 姓名评分指导教师毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计/论文课题相关。
2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计/论文课题内容相关的不少于2000汉字的外文文献翻译任务（其中，汉语言文学专业、艺术类专业不作要求），英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
基于嵌入式处理器的VLSI芯片的温度自动控制摘要本文介绍了基于嵌入式处理器的VLSI芯片的温度自动控制，同时利用温度传感器LM35和ARM处理器LPC2378来完成设计。
由于VLSI芯片密度非常高，同时芯片在工作时很快得到加热，如果不能研制出能是它快速冷却的方法，芯片的性能将会受到很大影响。
在目前的工作中，将传感器放置在非常接近接近到IC集成电路的位置来采集芯片的温度，通过由ARM处理器产生的PWM信号来控制集成电路旁风扇的转速。
在硬件电路中也提供了一个蜂鸣器，在无法控制风扇或者IC集成电路的过热的情况下都会发出警报。
整个过程的实现需要制定一个合适的嵌入式C程序。
关键词：温度传感器，ARM处理器，超大规模集成电路芯片，无刷直流电动机1.介绍随着VLSI超大规模集成电路技术的惊人发展，雄心勃勃的IC设计师正试图将更多的晶体管用更小的体积实现更多的功能。
因此，该集成电路运行速度更快，产生更多的热量而造成的新的问题。
举例来说，现在世界上的的CPU芯片变得越来越小，几乎没有空间散热。
若消耗100 W的功率的话，峰值功率密度为400-500 W/Cm2，并可能持续上升。
自动化专业中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译Automation of professional developmentAutomation in the history of professional development, "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional development of the two main line, "industrial automation" professional from the first "industrial enterprises electrified" professional.In the 1950s, the New China was just founded, the 100-waste question, study the Soviet Union established system of higher education, Subdivision professional. Corresponding to the country in the construction of industrial automation and defense, military construction in automatic control, successively set up the "electrification of industrial enterprises" professional and "control" professional (at that time in many schools, "Control" professional secrecy is professional) . After several former professional name of evolution (see below), and gradually develop into a "biased towards applications, biased towards strong," Automation, and the latter to maintain professional name of "control" basically unchanged (in the early days also known as the "automatic learning And remote learning, "" Automatic Control System "professional), and gradually develop into a" biased towards theory, biased towards weak, "the automation professional, and come together in 1995, merged into aunified" automatic "professional . In 1998, according to the Ministry of Education announced the latest professional undergraduate colleges and universities directory, adjusted, the merger of the new "automated" professional include not only the original "automatic" professional (including "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional ), Also increased the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part), "electrical technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and control of" professional (part).Clearly, one of China's automation professional history of the development of China's higher education actually is a new development of the cause of a microcosm of the history, but also the history of New China industrial development of a miniature. Below "industrial automation" professional development of the main line of this example, a detailed review of its development process in the many professional name change (in real terms in the professional content changes) and its industrial building at the time of the close relationship.First a brief look at the world and China's professional division history. We know that now use the professional division is largely from the 19th century to the beginning of the second half of the first half of the 20th century stereotypes of the engineering, is basically industry (products) for the objects to the division, they have been the image of people Known as the "industry professionals" or "trade associations." At present the international education system in two categories, with Britain and the United States as the representative of the education system not yet out of "industry professionals" system, but has taken the "generalist" the road of education and the former Soviet Union for Europe (close to the Soviet Union) as the representative The education system, at the beginning of theimplementation of "professionals" education, professional-very small, although reforms repeatedly, but to the current "industry professionals" are still very obvious characteristics.In the 1950s, just after the founding of New China, a comprehensive study and the Soviet Union and sub-professional very small; Since reform and opening up, only to Britain and the United States to gradually as the representative of the education system to move closer, and gradually reduce the professional, the implementation of "generalist" education through a number of professional Restructuring and merger (the total number of professionals from the maximum of 1,343 kinds of gradually reducing the current 249 kinds), although not out of "industry professionals" and "Mei Ming," but many of the colleges and universities, mostly only one of a Professional, rather than the past more than a professional.Before that, China's first professional automation from the National University in 1952 when the first major readjustment of the establishment of professional - electrified professional industrial enterprises. At that time, the Soviet Union assistance to the construction of China's 156 large industrial enterprises, automation of much-needed electrical engineering and technical personnel, and such professional and technical personnel training, and then was very consistent with China's industrial construction. By the 1960s, professional name changed to "industrial electric and automation," the late 1970s when to resume enrollment "Electric Industrial Automation" professional. This is not only professional name changes, but has its profound meaning, it reflects China's industries from "electrified" step by step to the "automatic" into the real history and that part of the development trend of China's automation professional reflects how urgent countries Urgent for the country'seconomic construction services that period of history and development of real direction.1993, after four years of the third revision of the undergraduate professional directories, the State Education Commission issued a call "system integrity, more scientific and reasonable, the harmonization of norms," the "ordinary professional directory of undergraduate colleges and universities." "Electric Industrial Automation" and "production process automation" merger of the two professional electrician to set up a kind of "industrial automation" professional, by the then Ministry of Industry Machinery centralized management colleges and universities to set up industrial automation teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the "Industrial Automation "professional teaching and guiding work at the same time," Control "was attributable to the professional category of electronic information, the then Ministry of Industry of electronic centralized management control to set up colleges and universities teaching guide at the Commission, responsible for the" control " Professional teaching guide our work. After the professional adjustment, further defined the "industrial automation" professional and "control" professional "- both strong and weak, hardware and software into consideration and control theory and practical system integration, and the movement control, process control and other targets of control "The common characteristics with the training objectives, but also the basic set of" industrial automation "biased towards strong, professional, biased towards applications," Control "professional biased towards weak, biased towards the theory of professional characteristics and pattern of division of labor. 1995, the State Education Commission promulgated the "(University) undergraduate engineering leading professional directory", the electrical category "industrialautomation" professional and the original electronic information such as "control" of professional electronic information into a new category of "automatic" professional . As this is the leading professional directory, are not enforced, coupled with general "industrial automation" strong or weak, both professional "into" a weak professional category of electronic information is not conducive to professional development and thus many Schools remain "industrial automation" professional and "control" the situation of professional co-exist. Since 1996 more, again commissioned by the Ministry of National Education Ministry of Industry and electronic machinery industries of other parts of the establishment of the new session (second session) centralized management guidance at the University Teaching Commission, making the leading professionals have not been effective Implemented.1998, to meet the country's economic construction of Kuan Koujing personnel training needs, further consolidation of professional and international "generalist" education track by the Ministry of Education announced a fourth revision of the latest "Universities Undergraduate Catalog." So far in the use of the directory, the total number of professionals from the third amendments to the 504 kinds of substantially reduced to 249 species, the original directory is strong, professional electrician and a weak professional category such as electronics and information into categories Electric power, the unity of Information, a former electrician at the same time kind of "industrial automation" professional and the type of electronic information "control" professional formal merger, together with the "hydraulic transmission and control of" professional (part) , "Electric technology" professional (part) and "aircraft guidance and controlof" professional (part), the composition of the new (enforcement) are electrical information such as "automatic" professional. According to statistics, so far the country has more than 200 colleges and universities set up this kind of "automatic" professional. If the name of automation as part of their professional expertise (such as "electrical engineering and automation," "mechanical design and manufacturing automation," "agricultural mechanization and automation" and other professionals) included Automation has undoubtedly is the largest in China A professional.Of the characteristics of China's automation professional:Recalling China's professional history of the development of automation, combined with the corresponding period of the construction of China's national economy to the demand for automation and automated the development of the cause, it is not difficult to sum up following professional characteristics:(1) China's automation professional is not only a relatively long history (since 1952 have been more than 50 years), and from the first day of the establishment of professional automation, has been a professional one of the countries in urgent need, therefore the number of students has also been The largest and most employers welcome the allocation of the professional one.(2) China's automation is accompanied by a professional from the electrification of China's industrial automation step by step to the development of stable development, professional direction and the main content from the first prominent electrified "the electrification of industrial enterprises" step by step for the development of both the electric and automation " Industrial electric and automation ", highlighting the electrical automation" Electric Industrial Automation "and prominent automation" industrial automation ", then the merger of professional education reform in1995 and" control "of professional content into a broader" automated " Professional. From which we can see that China's automation professional Although the initial study in the Soviet education system established under the general environment, but in their development and the Soviet Union or the United States and Britain did not copy the mode, but with China's national conditions (to meet national needs for The main goal) from the innovation and development of "cross-industry professionals," features the professional.自动化专业的发展自动化专业的发展历史中，有“工业自动化”专业与“自动控制”专业两条发展主线，其中“工业自动化”专业最早源于“工业企业电气化”专业。
3-电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译
3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译1、外文原文(复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerThe single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century [1].These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2.In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3.ProgramInput& memoryOutputCPU unitDatamemoryFig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeInput&Output CPU memoryunitFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerExternal Timer/ System Timing Counter clock componentsSerial I/OReset ROMPrarallelI/OInterrupts RAMCPUPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).ROM is usually for the permanent,non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmablememory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which itis derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROMlessdevices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM[2];there canstill be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with 'piggy-back' EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
介绍自动化专业的英文作文
介绍自动化专业的英文作文英文：As an automation major, I have always been fascinatedby the way technology can simplify and streamline processes. Automation is all about using technology to make tasks more efficient and less labor-intensive. It involves designing, developing, and implementing systems that can operate on their own with minimal human intervention.One of the most interesting aspects of studying automation is learning about the various technologies that are used in the field. For example, I have had the opportunity to work with programmable logic controllers (PLCs), which are essential for controlling machinery and processes in a wide range of industries. I have alsolearned about industrial robots, which are used for tasks such as assembly, painting, and welding in manufacturing plants.Studying automation has also given me the chance towork on real-world projects that have allowed me to apply what I have learned in the classroom to practical situations. For instance, I have worked on a project to design an automated system for a warehouse that involved using sensors and actuators to control the movement of goods. It was incredibly rewarding to see the system in action and know that I had played a part in its development.In addition to the technical skills I have gained, studying automation has also taught me the importance of teamwork and communication. Many automation projectsrequire collaboration with engineers from different disciplines, as well as with clients and end-users.Learning how to effectively communicate and work as part of a team has been invaluable in preparing me for a career in the field.Overall, studying automation has been a challenging and rewarding experience. I have gained a deep understanding of the technologies and principles that drive automation, andI am excited to apply what I have learned to make a realimpact in the industry.中文：作为一个自动化专业的学生，我一直被技术如何简化和优化流程所吸引。
自动化专业论文参考文献范例
自动化专业论文参考文献一、自动化专业论文期刊参考文献[1].中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业第28届学术年会召开.《电力系统自动化》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年23期.[2].中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业第30届学术年会征文通知. 《中国电机工程学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年17期.[3].中美名校自动化专业课程体系特色分析.《黑龙江高教研究》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.被南京大学《核心期刊目录》收录CSSCI.2014年2期.马洁.[8].中国高等学校电力系统及其自动化专业第25届学术年会在长沙隆重举行.《电工技术学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2009年11期.[9].应用型自动化专业计算机课程体系建设与实践.《实验技术与管理》.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2015年11期.李辉.[10].电力系统及其自动化专业第23届学术年会征文通知.《电力自动化设备》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2007年5期.二、自动化专业论文参考文献学位论文类[1].自动化专业综合实验平台的设计.作者：李超.控制科学与工程武汉理工大学2013（学位年度）[2].自动化专业综合工程实验装置研制.作者：杨士勤.控制工程山东大学2006（学位年度）[3].中职专业课教师教育专业课程设置研究——以电气工程及其自动化专业为例.作者：宋夏.职业技术教育学河北科技师范学院2013（学位年度）[4].教学型大学工科专业学生实践教学模式研究——湖南工业大学“机械设计制造及其自动化专业”案例研究.被引次数：6作者：张继红.高等教育学湖南师范大学2008（学位年度）[5].机械设计制造及自动化专业课程设置方案研究.作者：何克祥.轻工技术与工程陕西科技大学2003（学位年度）[6].技术本科教育课程模式研究——基于上海电机学院电气工程及其自动化专业的实践探索.被引次数：3作者：冯雯雯.职业技术教育学华东师范大学2010（学位年度）[7].基于CDIO理念我国机械设计制造及其自动化专业本科课程体系研究.被引次数：8作者：张英.教育经济与管理浙江大学2014（学位年度）[8].独立学院课程设置研究——以电气工程及自动化专业为例.作者：杨琳.教育学原理扬州大学2012（学位年度）[9].工科大学物理教学探索——以机械制造及自动化专业为例.被引次数：1作者：任忠民.课程教学论·物理聊城大学2007（学位年度）[10].基于PCS7和MPCE1000过程控制系统设计技术研究.被引次数：2作者：王军旺.控制理论与控制工程南京理工大学2008（学位年度）三、相关自动化专业论文外文参考文献[1]Automatedattachmentofsupportingwiresinhightrellisofhopsinitial investigationandstudyofperformanceofanadvancedprototype..Gobor,Z.Frohlich,G.Portner,J.《AppliedEngineeringinAgriculture》,被EI收录EI.被SCI收录SCI.20131[2]Specialtycropgrowers'perspectivesonadoptingnewtechnologies.. Caplan,S.Tilt,B.Hoheisel,G.Baugher,T.A.《HortTechnology》,被SCI收录SCI.20141[3]ComprehensiveAutomationforSpecialtyCrops:Year1resultsandlesson slearned. SanjivSinghMarcelBergermanJillianCannonsBenjaminGrocholskyBradleyHamn erGermanHolguinLarryHullVincentJonesGeorgeKantorHarveyKoselkaGuiqinLi JamesOwenJohnnyParkWenfanShiJamesTeza《IntelligentServiceRobotics》,被EI收录EI.20104[4]MechanizationandAutomationTechnologiesinSpecialtyCropProductio n.ManojKarkeeQinZhang《Resource:Engineering&TechnologyforaSustainableWorld》,被EI收录EI.20125[5]InvestigationreportabouttalentdemandinMechanicalManufacturinga ndAutomationspecialty.L.WangK.Zhang2014[6]ResearchonAutomationSpecialtyApplicationTalentsTraining. RongminCaoDenghuaLiZhongSuYingnianWu2011[7]DSPpracticecourseteachingresearchofAutomationspecialty. YanghaiZhuLiuJie2010[8]TheExplorationandStudyofAutomationSpecialtyInnovativeTalentsTr ainingModel.2009[9]TheresearchofimprovinginnovateabilityfromsmartcargameaboutAuto mationspecialtystudents.LiuJieYangHaizhu2010[10]ThepowerelectronicsprogramatBeijingJiaotongUniversity. FeiLinZhongpingYangZheng,T.Q.2014四、自动化专业论文专著参考文献[1]自动化专业“产学研用”四位一体创新人才培养模式的研究与实践. 王海英.谢桂花.范宇红.许家忠.闫哲.殷玉恒，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[2]《指导性自动化专业规范》的研究与制订.田作华.施颂椒.萧德云.王雄，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[3]河南理工大学自动化专业工程教育与实践探讨.王红旗.卜旭辉，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[4]自动化专业的二维课程体系结构.萧德云.田作华.吴晓蓓，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[5]自动化专业应用型本科人才培养模式的构建.王淑红.李双科，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[6]“寓教于研”的自动化专业研究性教学模式探索与实践.徐林.刘建昌.李鸿儒，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[7]自动化专业控制系统课程群建设与实践改革.李俊峰.潘海鹏.杨晔.王惠姣，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[8]自动化专业电力电子技术课程的教学方法比较研究记美国弗吉尼亚理工大学教学活动有感.周熙炜.王会峰.雷旭.武奇生.汪贵平，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[9]自动化专业计算机类课程综合实验系统设计研究.姚分喜.张百海，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会[10]自动化专业创新人才培养的研究与探索.余楚中.王清蓉，20132013年全国自动化教育学术年会。
20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式
20外⽂⽂献翻译原⽂及译⽂参考样式华北电⼒⼤学科技学院毕业设计（论⽂）附件外⽂⽂献翻译学号： 0819******** 姓名：宗鹏程所在系别：机械⼯程及⾃动化专业班级：机械08K1指导教师：张超原⽂标题：Development of a High-PerformanceMagnetic Gear年⽉⽇⾼性能磁齿轮的发展1摘要：本⽂提出了⼀个⾼性能永磁齿轮的计算和测量结果。
上述分析的永磁齿轮有5.5的传动⽐，并能够提供27 Nm的⼒矩。
分析表明，由于它的弹簧扭转常数很⼩，因此需要特别重视安装了这种⾼性能永磁齿轮的系统。
上述分析的齿轮也已经被应⽤在实际中，以验证、预测其效率。
经测量，由于较⼤端齿轮传动引起的磁⼒齿轮的扭矩只有16 Nm。
⼀项关于磁齿轮效率损失的系统研究也展⽰了为什么实际⼯作效率只有81％。
⼀⼤部分磁损耗起源于轴承，因为机械故障的存在，此轴承的备⽤轴承在此时是必要的。
如果没有源于轴的少量磁泄漏，我们估计能得到⾼达96％的效率。
与传统的机械齿轮的⽐较表明，磁性齿轮具有更好的效率和单位体积较⼤扭矩。
最后，可以得出结论，本⽂的研究结果可能有助于促进传统机械齿轮向磁性齿轮发展。
关键词：有限元分析（FEA）、变速箱，⾼转矩密度，磁性齿轮。
⼀、导⾔由于永久磁铁能产⽣磁通和磁⼒，虽然⼏个世纪过去了，许多⼈仍然着迷于永久磁铁。
，在过去20年的复兴阶段，正是这些优点已经使得永久磁铁在很多实际中⼴泛的应⽤，包括在起重机，扬声器，接头领域，尤其是在永久磁铁电机⽅⾯。
其中对永磁铁的复兴最常见于效率和转矩密度由于永磁铁的应⽤显著提⾼的⼩型机器的领域。
在永久磁铁没有获取⾼度重视的⼀个领域是传动装置的领域，也就是说，磁⼒联轴器不被⼴泛⽤于传动装置。
磁性联轴器基本上可以被视为以传动⽐为1：1磁⼒齿轮。
相⽐标准电⽓机器有约10kN m/m的扭矩，装有⾼能量永久磁铁的磁耦有⾮常⾼的单位体积密度的扭矩，变化范围⼤约300–400 kN 。
计算机专业外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译（本科学生用）题目：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学生姓名：_ ___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部专业年级: _06自动化（1）班_指导教师： ___职称或学位：助教__20 年月日外文文献翻译（译成中文1000字左右）：【主要阅读文献不少于5篇，译文后附注文献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论文题目）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。
提供所译外文资料附件（印刷类含封面、封底、目录、翻译部分的复印件等，网站类的请附网址及原文】英文节选原文：Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding bit in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC controller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.中文翻译：从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。
自动化专业毕业设计外文翻译--走进数字博物馆展览智能化：模块化的框架,艺术审美的超媒体
毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译译文一：文献出处：Int J Digit Libr (2004) 4: 64–68/Digital Object Identifier (DOI)10.1007/s00799-003-0059-3走进数字博物馆展览智能化：模块化的框架，艺术审美的超媒体摘要在目前基于Web的超媒体环境下，建设和维持一个大规模的互动展览超媒体是一项艰巨的任务。
特别是编排风格繁多的多媒体创作，非常费时费力。
我们把发展智能数字博物馆展览系统作为第一步，本文提出了一种细粒度的模块化框架即分解一个典型的超媒体造型并将其介绍成细粒式模块（FGSM）。
一个基于“单声道媒体处理程序”的超媒体文档和一个数字博物馆展览管理框架已经被设计出来用以帮助我们理解FGSM的概念。
我们已经实施了基于Web的创作系统，允许内容提供商能够有效地构建起集媒体中心，互动性，美观于一体的超媒体网站。
今后，有关的优化和约束求解技术将用来最终实现数字博物馆智能展览的目标。
关键词：数字博物馆;展览;超媒体1．简介“博物馆是人们能够探索灵感，学习和享受的地方。
他们是机构收集，维护和访问，通过文物标本展现他们的社会。
”一个博物馆的基本任务包括收集，保存，研究和教育。
所有这些活动汇集在博物馆展览的公共展坛，目前这些都是博物馆对公众的主要吸引力。
同样，数字博物馆也是意料中必须建设的大型虚拟展览，实现高层次出席。
虚拟展览的主题基本上是一个编舞介绍数位典藏文物。
不论对身体还是虚拟博物馆展览的发展都是一个多学科的任务，通常需要观众专家，内容专家，通信专家和技术专家的积极参与。
由于参观者对博物馆的欣赏模式展览包括思考，理解，发现的相互作用，虚拟展览设计预计将超越只是提供单调平原网页的最终用户。
相反，考虑到美学展览需要提供先进的多媒体演示。
数字博物馆展览网站还必须考虑信息技术可用性优势，提高参与一个互动的个人设置。
然而，在当前基于Web的超媒体环境中，建设和维持一个大规模的吸引力展览的互动超媒体是复杂和困难的。
自动化专业英语原文和翻译
自动化专业英语原文和翻译英文原文：Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers, and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering, and stabilization of ships, aircraft, and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have been completely automated.自动化是一种通过至少的人力辅助来执行过程或者程序的技术。
自动化或者自动控制是使用各种控制系统来操作设备，例如机械、工厂中的工艺流程、锅炉和热处理炉、电话网络的开关、船舶、飞机和其他应用和车辆的控制和稳定，从而实现最小化或者减少人类干预。
一些过程已经彻底自动化。
Automation plays a crucial role in various industries and sectors, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, and many others. It involves the use of advanced technologies and control systems to streamline processes, improve efficiency, and reduce human error.In the manufacturing industry, automation is used extensively to carry out repetitive tasks, such as assembly line operations. This not only speeds up production but also ensures consistent quality and reduces the risk of accidents. Robots and robotic systems are commonly employed in manufacturing plants to handle tasks that are dangerous or require high precision.在创造业中，自动化被广泛应用于执行重复性任务，例如流水线操作。
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ISSN: 1991-8763
967
Issue 11, Volume 3, November 2008
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
Fotis N. Koumboulis, Nikolaos D. Kouvakas, Paraskevas N. Paraskevopoulos
Abstract: - In the present paper, the analytic mathematical model of a test case central heating system is developed in the form of a nonlinear neutral time delay model with time varying delay which in turn is simplified to a neutral time delay model with constant time delay. In the process it is shown that the influence of the delay is significant, thus its incorporation to the model is of high importance while the constant delay approximation imposes only small error. A PID controller is derived to control the temperature of a room, which is modeled as a first order differential equation. The controller parameters are evaluated using a metaheuristic algorithm. Key-Words: central heating, modeling, neutral time delay system, PID controller, metaheuristic time delay model with constant time delay. It will be 1 Introduction shown that the influence of the delay is significant, The problem of modeling and control of central thus its incorporation to the model is of high heating systems has attracted significant attention importance while the constant delay approximation during the last years (see f.e. [1]-[15]). In particular, imposes only a small error to the system. Finally, a significant attention has been given to the modeling, PID controller will be derived to control the construction and optimization of core components of temperature of a room, which will be modeled as a central heating systems, such as pipe networks and first order differential equation. The controller piping elements (see f.e. [4]-[8] and the references parameters will be evaluated using a metaheuristic therein), radiators and other heating systems (see f.e. approach whose efficiency will be investigated. The [9]-[10]), boilers (see [11]-[12]) etc. Furthermore, resulting closed loop response will be compared to different control techniques have been applied to the response produced by the same controller for the such systems in order to regulate the ambient air case where the parameters are evaluated using the temperature in heated areas (see f.e. [13]-[17]). first Ziegler Nichols method and the open loop The present paper is an extended version of [16] response of the system applying appropriate constant where the dynamic model of the system is briefly actuatable inputs. presented while the room temperature is controlled via a PI controller. In the present paper the mathematical model of the test case central heating 2 Dynamic Model of a Test Case system will analytically be presented in the form of a Central Heating System nonlinear neutral time delay model. In particular, In what follows, the general dynamic model of a test separate models will be presented for the core case central heating system will be produced. The components of the system, i.e. pipe network, radiator system consists of the piping network, a radiator and and boiler. The separate models will be combined to a boiler (see Figure 1). The radiator heats up a room, a nonlinear neutral time delay system (with time thus the performance output of the system is the varying delay) which will be simplified to a neutral
FOTIS N. KOUMBOULIS Dep. of Automation Halkis Institute of Technology 34400, Psahna, Evoia GREECE koumboulis@teihal.gr NIKOLAOS D. KOUVAKAS Dep. of Electrical & Computer Engineering National Technical University of Athens 15780, Zographou, Athens GREECE kouvakas@teihal.gr
Φ + (2ϕ − 1)Tj − ϕTj +1 ⎤⎥ − 0 ⎦ N
⎛T − T ⎟ ⎞1 ⎜ j a ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎝ ΔTma ,0 ⎟ ⎠
n
n
while the last section is given as
Φ C dTN = H qq (TN −1 − TN ) − 0 N dt N
power emitted by the radiator which is directly related to the temperature of the ambient air.
Ta
radiator, N is the number of sections the radiator is partitioned and Tj is the radiator temperature in the jth section. The temperature difference ΔTj is given by
WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS and CONTROL
Fotis N. Koumboulis, Nikolaos D. Kouvakas, Paraskevas N. Paraskevopoulos
Analytic Modeling and Metaheuristic PID Control of a Neutral Time Delay Test Case Central Heating System
C dT1 = H qq ⎡⎢Ti − (1 − ϕ )T1 − ϕT2 ⎤⎥ − ⎣ ⎦ N dt
1 Φ0 ⎛ T1 − Ta ⎞ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ N ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ΔTma ,0 ⎠