A Defense of Abortion
Unit2 Lesson 7 The future of abortion 美英报刊选读
Number of abortions in United States: According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), there were 854,122 legal induced abortions in the US in 2003.There are lots of reasons for pregnant women to choose an abortion, for example, some want to postpone childbearing , others have relationship problems or the partner does not want pregnancy, ect. Various reasons contributing to their having a late abortion are reported, that is , some didn’t recognize they were pregnant or misjudged gestation, some found it hard to make arrangements for abortion, others were afraid to tell their partners or parents, etc.
关于abortion辩论材料
My position on abortion is really very simple -- it should be legal, safe and rare.
The most important reason for my belief that abortion should be legal and safe is very closely tied to women's rights. A society that controls and shackles women's freedom cannot be wholly free. I do believe the issue is one of power and control -- of domination -- over women. If men could become pregnant abortion would not even be an issue. Pregnancy and child care have long been ways that men have controlled and dominated women as well as restricted their education and professional lives. When abortion is outlawed or restricted by laws then it becomes even more of an issue of control and discrimination -- aimed at the lower classes. We know that abortion will never disappear entirely, at least until universal fail-safe birth control exists, and that people of means will be able to obtain a safe abortion here or abroad. Outlawing abortion simply ensures that the poor and disadvantaged will have no safe alternative.
新视野大学英语 第三版 book2unit6A教案
新视野大学英语第三版 book2unit6A教案
辽东学院外国语学院大学英语系列教案新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第2
册
Unit 6 Section A Door closer, are you?
关门者”，你是吗？
1 The next time you're deciding between rival options, one which is primary and the other which is secondary, ask yourself this question: What would Xiang Yu do?
1 下次你要在两个难于取舍的、主要的和次要的选择之间做决定时，不妨问自己这样一个问题：项羽会怎么做？
1 The next time you’re deciding between rival options, one which is primary and the other which is secondary, ask yourself this question: What would Xiang Yu do? (Para. 1)
Meaning: The next time when you are to make a choice between two competing options, you have to distinguish which is the primary one and which is the minor one. To be enlightened, you can ask yourself what option Xiang Yu would choose. Meaning beyond words: It suggests that Xiang Yu was a wonderful decision-maker. Note: The phrase rival options means that both options seem like good choices, but one choice is somewhat better than the other. In this case, it is the one that Xiang Yu chose to implement.
21世纪英语报Topics汇总(7.21更新)
Content
1)August 7, 2013_Topic: What Education? (3)
2)August 14, 2013_Topic: Target for books? (4)
3)August 21, 2013_Topic: Is choice good? (5)
4)August 28, 2013_Topic: Do we need GM FOOD? (6)
5)September 4, 2013_Topic: Equal chance? (7)
6)September 11, 2013_ Topic: Is advert needed? (8)
7)September 18, 2013_ Topic: Just inflated art? (9)
8)September 25, 2013_ Topic: Going back wards? (10)
9)October 2, 2013 _Topic: How you reserved? (11)
10)October 9, 2013 _Topic: Time for a tax? (12)
11)October 16, 2013 _Topic: Ban on foreign names (13)
12)October 23, 2013 _Topic: Big bad cartoon series? (14)
13)October 30, 2013 _Topic: GM: Which side are you on? (15)
14)November 6, 2013_Topic: Is ‘lights out’ out? (16)
Adefenseofabortion
JJT’s REsponse
“It would be still more absurd to say this if I had had bars installed outside my windows, precisely to prevent burglars from getting in, and a burglar got in only because of a defect in the bars.”
8
Possible Pro-Life Response
We can make an exception in the case of rape.
JJT: “But these statements have a rather unpleasant sound. Surely the question of whether you have a right to life at all, or how much of it you have, shouldn't turn on the question of whether or not you are a product of a rape...(pp 268-269)
But most fetuses who are aborted are the product of consensual sex. In these cases, the mother is partially responsible for the pregnancy and abortion is an unjust killing.
英美国家文化概况课后选择题答案
UNIT3
1.Which of the following statements was correct around the time of the American Revolution? The American had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants.
2. Which of the following was NOT one of the three forces that led to the modern development of Europe?
The spiritual leadership of the Roman Catholic Church.
3. The following were the main Reformation leaders except
Martin Luther King
4. The following were some of the characteristics of Protestantism except
salvation through the church.
5. Which of the following American values did NOT come from Puritanism?
separation of state and church.
6. Lord Baltimore's feudal plan failed because
the English king did not like the plan.
英语六级易混淆单词区分总结
Stimulate 刺激；鼓舞Simulate 模仿Assimilate吸。Sensation 感觉Sentiment 感情Sensitive 敏感的Sensible明智的，可感觉的，明白事理的。Scent香味，踪迹Scene景色Scorn轻蔑Scape花茎Scrap丢弃。Staff职工Stuff原料,填满。Sacrifice牺牲，祭祀Survive幸存Royalty皇族Loyal忠诚的。Violent暴力Violate亵渎。Transient短暂的Transport运输Transit 运输Transmit传输，发送Translate翻译Transform转换，使变形Traverse横穿
Shrewd敏锐的Shred粉碎。Tribute贡品Construct构造Contribute捐款，贡献Conventional常规的Convenient便利的。Conclusion结论Comprise包含Compromise妥协Consist of 组成，包含。compact紧凑impact撞击，影响impetus推动,促进
impulse冲动,推动pulsate脉动,有规律的跳动。Choke窒息Chord和弦Chuck轻拍Cholera霍乱。Circuit电路，巡回，一圈Circle循环Circus马戏。Corrode腐蚀Corrupt腐蚀Rot腐蚀cordially热情友好地。Constitution组织Constituent选民。Conceive构思，怀孕conception 观念Deceive欺骗Receive接受。Clarify澄清，阐明clarity清楚，明确Certify证明
美国政党介绍(英文)
Liberal and conservative
Liberals fight for democratic rights and minorities’
rights, fight against racial discrimination, tolerant towards homosexuality, abortion, drug abuse, etc. Conservatives emphasize the moral values and legal regulation,advocate the restoration of death penalty,criticize abortion and drug abuse and indifferent to the minorities and the poor. Repubocrat共和党民主派
Republican Party
Founded in 1854, its strength lay primarily
in the north. The early Republicans were united in their opposition to slavery.(1860, Abraham Lincoln) After the Civil War, the Republican Party dominated the government for over 70 years(except for 16 years) till the presidency of Roosevelt.
What is the difference between Democrats and …
1
What is the difference between Democrats and Republicans?
Recently, a good friend (who is fiscally conservative, and typically votes Democratic) asked me an important question. What is the difference between Democrats and Republicans? That’s a really tough question to accurately answer, even within each party, opinions on issues vary greatly. As an Independent voter, my flip answer a few years ago would have been, that there is not a dimes worth of difference. But that is not entirely true; there are subtle and important differences beyond the liberal, conservative labels between the two parties. After careful consideration of the question, I believe the answer comes down to one word, which I will explain shortly. The traits, and beliefs, found in some men (& women) in the Republican Party, and a few, in the Democratic Party, highlight the difference between the parties. They are also the same traits, and beliefs, the founding fathers believed were in the best interest, and long term survival, of the Republic. They are also traits, and beliefs, I believe, God himself intended, and prefers, for those elected to make law (laws of man that don’t violate God’s law) on our behalf.
自杀、堕胎、安乐死
生命伦理学（Bioethics）
参考书目：
彼得· 辛格：《实践伦理学》，刘莘译，东方出版社， 2005年。 托马斯· 香农：《生命伦理学导论》，肖巍译，黑龙江人 民出版社，2005年。 H. T. 恩格尔哈特：《生命伦理学基础》，范瑞平 译， 2006年。
允许自杀的哲学论证
■
自由至上主义（Libertarianism）的观点
自杀是一种不受干涉的权利（the right to suicide is a right of noninterference ）：
a. 身体是我们的财产 b. 我们有权利决定和我们的生活关系重大的事情。
堕胎（Abortion）
反对堕胎的理由：
The killing of human is prohibited. ■ A fetus is a human being. ■ The killing of fetuses is prohibited.
■
堕胎（Abortion）
支持堕胎的理由：
■
限制堕胎的法律并不能阻止堕胎
■ “没有受害者的犯罪”
应用伦理学的三个问题
自杀 ■ 堕胎 ■ 安乐死
■
反对自杀的几种哲学论证：
■ 人是上帝的所有物
■ 会对活着的人造成不良的后果
美国两党 英语介绍
Economic issues Domestic issues Political stance party emblem Representati ve president
conservative
elephant Lincoln,Clinton, Bush
liberal
donkey Roosevelt,Reagan, Kennedy,Kerry
Republican Party Democratic Party
supporters the rich, freelancer, white collar Less government interference Military defense The poor, black,minorities, blue collar strong government interference welfare,education
Conclusions
Two-party system is based on the operation
of the diverge and against Services for the capitalist system To maintain the economic base of capitalist system For the benefit of bourgeoisie
(整理)美国大学英语写作 课后答案PART 5
A NSWER KEY
PART FIVE: READINGS FOR WRITING
Answers are provided starting below for the comprehension questions, the structure/technique questions, and the discussion questions that follow each of the 21 reading selections. In addition, a suggested brief outline is provided for each reading selection. As explained on page 11 of this manual, the outline highlights the thesis of each selection and the main support for that thesis. Suggested Answers for “Thank You”—Alex Haley
Note: The numbers in parentheses refer to relevant paragraphs in the selection.
Reading Comprehension Questions, 577-578
1. c
2. b
3. a Answers b and c are too narrow; answer d is too broad.
150篇Argumentative Essay Topics
150 Best Argumentative Essay Topics
Posted on January 24th, 2013
Looking for effective and simple topics for your argumentative essay? Have no clue how to find an interesting idea to write about? Check out the extensive list of argumentative essay topics below and choose one that you feel comfortable working with. See some useful tips and recommendations on choosing the best argumentative essay topics here. Good luck!
Argumentative Essay Topics: Cloning
∙The Cloning Debate
∙Human Cloning Issue: Ethical Or Not?
∙Human Cloning: Is It Ethical?
∙The Ethics Of Human Cloning
∙Ethical Issues Of Human Cloning
∙The Problems And Ethics Of Cloning Issue
∙Why We Should Support Human Cloning
专八阅读翻译训练之一
Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaway‘s Cottage, Shakespeare‘s birthplace and the other sights.
The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSC‘s actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. It‘s all deliciously ironic when you consider that S hakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise - making.
新编英语教程第三版李观仪Unit课文及译文参考
新编英语教程第三版李观仪Unit课⽂及译⽂参考
Unit 1 恰到好处
Have you ever watched a clumsy man hammering a nail into a box? He hits it first to one side, then to another, perhaps knocking it over completely, so that in the end he only gets half of it into the wood. A skillful carpenter, on the other hand, will drive the nail with a few firm, deft blows, hitting it each time squarely on the head. So with language; the good craftsman will choose words that drive home his point firmly and exactly. A word that is more or less right, a loose phrase, an ambiguous expression, a vague adjective （模糊的形容词）, will not satisfy a writer who aims at clean English. He will try always to get the word that is completely right for his purpose.
美国政党介绍(英文)
Early nonpartisanship
----The framers of the US Constitution made no provision in the governmental structure for the functioning of political parties for they believed that parties were a source of corruption and an impediment to the freedom of people to judge issues on their merits.
Democratic Party
Its origin can be traced to the coalition formed behind
Thomas Jefferson in the 1790s to resist the policies of George Washington’s administration. In Civil War, the democratic supported slavery and represented the interest of plantation owners. In the Great Depression, Roosevelt advocated New Deal ---to regulate and redistribute wealth and to protect those least able to help themselves in an increasingly complex society. The government expanded its role in welfare and economic regulation, thus wining overwhelming support from voters. The Democratic Party controlled government for over 20 years. Republican Reagan won the election and ended the New Deal.
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二、反對墮胎的論證
３･論證的特點： （１）不同於前面論證，前述論證把胎兒視為 獨立，這個論證則強調胎兒依附於母親， 所以母親對其有特別責任。 （２）此論證強調只有母親懷孕是出於自願行 為的結果，才賦予胎兒進住其身體的權 利。因此這種情形下懷孕不同於被強暴 而懷孕，墮胎就是不正義的行為。
二、反對墮胎的論證
一、前言
５･美國法律對墮胎的一些觀點 （１）1973年有一個判例Roe v. Wade，美國最 高法院判決：女性擁有憲法上的權利，在 一定情況下可以墮胎。懷孕前三個月，女 性的這個權利是不受限制的；為了保護母 體健康，懷孕三個月以後的墮胎可能受到 限制；存活期以後的墮胎，除非是保持母 體健康或生命所必要的手段，否則可能被 禁止，這是為了胎兒的利益，因為此時的 胎兒已經具有人的生命之潛能者。
４･對此論證的討論： （１）如何認定一個行為是有意的或自願的行 為？此論證最多只能證明有些情形下， 胎兒有權使用母體，有些墮胎行為不是 不正義的殺人，但沒有證明：所有的墮 胎都是不正義的殺人。 （２）「應該」不能推出「權利」。
二、反對墮胎的論證
（３）區別心地慈善者(the Good Samaritan)和 最低限度的心地慈善者(the Minimally Decent Samaritan)：道德不會要求一個人 為幫助他人而付出很大代價，第三者在這 種情況下可以介入。
（三）論證三：極端論(the extreme view) １･基本觀點：即使為拯救母體也禁止墮胎。 ２･論證依據：區別殺人和讓人死亡，可以有以上四種 推論方式 （１）直接殺一無辜是絕對禁止的，故不能墮胎； （２）直接殺一無辜是謀殺，謀殺是絕對禁止的， 故不能墮胎； （３）禁止直接殺一無辜的義務比防止一人死亡的 義務重要，故不能謀殺； （４）如果一個人的唯一選擇是直接殺一無辜或讓 某人死亡，必須選擇後者，故不能墮胎。
（１）母親是胎兒住所的擁有者； （２）第三者可以選擇執行正義。
二、反對墮胎的論證
（五）論證五： １･基本論點：當母體生命不受威脅時，每一個人 都有生存權(the right to life)，所以未出生胎兒 的生存權比母親要求墮胎的理由強，因此墮胎 不被允許。 ２･討論：生存權是什麼？三種主張
（１）每一個人都有延續生命最小需求的權利； （２）不被任何人殺掉的權利； （３）不被不正義殺害的權利。
二、反對墮胎的論證
３･對極端論的批判： （１）母親基於自衛所執行的墮胎行為，不能稱 為謀殺。 （２）大部分的焦點集中在第三者可否接受婦女 的要求，而執行墮胎行為。但是從第三者 不能做什麼，不能推出母親不能做什麼。
二、ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้對墮胎的論證
（四）論證四：弱的極端論 １･基本觀點：為了拯救母體生命的墮胎是可 以被允許的，但不能由第三者執行。 ２･對此觀點批判：
一、前言
（２）這個判例根據的理由是： ａ）婦女墮胎的權利是基於個人隱私權這個 基本權利。 ｂ）憲法上所用的「人」(person)，並不包 括未出生的胎兒，未出生的胎兒不具有 「人」的完整意義。
一、前言
（３）法院在接下來30年，對這個判例作了一些補 充，包括： ａ）禁止政府對墮胎的補助； ｂ）除了拯救母親生命之外，禁止公職人員或 機構執行墮胎； ｃ）女性不必告知其丈夫她有墮胎的打算； ｄ）政府不能強加額外的限制阻止婦女墮胎； ｅ）18歲以下的女子想要墮胎，必須得到父母 的同意或法院判決。
二、反對墮胎的論證
３･作者的批判：
（１）舉例：一位知名的小提琴家需要你的腎臟活 命，你未同意就被人綁在床上，和他的循環 系統接在一起。醫生告訴你，只要和他在床 上共處九個月，他就可以復原。 （２）區別仁慈和責任 （３）遭強暴而懷孕的胎兒，他們的生存權比較少 嗎？有些墮胎可以被允許嗎？
二、反對墮胎的論證
二、反對墮胎的論證
（一）論證一（最通俗的論證） １･前提：胚胎在剛受精那一剎那已經是人 ２･推論：
（1）胚胎是人 （2）墮胎是殺人 （3）殺人是道德上錯誤的行為 因此，墮胎是道德上錯誤的
３･作者的批判： （１）「胚胎是人」的推論犯了謬誤 （２）殺人在道德上一定是錯的嗎？
二、反對墮胎的論證
（二）論證二： １･前提：胚胎是人（雖然作者並不認為這個前 提是真的）。 ２･推論： （1）任何人皆有生存權 （2）胎兒有生存權 （3）女人擁有處置自己身體的權利 （4）生存權比處置身體的權利重要且迫切 因此，胎兒不可以被殺，墮胎是不允許的。
一、前言
（三）相關常識 １･受孕3週胎兒就具有人型；第8週以前，醫生 就可以偵測到大腦活動。 ２･胎動：懷孕16到20週，母體會感受到胎兒移 動。 ３･23或24週以後，胎兒就可以在子宮之外存活。 ４･墮胎的危險極低，懷孕8週以前實施墮胎的婦 女，死亡率是100萬分之1，如果和婦女生產 時的死亡率相較，後者是12倍。越早實施墮 胎，危險性越低。
A Defense of Abortion
Judith Jarvis Thomson
一、前言
（一）對墮胎問題常產生情緒 性、不經批判的爭論， 因為它涉及深層的價值 和最基本的想法。墮胎 所涉及的道德內容：權 利、人的意義、母體身 心影響。
一、前言
（二）名詞定義 １･墮胎：透過手段或藥物，故意中止懷孕狀態 的行為。 ２･自然流產：不是故意的中止懷孕行為。 ３･胎兒(fetus)：指從懷孕開始到出生的整個發 展過程。
三、檢討
對支持墮胎者而言，本文有兩個缺點： （一）只證明墮胎不是道德上不允許的，卻沒有 證明墮胎永遠可被道德允許。 （二）雖然證明有些墮胎可被允許，但沒有證明 有權利確保胎兒死亡。