Chapter_B04
第二篇软件项目计划之软件项目成本计划
chapter__40RoadMapchapter__41软件项目管理第 4 章软件项目成本计划chapter__42本章要点一、软件项目规模成本的概念二、成本估算过程三、成本估算方法四、成本预算五、案例分析chapter__43成本管理过程资源计划编制:确定项目需要的资源种类和数量成本估算：中心环节编制一个为完成项目各活动所需要的资源成本的近似估算成本预算：项目进度将总成本估算分配到各单项工作活动上成本控制：项目跟踪控制项目预算的变更chapter__44关于估算估算不是很准确的，有误差的经验（历史）数据非常重要不要太迷信数学模型chapter__45软件项目规模软件项目规模即工作量，是从软件项目范围中抽出的软件功能，然后确定每个软件功能所必须执行的一系列软件工程任务包括：软件规划，软件管理，需求，设计，编码，测试，以及后期的维护等任务。
chapter__46规模的单位LOC(Loc of Code)源代码程序长度的测量FP(Function Point)用系统的功能数量来测量人月人天人年chapter__47软件项目成本完成软件规模相应付出的代价。
待开发的软件项目需要的资金。
人的劳动的消耗所需要的代价是软件产品的主要成本chapter__48成本的单位货币单位人民币元美元……..chapter__49软件的规模和成本的关系规模是成本的主要因素，是成本估算的基础有了规模就确定了成本,chapter__410本章要点一、软件项目规模成本的概念二、成本估算过程三、成本估算方法四、成本预算五、案例分析chapter__411chapter__412成本估算过程估算输入估算结果成本估算方法成本估算输入项目需求、WBS历史项目度量资源要求（资源编制计划）资源消耗率:如人员成本: 100元/小时进度规划：项目总进度（一般是合同要求）学习曲线chapter__413资源规划需要的资源种类、数量等chapter__414chapter__415Sample Resource Histogram fora Large IT Project24681012Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecJava programmersBusiness analysts Technical writers ManagersAdministrative staff Database analysts Testing specialists N u m b e r o f P e o p l e成本估算直接成本间接成本chapter__416直接成本与具体项目相关的成本chapter__417间接成本不能具体到某个项目中的成本，可以分摊到各个具体项目中的成本，例如： 培训房租水电员工福利市场费用管理费其他等等chapter__418项目估算输出估算文件资源，资源的数量，质量标准，估算成本等信息单位：一般是货币单位BAC(Budget At completion)估算说明工作范围估算的基础和依据估算的假设估算的误差变动等chapter__419估算说明预测所需要的总工作量的过程。
模具设计与制造专业英语教材
模具设计与制造专业英语教材Revised as of 23 November 202021 世纪全国高校应用人才培养机电类规划教材模具设计与制造专业英语English for Die & Mould Design and Manufacturing刘建雄王家惠廖丕博主编ContentsChapter 1 Stamping Forming and Die Design (1)Introduction (1)Blanking and Punching Dies (4)Blanking (4)Blanking Deformation Process (5)Blanking Workpiece Quality (8)Blanking and Punching Dies (10)Blanking Tools (15)Bending Dies (18)Simple Bends (19)Bending Allowance (20)Bending Tool (21)Chapter 2 Plastics Molds (23)Introduction (23)The Properties of Plastics (24)Thermosets (25)Thermoplastics (25)Fillers (26)Properties of Plastics (26)Injection Molds (32)Injection Molding (32)Injection Molds (34)Mold Machine (39)Compression and Transfer Molds (43)Compression Molding (43)Transfer Molding (44)Compression Molds (46)Transfer Molds (48)II 模具设计与制造专业英语Chapter 3 Casting Dies (51)Casting (51)Sand Casting (53)Sands (54)Types of Sand Molds (54)Patterns (55)Cores (57)Sand-Molding Machines (58)The Sand Casting Operation (60)Die Casting (63)The Die Casting Cycle (63)Die Casting Alloys (64)Die Casting Dies (65)Die Casting Machines (67)Chapter 4 Forging Die (71)Introduction (71)Open-Die Forging (72)Impression-Die and Closed-Die Forging (74)Precision Forging (77)Coining (77)Forging-Die Design (78)Preshaping (79)Die Design Features (79)Forging Machines (82)Presses (82)Hammers (84)Selection of Forging Machines (85)Chapter 5 Extrusion (86)Introduction (86)Design of Tools for Hot Extrusion (87)Mandrel (90)Dummy Blocks (90)Die Stack (90)Industrial Practice in Tool Design (92)Dummy Blocks (92)Contents III Dies (92)Cold Extrusion of Steel (95)Nomenclature and Tool Assembly Drawings (95)Punches (96)Dies (103)Chapter 6 Modern Mold Manufacturing (108)Fundamental of NC Technology (108)Concept of NC and CNC (108)Basic Component of NC Machine Tools (108)Classifications of NC Machines (111)Types of NC Motion Control System (111)Types of NC Servo-Drive Systems (114)Machining Centers (118)Automation of Manufacturing (120)Introduction (120)Flexible Manufacturing System (122)Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (123)Chapter 7 CAD/CAM/CAE (125)The Computer in Die Design (125)CAD/CAM (127)CAD (127)CAM (129)CAE (131)MPI Introduction (132)MPI Modules (133)CAE Example of MPI (138)Glossary (144)References (163)内容简介本书是为适应高等学校模具设计与制造专业和机械工程及自动化专业模具方向专业英语教学需要而编写的，亦是《21 世纪全国高校应用人才培养机电类规划教材》之一。
9bchapter 4 课文及翻译
牛津英语9B chapter4 课文翻译悬赏分：30|解决时间：2010-3-7 23:02 |提问者：95fd12d4好人帮帮忙啊在线等。
不要机器翻的啊原文：CHAPTER FOUR READINGJoyce wanted to encourage students to read more famous books.So,in her newspaper,she printed this funny story from a book called The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain.Tom Sawyer Paints The Fence Saturday morning cameand everything was bright and fresh.Every boy in town was happy,except Tom Sawyer.Tom stood on the sidewalk with a bucket of white paintand a brush with a long handle in his handsHe looked at the fence that his aunt had told him to paint and felt very depressedIt was thirty yards long and three yards high!He dipped his brush in the paint and painted a corner of the fence.Then he stood back and looked at it.The section that was painted was so small,and the unpainted section was so big!He sat down under a tree to have a rest.He began to think of all the games which he had planned for the day.Soon the boys who were free would come along and make fun of him.But just then,he had a wonderful idea.He picked up his brush and went back to work.Ben Rogers came along the road,singing happily and carrying an appleHe stopped and looked at Tom.Tom went on painting and ignored Ben.'I'm going swimming,'said Ben.'Do you want to go swimming,Tom? But I guess you can't.You have to stay and work,don't you?'Tom went on painting.'Work?' he said.'This isn't work.I'm enjoying myself.Does a boy get a chance to paint a fence like this every day?'Ben thought about this.Tom went on painting,carefully.Sometimes he stopped,stood back to look at the fence,and then added a bit more paint in just the right placeBen was watching Tom's every moveHe was getting more and more interested.After a whilehe said,'Tom,will you let me do some painting?'Tom thought about it,and said,'No,Ben,I can't.You see,Aunt Polly wants it to be done properly.I'm the only one who can do it right.'Oh,please,Tom,'begged Ben.'I can do it.I'll be really careful Just let me try.I'll give you half of my apple.I'll give you all of it!'Well,all right,Ben,'said Tom.'But you must be careful.'He gave Ben his brush with worry on his face but joy in his heartHe sat down again under the tree,and started to eat the applethat Ben had given him.All day,boys came to make fun,but they ended up staying to paint.When Ben got tired,Billy Fisher was waiting.He gave Tom a kite for a chance to paint.Then Johnny Miller offered him twelve marbles,and so on.By late afternoon Tom had gained all sorts of toys,and the fence had gained three coats of paintLater Aunt Polly came to look at Tom's work.She was so pleased when she saw the painted fence that she gave Tom a large cake!最佳答案第四章阅读乔伊斯要鼓励学生多阅读有名的著作。
《哈利波特与火焰杯》第10章《魔法部乱成一团》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利波特与火焰杯》Chapter TenMayhem at the Ministry第10章魔法部乱成一团Mr Weasl ey woke them after only a few hours’ sl eep. He used magic to pack up the tents, and they l eft the campsite as quickly as possibl e, passing Mr Roberts at the d oor of his cottage. Mr Roberts had a strange, dazed l ook about him, and he waved them off with a vague ‘Merry Christmas’.只睡了几个小时，韦斯莱先生就把他们叫醒了。
他用魔法把帐篷收起来装进背包，然后他们尽快离开了营地，路上看见罗伯茨先生站在他小石屋的门口。
罗伯茨先生的样子怪怪的，神情恍惚，他朝他们挥手告别，还含混地说了句“圣诞快乐”。
‘He'll be all right,’ said Mr Weasl ey quietly, as they marched off onto the moor. ‘Sometimes, when a person's memory's modified, it makes them a bit disorientated for a while ... and that was a big thing they had to make him forget.’“他不会有事的，”他们大步向沼泽地走去时，韦斯莱先生说道，“有时候，当一个人的记忆被修改时，他会暂时有点儿犯糊涂……况且他们想使他忘记的又是那么一件大事。
第四章 秘密花园
第四章秘密花园作者：徐奚潇来源：《疯狂英语·新阅版》2020年第10期在象征著幸运的知更鸟的引领下，玛丽无意间发现了打开秘密花园的钥匙和进入的通道。
当她满心欢喜地走进花园时，迎接她的是一派生机盎然，还是满目衰败和凋零呢？1. beady /bidi/ adj. 小圆珠般而亮晶晶的;机警的2. fumble /fmbl/ v. 胡乱摸找（某物）3. gallop /ɡlp/ v. （马等）飞奔;疾驰4. tread /tred/ v. 行走;踩5. thorny /θni/ adj. 有刺的;棘手的6. muffle /mfl/ v. 压低（声音）;使听不清7. prod /prd/ v. 戳;杵;捅8. vegetation /ved？廾ten/ n. （统称）植物9. sprinkle /sprkl/ v. 洒;撒The next morning Mary was already buttoni ng up her coat when Martha arrived. “Youre an early bird！” Martha said.“Well， I do like birds！” Mary grinned.“Its nice to see you so cheerful， Miss，” Martha told her. “Have a nice time.”Mary felt the key deep in her coat pocket. “I will，” she said.A few minutes later she was staring at the ivycovered wall. If only she could find the door. She had spent all yesterday looking for it but had given up when it became too dark to see anything.What she needed was the robin to bring her luck.Sure enough she soon heard his cheery call and there he was， staring down at her with those black， beady eyes.“Robin，” she said， her voice soft，“yesterday you showed me the key. Can you show me the door today？”What happened next was pure magic. A strong gust of wind lifted the ivy， parting it like a curtain. The gust blew only for a second but long enough for Mary to see a doorknob. Beneath the doorknob was a metal square with a hole in it.She fumbled for the key， her heart beating faster than a galloping horse. Nearby， the robin continued to sing as she put the key in the keyhole and turned. Taking a deep breath， Mary pushed the door open and stepped inside.She found herself surrounded by four high walls. They made her feel she was in her own private kingdom. Slowly she began to walk， treading softly on the overgrown pathways.Rose trees had taken over the garden. They had climbed over urns， arbours and other trees，spreading thorny tendrils across to each other， as if holding hands. The branches were all either grey or brown. Mary wasnt sure if they were dead or alive.Onwards she explored. Everything was so still. The grass and moss beneath her feet muffled her footsteps. She kept her eyes to the ground. It must have been a beautiful place once but now everything was overgrown.Picking up a sharp stick， Mary began prodding in the earth. She was amazed to find tiny green shoots beneath the dead vegetation. Could they be spring flowers like those Ben Weatherstaff had shown her？ She began to dig away until the shoots were showing.“There！ You can breathe now！” she whispered.For the rest of that week Mary tended the garden. It was such a peaceful place. There was nothing within its walls to make her feel angry or cross or unwanted. There was only a calm feeling that made her feel she was wrapped in a warm blanket. If only she could do more！ The sticks she used to clear the ground kept breaking. She wished she had tools like a proper gardener. She also wished she knew more about gardening.“Martha？” she asked the girl one lunchtime. “Do you know where I can get a small spade to dig with？”“Well， theres a shop in Thwaite that sells things like that. Why？”“I...” Mary hesitated. She couldnt tell Martha about the secret garden. “I... Ive found a patch of ground in one of the gardens. I thought it would be nice to dig in it.”“Oh， thats a lovely idea. You could plant some seeds， too.”“Seeds？”“Aye，seeds. You sprinkle them in the ground and flowers grow.”Marys eyes lit up. Flowers growing again in the secret garden！ Imagine！“Our Dickon could get them for you.”“Could he？ That would be wonderful！”Activity A Reading for comprehensionⅠ. Understanding the main ideaWrite a summary of Chapter Four with about 60 words. Remember to leave out unnecessary details.Ⅱ. Understanding the structuresPlease fill in the blanks according to the text. （Every big blank carries two small blanks. The left one indicates Marys feelings， and the right one indicates her personalities.）Marys magic discovery of the secret gardenⅢ. Understanding the details1. In your opinion，why did the author describe Marys discovery as “pure magic”？2. Why did Mary undergo a change of feelings after she entered the secret garden？Activity B Reading for writingⅠ. Useful expressions for creating a novel1. expressions for describing appearanceblack， beady eyes 烏黑发亮的眼睛2. expressions for describing feelingsher heart beats faster than a galloping horse 她的心跳得比驰骋的骏马还快feel she was in her own private kingdom 她感觉置身于自己的王国之中feel angry or cross or unwanted 感到生气、易怒和多余3. expressions for describing behaviour/environmentfumble for the key 摸索着钥匙take a deep breath 深吸一口气tread softly on the overgrown pathways 轻轻地在杂草丛生的小径上走着“There！ You can breathe now！” she whispered.For the rest of that week Mary tended the garden. It was such a peaceful place. There was nothing within its walls to make her feel angry or cross or unwanted. There was only a calm feeling that made her feel she was wrapped in a warm blanket. If only she could do more！ The sticks she used to clear the ground kept breaking. She wished she had tools like a proper gardener. She also wished she knew more about gardening.“Martha？” she asked the girl one lunchtime. “Do you know where I can get a small spade to dig with？”“Well， theres a shop in Thwaite that sells things like that. Why？”“I...” Mary hesitated. She couldnt tell Martha about the secret garden. “I... Ive found a patch of ground in one of the gardens. I thought it would be nice to dig in it.”“Oh， thats a lovely idea. You could plant some seeds，too.”“Seeds？”“Aye， seeds. You sprink le them in the ground and flowers grow.”Marys eyes lit up. Flowers growing again in the secret garden！ Imagine！“Our Dickon could get them for you.”“Could he？ That would be wonderful！”Activity A Reading for comprehensionⅠ. Understanding the main ideaWrite a summary of Chapter Four with about 60 words. Remember to leave out unnecessary details.Ⅱ. Understanding the structuresPlease fill in the blanks according to the text. （Every big blank carries two small blanks. The left one indicates Marys feelings， and the right one indicates her personalities.）Marys magic discovery of the secret gardenⅢ. Understanding the details1. In your opinion，why did the author describe Marys discovery as “pure magic”？2. Why did Mary undergo a change of feelings after she entered the secret garden？Activity B Reading for writingⅠ. Useful expressions for creating a novel1. expressions for describing appearanceblack， beady eyes 烏黑发亮的眼睛2. expressions for describing feelingsher heart beats faster than a galloping horse 她的心跳得比驰骋的骏马还快feel she was in her own private kingdom 她感觉置身于自己的王国之中feel angry or cross or unwanted 感到生气、易怒和多余3. expressions for describing behaviour/environmentfumble for the key 摸索着钥匙take a deep breath 深吸一口气tread softly on the overgrown pathways 轻轻地在杂草丛生的小径上走着。
《哈利波特与火焰杯》第4章《回到陋居》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire《哈利波特与火焰杯》Chapter FourBack to The Burrow第4章回到陋居By twelve o'clock next day, Harry's trunk was packed with his school things, and all his most prized possessions - the Invisibility Cl oak he had inherited from his father, the broomstick he had got from Sirius, the enchanted map of Hogwarts he had been given by Fred and George Weasl ey last year. He had emptied his hiding place und er the loose fl oorboard of all food, d oubl e-checked every nook and cranny of his bedroom for forgotten spellbooks or quills, and taken d own the chart on the wall counting the days d own to September the first, on which he liked to cross off the days remaining until his return to Hogwarts.第二天中午十二点钟的时候，哈利准备带到学校去的箱子已经收拾好了，里面装满了他上学用的东西和所有他最珍贵的宝贝──从父亲那里继承来的隐形衣、小天狼星送给他的飞天扫帚，还有去年弗雷德和乔治˙韦斯莱孪生兄弟送给他的带魔法的霍格沃茨活点地图。
有机化学01-Lecture
A polar covalent bond has a slight positive charge on one end and a slight negative charge on the other
A Polar Bond Has a Dipole Moment
A polar bond has a negative end and a positive end
The synthesis of the simple organic compound urea in 1828 showed that organic compounds can be prepared in the laboratory from non-living material.
Today, organic natural products are routinely synthesized in the laboratory.
Molecular weight: the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule
The Distribution of Electrons in an Atom
Quantum mechanics uses the mathematical equation of wave motions to characterize the motion of an electron around a nucleus.
Nitric Oxide Radical, Mammalian Signaling Agent
Radical
Carbocation
Carbene
Borane
爱情与金钱(中英对照)_书虫系列
目录1 Chapter (2)2 Chapter (6)3 Chapter (16)4 Chapter (24)5 Chapter (32)6 Chapter (41)7 Chapter (47)Love Or Money爱情与金钱1 Chapter1The Clarkson family lived in the country near Cambridge，about half a mile from the nearest village and about a mile from the river．They had a big，old house with a beautiful garden，a lot of flowers and many old．trees．克拉克森家住在剑桥附近的乡下，离最近的村庄约有半英里路，距离河有1英里左右。
他们有幢大而古老带有美丽花园的房子，花园里有许多花和许多古树。
One Thursday morning in July，Jackie came in from the garden．She was a tall，fat woman，thirty years old．It was the hottest day of the year，but she wore a warm brown skirt and yellow shirt．She went into the kitchen to get a drink of water．Just then the phone rang．7月的一个星期四早上，杰基从花园进了屋。
她是个高大，肥胖，30来岁的女人。
这是一年中最热的日子，而她却穿着暖色调的黄色衬衫和棕色裙子。
她走进厨房去喝水，这时电话响了。
'Cambridge 1379，'Jackie said．“剑桥1379号，”杰基说。
'Hello．This is Diane．I want to talk to Mother．'“你好！我是黛安娜。
《项目管理第四章》PPT课件_OK
岗位目标任务分解、目标任务完成情况评价、绩效挂钩模式。 • 具体工作安排： • 1、3月底前：完成中心各部门的职责梳理完善工作。 • 2、4月底前：完成中心各部门的岗位设置完善、岗位职责完善、岗位
重要度评价工作。 • 3、6月底前：完成各部门、各岗位的目标任务分解、目标任务完成情
goals. • To be used by the project owner and participants as a
planning tool and for measuring project success.
2021/8/31
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
衡量项目成功的三标准
2021/8/31
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Reviews with customer（与客户共 同检查）
• 与内部或外部的客户共同检查，主要目的 是各方对项目期望达成一致。
• 客户能否得到期望的交付成果？
• 项目定义是否明确了关键的成果、预算、 时间和绩效要求？
• 限制和排除问题是否得到了考虑？
• 在所有这些问题上的明确沟通对于避免索 赔是必不可少的。
11月4日
资料分析阶段
人员访谈阶段
绩效指标提取 阶段 绩效指标沟通 阶段 方案形成阶段
方案沟通阶段
明确中心的组织结构、战略目标、各部门职责和各岗位职 责。 进一步熟悉各岗位的工作职责、工作流程，收集影响各岗 位绩效的关键因素。 根据收集的信息提取影响各岗位绩效的关键结果指标和行 为指标。 与在岗者及其主管沟通初步提炼的关键绩效指标。
OSHA现场作业手册说明书
DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。
《哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》第4章《破釜酒吧》中英文对照学习版
中英文对照学习版Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban《哈利波特与阿兹卡班囚徒》Chapter FourThe Leaky Cauldron第4章破釜酒吧It took Harry several days to get used to his strange new freed om. Never before had he been abl e to get up whenever he want or eat whatever he fancied. He coul d even go wherever he liked, as l ong as it was in Diagon All ey, and as this l ong cobbl ed street was packed with the most fascinating wizarding shops in the worl d, Harry felt no d esire to break his word to Fudge and stray back into the Muggl e worl d.过了几天，哈利才习惯了这种从未体验过的奇特的自由。
以前，他从来不能想什么时候起床就什么时候起床，喜欢吃什么就吃什么。
现在，他甚至可以想去哪儿就去哪儿，只要是在对角巷内，而这条长长的卵石街道上布满了世界上最诱人的巫师商店。
哈利一点儿也不想违反他对福吉的承诺，重新回到麻瓜世界里去。
Harry ate breakfast each morning in the Leaky Caul dron, where he liked watching the other guests: funny little witches from the country, up for a day's shopping; venerabl e-l ooking wizards arguing over the latest article in Transfiguration Today; wild-l ooking warlocks, raucous dwarfs and, once, what l ooked suspiciously like a hag, who ord ered a plate of raw liver from behind a thick wooll en balaclava.哈利每天早晨在破釜酒吧吃早饭，他喜欢打量其他的顾客：从乡下来的怪模怪样的小个子女巫，大清早出来买东西；看上去弱不禁风的男巫，为《今日变形术》上的最新文章展开辩论；不修边幅的巫师；吵吵闹闹的小矮人……一次，还有一个活像老巫婆的人，裹在一件厚厚的带巴拉克拉瓦盔式帽的羊毛大衣里，要了一盘生肝。
OrganizationBehavior组织行为学
OrganizationBehavior组织⾏为学Organization BehaviorChapter1/doc/ad25610c4a7302768e9939d1.html anizational behavior (OB)：A field of study that investigates the impact that individuals, groups and structure have on behavior within organization, for the purpose of applying such knowledge toward improving an organization’s effectiveness2. Managers doManagement functionPlanningA process that includes defining goals, establishingstrategy(策略), and developing plans to coordinate（调整）activitiesControllingMonitoring activities to ensure they are beingaccomplished as planned and correcting anysignificant deviations（背离）.OrganizingDetermining what tasks are to be done, who is todo them, how the tasks are to be grouped, whoreports to whom, and where decisions are to bemade.LeadingA function that includes motivating employees,directing others, selecting the most effectivecommunication channels, and resolving conflictsManagement role: 1) interpersonal(⼈际⾓⾊)Figurehead(头⾯⼈物) Leader(领导者) Liaison(联络⼈)2) informational(信息传递者)Monitor(监控者) Disseminator(传递者) Spokesperson(发⾔⼈)3) Decisional(决策⾓⾊)Entrepreneur(创业者) Disturbance handler(混乱处理者)Resource allocator(资源分配者) Negotiator(谈判者)Management skills: 1) Technical skillsThe ability to apply specialized knowledge or expertise（专门技术）.2) Human skillsThe ability to work with, understand, and motivate other people, both individually and in groups.3) Conceptual skillsThe mental ability to analyze and diagnose(诊断) complex situations. 3. Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 1) Traditional managementDecision making, planning, and controlling2) CommunicationExchanging routine(例⾏的) information and processing paperwork3) Human resource managementMotivating, disciplining, managing conflict, staffing(⼈员指挥), and training4) NetworkingSocializing, politicking(政治活动), and interacting(相互影响) with others4. Challenges and Opportunities for OB1) Responding to GlobalizationIncreased foreign assignmentsWorking with people from different culturesOverseeing movement of jobs to countries with low-cost labor2) Managing Workforce Diversity(差异，多样性)Embracing diversityChanging demographics（⼈⼝）Implications for managersRecognizing and responding to differences3) Improving Quality and ProductivityQuality management (QM)Process reengineering4) Responding to the Labor ShortageChanging work force demographicsFewer skilled laborersEarly retirements and older workers5) Improving Customer ServiceIncreased expectation of service qualityCustomer-responsive cultures6) Improving People Skills7) Empowering(授权) People8) Stimulating(刺激) Innovation(改⾰) and Change9) Coping with “Temporariness(临时性)”10) Working in Networked Organizations11) Helping Employees Balance Work/Life Conflicts12) Improving Ethical(伦理的) Behavior5. Independent and dependent variables1) individual-level variables个体⽔平变量⼈们带着不同的特点进⼊组织，这些特点将影响到他们在⼯作中的⾏为。
欧盟GMP中英文对照之欧阳化创编
European Union药品生产质量管理规范GUIDE TO GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FORMEDICINAL PRODUCTS目录第一章质量管理CHAPTER 1: QUALITYMANAGEMENT原则............................................................................................. .. (5)Principle............................................................................... . (5)质量保证............................................................................................. . (5)Quality Assurance............................................................................ (5)药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)...................................................................................... .. (7)Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products (7)质量控制(QC)......................................................................................... (9)Quality (9)产品质量回顾............................................................................................. . (10)第二章人员CHAPTER 2: PERSONNEL............................................................................. .. (11)原则................................................................................................. . (11)Principle............................................................................... (11)通则................................................................................................. . (12)General................................................................................ (12)关键人员............................................................................................. .. (12)Key Personnel............................................................................. .. (12)培训............................................................................................. . (12)Training................................................................................ .. (15)人员卫生............................................................................................. (16)Personnel Hygiene.................................................................................. . (16)第三章厂房和设备CHAPTER 3: PREMISES AND.18原则............................................................................................. . (18)Principle............................................................................... .. (18)厂房............................................................................................. .. (18)Premises................................................................................ . (18)通则............................................................................................. .. (18)General................................................................................ (18)生产区............................................................................................. (19)Production Area....................................................................................... .................................19贮存区............................................................................................. (21)Storage Area....................................................................................... .. (21)质量控制区............................................................................................. .. (22)Quality Control Area....................................................................................... . (22)附助区............................................................................................. (22)Ancillary (22)设备............................................................................................. .. (23)Equipment............................................................................. . (23)第四章文件CHAPTER 4: DOCUMENTATION.................................................................... .. (24)原则............................................................................................. .. (24)Principle............................................................................... .. (24)通则............................................................................................. .. (25)General................................................................................ (25)文件要求............................................................................................. .. (27)Documents Required............................................................................... . (27)Specifications..................................................................... .. (27)Specifications for starting and packaging materials (27)Specifications for Intermediate and Bulk Products (27)Specifications for Finished Products............................................................................... . (28)Manufacturing Formulae and Processing Instructions (28)Packaging Instructions........................................................................ (30)Batch Processing Records................................................................................. . (31)Batch Packaging Records................................................................................. . (32)Procedures and Records................................................................................. (33)Receipt.................................................................................. (34)Sampling............................................................................... (34)Testing.................................................................................. (35)Other..................................................................................... (35)第五章生产CHAPTER 5:PRODUCTION........................................................................... (36)原则............................................................................................. .. (36)Principle............................................................................... . (36)通则........................................ .................................................... (36)General................................................................................ .. (36)生产过程中对交叉污染的预防 (39)Prevention of Cross-contamination inProduction (39)验证............................................................................................. .. (40)Validation............................................................................ (40)原料............................................................................................. .. (41)Starting Materials............................................................................ (41)生产操作：中间产品和待包装产品 (42)Processing Operations: Intermediate and Bulk Products (42)包装材料............................................................................................. .. (43)Packaging Materials............................................................................ (43)包装操作............................................................................................. .. (44)Packaging Operations........................................................................... (44)成 (46)FinishedProducts............................................................................... (46)不合格、回收料和退货物料 (46)Rejected, Recovered and Returned Materials (46)第六章质量控制CHAPTER 6: QUALITY CONTROL................................................................................. ..48原则............................................................................................. .. (48)Principle............................................................................... .. (48)通则............................................................................................. .. (48)General................................................................................ (48)质量控制实验室规范............................................................................................. (49)Good Quality Control Laboratory Practice (4)9 Documentation.................................................................... . (49)Sampling............................................................................... . (50)Testing.................................................................................. . (52)销售产品的稳定性考 (54)第七章委托生产与委托检验CHAPTER 7: CONTRACT MANUFACTURE AND ANALYSIS (55)原则............................................................................................. .. (55)Principle............................................................................... .. (55)通则............................................................................................. .. (56)General................................................................................ (56)委托方............................................................................................. . (56)The Contract Giver...................................................................................... .. (56)受托方............................................................................................. (57)The Contract Acceptor.............................................................................. .. (57)合同............................................................................................. .. (58)The Contract.............................................................................. .. (58)第八章投诉与召回CHAPTER 8: COMPLAINTS AND PRODUCT RECALL (59)原则............................................................................................. (59)Principle............................................................................... (59)投诉............................................................................................. .. (59)Complaints........................................................................... (59)召回............................................................................................. . (60)Recalls................................................................................. .. (60)第九章自查CHAPTER 9: SELF INSPECTION............................................................................. .. (61)原则............................................................................................. (61)Principle............................................................................... (61)附件8 原辅料和包装材料的取样ANNEX8 SAMPLING OF STARTING AND PACKAGING MATERIALS (63)原则............................................................................................. (63)Principle............................................................................... (63)人员............................................................................................. (63)Personnel............................................................................. . (63)原辅料............................................................................................. .. (63)Starting materials............................................................................ .. (64)包装材料............................................................................................. . (65)Packaging material.............................................................................. . (65)第一章质量管理CHAPTER 1 QUALITY MANAGEMENT Principle原则生产许可证持有厂家只能生产医药产品，以确保药品符合其预期的使用目的，符合销售许可证的要求，并不因药品安全性、质量或药效方面的问题而给患者带来风险。
英语专业考研语言学复习资料句法学Word版
整理为word 格式Chapter 4：Syntax I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules rules that that that comprise comprise comprise the the the system system system of of internalized internalized linguistic linguistic linguistic knowledge knowledge knowledge of of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized recognized and and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What 11.What is is actually actually internalized internalized internalized in in the mind mind of of a native native speaker speaker speaker is is a completelist of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of thelexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence fromaffirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains asubject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprisesa number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence sentence which which comprises comprises a a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of whichis incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition 22. A _____ Condition on case on case on case assignment states assignment states assignment states that a case that a case that a case assignor and assignor anda case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrasesappear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement: 25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to thegrammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory wordthat introduces the embedded clause. A. coordinator B. particle C. preposition D. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.27. A. recursive B. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. A. large B. small C. finite D. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence 38. syntactic categories39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them withexamples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis ofsentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies thesentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstractrules that allow words to be combined with other words to formgrammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit thatusually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least asubject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verbphrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clausesjoined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as"and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, asyntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexicalcategory) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performsa particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functionalrelations of constituents are called grammatical relations. Thegrammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrasein the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammaticalrelations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of allhuman languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known aslinguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules thattransform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representationthat exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the levelof D-structure.V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, Normally, a a sentence sentence consists consists consists of of at least a least a subject subject subject and and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase. 44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them withexamples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example: John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating coordinating conjunction, conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N Vt NPDet NThe boy likes the music.46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.NP movement involves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B). The child was beaten by the man.noun phrases "the man" and "the B is the result of the movementthe nounmovement ofof thechild" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superfi-cial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！友情提示：本资料代表个人观点，如有帮助请下载，谢谢您的浏览！。
20.Chinese Characters
01
Chapter 1: The History of Chinese Characters
Chapter 1: The History of Chinese Characters
• Chinese characters, also known as Hanzi, are logograms developed for the writing of the Chinese language. The history of Chinese characters can be traced back over 3,000 years to the Shang dynasty. The development of Chinese characters has been a reflection of the cultural and technological advancements of ancient China.
• Origin and Evolution • Cultural Significance • Influence Beyond Language
Origin and Evolution
• The origins of Chinese characters can be found in ancient inscriptions on oracle bones and bronze ware. These early forms of writing consisted of simple pictograms and ideograms representing objects and ideas. Over time, the characters evolved into more intricate forms, incorporating phonetic elements and semantic radicals.
欧盟GMP中英文对照
European Union药品生产质量管理规范GUIDE TO GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS目录第一章质量管理CHAPTER 1: QUALITY MANAGEMENT原则.。
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《海绵宝宝》英文字幕
Mr. Krabs: Please settle down. (Referring to the Krusty Krab) We've got a situation in there. I'd rather not discuss till me manager gets here.
Chapter 38:It's not too late to go to BB
Chapter 38.5:No!
Chapter38/1/4:Plankton cheats
Chapter 39:Plankton cheats
Chapter 40:Goofy Goober ROCK!
Chapter 41:BikiniBottom Is Free
SpongeBob: Get a hold of yourself, Eugene. I'm going in. (goes into the Krusty Krab)
SpongeBob: Take it easy, friend. I'm the manager of this establishment. Everything's gonna be just fine.
Chapter 21.5: Level 4
Chapter 22: Squidward Finds Out
Chapter 23: Frog Fish Mayhem
Chapter 24: Thug Tug Wrecked
Chapter 25: We're Just Kids
Chapter 26:Now That We're Men
Chapter 4 (me)
inflectional affixes in English
1. Third Person Singular: "She plays the piano" 2. Past Tense: "She played the piano" 3. Progressive: "She is playing the piano now" 4. Past participle: "She has/had eaten the cookies" 5. Plural: "She has two pianos" 6. Possessive: "Mary's piano needs to be repaired" 7. Comparative: "Mary runs faster than Jack" 8. Superlative: "Mary is the fastest of all"
English lexicology chapter 4
6
Verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take -sion (as in expansion, decision, omission). Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (e.g. imperfect, imbalance, immobile); its allomorphs are irbefore r (e.g. irresponsible); il- before l (e.g. illogical); in- before all other consonants and vowels (e.g. inflexible, inexcusable); im-, irand il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme iner 4
NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Agent 应用程序指南说明书
Application GuideTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction (1)Chapter 2. System Design (2)Chapter 3. Application Architecture (5)Chapter 4. DOCA Libraries (7)Chapter 5. Configuration Flow (8)Chapter 6. Dependencies (10)Chapter 7. Running the Application (11)Chapter 8. Arg Parser DOCA Flags (14)Chapter 9. References (17)Chapter 1.IntroductionApp Shield Agent monitors a process in the host system using the DOCA App Shield library (doca-apsh).This security capability helps identify corruption of core processes in the system from an independent and trusted DPU. This is a major and innovate intrusion detection system (IDS) ability since it cannot be provided from inside the host.The DOCA App Shield library gives the capability to read, analyze, and authenticate the host (bare metal/VM) memory directly from the DPU.Using the library, this application hashes the un-writeable memory pages (also unloaded pages) of a specific process and its libraries. Then, at regularly occurring intervals the app authenticates the loaded pages.The app reports pass/fail after every iteration until the first attestation failure. The reports are both printed to the console and exported to the DOCA telemetry service (DTS) using inter-process communication (IPC).This document describes how to build secure process monitoring using the DOCA App Shield library, which leverages the DPU's advantages such as hardware-based DMA, integrity, and more.Chapter 2.System DesignThe App Shield agent is designed to run independently on the DPU's Arm without hindering the host.The host's involvement is limited to configuring monitoring of a new process when there is a need to generate the needed ZIP and JSON files to pass to the DPU. This is done at inception ("time 0") which is when the host is still in a "safe" state.Generating the needed files can be done by running DOCA App Shield'sdoca_apsh_config.py tool on the host. See NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Programming Guide for more info.System DesignSystem DesignChapter 3.Application ArchitectureThe user creates three mandatory files using the DOCA tool doca_apsh_config.py and copies them to the DPU. The application can report attestation results to the:‣File‣Terminal‣DTS1.The files are generated by running doca_apsh_config.py on the host against the processat time zero.Note: The actions 2-5 recur at regular time intervals.2.The App Shield agent requests new attestation from DOCA App Shield library.3.The DOCA App Shield library creates a new attestation:a).Scans and hashes process memory pages (that are currently in use).b).Compares the hash to the original hash.c).Creates attestation for each lib/exe involved in the process. Each of attestationincludes the number of valid pages and the number of pages.Application Architecture4.The App Shield agent searches each attestation for inconsistency between number of usedpages and number of valid pages.5.The App Shield agent reports results with a timestamp and scan count to:a).Local telemetry files – a folder and files representing the data a real DTS would havereceived. These files are used for the purposes of this example only as normally thisdata is not exported into user-readable files.b).DOCA log (without scan count).c).DTS IPC interface (even if no DTS is active).6.The App Shield agent exits on first attestation failure.Chapter 4.DOCA LibrariesThis application leverages following DOCA libraries:‣DOCA App Shield library‣DOCA Telemetry libraryChapter 5.Configuration Flow1.Parse application argument.a).Initialize arg parser resources and register DOCA general parameters.doca_argp_init();b).Register application parameters.register_apsh_params();c).Parse app flags.doca_argp_start();2.Initialize DOCA App Shield lib context.a).Create lib context.doca_apsh_create();b).Set DMA device for lib.doca_devinfo_list_create();doca_dev_open();doca_devinfo_list_destroy();doca_apsh_dma_dev_set();c).Start the context.doca_apsh_start();apsh_system_init();3.Initialize DOCA App Shield lib system context handler.a).Get the representor of the remote PCIe function exposed to the system.doca_devinfo_remote_list_create();doca_dev_remote_open();doca_devinfo_remote_list_destroy();b).Create and start the system context handler.doca_apsh_system_create();doca_apsh_sys_os_symbol_map_set();doca_apsh_sys_mem_region_set();doca_apsh_sys_dev_set();doca_apsh_sys_os_type_set();doca_apsh_system_start();4.Find target process by PID.doca_apsh_processes_get();5.Telemetry initialization.telemetry_start();a).Initialize a new telemetry schema.b).Register attestation type event.c).Set up output to file (in addition to default IPC).Configuration Flowd).Start the telemetry schema.e).Initialize and start a new DTS source with the gethostname() name as source ID.6.Get initial attestation of the process.doca_apsh_attestation_get();7.Loop until attestation validation fail.doca_apsh_attst_refresh();/* validation logic */doca_telemetry_source_report();DOCA_LOG_INFO();sleep();8.DOCA App Shield Agent destroy.doca_apsh_attestation_free();doca_apsh_processes_free();doca_apsh_system_destroy();doca_apsh_destroy();doca_dev_close();doca_dev_remote_close();9.Telemetry destroy.telemetry_destroy();10.Arg parser destroy.doca_argp_destroy();Chapter 6.Dependencies The minimum required firmware version is 24.32.1010.Chapter 7.Running the Application1.Refer to the following documents:‣NVIDIA DOCA Installation Guide for Linux for details on how to install BlueField-related software.‣NVIDIA DOCA Troubleshooting Guide for any issue you may encounter with the installation, compilation, or execution of DOCA applications.‣NVIDIA DOCA Applications Overview for additional compilation instructions and development tips of DOCA applications.2.The App Shield Agent binary is located under /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/ app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent. To build the applications together, run:cd /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/meson buildninja -C build3.To build only the App Shield Agent application:a).Edit the following flags in /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/meson_option.txt:‣Set enable_all_applications to false‣Set enable_app_shield_agent to trueb).Run the commands in step 2.Note:doca_app_shield_agent will be created under ./build/app_shield_agent/src/.Application usage:Usage: doca_app_shield_agent [DOCA Flags] [Program Flags]DOCA Flags:-h, --help Print a help synopsis-v, --version Print program version information-l, --log-level Set the log level for the program <CRITICAL=20, ERROR=30, WARNING=40, INFO=50, DEBUG=60>Program Flags:-p, --pid <arg> Pid of the process to monitor-e, --ehm <path> Path to the process executable ‘hash.zip’generated file-m, --memr <path> Path to the system memory regions map –‘mem_regions.json’ generated file.-f, --pcif <arg> System PCI (VF/PF) VUID to use for DMAconnection-d, --dma <arg> DMA device name-o, --osym <path> Path to the system os symbol map –‘symbols.json’ generated file.-s, --osty [windows|linux] OS of the system where the process is running -t, --time <seconds> Time interval between scansNote: For additional information on the application, use the -h flag:/opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent-h4.The following steps need to be done only once.‣Configure the BlueField's firmware.‣On the BlueField system, configure the PF base address register and NVME emulation. Run:dpu> mlxconfig -d /dev/mst/mt41686_pciconf0 s PF_BAR2_SIZE=2PF_BAR2_ENABLE=1 NVME_EMULATION_ENABLE=1‣Perform a cold boot from the host. Run:host> ipmitool power cycleNote: These configurations can be checked using the following command:dpu> mlxconfig -d /dev/mst/mt41686_pciconf0 q | grep -E "NVME|BAR"‣Download target system (host/VM) symbols.‣For Ubuntu:host> sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ddebs.list << EOFdeb / $(lsb_release -cs) main restricted universemultiversedeb / $(lsb_release -cs)-updates main restricteduniverse multiversedeb / $(lsb_release -cs)-proposed main restricteduniverse multiverseEOFhost> sudo apt install ubuntu-dbgsym-keyringhost> sudo apt-get updatehost> sudo apt-get install linux-image-$(uname -r)-dbgsym‣For CentOS:host> yum install --enablerepo=base-debuginfo kernel-devel-$(uname -r)kernel-debuginfo-$(uname -r) kernel-debuginfo-common-$(uname -m)-$(uname-r)‣No action is needed for Windows‣Perform IOMMU passthrough. This stage is only needed on some of the cases where IOMMU is not enabled by default (e.g., when the host is using an AMD CPU).Note: Skip this step if you are not sure whether you need it. Return to it only if DMAfails with a message in dmesg similar to the following:host> dmesg[ 3839.822897] mlx5_core 0000:81:00.0: AMD-Vi: Event logged[IO_PAGE_FAULT domain=0x0047 address=0x2a0aff8 flags=0x0000]‣Locate your OS's grub file (most likely /boot/grub/grub.conf, /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, or /etc/default/grub) and open it for editing. Run:host> vim /etc/default/grub‣Search for the line defining GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT and add the argumentiommu=pt. For example:GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="iommu=pt <intel/amd>_iommu=on"‣Run:‣For Ubuntu:host> sudo update-grubhost> ipmitool power cycle‣For CentOS:host> grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfghost> ipmitool power cycle‣For Windows targets only: Turn off Hyper-V capability.5.Running the application on BlueField:‣Pre-run setup:a).The DOCA App Shield library uses hugepages for DMA buffers. Therefore, the useris required to provide allocate specific size huge pages. Run:dpu> nr_huge=$(cat /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepages)nr_huge=$((42+$nr_huge))sudo echo $nr_huge > /sys/devices/system/node/node0/hugepages/hugepages-2048kB/nr_hugepagesb).Create the ZIP and JSON files. Run:Note: If the kernel and process .exe have not changed, there no need to redo thisstep.target-system> cd /opt/mellanox/doca/tools/target-system> python3 doca_apsh_config.py <pid-of-process-to-monitor> --os <windows/linux> --path <path to dwarf2json executable or pdbparse-to-json.py>target-system> cp /opt/mellanox/doca/tools/*.* <shared-folder-with-baremetal>dpu> scp <shared-folder-with-baremetal>/* <path-to-app-shield-binary>If the target system does not have DOCA installed, the script can be copied fromthe BlueField.The required dwaf2json and pdbparse-to-json.py are not provided with DOCA.Follow the NVIDIA DOCA App Shield Programming Guide for more information.‣CLI example for running the app:dpu> /opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/bin/doca_app_shield_agent -p 13577 -e hash.zip -m mem_regions.json -o symbols.json -f MT2125X03335MLNXS0D0F0VF1 -d mlx5_0 -t 3 -s linuxChapter 8.Arg Parser DOCA Flags Refer to NVIDIA DOCA Arg Parser User Guide for more information.Chapter 9.References‣/opt/mellanox/doca/applications/app_shield_agent/src/app_shield_agent.cNoticeThis document is provided for information purposes only and shall not be regarded as a warranty of a certain functionality, condition, or quality of a product. NVIDIA Corporation nor any of its direct or indirect subsidiaries and affiliates (collectively: “NVIDIA”) make no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this document and assume no responsibility for any errors contained herein. NVIDIA shall have no liability for the consequences or use of such information or for any infringement of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. This document is not a commitment to develop, release, or deliver any Material (defined below), code, or functionality.NVIDIA reserves the right to make corrections, modifications, enhancements, improvements, and any other changes to this document, at any time without notice. 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第四章活动策划、执行与评估成功管理的五个基本要素：计划（Planning）组织（Organizing）引导（Directing）协调（Coordinating）监督（Controlling）一、计划在还没有采取任何行动之前，行动的设计必须完全规划下来。
这计划通常由陈述所欲达到的目标开始，然后再详述各步骤的细节，以便朝预定的目标前进。
在管理的范畴里，组织的目标应在筹备和执行计划的时候，时时清楚地铭刻在心底。
计划有长、短程之分。
一般组织通常计划到未来的好几年，这尤其对组织内部长期资金的运用、设备及人事方面的规划等，都十分重要。
长程计划通常来自中、短期目标，并且能适用於日常的运作。
参与计划者必须要有创意性的思考能力，以发展多重选择的方法。
我们大部份人都具有这项能力，好的领袖便是要帮助人们把这项能力解放开来。
只要计划愈富有创意，则愈有可能发展出实际可行的多样选择。
计划的另一重要部份是决策（decision making）。
领袖愈能做正确的决策，则愈能有效地带领组织在最短的时间内达成目标。
一个现代化的组织，通常由好几个人共同做决策。
领袖必须知道要如何帮助组织成员参与组织内部的决策过程，并如何支持组织成员把决议付诸实行。
74 | 大专佛青领导与管理手册应注意的事项：1. 在制订和执行目标的时候，以下这些重点应为领导层应注意的事项，目标是否适切：a.前瞻性与开拓性？这些目标是否具前瞻性与开拓性？这些目标是否具挑战性，须每位领导人竭尽所能以达到目标？b.周密与开阔？这些目标是否根据组织的大目标和周密的分析来设定？亦或只依据个人的经验与预感？这些目标是否同时兼顾长、短程范围？是否涵盖组织的所有重要层面？如：资金、技术、人和其它物质资源的成长及发展？c.清晰与具体是否用文字记载下来？目标是否具体可衡量，以便每位领导人都知道自己进行得如何？d.知晓与了解？假如要求每位领导人把他们所了解的单位目标写下来，其相同度会有多少？每位领导人会把这些目标当成每日工作的指南吗？在计划策略的时候，必须注意以下几个要点：要把所欲达到的结果，清楚地表达出来；这些结果要合理可行。
设立一个难以达到的目标，会使参与的人望而却步；要把一系列行动的细节，详尽地陈述出来；必须指定负责人，使整个计划能因此而推动、进行；要提供合理的资源；计划的每一阶段，均须有时间表；要设立工作表现的标准，以衡量所欲达到的成效。
二、组织计划一旦定妥，整个组织便要团结起来，以便把计划有效地付诸实行。
由於组织日渐成长，无论是组织本身的大小、工作量、地理分布、活动变化等，都益趋复杂。
这时，如何组织起一个健全的架构，便愈来愈显得重要。
组织的结构通常采用阶级分类。
也就是说，每个领袖都领导着一群下属领袖（subordinate managers)而自己本身则又须向上级负责。
如此层层负责，一直向上达到主席。
要明了这个结构的详细关系，我们必须先弄清楚各个职位的内容，还有各个职位彼此之间的相互关系。
除了正式的编制，许多组织还发现组织内有一些非正式的结构，一种纯属人际关系而形成的小团体，常常与正式的组织发生冲突。
好的领袖应当知道这些团体如何形成，与正式的组织组织关系又如何；他必须了解这些团体对组织政策的影响有多大。
对应用组织架构的观点来说，能对管理工作产生最大效益的，莫过於“分权制”（delegation）。
这就是说，领袖的许多工作和职权，可以授给下属。
当然，领袖仍须对整个单位的成败负责。
但假如领袖懂得如何有效授权，则单位达到目标的机会当然就更大。
应注意的事项：为了让组织成功，整个组织必须以“目标为导向”（results oriented）做为建立架构的基础。
组织的目标必须明确且实际可行，整个管理工作也必须以达成组织的目标而进76 | 大专佛青领导与管理手册行。
组织的架构完全依照所要达成的结果来设计，每个职位是专为达成某个目的而设，然后再找寻最适当的人选来执行职务。
由於组织架构是组织能否完成目标的主要因素，因而此项工作必须极审慎、极理性地配合整个组织的需要。
在进行这项工作的时候，有几个步骤必须特别注意：第一个步骤是要仔细分析所能获得的资源；人、物、财等。
这些分析必须同时注意外在和内在的因素，看哪些对组织的目标有益，哪些则有害等。
第二个步骤是要回答下面这个问题：“从我们的需求来看，什么是组织合理的、正当的、可行的长程目标和短程目标？”在定下目标之后，就要准备开始第三个步骤；组织的架构，以期达成组织的目标。
这又须回答以下几个问题：为达到组织的目标，有那些重要的绩效项目（result areas）必须特别注意？这些项目主要靠哪些作用才能达到目标？（这问题的答案可做为组织架构的重要参考。
）这些工作项目可以真正达到目标？（假如这个目标没有说明清楚，则执行工作的组织成员充其量只是参与活动而已，很难达成什么预期目标。
） 在这些工作项目里，什么是主要绩效项目？（亦即须花费许多时间和精神以达到所要的目标。
）在这些主要的功能中，主要靠哪些职务以达成组织的目标？（这问题的答案也可做为组织架构的参考。
）这些职务，如何能建立在“以目标为导向”的组织架构里？（现今，有许多职务并不能执行组织所要达成的目标，因为这些职务是“以工作为导向”，而不是“以结果为导向”。
许多管理人只知道这些职务要做些什么，却并不清楚这些工作所要达到的真正效果。
为了制造一个“以目标为导向”的工作环境，每个职务都应加以编制，使管理人能够很清楚地了解这些职务所要达成的目的。
因此，每份工作都要有绩效标准，以衡量工作人员的表现是否令人满意。
）为了确实能达到组织的目标，还需要有哪些后援功能作用（back up functions)？这些后援功能需要达到什么绩效？有哪些重要活动？有什么职务？如何把这些职务加以编制，使其能达到所预期的结果？如何指派职务，才能达到“以目标为导向”的效果？（我们在指派职务的时候，通常只告诉工作人员要做些什么，要怎么做等等。
但这么一来，就陷入“以工作为导向”的景况。
工作人员一定要明了组织所定的目标，一定要知道什么是所要达到的效果，如此才能真正完成组织的目标。
）在“主要绩效”与“重要活动”的范围里，应该如何建立起有效的监督和资讯系统，以帮助组织成员达到组织的目标？（如果你不能好好回答这个问题，很可能会使我们用心设计好的计划一败涂地。
设计所要达到的效果是一回事，监督好使你能达到这个效果又是一回事。
故好的计划应包括资讯供应与系统监督，以确定整个工作是朝著目标进行。
）有哪些相关活动可以并入各单位，并且在相同的监督系统下运作？（每个活动及组织成员所应担负的职责，都应详细说明清楚。
组织的资源（包括人、物、财源等）也应妥善分配，如此工作人员才有可能一步步朝目标迈进。
） 那一个人最有资格可以担任分派职务的工作？（分派职务的时候，是要用人去适应职位，而不是用职位去顺应人。
假如在职者的资历并非良好，就要安排训练以求改善，或是另外找寻更适合的人来取代。
分派职务的领导人应有足够的权力以尽其职责。
他要让每位组织成员明了工作的要求和内容，并与组织成员建立起良好关系以培养团队精神。
如此，管理人员方能把组织的目标化为具体的计划，然后付诸实行。
）三、引导组织的结构本身只是一个骨架，还必须有人的作为来赋予它生命。
好的引导始於组织内的人事选择，也就是如何选择适当的人来执行各种职位所应担任的功能。
人的管理也倚赖这些人。
要想“人尽其才”，必须先仔细分析这个职位需要具什么条件的人才来78 | 大专佛青领导与管理手册担任，如此，接下来才能去发掘人选，然后加以训练之后，还必须经常不断引导他们工作，激发他们的士气，使他们能把自己的长处完全发挥出来。
好的引导必须有好的沟通。
一名领导人或说是领袖，现在能够把自己的观念、指示、态度和目标，与组织成员，并知道对方是否真正接收到这些讯息。
领袖也必须对下属的思想、感觉、希望或怨忿等情绪有所警觉。
能够直接与组织成员接触的领袖，通常是团队成功的关键。
他们的管理风格可以由其单位的整个环境、气氛，显示出来。
据研究，好的领导与高素质的活动有密不可分的关系。
行为科学的研究，也显示领导和组织成员士气的关系。
懂得行为科学法则，并能将之应用在工作上的领袖，往往是好的领袖。
要管理别人，须先了解人。
心理学家在这方面可给我们很大的帮助。
我们也要正视纪律和其它组织成员问题。
领袖可以预先防患某些事情发生，但人必竟是人，总有一些不能克服的弱点，这便造成了管理上的许多问题。
当这些问题一再发生的时候，领袖就应该去找出原因，并在不违反组织目标的原则下，想出令人满意的解决方法。
应注意的事项：领袖所选择的领导型态，要能与自己的管理哲学及个性相吻合。
无论在任何情况之下，领袖都要随时注意到组织成员的心理及与组织成员保持良好的关系。
领导者应在领导过程中注意以下的事项：重视组织成员为一个个体：每个人都喜欢别人认定自己独有的特质。
好的领袖会去了解他的组织成员，了解他们喜欢什么，不喜欢什么。
领袖若能对自己的组织成员保持一份诚挚的兴趣，则已向好领导人的方向踏出了正确的第一步。
要支持你的组织成员。
领导层要全力支持组织成员去做好工作，要让组织成员知道，只要他们需要，领袖层永远会协助他们。
让组织成员有工作的目标：组织里的每一个人都应该明白这个组织的目标。
仅只知道自己工作的小目标并不够，还得知道所有的小目标是如何汇集在一起，然后形成整个组织的大目标。
这可由组织的公告、小册、集会、或个人的直接沟通而获得。
领导人必须组织成员了解他们所欲达成的目标是什么，而他们目前所进行的情况又是如何。
要强调想采取的行动，凡事强调正面：与其不断提醒组织成员什么地方没有做好，不如赞许他们已做好的成就。
归属感：人若对某个团体有了归属感；即成为某团体（尤其是有效率的成功团体）的一份子，会觉得更快乐，更愿意合作，做起事来也更有效率。
根据人类行为科学的实验显示：假如一个人对某团体认同，则不但团体获利，个人亦会变得更快乐、工作也更认真。
让组织成员以工作为荣：大部份的人都极愿改善自己的环境，并努力去达成这个目标。
好的领袖会让组织成员以自己的工作为荣，因为这会使他们更努力、也表现得更好。
假如人没有了这种感觉，那么，工作对他们只不过是一些毫无意义的动作，不会使他们产生责任感。
领导人要能协助组织成员建立起这种“以工作为荣”的信念，以下是几个要点：以自己身为领袖为荣。
要让组织及自己单位的成就，给组织成员留下深刻印象。
让组织成员了解：他们的工作对完成组织的目标极为重要。
随时让组织成员觉得：他们现在正在做的工作，是最重要、最有价值的事。
言行要前后一致，言行不一致的领袖，会让组织成员产生不安全感。
当然，环境会改变，因此行为的方式有时也必须跟著改变，以符合实际需要。
假如遇到有些状况不得不改变的时候，领袖必须让组织成员了解改变的理由及改变的情形。