1 Thesis Proposal
Thesis Proposal
Author Prominent: simple past tense/ present perfect;
to which the answer is unknown, and which you will explore in your research. 2. Main point or argument regarding the thesis topic; Thesis Statement The answer to the research question is the thesis statement
Outline and Work Plan (Schedule)
An outline reflects logical thinking and correct classification;
To summarize schematically; To provide a visual and conceptual design of the writing.
The action of proposing a plan or suggestion;
An offer of marriage
Thesis Proposal
Purpose ➢To gain the approval of the expert review
committee; ➢To refine ideas, methodology of dissertation based
Thesisproposal
Research and Thesis writing2. Developing a research proposalIn the life of a research student there are several milestones such asdefending your research proposal, or submitting the thesis. This unit isconcerned with one of the earliest milestones in thesis writing:developing a research proposal. While not all research students arerequired to formally submit a research proposal and defend it before apanel, the suggestions made in this unit still have relevance forundergraduate Honours students, as well as Masters and doctoralstudents starting out on research.Developing a topicThe task of establishing a suitable topic is often a significant hurdle.While supervisors in some departments may suggest topics, othersupervisors expect students to have quite a clear idea of the thesis topicbefore the preliminary supervision discussions take place.For students who have had a break from university studies, establishinga broad topic area or even a potential topic is a process that should beginbefore you enroll. It involves reading in your area of research interest,thinking, discussing and, attending related seminars or conferences.These activities encourage contemplation, and can assist in fosteringideas. For students who know the general topic area they wish toresearch, reading widely in the area of interest will help to identifyresearch issues, or questions that need further investigation. The processof developing a topic is ultimately one of establishing a gap in currentresearch that a thesis could aim to address.If you have made an appointment with an academic to discuss researchtopics, keep in mind that the discussion will be most fruitful if you areprepared. The academic will most likely ask you about your researchinterests, particular aspects of those research interests, your familiaritywith the literature, and so on. It may be helpful to give the academic anoutline of your research interests before your meeting. The academic isunlikely to give you a topic,but through discussion can help you to comeup with your own. Furthermore, discussions with the academic shouldassist you in refining an existing topic, or to establish a research space inthe current research in the field.Once you are closer to establishing your topic, you need to address anumber of issues to make sure your intended topic is suitable. Thisprocess may lead you to further refine your topic, but hopefully notabandon it. It is important that early in your candidature the followingissues are addressed.1. Research modelsand methods4. Thesis writingand persuasion4.3.2 Sample Introductionfrom Engineering, Biology&Education3.1 Sample Abstract fromEngineering &Biology3.6 Sample Conclusion fromEngineering &Education3.3 Sample Methods sectionfrom Biology, Engineering&Education3.4 Sample Results sectionfrom Biology & Education3.5 Sample Discussion sectionfrom BiologyThe process of selecting a supervisor is a significant hurdle in itself. While some departments may allocate you a supervisor, it is very helpful if you have in mind the person you think would be most suitable.Departments are keen to attract research students, so it is worth your while to make appointments, and speak to various people about supervision. Remember too when looking for a supervisor, to consider questions of availability, expertise, and personality.•dataIf your project involves collecting data from human participants, you must be sure at the outset that you will be able to establish your cohort and have the participation of enough subjects to carry out the study. Your supervisor will guide you in preparing an application to the University’s Human Research Ethics Committee. The Ethics Officer at the University’s Research Office can advise you when the Ethics Committee meets to discuss applications. This is generally on a monthly basis. Application forms are available at the Research Office or can be downloaded from the University’s web site.•level of interest and commitmentAn important question is whether your topic can sustain your interest for a long period. For full-time doctoral students this means approximately three years. Your should find your topic challenging and exciting. •budgetBudgetary considerations are important for students who generally have limited access to funds. What equipment do you need for your study? Is it available in your department? What facilities are available for research students in your department (shared computers? a desk? access to a photocopier? limited access to interlibrary loans? etc. ). Will you need to travel to carry out field studies? These are some of the questions you should consider, and your supervisor may be able to offer advice on additional funding sources.At the University of Wollongong post graduate research students can apply to the Office of Research for financial assistance to attend a national or international conference, at which the student is presenting a paper. Students are only entitled to this assistance once in their candidature. Departments also receive funding for their post graduate research students. Some departments make these funds directly available to the student. You should ask your department’s post graduate officer if any financial assistance is available.Finally, an important consideration in developing your topic is whether your chosen topic is a significant one. For PhD candidates, their research is required to make an original contribution to their field of study. For this reason it is necessary to establish a gap or space in the field of enquiry which your research will seek to fill.Another consideration for research students is will fellow researchers find the chosen topic interesting and relevant? While this is a difficult question to gauge for a beginning researcher, a well chosen topic can result in attracting the interest of other researchers, or relevant parties — an outcome which will make your candidature as a research student more enjoyable and hopefully fruitful.e a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n S e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c eSome faculties require students to submit a research proposal before they can begin their research project. Expectations differ from department to department: some departments require only several pages, while others expect a more substantial piece of work, which will later form the basis of your introductory chapter. Check with your department or supervisor for any departmental guidelines for research students.The main components of a research proposal or project plan are as follows: a brief literature review that highlights the gap in research that your research aims to address, the scope of your research, aims and objectives, proposed methodology,data analysis and implications of the research. Preparing a research proposal forces you to consider project design issues early on, and to think through potential problems. Presenting your research proposal to department or faculty members is a valuable opportunity for you to receive constructive feedback on your project from experienced researchers.Structure of the research proposalDepending on the scope of your research proposal, not all of the following need be included in your proposal. It is also possible to combine some sections, or change the order. The development of your research proposal will be in consultation with your supervisor.1.Title page : this should include the title of your project; your name and student number; your department or faculty; the name of the degree sought; the names of your supervisors, and the date of submission.2.Abstract : this should include the problem under investigation; the research methodology and theoretical orientation; and the expected outcomes and implications of the research.3.Table of contents : the inclusion of a table of contents will depend on the scope of your research proposal.4.Introduction : depending on the scope of your proposal, the introduction will contain a number of sub-sections. •background to the study•the significance of the study/ aims and significance of the study •the statement of the problem •research questions and hypotheses •definitions5.Literature review : the literature review provides the rationale for your research topic. It should give an overview of the current research on the topic area. It should identify a gap in the research. This is important because it shows why your topic is important. The literature review should also review relevant methodologies, which show how your research is to be done.6.Research design/ methodology : this section will include a number of sub-sections. It should describe the type of study you propose to do as well as how you propose to do it. You need to describe your participants/subjects, your data collection procedure and method of data analysis, as well as the limitations of your project.e a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n S e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c ee a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c ee a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c ee a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c eThe next units in this module on thesis writing focusses on the structure of a thesis,and includes annotated extracts from several disciplines.ReferencesAnderson, J. & Poole, M. (1994). Thesis and Assignment Writing (2nd ed.) John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.Graduate School of Education, University of Wollongong (1997). Notes for the Guidance of Research Students.e a r n i n g d e v e l o p m e n tS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e su n i v e r s i t y o f w o l l o n g o n gS e l f d i r e c t e d l e a r n i n g r e s o u r c e s i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦ L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e ✦L e a r n i n g R e s o u r c e。
ThesisProposal开题报告
Structure of a thesis proposal
• Title page • Abstract • Table of contents • Introduction • Thesis statement • Approach/methods • Preliminary results and discussion • Work plan including time table • Implications of research • List of references
What counts as 'literature'?
everything relevant that is written on a topic: books, journal articles, newspaper articles,
historical records, government reports, thesis and dissertations, etc. The important word is 'relevant'.
On Cultural Differences in Relationship Marketing (significance)
The theory of relationship marketing is introduced into China in 90s. Chinese relationship marketing features stand out under the great impact of Chinese culture after almost 20 years’ development. Culture as the external factor of marketing plays a dramatically intensive role in the multinational corporation activities nowadays. Confucius understanding of relationship has both similarity and differences with that of the West. It is importante to investigate why the original theory turns different and how the relationship marketing in Chinese context emerges. Therefore, it is essential and necessary to make further study in this field.
thesis proposal
thesis proposalTitle:The Comparison of the Corpse in Chinese Culture and the Vampire in American CultureIntroduction:Among the college students, the images of vampire are more and more popular.Most of them want to watch the TV programs such as Vampire Dairy, TheTwilight Saga and so on.In these programs,the images of them are different:every one of them is handsome,most of them is kind and many of them can keep friends with the human kind.In China,the similar things is in the mind of people,but some of the characters are paring with the Vampire,the ghost is also the status that is dead.However,the influence of the two kind of things is distinguished.So the comparison is important.The origin of the vampire is blood and people's respect and fear of blood.For one thing,they think the blood is symbol of spirit and life;for the another thing,they think the blood is symbol of suffering and misfortune.It is said that "I said to Israelite children that you can not drink the blood of things a live because it is their life.Or you will come in for punishment.“（Mosaic law，The Old Testament, Leviticus ) The image of vampire is handsome or beautiful.They look like human kind and they are divided into bad or good kinds just like people.They can live like people and cooperate with people.Tim Collins, Vampire Dailies. Stephenie Meyer, TheTwilight SagaThe origin of the corpse is the blood."ghost walks one kilometers and the blood can cover one hectare of the erath."(epic,Huainan Heng Mountain biography)The image of the ghost looks fierce and can be easily distinguished from human kind.Few of them is kind.Problem Statement:We can always see the corpse in China is ugly,ferocious and they are different with people .So they can be easily seen in crowd. However,the vampire is always handsome or beautiful ,kind and they look like the people.So we can not distinguish from the crowd.According to comparing the corpse in Chinese culture and the vampire in American culture, we can know the similarities and differences between them.Significance:The purpose of this research is to find the reason why the corpse in Chinese culture and the vampire in American culture are different in artistic works:literature and TV programs.Methodology:Sample:the literature and the TV programs which include the Chinese corpse and American vampire.Research Design:Consulting the data and watching TV programs about corpses and vampires are necessary.Then writing down the important information and concludingthe information are basis.Finally,finding the similarity and difference and analysing the reasons are needed.Data Collection:Outcome and raw data will be collected from published studies and the popular TVS to compare the characters and analyse the reasons.Data Analysis:Descriptive and parametric statistics will be calculated and sumarized.Analysing the images of corpse and the feeling of them and analysing the images of vampire and the feeling of them to find the difference in culture.Layout:Thesis Statement:Comparing the corpse in Chinese culture and the vampire in American culture based on the literature and the TVS to find the similarities and the differences and the reasons.I. The similaritiesA. The sourceThey are status after people's deathB. People's attitudeMost people hate them and be scared of themC. The enemyBoth of them have enemies.D. The defectThey have natural defect---be scared of sunshine.II. The differencesA. The religion1. The corpse is from Taoists2. The vampire is from ChristianityB. The image1. The corpse is ugly,ferocious and strange2. The vampire is beautiful or handsome,kind and like peopleC. The feeling1. The corpse is hated by human and scares people.2. The vampire is popular and accepted by some people.D. The types of their enemy1. The type of corpse's enemy is human kind.2.the type of vampire's enemy is inhuman---it is werewolf.III. The reasonConclusion: according to analysing the images of the corpse and the vampire in literature and the TVS, we can find the similarities ,the differences and the reasons.References:Mosaic law，The Old Testament, LeviticusTim Collins, Vampire Dailies.Stephenie Meyer, TheTwilight Sagathe Holy Bibleepic,Huainan Heng Mountain biography徐华龙《中国鬼文化》《中国鬼文化百科全书》李跃峰著《吸血鬼文化为什么植根于西方文化如此之深》，河南：焦作师范高等专科学校初等教育学院，2011。
Chapter 3 Writing Thesis Proposal and Literature Review
1) By providing the supervisor with convincing proof to make him believe that the topic you choose is new and worth researching; 2) By reviewing and commenting the relevant theories and the existing research achievements to display that you have had a good understanding of the topic and you may finish the research work better;
Besides, literature review can help the researcher to renew the knowledge effectively. The researcher can have a comparatively complete, systematic and clear knowledge about the history, significance, situation, etc. of the particular topic.
4) The research steps (研究步骤及进展)。研 究步骤及进展是指整个研究在时间、及顺序上 的安排。在开题报告中要说明内容与时间的分 段。对每一段的起止时间、相应的研究内容及 成果要有明确的规定，阶段之间不能间断。对 指导教师在任务书中规定的时间，学生在开题 报告中应给予响应。
5) References (Works Cited) (参考文献)。这 部分应列出引证过的参考文献，以便指导教师 了解自己是否选用了与研究问题相关的重要文 献，证明自己选题是有理论依据、有资料保证 的。所列的参考文献要有一定的分量，要选出 具有代表性的文章和著作。参考文献著录格式 参见学校论文格式要求参考文献部分。
开题报告英语怎么说
开题报告英语怎么说开题报告英语怎么说在大学学习的过程中，开题报告是一个非常重要的环节。
开题报告是指学生在进行毕业论文或研究项目前，向导师和评审委员会汇报研究计划的一种形式。
那么，在英语中，我们应该如何表达"开题报告"呢？首先，我们可以使用"thesis proposal"来表示"开题报告"。
"Thesis"指的是毕业论文，"proposal"则是提议或计划的意思。
因此，"thesis proposal"可以理解为毕业论文的计划或提议。
这个词组在学术界非常常用，用来描述学生在论文开始之前向导师提出的研究计划。
此外，我们还可以使用"research proposal"来表示"开题报告"。
"Research"意为研究，"proposal"则是提议或计划。
因此，"research proposal"可以理解为研究计划的提议。
与"thesis proposal"相似，"research proposal"也是学术界常用的术语，用来描述学生在开始研究项目之前向导师提出的计划。
除了以上两种常用的表达方式，我们还可以使用"project proposal"来表示"开题报告"。
"Project"意为项目，"proposal"则是提议或计划。
因此，"project proposal"可以理解为项目计划的提议。
这个词组更加广泛，不仅可以用于学术界，还可以用于商业、科研等领域，表示对一个项目的计划和提议。
在开题报告中，我们通常需要介绍研究的背景、目的、方法和预期结果等内容。
1.4Thesis_proposal_example for shanghai tang
Chen HongjiaMANAGING A MULTICULTURAL WORKFORCEBusiness Economics and Tourism2013CONTENTS1 INNTRODUCTIO (2)2 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVES (3)3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (5)4 RESEARCH METHODS (7)5 TIMETABLE (8)REFERENCES (9)1 INTRODUCTIONThe global luxury market totaled $217 billion with a breakthrough in 2013. Meanwhile, Chinese luxury consumption has reached $102 billion in total, which means that the Chinese bought 47% of the world's luxury goods and China became the world's largest luxury consumption country. With the rapid development of China’s economy and the increase of the national consumption level, international luxury brands are an expanding business in China. So far, almost all of the world's top luxury brands have flagship stores in China.However, Chinese domestic luxury brands are rare, and are mostly limited to furniture, clothing, tea and other traditional Chinese industries. Since domestic luxury enterprises lack independent innovation capacity, the historical accumulation and the cultural connotation, Chinese domestic luxury brands are facing some development problems.This thesis analyzes the features of luxury products and the background of China's luxury market based on the idea of developing Chinese own domestic luxury brands. The main methodology of this thesis is the quantitative method, carried out by analyzing 210 questionnaire responses. Meanwhile, two marketing analysis measures are applied, which include SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and the 4Ps-marketing-theory (Products, Place, Price, and Promotion). Through analyzing the case company Shanghai tang, some related marketing mix strategies are given.In conclusion, for Chinese domestic luxury brands, the most significant steps are to raise brand awareness and expand luxury market into Chinese second and third-tier cities. At the same time, personalized services should not be ignored.2 RESEARCH PROBLEM AND OBJECTIVESResearch problem means simply the aim of the research. In other words, research problem defines the fact that we want to find out when the research is over. This thesis analyzes the features of luxury products and the background of China's luxury market, creating an idea about developing Chinese own domestic luxury brands. One of the most famous Chinese companies, Shanghai tang, is chosen as the case company. The company is the leader within the Chinese traditional white wine industry. According to the analysis of internal and external conditions of Shanghai tang and its consumers’ attitudes, this thesis provides some marketing mix strategies about how to create a luxury brand. In conclusion, the main purpose of this thesis is to give some marketing strategy references to the Chinese domestic enterprises who want to enter Chinese luxury market and even global luxury market.The methodology used in this thesis is the quantitative method. Two marketing analysis measures, SWOT analysis and 4Ps-marketing-theory, are also applied in order to study case company. At first, a questionnaire is applied to investigate the Shanghai tang’s consumers’ psychology and purchase behaviors.After the customer research, the SWOT method contributes to the analysis of Shanghai tang’s internal and external environment. Following the four features Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, the enterprise could find out the development orientation for the next stage. 4Ps theory is also used to project the marketing mix strategies in this case. These four dimensions, (Products, Place, Price, and Promotion), contain almost all marketing mix factors and offer comprehensive analysis point of view for Shanghai tang to build luxury brand. As background and in the theoretical part, there are some questions that will be answered in this thesis:1. What is the current situation of the global and Chinese luxury market?2. What is the current situation of the Chinese domestic luxury brand?In the empirical study part, the main questions are shown below:1. What are the internal and external conditions of Shanghai tang enterprise?2. What is consumers’ psychology and attitude to Shanghai tang and luxury products?3. What kind of marketing mix strategy could be used to build a luxury brand in the case of Shanghai tang?3 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREWord “Luxury”is from Latin word “Luxuria”which represents the surplus and the superfluous object in daily life. (Danziger, 2005)The rationale for luxury was given by Adam Smith (1776) who defined the essential necessity in daily life and also categorized luxury products as goods excepting necessities. Meanwhile he approved luxury was driven by social wealth accumulation. Virtually, the history of luxury could track back to the earliest human society.When ancient human were aware of the fate of death, everyone was eager to bury with their most precious object. However, in the organized society, only upper group could accompany with ―luxury‖ such as weapons, jewelries even horses, which represent the power of leading class. (Kapferer & Bastien, 2009)Luxuries derive from daily life such as car, clothing, entertainment etc. However, it has changed from a negative notion, damaging the public virtue, to an essential promotion of consumption. According to analyzing the historical opinion to luxury and political science, luxury also is one of the symbols of social classes and social status. (Berry, 1994; Tsai, 2005; Vickers & Franck, 2003)Danzier also defines luxury products in the perspective of consumer applied psychology as that luxury is relative to consumers’ desire, wishes and fantasies rather than the physical products. This consumption needs sometimes is superfluous but an intense desire. (Danziger, 2005)According to Ye Hongmei’s "Problem of Luxury Consumption in China and The Strategy of Development ", It is said that there is rare Chinese local luxury brands in market. As we known, most of western luxury brands have long history and unique brand cultures, both what are Chinese brands most lack of. As a consequence, customers’ loyalty to Chinese brands is weak. Ye also gave some suggestions to develop Chinese domestic luxury brands. The first stage is to understand the local market deeply, and then realize own weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats. Besides, it is significant to grasp relevant nationalpolicies and to seize the development opportunities in order to boom the Chinese luxury market and insert some culture connotation to local luxury brands. Of course, a successful brand is also inseparable from the mature marketing strategies and the professional management skills (Ye, 2012)According to Wang Fei’s "Chinese Luxury Market Analysis and Strategies", it is said that China's national conditions and the characteristics of local consumers should be considered when making development strategies of luxury brands in the Chinese market. The special marketing strategies include packaging luxury into gifts to meet the "gift" culture of China. It is also crucial to raise public awareness of brands, which cater to Chinese consumers’psychology of parading through luxury products. According to Wang’s research, most of luxury customers are young and in middle social class of china who contribute more to the luxury market than wealthy class. As a result, grasping their needs and tastes is a significant stage. In addition, one vital strategy is to expand the luxury goods market to Chinese second and third-tier cities with perfect sale channels rather than only develop on big cities. (Wang, 2014)4 RESEARCH METHODSThis thesis use quantitative method and questionnaire.5 TIMETABLEThe timetable for writing the final thesis is based on the assumption that graduation will be in December 2013. The estimated timetable is shown in the table below.REFERENCESAsia News Monitor. 2014. China's Economy Keeps 7.7 Percent Growth in 2013. Thai News Service Group. ThailandChina’s National Bureau of Statistics. 2014. China Full-year Macroeconomic Data of 2013. China Economy Website. Accessed on 15.04.2014./ztpd/xwzt/guonei/2014/jjsj/Guan Ying. 2013. Chinese Native Luxury Brand Creation and Brand Marketing. Economy and Management, Vol. 6, 76-78Millwardbrown. 2013. Top 100 Global Brands. Accessed on 05.04.2014.https:///BrandZ/Top_100_Global_Brands/Categories/consumer_and_retail/Luxury.aspx.Tullberg Sten-Ove, Chambris Emrick. 2008. The Luxury Goods Market in China: Myth or Reality?。
how to write a thesis proposal
• it results in a new or improved concept, theory or model.
1
Thesis Proposals
The following sections are recommended for your thesis proposal report. Check with your supervisors for optional sections, variations and additional sections that may be required.
The aim of the thesis proposal is to convince your school that:
• There is a need for the research; it is significant and important.
• You are contributing something original to the field.
What major omissions, gaps or neglected emphases can be identified?
2
Theoretical Orientation
Your aim here is to state your basic ideas on the topic.
First, state the various theoretical approaches taken in your topic. Which one do you propose to use in your research and why? Where, tentatively do you stand on the topic?
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本proposal should make a convincing scholarly case that the project is rigorous and innovative in theory and conception, methodology and material content, an d that it can produce new, relevant and independently verifiable insights.The proposal outline format also provides the main structure for the final thesis essay.Introduction: Win the Reader’s AttentionEvery proposal should provide clear, explicit answers to three questions:What are we going to learn from the proposed project that we currently do not know?Why is it worth knowing?On what basis can we evaluate the validity of the conclusions?Say what you have to say directly, firmly and concisely. Grab the reader’s at tention in the opening paragraphs. Here you should overstate, rather than unde rstate, your question or position. You can introduce qualifications later.One approach is to begin with a clearly posed question: "Has the discourse of development achieved its ends?" "Is anthropology the agent of imperialism?" "W hat contributions has anthropology made in the quest for world peace?" Do not pose rhetorical questions, but concrete issues whose answers can be determined , while they are not immediately apparent.Alternately, state your central point, hypothesis, or interpretation directly: "Cultural differences do not kill people, only people kill people." "Development has done wonders for the remaining food-foraging peoples of the planet." " The study of popular music reveals the unspoken cultural precepts of the socie ty that produces and consumes it."Of course, not every project is reducible to such brief propositions. It may be necessary to lay out a logical, sequential argument to define the core quest ion. However, if yours is a more complex argument, be certain to project a clear and explicit message that will make yours stand out from other proposals.Writing Style: Strive for Clarity and GraceYour proposal should offer a clear exposition of anthropology’s resea rch fron tiers, not a tedious litany of its duller dimensions. Avoid pretentious jargon, and if technical language is called for, use only those new words and techni cal terms that have no equivalents in everyday language. Likewise, focus on th e ideas, not the details. Argue the concepts and tendencies in your area of co ncentration, not the descriptive fine points. Keep the main text as streamlined as possible.Poor writing kills the best of ideas. Use a style manual in all your writing.One excellent writing reference (available online) is Strunk and White's The E lements of Style. This and other resources are accessible from the jump page, Anthropology Resources on the Internet, reached from a link on the Hartwick An thropology Department Home Page.Theoretical Concerns: Establish the Proposal ContextYour proposal should not be a tired exercise in the obvious. It should state w hat new knowledge the project will produce. Summarize precisely and succinctly the current state of knowledge, and provide a current, comprehensive bibliogr aphy. You do not need to provide a review of "the literature," but offer a clearly focused view of the specific body of knowledge to which you will add. The bibliography provides a measure of your seriousness, and its comprehensivenes s will reflect upon your proposal's evaluation. A good bibliography indicates thorough preparation to ensure that your project will enhance the work of othe rs, not duplicate it.Avoid excessive discussion, especially in the Abstract and Introduction, of the general theoretical problem. Concentrate more on discussing specifically how you will carry out the research and analysis (see methodology discussion belo w).In the early stages of proposal writing, the Hartwick library professionals can help you identify and access the many print and electronic resources relevan t to your project. Begin with the Library of Congress Subject Headings to iden tify the keywords that will be essential to efficient, effective bibliographic research. Consult such resource guides as Dissertation Abstracts Internationa l, the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Sciences Index, and the S ocial Science Periodical Index, and other online periodical search engines. The Annual Review of Anthropology is an important venue for state-of-the-art dis cussions and extensive bibliographies, as are such area-studies guides as the Handbook of Latin American Studies (available on line) and the International A frican Bibliography. Also consider online databases such as CARL and ERIC. In the early stages, I will ask that you identify the research resources you have utilized. You will avoid frustration and save valuable research time by consu lting such resources at the outset.What Is the Core Objective?The statement that "it has not been studied" may be a sufficient argument. Ind eed, generally, the less known about one’s chosen topic, the more compelling the proposal. Whatever you choose, aim to convince the reader that your topic is not only timely, but also that its results will elucidate enduring human pr oblems.Explicit theoretical interest is always important. Your theoretical frame should situate the question in terms of its relevance to controversial theoretical arguments. How does your problem inform the main theoretical debates in anthr opology? How does your approach test accepted ideas or offer new ones? To be e ffective, your proposal should demonstrate awareness of competing viewpoints and argue your position by addressing anthropological theory broadly, while not ing alternative tendencies.Conceptual Issues: Develop an Innovative ApproachEnigmas and seeming contradictions can be powerfully persuasive. "Beginning in the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement promised to remake racial relations in the Jim Crow south, but several decades later, identity politics is more contro versial issue than ever in popular cultural discourse throughout the nation." "After World War II, social scientists worried that widespread migration to urban centers would undermine rural life. Indeed, the effects can be seen in many parts of the country, but today, aided by modern computer and communications technology, a new urban-to-rural migration trend is simultaneously underway."Cautionary note: Unless you have something original to add, you may want to av oid topics "of central interest to anthropology." Usually these are subjects about which many are writing, in response to the definitive contribution of a true innovator. By the time you write your proposal, do the research, and sit d own to write, you might wish you were working on something else. So if your in terests lead you to a relatively unexplored problem, one "not of current and c entral interest to anthropology," consider pursuing it.Outline Your MethodologyRegarding methodological efficacy, the proposal must specify your research str ategy and how you will interpret the results vis-à-vis your central problem.Do not just state your goal; tell how you will go about it. A methodology goes beyond simply listing research tasks to asserting why these tasks constitutethe best approach to the problem. A simple listing of tasks does not necessarily mean that they comprise the best or most expedient approach.Some common expressions do not specify tangible research strategies. For examp le, "I will look at the relation between x and y" is uninformative. "Looking at" a relation between variables can only be done indirectly, by digging through archives, interviewing, observing and taking standardized notes, collecting data, analyzing patterns and the like. How will you highlight the relationshipof underlying forces intrinsic to the mass of data? You should outline the pr ocess of gathering data and interpreting it as specifically as you can. What a ctivities will you pursue to collect data, what techniques will you use to analyze it, and how will you test the validity of your conclusions? Do not leavethe reader wondering what you actually will do. Specify the sources, the respo ndents, and the proposed techniques of data collection and analysis.Proposals that engage a powerful current issue (identity, gender, ethnicity, r ace, nationalism, hegemony, cultural resistance, relations of states and indig enous people) often follow a predictably weak line of reasoning. They begin by discussing various theoretical formulations of the issue. Then they offer a v ague laundry list of research methods, hinting that the project will apply the "appropriate" methodology in the field. The proposal ends by asserting a rather slack and generalized connection between B and A. Try to avoid this dead en d.In contrast, a comparative research design has particular appeal. In some ways all research is comparative because it must employ some implicit or explicit point of reference. Make the comparison explicit to enhance its value as an av enue of scientific inquiry. In comparative proposals, the evaluator asks whether the similarities and differences between the chosen cases elucidate the central question, and whether the author is capable of executing both sides of the comparison.Summary: Restate and Specify Your ObjectivesAn effective proposal usually ends by re-invoking the original thesis. How will research and its results finally illuminate the central question? How will you demonstrate the validity of your original idea? You must convince the reade r that there is something clearly at stake in the study, that does not have a preconceived conclusion, and that your exploration of the unknown will yield e ngaging, systematic propositions.Proposals should normally describe the project’s final product in terms of au dience. If you have specific plans, spell them out, because specifying the kind of audience you intend to address will specify for the reader features of the proposal that may otherwise seem peculiar or serendipitous.Keep the preceding guidelines in mind throughout the preparation of your propo sal, and be certain to specifically address the questions outlined in all of the preceding sections. To write a good proposal takes time. Start early. Begin exploring topic possibilities immediately. From the outset, collect references and enter them into a working bibliography as you work on other tasks. Write a first draft by the due date (see below), revise it, and show it to other an thropology faculty and your fellow students. Put it aside, collect others’ co mments and revise it again. You also will have a chance to share it in a class presentation at semester's end. The high level of classroom debate also should help to refine the proposal as you look ahead to the thesis itself. If possible, plan on writing the first draft of the thesis itself during January Term. Proposal Outline FormatAbstract:In one or two crisply written paragraphs, provide an engaging resumeof the proposal.Introduction:Set the context for your proposed project and capture the reader's interest.Theoretical Issues & Literature Review:A statement of the general theoreticalproblem, with supporting bibliographic references indicating a grasp of the s ubject, and the conceptual ability to carry out the proposal.Key Question(s): These should be capable of being answered, with answers that are not obvious.Methodology:A specific, detailed indication of how you will go about assessing the key questions, and why the proposed methodology constitutes the best way to pursue the study objectives.[size=-2][size=-2][size=-2]Conclusions & Implications of Research:What new knowledge will the proposed project produce that we do not already know? Why is it worth knowing? How will you evaluate and ensure the validity of the conclusions?Proposal Summary:A restatement and specification of your objectives.Bibliography:Follow the format of American Anthropologist or American Ethnologist.样本一Background:When designing and choosing a CBE, sales organization and customers use a SWEP developed program (SSP) to choose the most efficient exchanger for their appl ication. The thermodynamic and transport properties in this program for e.g. a refrigerant are calculated by mean of polynomial equation obtained by regression analysis as a function of the temperature. In the vapour region the equations are also corrected for some properties that depend strongly on the pressure. Even though this method works satisfactory below the critical pressure, ithas shown divergence when calculating over the critical point.Description of thesis work The thermodynamic and transport properties of a two-phase fluid that are calculated are:• Viscosity• Heat capacity• Thermal conductivity• Density• Late nt heat or enthalpyAlso the saturation curve is obtained by regression where the bubble- and dew- point temperatures are calculated as a function of the pressure (The pressureis calculated backwards in an iterative manner).The difficulties of calculating correct properties in the super- critical region is a general problem for most fluids in SSP but of immediate interest onlyfor some few fluids of Carbon dioxide (CO₂ is one of those.This thesis project can be divided into three parts:1. Understanding the existing algorithms and make a comparison of calculated p roperties from SSP with table values for some working media including CO₂ ;. This should primary be preformed for saturated and superheated vapour below and above the critical pressure.2. Literature study of other equation of state (EOS) and investigate how theycan be used in calculation algorithms. (Some known EOS are Modified Benedict- Webb- Rubin (MBWR) and the Peng- Robinson- Stryjek- Vera (PRSV), see e.g. NIST REFROP).3. Suggest new equations or algorithms for density, viscosity, thermal conduct ivity and specific heat capacity (CP), Which represent the data with accuracyand consistency through- out the entire range of temperature, pressure and den sity in the saturated and superheated vapor- region.Goal:The goal of this project is to verify the existing polynomial equations against known data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants in the critical region. Then, improve equations should be propose and verified for several refrigerants.Suitable student background:Good knowledge of thermodynamics and refrigerants engineering. Basic knowledge of numerical methods.样本二Title:Application of combustion catalysts in gas turbines: An experimental investiga tion.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology is one of the leading research insti tutes to work on catalytic combustion research leading to gas turbine applicat ions. There are two catalytic combustion research projects currently in progre ss. Projects are in cooperation with the Division of Chemical Technology. Catalytic combustion has received a large attention in the past decades as an alternative to conventional flame combustion for gas turbine applications. Itis possible to combust lean air/fuel mixtures and there by reduce peak tempera ture to about 1400 0C while maintaining complete combustion. The result is tha t almost no thermal-NOx are formed, as well as low level of carbon monoxide an d hydrocarbon can be achieved. Investigations of this combustion phenomenon, u nder realistic turbine operating conditions are an interesting and important e ffort towards eliminating harmful emissions from power generation. Pilot-scale scale test facility with flexibility on fuel and wide range of pressure has c onstructed at HPT lab to carryout investigations of catalytic combustion under desired conditions.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 mont hs.Objective:Give an opportunity for a master student to work with catalytic combustion res earch, most probably tomorrow’s gas turbine combustion technology.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on the state of the art of the catalytic combustion research. During the experimental activity, student will get the po ssibility to work with researches working on catalytic combustion in order to generate experimental data on the emissions and catalytic behavior. Results sh ould be published on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background should be in the field of energy technology/mechanical engineering or chemical engineering. Experience/knowledge on emission measurin g instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems would be an added advan tage.样本三Title:Experimental investigation of the tar composition and concentration on emissions of small-scale gas turbines by combustion of biomass derived low calorific value gas.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology conducts and cooperates with several national and international level research projects on gas turbine combustion.One of current research projects, coordinated within several European partners is to provide customized and cost competitive biomass based IGCC systems. Gasification of biomass and combustion in a gas engine or turbine is the most efficient way of power production. However, for gas turbines tars in the lcv gas are a big problem and can result in fouling, increased emissions failures d uring operation. The focus of this project is on the effect of tars on foulingand emissions of turbines and micro turbines and especially on the interactions between gasifier, gas cleaning and micro turbine.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 months.Objective:Obtain a comprehensive knowledge on biomass gasification, quality of produced gas, post gas treatments and combustion in gas turbine.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on several gasification processes and qua lity of the produced gas on gasification process and the feed of raw materials. During the experimental activity student is expected to work with the other researches working on lcv gas, gas turbine test facility in order to generate experimental data on the emissions of gas turbine when the fuel gas is consists of tars at different compositions and concentrations. Results should be publ ished on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background in the field of energy technology. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems wo uld be an added advantage.样本四Thesis ProposalMajors: English and LatinMinor: Gender StudiesFaculty Advisor: Professor Andrew Levy ??English DepartmentType of Honors: University HonorsTitle of Thesis: Images of Motherhood in Beloved, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and Inci dents in the Life of a Slave GirlThesis:The purpose of my project is to first examine how three texts represent black American slaves, dealing specifically with the impact that slavery had on moth erhood, and to then analyze the differences in the ways that these images are presented in two distinctly different time periods. I will examine the imagesof motherhood in two texts, written in the mid?l8OO's: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl; I will then look at a contemporary approach to these same issues in Toni M orrison's Beloved.Background:As Elaine Showalter asserts in A Literature of Their Own, "In the 1960s the fe male novel entered a new and dynamic phase, which has been strongly influenced in the past ten years by the energy of the women's movement." Feminist literary criticism, a natural extension of the political Feminist movement, is itself political in that it is a criticism which searches for the hidden cultural a ssumptions about gender in a text. In the past twenty?five years especially, t hese critics have attempted to uncover the traditional ideals and values about gender to show them as socially constructed, rather than inherent.Additionally, feminist criticism expanded its study to include previously undi scovered works by women authors. It found that many women novelists were still trapped by the masculine defined traditions and the masculine conceptions of women. As Virginia Woolf says of nineteenth?century novelists in her essay "A Room of One's Own,". . .they had no tradition behind them, or one so shortand partial that it was of little help. . . such a lackof tradition, such a scarcity and inadequacy of tools,must have told enormously upon the writing of women.Woolf's quote is especially appropriate to black woman's fiction, as the few m odels of motherhood that appeared in women's fiction of the 1800's were necess arily not applicable as models for black women. According to Patricia Hill Collins, contributing editor of Double Stitch, "[The] themes implicit in White pe rspectives on motherhood are particularly problematic for Black women and othe rs outside this debate" (43).Black mothers in the 1800's had remarkably different lives than free, white wo men, for slavery undoubtedly had a large impact on their experiences with moth erhood; nevertheless, slave mothers were still only represented as compared to the white, middle?class model. Until recently, black; motherhood was not rec ognized as having a tradition of its own. In fact, though, writers in the mid? 1800's realistically portrayed slaves' experiences with motherhood; in both Un cle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the authors show the devastating effects of slavery on motherhood: it is the realism with which the slaves' lives are portrayed which lends these novels their power. But inter estingly, the effect of these images is intensified by contrasting these realistic images of the broken family with the Ideal, white models of motherhood. Thus, although these works are in the process of creating a tradition of mothe rhood, they are still limited by the dominant ideology.In the twentieth century novelists of different ethnicities have attempted to create their own tradition and their own models. As a result, there have been radical changes in the way motherhood has been presented over the past century . As Showalter continues, “In drawing up on two centuries of the female tradit ion, [contemporary novelists] have been able to incorporate many of the streng ths of the past with a new range of language and experience.” In Toni Morriso n’s Beloved, Morrison creates a new image of the mother as affected by slaver y. Instead of comparing black mothers to the white model, she uses the assumpt ions that readers still largely hold today about Motherhood, and then shatters these expectations. In creating a morally ambiguous text, Morrison does not p resent an Ideal motherhood, but shows instead the impossibility of such a view for the slave woman.Significance:Along with the development of feminist literary theory in the post?war period, women's literature has increasingly presented alternative views of "womanly d uties." Traditional Motherhood, the Ideal which was once never questioned in literature, is now being explored more thoroughly and represented more complexl y. Partly due to the liberation brought about through the feminist movement in literature, new visions of motherhood are being created through the voices ofmany contemporary authors. Despite these developments and the increasing atte ntion given to women’s texts. The issue of motherhood and slavery as represented in wo men’s fiction is still an area which needs to be investigated:Even though selected groups of White women are challengingthe…definition of motherhood, the dominant ideology remainspowerful. As long as these approaches remain prominent ins cholarly…discourse, Eurocentric views of White motherhoodwill continue to affect Black women's lives. (Collins, 44)By choosing three texts written by women, representing both past and contempor ary literature dealing with slavery, and analyzing the corresponding represent ations of motherhood, not only do I hope to research an underexplored field in literature, but I also hope to continue the creation of a woman's tradition in a field of special concern to women.Methods:Because this project has a multi?faceted purpose, I will concentrate my research in three different areas: first, I will explore the history of slavery andthe multiple impacts slavery had on women and motherhood; second, because my p aper concentrates on the formation of a tradition of black motherhood, I will critique both Stowe's and Jacob's novels to find their uses of (and divergences from) the “traditional” ideology; third, using critical texts as background, I will critique Morrison's novel to explore the developing tradition by looking at the new or alternative ideology for motherhood .Schedule:March 25 Thesis Proposals dueApril ? June 14 Library research and material gatheringJunel4?Oct.14 Analyze and organize all materialsSeptember 22 Second Proposal dueDecember 8 First draft dueDecember 15 First draft returned from advisorJanuary 3 Second draft dueJanuary 6 Second draft returned from advisorFebruary I First final draft due to honors committee? ? March 10 Recommend revisions/advisor’s approvalMarch 24 Final thesis dueBibliography:Maior Texts:Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: First Plume Printing, 1988.Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company , Inc., 1994.Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Heath Anthologv of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. D.C. Heath and Company, 1994. 1753? 1777.Background and CriticismAskeland, Lori. “Remodeling the Model Home in Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Beloved.” American Literature: a Journal of Literarv History, Criticism, and Bibliop raphy. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 785(20).Bellin, Joshua. “Up to Heaven’s Gate, Down in Earth’s Dust: The Politics of Judgement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” American Literature, a Journal of Li terary History, Criticism, and bibliography. 65:2 (June 1993): 275(20)Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism. New York: Pergamon Press Inc., 1985.Demetrakopoulous, Stephanie. “Maternal Bonds as Devourers of Women’s Indivi duation in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” African American Review. 26:1 (Spring 1992): 51(9)Evans, Mari, Ed. Black Women Writers (1950-1980) New York: Anchor Press, 1984.Flores, Toni. “Claiming and Making: Ethnicity, Gend er, and the Common Sense i n Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Wer e Watching God.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies. 10:3 (1989) 52(6).Gilbert, Sandra, and Gubar, Susan. The Madwoman in the Attic. New Haven: Yal e University Press, 1979.Gross, Seymour and Hardy, John, Ed. Images of the Negro in American Literatur e. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.Heilbrun, Carolyn. Writing a Woman’s Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.Joswick, Thomas. “’The Crown Without Conflict.’ Religious Values and Moral Reasoning in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Nineteenth Century Literature. 39:3 (Dec 1984): 253(21).Krumholz, Linda. “The Ghosts of Slavery: Historical Recovery in Toni Morris on’s Beloved.” African American Review. 26:3 (Fall 1992): 395(14).Mathieson, Barbara. “Memory and Mother Love in Morrison’s Beloved.” Ameri can Imago. 47:1 (Spring 1990): 1(20).Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark. New York: Vintage Books: 1992.Railton, Stephen. “Mothers, Husbands, and Uncle Tom.” Georgia Review. 38: 1 (Spring 1984): 129(15)Rossi, Alice, Ed. The Feminist Papers. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.。
毕业论文开题报告 英文
毕业论文开题报告英文Title: Exploring the Significance of Graduation Thesis ProposalIntroduction:The graduation thesis proposal marks the beginning of an academic journey that demands critical thinking, research skills, and a deep understanding of the chosen subject. This report aims to highlight the importance of a well-crafted graduation thesis proposal and its role in shaping the trajectory of a student's academic and professional career.1. The Purpose of a Graduation Thesis Proposal:The primary purpose of a graduation thesis proposal is to outline the research topic, objectives, and methodology to be employed throughout the study. It serves as a roadmap that guides the student's research process, ensuring a focused and systematic approach. The proposal also acts as a contract between the student and their academic advisor, establishing clear expectations and goals for the research.2. Identifying the Research Gap:A well-developed graduation thesis proposal requires the identification of a research gap within a specific field or discipline. This involves reviewing existing literature, identifying unanswered questions or areas that require further exploration. By addressing a research gap, the proposal contributes to the overall body of knowledge, making a valuable academic contribution.3. Developing Research Questions:The formulation of research questions is a crucial aspect of a graduation thesis proposal. These questions serve as a guiding framework for the entire research process, providing a clear direction and focus. Research questions should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). They should also align with the research objectives and contribute to the overall research goal.4. Literature Review:A comprehensive literature review is an integral part of the graduation thesis proposal. It allows the student to gain a thorough understanding of the existing research and theories related to their chosen topic. The literature review helps identify key concepts, methodologies, and gaps that need to be addressed. It also provides a foundation for the theoretical framework that will guide the research.5. Research Methodology:The research methodology section of the graduation thesis proposal outlines the approach and methods that will be used to collect and analyze data. It is essential to choose appropriate research methods that align with the research questions and objectives. The methodology should be well-justified, ensuring the validity and reliability of the research findings.6. Potential Challenges and Limitations:Acknowledging potential challenges and limitations is a crucial part of the graduation thesis proposal. It demonstrates the student's awareness of theobstacles they may face during the research process. By addressing these challenges upfront, the student can develop strategies to overcome them, ensuring the smooth progression of their research.7. Expected Outcomes and Contributions:The graduation thesis proposal should clearly state the expected outcomes and contributions of the research. This section highlights the significance of the study and its potential impact on the academic or professional field. It also sets realistic expectations for the student and their academic advisor.Conclusion:The graduation thesis proposal is a vital step in the research process, providing a solid foundation for the student's academic journey. Through careful planning, identification of research gaps, and formulation of research questions, the proposal sets the stage for a successful and meaningful research project. By recognizing potential challenges and limitations and outlining expected outcomes and contributions, the student can embark on their research journey with confidence and purpose.。
PhD_Thesis_Proposal_PDF_version
THESIS PROPOSALThesis proposals are typically 20-25 pages. Section order may vary, and individual students will make these decisions in consultation with their full Thesis Advisory Committee. Section headings should follow a logical, consistent format. In some cases, Sections 2 and 3 may be in the reverse order, or Sections 4 and 5 may be in the reverse order if that makes the proposal flow better. The following is a brief synopsis of what is typically expected in each section of the thesis proposal:SECTION 1: Introduction/Proposal AbstractThe proposal introduction consists of:• One or two sentences summarizing Section 2 (Context)• One or two sentences summarizing Section 3 (Theoretical Background)• One or two sentences summarizing Section 4 (Methods)• One or two sentences summarizing Section 5 (Purpose/Research Questions)• One or two sentences summarizing Section 6 (Significance)The writing is clear and concise and effectively orients the reader to the more detailed narrative that follows.SECTION 2: ContextThe context section begins with an introductory paragraph that orients the reader to what will be covered in this section.This section describes the context or site or topic area where the study occurs. For example, in a study of women peacemakers in Northern Ireland, the context section would cover the Northern Ireland conflict. Another example would be in a study about introducing a new school curriculum in Little Haiti, this section would discuss the school studied (the issues there, etc.) and Little Haiti (the geography, demography, etc.).Or the context section may focus on a particular issue. Yet another example would be in a study on interventions in the child soldier issue, the context section might focus on describing the child soldier issue while the theory section would focus on theories of (a) ethnic conflict, (b) child development and violence, and (c) international organizations.The concluding paragraph of the section emphasizes the significance of the research context and site and transitions logically into the next section.SECTION 3: Theoretical Background This section reviews the theoretical literature that underlies the study.Usually two to four theoretical topics inform a thesis project, and each of these bodies of theory should be presented in different sections. For example, for a study on women peacemakers in Northern Ireland, the theoretical literature might cover (a) causes of ethnic conflict, (b) definitions of peace, and (c) gender theory. Another example would be for a study on school curriculum in Little Haiti, the theoretical literature might cover (a) knowledge and power, (b) culturally appropriate curriculum, (c) empowerment and Conflict Resolution skills training, and (d) peace education. It may also be possible to organize the theoretical background around other kinds of themes, but this section should have a coherent, logical organization that in itself reflects an interpretation of the theoretical literature.This section has one or two introductory paragraphs that orient the reader to what will be covered in this section. For example, the introduction (or one paragraph of a two-paragraph introduction) could be structured in such a way that there is one sentence for each of the following sub-sections within the section. For example, “Four theoretical considerations inform this study. First, [....]. Second, [...]. Finally, [...].”The theoretical background must review the major relevant works and display a thorough understanding of the relevant theory. The number of references listed can vary, but a good rule of thumb is that references should number 60 to 200. Importantly, references should be up-to-date, with the majority of references within the past ten years. The concluding paragraph(s) of the section should integrate the previous sections and indicate how this study will address unanswered theoretical concerns, and/or indicate the significance of the theory to the thesis project.SECTION 4: MethodologyProvide an introduction to the section that orients the reader to what will be discussed in this section. Describe in detail the procedure used:• Participants (who they are and where they are located; why this group of participants is selected for the study; how participants will be selected; how access will be obtained; ethical concerns such as confidentiality; when and how often participants will be met with). Note: Potential risks and benefits to participants should be discussed (even if the risks are minimal).• Role of the researcher (what posture you will take as researcher, e.g., participant-observer or independent interviewer; how these roles fit with the research questions and theoretical framework; your prior experience that may be relevant and the significance of that to the study, e.g., in terms of researcher bias)• Data gathering or data generation techniques (detailed rationale and description of how data will be gathered)• Data analysis (description of and rationale for the data analysis process)• Time-line for study• Rationale for methodologySometimes, there is an additional body of theory that is relevant to the methodology. For example, a particular type of methodology (e.g., semi-projective tests, narrative methods, autoethnography, etc.) may require some description and theoretical support. A concluding paragraph summarizes the section and transitions to the next section.SECTION 5: Research QuestionsThe section has an introductory paragraph. This paragraph may restate the purpose of the study by way of introduction to the research questions that follow.Outline the major research question(s). Importantly, detail any sub-questions. For example, if you are studying forgiveness among Manitoba mediators, raise sub-questions relating to gender, ethnicity, type of practice, professional background, etc.The section has a concluding paragraph. SECTION 6: Significance of the Study In this concluding section, the significance of the study is emphasized. For example:• How and/or why the study will advance knowledge within the Peace and Conflict Studies field;• How the study will contribute to the development of theoretical knowledge more generally;• What practice-related contributions the study will make;• What policy implications the study will have; and/or• Why this matters in the world.。
论述英文名词
论述英文名词一般是指与论述相关的英文单词或短语，常见的一些包括：
1. Argument：论证，指提出理由或论据来支持某个观点或立场。
2. Thesis：论题，指需要论述的主题或问题。
3. Essay：论文，指对某个主题或问题的论述文章。
4. Discussion：讨论，指对某个主题或问题的深入分析和探讨。
5. Explanation：解释，指对某个概念、现象或原理的详细解释和阐述。
6. Proposal：建议，指对某个方案或项目的详细论述和提出。
7. Statement：声明，指对某个观点、立场或事实的陈述和阐述。
8. Paper：论文，指学术论文或研究报告，是对某个课题的研究和论述。
9. Speech：演讲，指对某个主题的演讲或报告，是对某个观点的阐述和表达。
以上是一些常见的英文论述名词，它们在不同场合下可以表示不同的含义，需要根据具体语境来理解。
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本proposal should make a convincing scholarly case that the project is rigorous and innovative in theory and conception, methodology and material content, an d that it can produce new, relevant and independently verifiable insights.The proposal outline format also provides the main structure for the final thesis essay.Introduction: Win the Reader’s AttentionEvery proposal should provide clear, explicit answers to three questions:What are we going to learn from the proposed project that we currently do not know?Why is it worth knowing?On what basis can we evaluate the validity of the conclusions?Say what you have to say directly, firmly and concisely. Grab the reader’s at tention in the opening paragraphs. Here you should overstate, rather than unde rstate, your question or position. You can introduce qualifications later.One approach is to begin with a clearly posed question: "Has the discourse of development achieved its ends?" "Is anthropology the agent of imperialism?" "W hat contributions has anthropology made in the quest for world peace?" Do not pose rhetorical questions, but concrete issues whose answers can be determined , while they are not immediately apparent.Alternately, state your central point, hypothesis, or interpretation directly: "Cultural differences do not kill people, only people kill people." "Development has done wonders for the remaining food-foraging peoples of the planet." " The study of popular music reveals the unspoken cultural precepts of the socie ty that produces and consumes it."Of course, not every project is reducible to such brief propositions. It may be necessary to lay out a logical, sequential argument to define the core quest ion. However, if yours is a more complex argument, be certain to project a cle ar and explicit message that will make yours stand out from other proposals.Writing Style: Strive for Clarity and GraceYour proposal should offer a clear exposition of anthropology’s resea rch fron tiers, not a tedious litany of its duller dimensions. Avoid pretentious jargon, and if technical language is called for, use only those new words and techni cal terms that have no equivalents in everyday language. Likewise, focus on th e ideas, not the details. Argue the concepts and tendencies in your area of co ncentration, not the descriptive fine points. Keep the main text as streamlined as possible.Poor writing kills the best of ideas. Use a style manual in all your writing.One excellent writing reference (available online) is Strunk and White's The E lements of Style. This and other resources are accessible from the jump page, Anthropology Resources on the Internet, reached from a link on the Hartwick An thropology Department Home Page.Theoretical Concerns: Establish the Proposal ContextYour proposal should not be a tired exercise in the obvious. It should state w hat new knowledge the project will produce. Summarize precisely and succinctly the current state of knowledge, and provide a current, comprehensive bibliogr aphy. You do not need to provide a review of "the literature," but offer a cle arly focused view of the specific body of knowledge to which you will add. The bibliography provides a measure of your seriousness, and its comprehensivenes s will reflect upon your proposal's evaluation. A good bibliography indicates thorough preparation to ensure that your project will enhance the work of othe rs, not duplicate it.Avoid excessive discussion, especially in the Abstract and Introduction, of the general theoretical problem. Concentrate more on discussing specifically how you will carry out the research and analysis (see methodology discussion belo w).In the early stages of proposal writing, the Hartwick library professionals can help you identify and access the many print and electronic resources relevant to your project. Begin with the Library of Congress Subject Headings to identify the keywords that will be essential to efficient, effective bibliographic research. Consult such resource guides as Dissertation Abstracts International, the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Sciences Index, and the S ocial Science Periodical Index, and other online periodical search engines. The Annual Review of Anthropology is an important venue for state-of-the-art dis cussions and extensive bibliographies, as are such area-studies guides as the Handbook of Latin American Studies (available on line) and the International A frican Bibliography. Also consider online databases such as CARL and ERIC. In the early stages, I will ask that you identify the research resources you have utilized. You will avoid frustration and save valuable research time by consulting such resources at the outset.What Is the Core Objective?The statement that "it has not been studied" may be a sufficient argument. Ind eed, generally, the less known about one’s chosen topic, the more compellingthe proposal. Whatever you choose, aim to convince the reader that your topic is not only timely, but also that its results will elucidate enduring human pr oblems.Explicit theoretical interest is always important. Your theoretical frame should situate the question in terms of its relevance to controversial theoretical arguments. How does your problem inform the main theoretical debates in anthr opology? How does your approach test accepted ideas or offer new ones? To be e ffective, your proposal should demonstrate awareness of competing viewpoints and argue your position by addressing anthropological theory broadly, while not ing alternative tendencies.Conceptual Issues: Develop an Innovative ApproachEnigmas and seeming contradictions can be powerfully persuasive. "Beginning in the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement promised to remake racial relations in the Jim Crow south, but several decades later, identity politics is more contro versial issue than ever in popular cultural discourse throughout the nation." "After World War II, social scientists worried that widespread migration to urban centers would undermine rural life. Indeed, the effects can be seen in many parts of the country, but today, aided by modern computer and communications technology, a new urban-to-rural migration trend is simultaneously underway."Cautionary note: Unless you have something original to add, you may want to av oid topics "of central interest to anthropology." Usually these are subjects about which many are writing, in response to the definitive contribution of a true innovator. By the time you write your proposal, do the research, and sit d own to write, you might wish you were working on something else. So if your in terests lead you to a relatively unexplored problem, one "not of current and c entral interest to anthropology," consider pursuing it.Outline Your MethodologyRegarding methodological efficacy, the proposal must specify your research str ategy and how you will interpret the results vis-à-vis your central problem.Do not just state your goal; tell how you will go about it. A methodology goes beyond simply listing research tasks to asserting why these tasks constitutethe best approach to the problem. A simple listing of tasks does not necessarily mean that they comprise the best or most expedient approach.Some common expressions do not specify tangible research strategies. For examp le, "I will look at the relation between x and y" is uninformative. "Looking at" a relation between variables can only be done indirectly, by digging through archives, interviewing, observing and taking standardized notes, collecting data, analyzing patterns and the like. How will you highlight the relationshipof underlying forces intrinsic to the mass of data? You should outline the pr ocess of gathering data and interpreting it as specifically as you can. What a ctivities will you pursue to collect data, what techniques will you use to analyze it, and how will you test the validity of your conclusions? Do not leavethe reader wondering what you actually will do. Specify the sources, the respo ndents, and the proposed techniques of data collection and analysis.Proposals that engage a powerful current issue (identity, gender, ethnicity, r ace, nationalism, hegemony, cultural resistance, relations of states and indig enous people) often follow a predictably weak line of reasoning. They begin by discussing various theoretical formulations of the issue. Then they offer a vague laundry list of research methods, hinting that the project will apply the "appropriate" methodology in the field. The proposal ends by asserting a rather slack and generalized connection between B and A. Try to avoid this dead en d.In contrast, a comparative research design has particular appeal. In some ways all research is comparative because it must employ some implicit or explicitpoint of reference. Make the comparison explicit to enhance its value as an av enue of scientific inquiry. In comparative proposals, the evaluator asks whether the similarities and differences between the chosen cases elucidate the central question, and whether the author is capable of executing both sides of the comparison.Summary: Restate and Specify Your ObjectivesAn effective proposal usually ends by re-invoking the original thesis. How will research and its results finally illuminate the central question? How will you demonstrate the validity of your original idea? You must convince the reade r that there is something clearly at stake in the study, that does not have a preconceived conclusion, and that your exploration of the unknown will yield e ngaging, systematic propositions.Proposals should normally describe the project’s final product in terms of au dience. If you have specific plans, spell them out, because specifying the kind of audience you intend to address will specify for the reader features of the proposal that may otherwise seem peculiar or serendipitous.Keep the preceding guidelines in mind throughout the preparation of your propo sal, and be certain to specifically address the questions outlined in all of the preceding sections. To write a good proposal takes time. Start early. Begin exploring topic possibilities immediately. From the outset, collect references and enter them into a working bibliography as you work on other tasks. Write a first draft by the due date (see below), revise it, and show it to other an thropology faculty and your fellow students. Put it aside, collect others’ co mments and revise it again. You also will have a chance to share it in a class presentation at semester's end. The high level of classroom debate also should help to refine the proposal as you look ahead to the thesis itself. If possi ble, plan on writing the first draft of the thesis itself during January Term.Proposal Outline FormatAbstract:In one or two crisply written paragraphs, provide an engaging resumeof the proposal.Introduction:Set the context for your proposed project and capture the reader's interest.Theoretical Issues & Literature Review:A statement of the general theoreticalproblem, with supporting bibliographic references indicating a grasp of the s ubject, and the conceptual ability to carry out the proposal.Key Question(s): These should be capable of being answered, with answers that are not obvious.Methodology:A specific, detailed indication of how you will go about assessing the key questions, and why the proposed methodology constitutes the best way to pursue the study objectives.[size=-2][size=-2][size=-2]Conclusions & Implications of Research:What new knowledge will the proposed project produce that we do not already know? Why is it worth knowing? How willyou evaluate and ensure the validity of the conclusions?Proposal Summary:A restatement and specification of your objectives.Bibliography:Follow the format of American Anthropologist or American Ethnologist.样本一Background:When designing and choosing a CBE, sales organization and customers use a SWEP developed program (SSP) to choose the most efficient exchanger for their appl ication. The thermodynamic and transport properties in this program for e.g. a refrigerant are calculated by mean of polynomial equation obtained by regression analysis as a function of the temperature. In the vapour region the equations are also corrected for some properties that depend strongly on the pressure. Even though this method works satisfactory below the critical pressure, ithas shown divergence when calculating over the critical point.Description of thesis work The thermodynamic and transport properties of a two-phase fluid that are calculated are:• Viscosity• Heat capacity• Thermal conductivity• Density• Late nt heat or enthalpyAlso the saturation curve is obtained by regression where the bubble- and dew- point temperatures are calculated as a function of the pressure (The pressureis calculated backwards in an iterative manner).The difficulties of calculating correct properties in the super- critical region is a general problem for most fluids in SSP but of immediate interest onlyfor some few fluids of Carbon dioxide (CO₂ is one of those.This thesis project can be divided into three parts:1. Understanding the existing algorithms and make a comparison of calculated p roperties from SSP with table values for some working media including CO₂ ;. This should primary be preformed for saturated and superheated vapour belowand above the critical pressure.2. Literature study of other equation of state (EOS) and investigate how theycan be used in calculation algorithms. (Some known EOS are Modified Benedict- Webb- Rubin (MBWR) and the Peng- Robinson- Stryjek- Vera (PRSV), see e.g. NIST REFROP).3. Suggest new equations or algorithms for density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity (CP), Which represent the data with accuracyand consistency through- out the entire range of temperature, pressure and den sity in the saturated and superheated vapor- region.Goal:The goal of this project is to verify the existing polynomial equations against known data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants inthe critical region. Then, improve equations should be propose and verified for several refrigerants.Suitable student background:Good knowledge of thermodynamics and refrigerants engineering. Basic knowledge of numerical methods.样本二Title:Application of combustion catalysts in gas turbines: An experimental investiga tion.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology is one of the leading research insti tutes to work on catalytic combustion research leading to gas turbine applicat ions. There are two catalytic combustion research projects currently in progress. Projects are in cooperation with the Division of Chemical Technology. Catalytic combustion has received a large attention in the past decades as an alternative to conventional flame combustion for gas turbine applications. Itis possible to combust lean air/fuel mixtures and there by reduce peak tempera ture to about 1400 0C while maintaining complete combustion. The result is that almost no thermal-NOx are formed, as well as low level of carbon monoxide an d hydrocarbon can be achieved. Investigations of this combustion phenomenon, u nder realistic turbine operating conditions are an interesting and important effort towards eliminating harmful emissions from power generation. Pilot-scale scale test facility with flexibility on fuel and wide range of pressure has c onstructed at HPT lab to carryout investigations of catalytic combustion under desired conditions.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 months.Objective:Give an opportunity for a master student to work with catalytic combustion res earch, most probably tomorrow’s gas turbine combustion technology.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on the state of the art of the catalytic combustion research. During the experimental activity, student will get the po ssibility to work with researches working on catalytic combustion in order to generate experimental data on the emissions and catalytic behavior. Results sh ould be published on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background should be in the field of energy technology/mechanical engineering or chemical engineering. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems would be an added advan tage.样本三Title:Experimental investigation of the tar composition and concentration on emissio ns of small-scale gas turbines by combustion of biomass derived low calorific value gas.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology conducts and cooperates with several national and international level research projects on gas turbine combustion. One of current research projects, coordinated within several European partners is to provide customized and cost competitive biomass based IGCC systems. Gasification of biomass and combustion in a gas engine or turbine is the most efficient way of power production. However, for gas turbines tars in the lcv gas are a big problem and can result in fouling, increased emissions failures d uring operation. The focus of this project is on the effect of tars on foulingand emissions of turbines and micro turbines and especially on the interactions between gasifier, gas cleaning and micro turbine.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 months.Objective:Obtain a comprehensive knowledge on biomass gasification, quality of produced gas, post gas treatments and combustion in gas turbine.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on several gasification processes and qua lity of the produced gas on gasification process and the feed of raw materials. During the experimental activity student is expected to work with the other researches working on lcv gas, gas turbine test facility in order to generate experimental data on the emissions of gas turbine when the fuel gas is consists of tars at different compositions and concentrations. Results should be publ ished on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background in the field of energy technology. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems wo uld be an added advantage.样本四Thesis ProposalMajors: English and LatinMinor: Gender StudiesFaculty Advisor: Professor Andrew Levy ??English DepartmentType of Honors: University HonorsTitle of Thesis: Images of Motherhood in Beloved, U ncle Tom’s Cabin, and Inci dents in the Life of a Slave GirlThesis:The purpose of my project is to first examine how three texts represent black American slaves, dealing specifically with the impact that slavery had on moth erhood, and to then analyze the differences in the ways that these images arepresented in two distinctly different time periods. I will examine the imagesof motherhood in two texts, written in the mid?l8OO's: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl; I will then look at a contemporary approach to these same issues in Toni M orrison's Beloved.Background:As Elaine Showalter asserts in A Literature of Their Own, "In the 1960s the fe male novel entered a new and dynamic phase, which has been strongly influenced in the past ten years by the energy of the women's movement." Feminist literary criticism, a natural extension of the political Feminist movement, is itself political in that it is a criticism which searches for the hidden cultural a ssumptions about gender in a text. In the past twenty?five years especially, t hese critics have attempted to uncover the traditional ideals and values about gender to show them as socially constructed, rather than inherent.Additionally, feminist criticism expanded its study to include previously undi scovered works by women authors. It found that many women novelists were still trapped by the masculine defined traditions and the masculine conceptions of women. As Virginia Woolf says of nineteenth?century novelists in her essay "A Room of One's Own,". . .they had no tradition behind them, or one so shortand partial that it was of little help. . . such a lackof tradition, such a scarcity and inadequacy of tools,must have told enormously upon the writing of women.Woolf's quote is especially appropriate to black woman's fiction, as the few m odels of motherhood that appeared in women's fiction of the 1800's were necess arily not applicable as models for black women. According to Patricia Hill Col lins, contributing editor of Double Stitch, "[The] themes implicit in White pe rspectives on motherhood are particularly problematic for Black women and othe rs outside this debate" (43).Black mothers in the 1800's had remarkably different lives than free, white women, for slavery undoubtedly had a large impact on their experiences with moth erhood; nevertheless, slave mothers were still only represented as compared to the white, middle?class model. Until recently, black; motherhood was not rec ognized as having a tradition of its own. In fact, though, writers in the mid? 1800's realistically portrayed slaves' experiences with motherhood; in both Un cle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the authors show the devastating effects of slavery on motherhood: it is the realism with which the slaves' lives are portrayed which lends these novels their power. But inter estingly, the effect of these images is intensified by contrasting these realistic images of the broken family with the Ideal, white models of motherhood. Thus, although these works are in the process of creating a tradition of mothe rhood, they are still limited by the dominant ideology.In the twentieth century novelists of different ethnicities have attempted to create their own tradition and their own models. As a result, there have been radical changes in the way motherhood has been presented over the past century . As Showalte r continues, “In drawing upon two centuries of the female tradit ion, [contemporary novelists] have been able to incorporate many of the streng ths of the past with a new range of language and experience.” In Toni Morrison’s Beloved, Morrison creates a new image of the mother as affected by slaver y. Instead of comparing black mothers to the white model, she uses the assumpt ions that readers still largely hold today about Motherhood, and then shatters these expectations. In creating a morally ambiguous text, Morrison does not p resent an Ideal motherhood, but shows instead the impossibility of such a view for the slave woman.Significance:Along with the development of feminist literary theory in the post?war period, women's literature has increasingly presented alternative views of "womanly d uties." Traditional Motherhood, the Ideal which was once never questioned in l iterature, is now being explored more thoroughly and represented more complexl y. Partly due to the liberation brought about through the feminist movement in literature, new visions of motherhood are being created through the voices of many contemporary authors. Despite these developments and the increasing atte ntion given to women’s texts. The issue of motherhood and sla very as represented in women’s fiction is still an area which needs to be investigated:Even though selected groups of White women are challengingthe…definition of motherhood, the dominant ideology remainspowerful. As long as these approaches remain prominent in scholarly…discourse, Eurocentric views of White motherhoodwill continue to affect Black women's lives. (Collins, 44)By choosing three texts written by women, representing both past and contempor ary literature dealing with slavery, and analyzing the corresponding represent ations of motherhood, not only do I hope to research an underexplored field in literature, but I also hope to continue the creation of a woman's tradition in a field of special concern to women.Methods:Because this project has a multi?faceted purpose, I will concentrate my research in three different areas: first, I will explore the history of slavery andthe multiple impacts slavery had on women and motherhood; second, because my p aper concentrates on the formation of a tradition of black motherhood, I will critique both Stowe's and Jacob's novels to find their uses of (and divergences from) the “traditional” ideology; third, using critical texts as background, I will critique Morrison's novel to explore the developing tradition by looking at the new or alternative ideology for motherhood .Schedule:March 25 Thesis Proposals dueApril ? June 14 Library research and material gatheringJunel4?Oct.14 Analyze and organize all materialsSeptember 22 Second Proposal dueDecember 8 First draft dueDecember 15 First draft returned from advisorJanuary 3 Second draft dueJanuary 6 Second draft returned from advisorFebruary I First final draft due to honors committee? ? March 10 Recommend revisions/advisor’s approvalMarch 24 Final thesis dueBibliography:Maior Texts:Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: First Plume Printing, 1988.Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company , Inc., 1994.Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Heath Anthologv of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. D.C. Heath and Company, 1994. 1753? 1777.Background and CriticismAskeland, Lori. “Remodeling the Model Home in Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Beloved.” American Literature: a Journal of Literarv History, Criticism, and Bibliopraphy. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 785(20).Bellin, Joshua. “Up to Heaven’s Gate, Down in Earth’s Dust: The Politics of Judgement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” American Literature, a Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and bibliography. 65:2 (June 1993): 275(20)Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism. New York: Pergamon Press Inc., 1985.Demetrakopoulous, Stephanie. “Maternal Bonds as Devourers of Women’s Indivi duation in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.” African American Review. 26:1 (Spring 1992): 51(9)Evans, Mari, Ed. Black Women Writers (1950-1980) New York: Anchor Press, 1984. Flores, Toni. “Claiming and Making: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Common Sense in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God.” Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies. 10:3 (1989) 52(6).Gilbert, Sandra, and Gubar, Susan. The Madwoman in the Attic. New Haven: Yal e University Press, 1979.Gross, Seymour and Hardy, John, Ed. Images of the Negro in American Literatur e. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.Heilbrun, Carolyn. Writing a Woman’s Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.Joswick, Thomas. “’The Crown Without Conflict.’ Religious Values and Moral Reasoning in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Nineteenth Century Literature. 39:3 (Dec 1984): 253(21).Krumholz, Linda. “The Ghosts of Slavery: Historical Recovery in Toni Morris on’s Beloved.” African American Review. 26:3 (Fall 1992): 395(14).Mathieson, Barbara. “Memory and Mother Love in Morrison’s Beloved.” Ameri can Imago. 47:1 (Spring 1990): 1(20).Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark. New York: Vintage Books: 1992.Railton, Stephen. “Mothers, Husbands, and Uncle Tom.” Georgia Review. 38:1 (Spring 1984): 129(15)Rossi, Alice, Ed. The Feminist Papers. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1973.Sale, Maggie. “Critiques from Within:Antebellum Projects of Resisitance.”American Literature: a Journal of Literary Historym Criticism, and Bibli ography. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 695(23).Sherman, Sarah. “Moral Experiences in Harriet Jacob’s Incidents in the Life。
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本proposal should make a convincing scholarly case that the project is rigorous and innovative in theory and conception, methodology and material content, an d that it can produce new, relevant and independently verifiable insights.The proposal outline format also provides the main structure for the final the sis essay.Introduction: Win the Reader’s AttentionEvery proposal should provide clear, explicit answers to three questions:What are we going to learn from the proposed project that we currently do not know?Why is it worth knowing?On what basis can we evaluate the validity of the conclusions?Say what you have to say directly, firmly and concisely. Grab the reader’s at tention in the opening paragraphs. Here you should overstate, rather than unde rstate, your question or position. You can introduce qualifications later.One approach is to begin with a clearly posed question: "Has the discourse of development achieved its ends?" "Is anthropology the agent of imperialism?" "W hat contributions has anthropology made in the quest for world peace?" Do not pose rhetorical questions, but concrete issues whose answers can be determined , while they are not immediately apparent.Alternately, state your central point, hypothesis, or interpretation directly: "Cultural differences do not kill people, only people kill people." "Developm ent has done wonders for the remaining food-foraging peoples of the planet." " The study of popular music reveals the unspoken cultural precepts of the socie ty that produces and consumes it."Of course, not every project is reducible to such brief propositions. It may b e necessary to lay out a logical, sequential argument to define the core quest ion. However, if yours is a more complex argument, be certain to project a cle ar and explicit message that will make yours stand out from other proposals.Writing Style: Strive for Clarity and GraceYour proposal should offer a clear exposition of anthropology’s resea rch fron tiers, not a tedious litany of its duller dimensions. Avoid pretentious jargon , and if technical language is called for, use only those new words and techni cal terms that have no equivalents in everyday language. Likewise, focus on th e ideas, not the details. Argue the concepts and tendencies in your area of co ncentration, not the descriptive fine points. Keep the main text as streamline d as possible.Poor writing kills the best of ideas. Use a style manual in all your writing. One excellent writing reference (available online) is Strunk and White's The E lements of Style. This and other resources are accessible from the jump page, Anthropology Resources on the Internet, reached from a link on the Hartwick An thropology Department Home Page.Theoretical Concerns: Establish the Proposal ContextYour proposal should not be a tired exercise in the obvious. It should state w hat new knowledge the project will produce. Summarize precisely and succinctly the current state of knowledge, and provide a current, comprehensive bibliogr aphy. You do not need to provide a review of "the literature," but offer a cle arly focused view of the specific body of knowledge to which you will add. The bibliography provides a measure of your seriousness, and its comprehensivenes s will reflect upon your proposal's evaluation. A good bibliography indicates thorough preparation to ensure that your project will enhance the work of othe rs, not duplicate it.Avoid excessive discussion, especially in the Abstract and Introduction, of th e general theoretical problem. Concentrate more on discussing specifically how you will carry out the research and analysis (see methodology discussion belo w).In the early stages of proposal writing, the Hartwick library professionals ca n help you identify and access the many print and electronic resources relevan t to your project. Begin with the Library of Congress Subject Headings to iden tify the keywords that will be essential to efficient, effective bibliographic research. Consult such resource guides as Dissertation Abstracts Internationa l, the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Sciences Index, and the S ocial Science Periodical Index, and other online periodical search engines. Th e Annual Review of Anthropology is an important venue for state-of-the-art dis cussions and extensive bibliographies, as are such area-studies guides as the Handbook of Latin American Studies (available on line) and the International A frican Bibliography. Also consider online databases such as CARL and ERIC. In the early stages, I will ask that you identify the research resources you have utilized. You will avoid frustration and save valuable research time by consu lting such resources at the outset.What Is the Core Objective?The statement that "it has not been studied" may be a sufficient argument. Ind eed, generally, the less known about one’s chosen topic, the more compelling the proposal. Whatever you choose, aim to convince the reader that your topic is not only timely, but also that its results will elucidate enduring human pr oblems.Explicit theoretical interest is always important. Your theoretical frame shou ld situate the question in terms of its relevance to controversial theoretical arguments. How does your problem inform the main theoretical debates in anthr opology? How does your approach test accepted ideas or offer new ones? To be e ffective, your proposal should demonstrate awareness of competing viewpoints and argue your position by addressing anthropological theory broadly, while not ing alternative tendencies.Conceptual Issues: Develop an Innovative ApproachEnigmas and seeming contradictions can be powerfully persuasive. "Beginning in the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement promised to remake racial relations in t he Jim Crow south, but several decades later, identity politics is more contro versial issue than ever in popular cultural discourse throughout the nation." "After World War II, social scientists worried that widespread migration to ur ban centers would undermine rural life. Indeed, the effects can be seen in man y parts of the country, but today, aided by modern computer and communications technology, a new urban-to-rural migration trend is simultaneously underway."Cautionary note: Unless you have something original to add, you may want to av oid topics "of central interest to anthropology." Usually these are subjects a bout which many are writing, in response to the definitive contribution of a t rue innovator. By the time you write your proposal, do the research, and sit d own to write, you might wish you were working on something else. So if your in terests lead you to a relatively unexplored problem, one "not of current and c entral interest to anthropology," consider pursuing it.Outline Your MethodologyRegarding methodological efficacy, the proposal must specify your research str ategy and how you will interpret the results vis-à-vis your central problem. Do not just state your goal; tell how you will go about it. A methodology goes beyond simply listing research tasks to asserting why these tasks constitute the best approach to the problem. A simple listing of tasks does not necessari ly mean that they comprise the best or most expedient approach.Some common expressions do not specify tangible research strategies. For examp le, "I will look at the relation between x and y" is uninformative. "Looking a t" a relation between variables can only be done indirectly, by digging throug h archives, interviewing, observing and taking standardized notes, collecting data, analyzing patterns and the like. How will you highlight the relationship of underlying forces intrinsic to the mass of data? You should outline the pr ocess of gathering data and interpreting it as specifically as you can. What a ctivities will you pursue to collect data, what techniques will you use to ana lyze it, and how will you test the validity of your conclusions? Do not leave the reader wondering what you actually will do. Specify the sources, the respo ndents, and the proposed techniques of data collection and analysis.Proposals that engage a powerful current issue (identity, gender, ethnicity, r ace, nationalism, hegemony, cultural resistance, relations of states and indig enous people) often follow a predictably weak line of reasoning. They begin by discussing various theoretical formulations of the issue. Then they offer a v ague laundry list of research methods, hinting that the project will apply the "appropriate" methodology in the field. The proposal ends by asserting a rath er slack and generalized connection between B and A. Try to avoid this dead en d.In contrast, a comparative research design has particular appeal. In some ways all research is comparative because it must employ some implicit or explicit point of reference. Make the comparison explicit to enhance its value as an av enue of scientific inquiry. In comparative proposals, the evaluator asks wheth er the similarities and differences between the chosen cases elucidate the cen tral question, and whether the author is capable of executing both sides of th e comparison.Summary: Restate and Specify Your ObjectivesAn effective proposal usually ends by re-invoking the original thesis. How wil l research and its results finally illuminate the central question? How will you demonstrate the validity of your original idea? You must convince the reade r that there is something clearly at stake in the study, that does not have a preconceived conclusion, and that your exploration of the unknown will yield e ngaging, systematic propositions.Proposals should normally describe the project’s final product in terms of au dience. If you have specific plans, spell them out, because specifying the kind of audience you intend to address will specify for the reader features of the proposal that may otherwise seem peculiar or serendipitous.Keep the preceding guidelines in mind throughout the preparation of your propo sal, and be certain to specifically address the questions outlined in all of t he preceding sections. To write a good proposal takes time. Start early. Begin exploring topic possibilities immediately. From the outset, collect reference s and enter them into a working bibliography as you work on other tasks. Write a first draft by the due date (see below), revise it, and show it to other an thropology faculty and your fellow students. Put it aside, collect others’ co mments and revise it again. You also will have a chance to share it in a class presentation at semester's end. The high level of classroom debate also shoul d help to refine the proposal as you look ahead to the thesis itself. If possi ble, plan on writing the first draft of the thesis itself during January Term.Proposal Outline FormatAbstract:In one or two crisply written paragraphs, provide an engaging resumeof the proposal.Introduction:Set the context for your proposed project and capture the reader's interest.Theoretical Issues & Literature Review:A statement of the general theoreticalproblem, with supporting bibliographic references indicating a grasp of the subject, and the conceptual ability to carry out the proposal.Key Question(s): These should be capable of being answered, with answers thatare not obvious.Methodology:A specific, detailed indication of how you will go about assessing the key questions, and why the proposed methodology constitutes the best way to pursue the study objectives.[size=-2][size=-2][size=-2]Conclusions & Implications of Research:What new knowledge will the proposed project produce that we do not already know? Why is it worth knowing? How willyou evaluate and ensure the validity of the conclusions?Proposal Summary:A restatement and specification of your objectives.Bibliography:Follow the format of American Anthropologist or American Ethnologist.样本一Background:When designing and choosing a CBE, sales organization and customers use a SWEP developed program (SSP) to choose the most efficient exchanger for their appl ication. The thermodynamic and transport properties in this program for e.g. a refrigerant are calculated by mean of polynomial equation obtained by regress ion analysis as a function of the temperature. In the vapour region the equati ons are also corrected for some properties that depend strongly on the pressur e. Even though this method works satisfactory below the critical pressure, it has shown divergence when calculating over the critical point.Description of thesis work The thermodynamic and transport properties of a two -phase fluid that are calculated are:• Viscosity• Heat capacity• Thermal conductivity• Density• Late nt heat or enthalpyAlso the saturation curve is obtained by regression where the bubble- and dew- point temperatures are calculated as a function of the pressure (The pressure is calculated backwards in an iterative manner).The difficulties of calculating correct properties in the super- critical regi on is a general problem for most fluids in SSP but of immediate interest onlyfor some few fluids of Carbon dioxide (CO₂is one of those.This thesis project can be divided into three parts:1. Understanding the existing algorithms and make a comparison of calculated p roperties from SSP with table values for some working media including CO₂ ;. This should primary be preformed for saturated and superheated vapour belowand above the critical pressure.2. Literature study of other equation of state (EOS) and investigate how they can be used in calculation algorithms. (Some known EOS are Modified Benedict- Webb- Rubin (MBWR) and the Peng- Robinson- Stryjek- Vera (PRSV), see e.g. NIST REFROP).3. Suggest new equations or algorithms for density, viscosity, thermal conduct ivity and specific heat capacity (CP), Which represent the data with accuracy and consistency through- out the entire range of temperature, pressure and den sity in the saturated and superheated vapor- region.Goal:The goal of this project is to verify the existing polynomial equations agains t known data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants in the critical region. Then, improve equations should be propose and verified f or several refrigerants.Suitable student background:Good knowledge of thermodynamics and refrigerants engineering. Basic knowledge of numerical methods.样本二Title:Application of combustion catalysts in gas turbines: An experimental investiga tion.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology is one of the leading research insti tutes to work on catalytic combustion research leading to gas turbine applicat ions. There are two catalytic combustion research projects currently in progress. Projects are in cooperation with the Division of Chemical Technology. Catalytic combustion has received a large attention in the past decades as an alternative to conventional flame combustion for gas turbine applications. It is possible to combust lean air/fuel mixtures and there by reduce peak tempera ture to about 1400 0C while maintaining complete combustion. The result is tha t almost no thermal-NOx are formed, as well as low level of carbon monoxide an d hydrocarbon can be achieved. Investigations of this combustion phenomenon, u nder realistic turbine operating conditions are an interesting and important e ffort towards eliminating harmful emissions from power generation. Pilot-scale scale test facility with flexibility on fuel and wide range of pressure has c onstructed at HPT lab to carryout investigations of catalytic combustion under desired conditions.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 mont hs.Objective:Give an opportunity for a master student to work with catalytic combustion res earch, most probably tomorrow’s gas turbine combustion technology.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) stu dent is expected to gather knowledge on the state of the art of the catalytic combustion research. During the experimental activity, student will get the po ssibility to work with researches working on catalytic combustion in order to generate experimental data on the emissions and catalytic behavior. Results sh ould be published on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background should be in the field of energy technology/mechanical engineering or chemical engineering. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems would be an added advan tage.样本三Title:Experimental investigation of the tar composition and concentration on emissio ns of small-scale gas turbines by combustion of biomass derived low calorific value gas.Background:The division of Heat and Power Technology conducts and cooperates with several national and international level research projects on gas turbine combustion. One of current research projects, coordinated within several European partner s is to provide customized and cost competitive biomass based IGCC systems. Gasification of biomass and combustion in a gas engine or turbine is the most efficient way of power production. However, for gas turbines tars in the lcv g as are a big problem and can result in fouling, increased emissions failures d uring operation. The focus of this project is on the effect of tars on fouling and emissions of turbines and micro turbines and especially on the interactio ns between gasifier, gas cleaning and micro turbine.Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 mont hs.Objective:Obtain a comprehensive knowledge on biomass gasification, quality of produced gas, post gas treatments and combustion in gas turbine.Description:Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) student is expected to gather knowledge on several gasification processes and qua lity of the produced gas on gasification process and the feed of raw materials . During the experimental activity student is expected to work with the other researches working on lcv gas, gas turbine test facility in order to generate experimental data on the emissions of gas turbine when the fuel gas is consist s of tars at different compositions and concentrations. Results should be publ ished on master thesis.Pre requests:Educational background in the field of energy technology. Experience/knowledge on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems wo uld be an added advantage.样本四Thesis ProposalMajors: English and LatinMinor: Gender StudiesFaculty Advisor: Professor Andrew Levy ??English DepartmentType of Honors: University HonorsTitle of Thesis: Images of Motherhood in Beloved, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and Inci dents in the Life of a Slave GirlThesis:The purpose of my project is to first examine how three texts represent black American slaves, dealing specifically with the impact that slavery had on moth erhood, and to then analyze the differences in the ways that these images arepresented in two distinctly different time periods. I will examine the images of motherhood in two texts, written in the mid?l8OO's: Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Gi rl; I will then look at a contemporary approach to these same issues in Toni M orrison's Beloved.Background:As Elaine Showalter asserts in A Literature of Their Own, "In the 1960s the fe male novel entered a new and dynamic phase, which has been strongly influenced in the past ten years by the energy of the women's movement." Feminist litera ry criticism, a natural extension of the political Feminist movement, is itsel f political in that it is a criticism which searches for the hidden cultural a ssumptions about gender in a text. In the past twenty?five years especially, t hese critics have attempted to uncover the traditional ideals and values about gender to show them as socially constructed, rather than inherent.Additionally, feminist criticism expanded its study to include previously undi scovered works by women authors. It found that many women novelists were still trapped by the masculine defined traditions and the masculine conceptions of women. As Virginia Woolf says of nineteenth?century novelists in her essay "A Room of One's Own,". . .they had no tradition behind them, or one so shortand partial that it was of little help. . . such a lackof tradition, such a scarcity and inadequacy of tools,must have told enormously upon the writing of women.Woolf's quote is especially appropriate to black woman's fiction, as the few m odels of motherhood that appeared in women's fiction of the 1800's were necess arily not applicable as models for black women. According to Patricia Hill Col lins, contributing editor of Double Stitch, "[The] themes implicit in White pe rspectives on motherhood are particularly problematic for Black women and othe rs outside this debate" (43).Black mothers in the 1800's had remarkably different lives than free, white women, for slavery undoubtedly had a large impact on their experiences with moth erhood; nevertheless, slave mothers were still only represented as compared t o the white, middle?class model. Until recently, black; motherhood was not rec ognized as having a tradition of its own. In fact, though, writers in the mid? 1800's realistically portrayed slaves' experiences with motherhood; in both Un cle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the authors show th e devastating effects of slavery on motherhood: it is the realism with which t he slaves' lives are portrayed which lends these novels their power. But inter estingly, the effect of these images is intensified by contrasting these reali stic images of the broken family with the Ideal, white models of motherhood. Thus, although these works are in the process of creating a tradition of mothe rhood, they are still limited by the dominant ideology.In the twentieth century novelists of different ethnicities have attempted to create their own tradition and their own models. As a result, there have been radical changes in the way motherhood has been presented over the past century . As Showalter continues, “In drawing up on two centuries of the female tradit ion, [contemporary novelists] have been able to incorporate many of the streng ths of the past with a new range of language and experience.” In Toni Morriso n’s Beloved, Morrison creates a new image of the mother as affected by slaver y. Instead of comparing black mothers to the white model, she uses the assumpt ions that readers still largely hold today about Motherhood, and then shatters these expectations. In creating a morally ambiguous text, Morrison does not p resent an Ideal motherhood, but shows instead the impossibility of such a view for the slave woman.Significance:Along with the development of feminist literary theory in the post?war period, women's literature has increasingly presented alternative views of "womanly d uties." Traditional Motherhood, the Ideal which was once never questioned in l iterature, is now being explored more thoroughly and represented more complexl y. Partly due to the liberation brought about through the feminist movement in literature, new visions of motherhood are being created through the voices of many contemporary authors. Despite these developments and the increasing atte ntion given to women’s texts. The issue of motherhood and slavery as represented in wo men’s fiction is still an area which needs to be investigated:Even though selected groups of White women are challengingthe…definition of motherhood, the dominant ideology remainspowerful. As long as these approaches remain prominent ins cholarly…discourse, Eurocentric views of White motherhoodwill continue to affect Black women's lives. (Collins, 44)By choosing three texts written by women, representing both past and contempor ary literature dealing with slavery, and analyzing the corresponding represent ations of motherhood, not only do I hope to research an underexplored field in literature, but I also hope to continue the creation of a woman's tradition i n a field of special concern to women.Methods:Because this project has a multi?faceted purpose, I will concentrate my resear ch in three different areas: first, I will explore the history of slavery and the multiple impacts slavery had on women and motherhood; second, because my p aper concentrates on the formation of a tradition of black motherhood, I will critique both Stowe's and Jacob's novels to find their uses of (and divergence s from) the “traditional” ideology; third, using critical texts as backgroun d, I will critique Morrison's novel to explore the developing tradition by loo king at the new or alternative ideology for motherhood .Schedule:March 25 Thesis Proposals dueApril ? June 14 Library research and material gatheringJunel4?Oct.14 Analyze and organize all materialsSeptember 22 Second Proposal dueDecember 8 First draft dueDecember 15 First draft returned from advisorJanuary 3 Second draft dueJanuary 6 Second draft returned from advisorFebruary I First final draft due to honors committee? ? March 10 Recommend revisions/advisor’s approvalMarch 24 Final thesis dueBibliography:Maior Texts:Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: First Plume Printing, 1988.Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1994.Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Heath Anthologv of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. D.C. Heath and Company, 1994. 1753?1777.Background and CriticismAskeland, Lori. “Remodeling the Model Home in Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Beloved.”American Literature: a Journal of Literarv History, Criticism, and Bibliop raphy. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 785(20).Bellin, Joshua. “Up to Heaven’s Gate, Down in Earth’s Dust:The Politics of Judgement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.”American Literature, a Journal of Li terary History, Criticism, and bibliography. 65:2 (June 1993): 275(20)Christian, Barbara. Black Feminist Criticism. New York: Pergamon Press Inc., 1985.Demetrakopoulous, Stephanie. “Maternal Bonds as Devourers of Women’s Indivi duation in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.”African American Review. 26:1 (Sp ring 1992): 51(9)Evans, Mari, Ed. Black Women Writers (1950-1980) New York: Anchor Press, 1984. Flores, Toni. “Claiming and Making: Ethnicity, Gend er, and the Common Sense in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God.”Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies. 10:3 (1989) 5 2(6).Gilbert, Sandra, and Gubar, Susan. The Madwoman in the Attic. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.Gross, Seymour and Hardy, John, Ed. Images of the Negro in American Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.Heilbrun, Carolyn. Writing a Woman’s Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.Joswick, Thomas. “’The Crown Without Conflict.’ Religious Values and Moral Reasoning in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Nineteenth Century Literature.39:3 ( Dec 1984): 253(21).Krumholz, Linda. “The Ghosts of Slavery:Historical Recovery in Toni Morris on’s Beloved.”African American Review. 26:3 (Fall 1992): 395(14).Mathieson, Barbara. “Memory and Mother Love in Morrison’s Beloved.”Ameri can Imago. 47:1 (Spring 1990): 1(20).Morrison, Toni. Playing in the Dark. New York: Vintage Books: 1992.Railton, Stephen. “Mothers, Husbands, and Uncle Tom.”Georgia Review. 38: 1 (Spring 1984): 129(15)Rossi, Alice, Ed. The Feminist Papers. Boston: Northeastern University Pres s, 1973.Sale, Maggie. “Critiques from Wit hin: Antebellum Projects of Resisitance.”American Literature: a Journal of Literary Historym Criticism, and Bibli ography. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 695(23).Sherman, Sarah. “Moral Experiences in Harriet Jacob’s Incidents in the Life。
How to write a thesis proposal
How to write a thesis proposal1.IntroductionWhen starting the daunting task of writing their master thesis, many students seriously struggle with the definition of a suitable problem statement and the construction of an acceptable thesis proposal. In many cases, their proposals are met with criticism from staff members concerning issues such as the (lack of) academic value of the theme they propose, or the lack of empirical research embedded in the proposal. At that point, it seems that students and faculty have a hard time finding some common ground for establishing common criteria for an acceptable thesis proposal. The purpose of this paper is to provide a set of guidelines for the construction of an adequate thesis proposal and the criteria that should be met.2.Purpose of a thesis proposalThe basis purpose of a thesis proposal is to convince your thesis supervisor or the thesis coordinator that the thesis you propose meets the criteria set, and therefore has a good chance of resulting in an interesting and relevant study. Therefore, a thesis proposal that is only based on a general and vague notion that the selected theme may be suitable for a masters thesis, will almost certainly result in a rejection of the proposal! Selecting a theme and writing a proposal is the first step in writing a thesis and it involves serious work such as the selection of relevant literature and the construction of a research plan.A thesis proposal is not accepted or rejected solely based on the topic. Nevertheless, choosing a topic is one of the critical difficulties in the process of writing a thesis. Graduate courses are always a good basis to start for selecting a thesis topic. Also, the choice of a topic may be based on events that have been in the news recently. But in that case it is essential that such a news topic is related to academic literature before it can be moulded into a suitable topic for a thesis.3.Something to think aboutWhen selecting a theme for a thesis, it may not be very wise to search for a completely new topic! Since the thesis in most cases will be the first full research project the student will be involved in, some caution may be appropriate. Therefore, choosing an area that has not been addressed at all by other researchers may not be very suitable. Consider that pioneering work may be an appropriate challenge for outstanding students or more experienced researchers only.4.Criteria that should be metIt goes without saying that a proper thesis proposal should meet criteria that are not dealt with here, such as using a clear writing style, use of proper grammar, etc. This paper will only address fundamental criteria that are related to the subject of the thesis. Unfortunately, the most fundamental criteria that are relevant for a masters thesis, also seem to be the most confusing to students. In this section we will address two essential criteria: academic value and the enclosure of some form of empirical research.A. Academic valueAs it seems impossible to define the term “academic value”, we will address the issue by discussing a number of topics that in itself are no guarantee for academic value but jointly should provide you with a clear basis for writing a proposal with an appropriate academic level.1. Relevance to the academic community: Most basically, the academic value of a thesis can be measured by its relevance to academics. Unfortunately, academics may judge a particular study as relevant for a large number of reasons: a research study may confirm or refute existing theory, it may deepen existing knowledge (or contradict such knowledge), it may provide insights in undiscovered research area’s or it may provide improved or newly designed research instruments. It should be clear from these examples, that academic value it not necessarily linked to practical value.2.External validity: The issue of academic value may often be related to the level of generalisability of the anticipated results. Research results that are only applicable in a very specific context (e.g. one single firm) may not be very relevant in other contexts and therefore have very limited value forthe advancement of knowledge in general. Therefore, in general a research design for which the anticipated results are arguably applicable in a broad context, will result in a higher academic value.3.Internal validity: One of the major concerns in academic research relates to the issue whether the results of the study can really be attributed to causal effects between the dependent and the independent variables. For example, a study that is designed to test the effect of ICT on the productivityof a firm may show a statistical significant relationship between ICT spending and company sales. However, for to derive at in internal valid conclusion that ICT spending has a positive affect on firm sales, the research design should rule out alternative potential causes for this increase. It might for example be that larger firm spend more funds on ICT and also have higher sales. In that case, it remains unclear whether the reported differences in sales should be attributed to the level of ICT spending or to firm size. It should be recognised that any research design typically will involve a trade off between external validity and internal validity.4.Argumentation: Academics love to debate. Therefore, the academic value of a thesis is closely linked to the level of argumentation used. These argumentations may be based on inductive reasoning - which arrives at general principles from particular facts - and ondeductive reasoning - which reasons from general claims to specific instances. In all cases, value judgements, personal opinions, or out-of-context quotes are no acceptable substitutes for a clear argumentation.Given the issues discussed above, it should be evident that a critical literature review is essential to a thesis proposal. Therefore, the proposal should include a critical discussion of selected articles, books and press releases that are relevant in the context of the proposed theme. The literature used should be screened on methodological quality (how well is the study designed and implemented). A literature review can be partly based on literature dealt with in courses you took during your studies, but additionally it is imperative to address additional sources such as recent issues of relevant academic or professional journals or bibliographies (e.g. EBSCO). Study books used in courses usually do not include the latest literature and readers used in courses mostly only take account of a limited selection of articles that are relevant to the proposed topic of your thesis. Use appropriate references to all literature used and never plagiarize or quote authors out of context.B. Empirical researchThe intent of a masters thesis is to provide the opportunity for a student to acquire, or sometimes refine, a number of skills to perform and complete an individual research project. The completion of the thesis is evidence that the student has acquired a certain level of research skills (related to research design, data collection, analysis of data, synthesis of research results with existing literature and a critical evaluation of the limitations of the research conducted). The consequence is that a thesis can hardly be limited to a literature review, since in that case, in order to compensate for the lack of empirical research, the thesis should reach an elevated level of original thinking. Therefore, a literature review may (again) be an appropriate challenge for outstanding students or more experienced researchers only.The department of Accounting and Information Management has a strong tradition in (positive) empirical research. This means that we are not so much interested in telling how things should be done, but instead we are interested in how things are done. The main purpose of positive empirical research therefore is to explain current practice and to consider the implications of research findings for practice and theory. As a consequence, we encourage our students to engage in empirical research of a quantitative nature. Although qualitative research is not strictly forbidden, in nature it is a complex and contested research field. It uses research methods based on case studies or personal experience and as a result it usually is interpretive in nature. These characteristics make qualitative research less suitable for application in a masters thesis.The choice of an appropriate research method is a complicated issue that cannot be dealt with extensively in this paper. For a more thorough discussion see Black [1999]. However, one remark should be made here. In a number of cases, students find inspiration for their thesis topic in a practical environment such as an internship. In such cases, students often are inclined to propose research based on a single case study. Thisapproach assumes that the results of a study within one single firm may result in a study that meets the criteria on academic level mentioned earlier in this paper. In most cases, however, this assumptionis not valid. Empirical research based on one single case study only provides academically relevant results in exceptional circumstances. It is, however, possible to perform an acceptable research project within the context of one single firm, though not based on a case study design. It is possible to design a suitable research based on archival data that is derived from the records of one single company, or to design a study based on a questionnaire for which the respondents are customers of one single firms, suppliers of one single firm or even employees of one single firm. As long as it can be argued that the results of the study are applicable outside the context of that particular firm, such a design may well be acceptable.5.Structure of a thesis proposalIn conclusion, a proper master thesis proposal should include at least the following items:1. Provide an introduction in which the theme of the thesis is outlined. The purpose of the introduction is to provoke the interest of the reader and to convince the reader of the importance and relevance of the theme chosen.2. What is the exact research question the proposed research project should answer and to what extent should the results of the study add to answering the research question? It should be noted that in most cases, the purpose of a thesis will NOT be to ANSWER the research question. Therefore, it should be addressed in what sense and to what extent the results of the proposed research will address the research question.3. How is this research question related to existing literature? Find relevant citations and explain what the proposed research project adds to our existing knowledge on the subject.4. What research methodology will be used to address the research question? For example, empirical research may use data from databases, public sources, questionnaires, interviews, or experiments. The choice of a method is strongly dependent on the nature of the research question that is addressed in the study. Some research methods are more suitable for exploratory studies on topics that have not been researched before. In that case the main purpose of the study could be to assess in detail the phenomenon of interest in practice, using a number of detailed case studies, in depth interviews or expert panels.In other situations the thesis may want to add to a body of existing literature by focussing on a particular issue that has not been addressed before. In this case research results that can be generalised would be preferred and the use of databases or questionnaires would be more appropriate.5. For what audience will the results of the research project be of interest? F.e. the project may be relevant to practitioners but - as explained in detail before in this paper - there should also be an academic value.6.Concluding remarksThis paper deals with certain important aspects of writing a thesis proposal for students that are looking for a thesis in the areas of accounting, auditing and information management. Further general information on writing a thesis at theFdEWB-UM can be found in the thesis guide.7.References* Black, T.R., 1999, Doing Quantitative Research in the Social Sciences: An Integrated Approach to Research Design, Measurement and Statistics, SagePublications, London * Ryan R.J., R.W. Scapens, and M Theobald, 1992, Research Methods and Methodology in Finance and Accounting, Academic Press, London。
thesis statement 主题陈述
thesis statement 主题陈述全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：thesis statement（主题陈述）在学术论文中扮演着至关重要的角色，它是整个论文的核心观点和总纲。
主题陈述旨在界定研究范围和主要目标，通过一个简明扼要的句子或两句话来表达对研究问题的看法或观点。
一个清晰而有力的主题陈述可以帮助读者迅速地理解论文的主旨，引导他们阅读和理解研究的意义和结果。
主题陈述应该是明确和具体的。
当撰写主题陈述时，作者需要明确指出自己的论点或观点，并在主题陈述中提供论文的中心思想。
这可以帮助作者避免在后续的研究中迷失方向，也可以帮助读者更好地理解作者的观点和研究意图。
主题陈述还应该是有争议性的。
一个好的主题陈述应该能够引起读者的兴趣和好奇心，激发他们对研究问题的探索欲望。
这样一来，读者将更有动力去阅读后续的论文内容，了解作者的研究方法和结论。
一个有争议性的主题陈述也可以促使作者深入研究问题，并从不同角度思考，以确保论文的深度和完整性。
在制作主题陈述时，作者还需要确保其与论文的整体结构和内容相一致。
主题陈述应该包括在引言部分中，并与后续的论文内容相呼应。
这样一来，主题陈述将成为引言的重要组成部分，帮助读者建立对论文整体结构和内容的总体认识。
第二篇示例：在撰写一篇论文时，最重要的一部分就是thesis statement（主题陈述）。
thesis statement是论文的核心，是整篇文章的基石，是作者要为读者证明或说明的中心思想。
一个明确清晰的thesis statement 可以帮助读者理解文章的主题，引导作者在整个文章中保持一致的思路。
thesis statement通常出现在文章的开头部分或是第一段末尾，它应该简明扼要地概括整篇文章的主题，并阐明作者要论证的观点或支持的论据。
一个好的thesis statement应当具有以下特点：thesis statement应该具有针对性。
它应该回答一个特定的问题或提出一个明确的论点，而不是简单地陈述一个泛泛的主题。
开题课题论证意见及建议范文
开题课题论证意见及建议范文英文版Demonstration Opinions and Suggestions for Thesis Proposal1. IntroductionThe thesis proposal is a crucial step in the academic journey of any researcher. It outlines the research objectives, methodology, expected outcomes, and the significance of the study. The purpose of this document is to provide a comprehensive demonstration of the research proposal, along with insights and suggestions that could enhance its quality and impact.2. Research ObjectivesThe clarity and relevance of research objectives are paramount. They should be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART). It is essential to justify the need for this research and its potential contributions to the field.Suggestion: Ensure that the research objectives align with the overall aims of your program or department. It is also advisable to consult with your advisor or mentors to validate the objectives and ensure they are aligned with your research interests.3. MethodologyThe methodology section should provide a detailed description of the research design, including the data collection methods, sampling techniques, analysis procedures, and ethical considerations. It is essential to justify the chosen methods and demonstrate their appropriateness for addressing the research objectives.Suggestion: Be thorough in your literature review to identify the most suitable methodologies for your research. Consider consulting with experts or peers to validate your methods and ensure they are rigorous and reliable.4. Expected OutcomesThe expected outcomes section should outline the anticipated findings and contributions of the research. It is important to be realistic about the potential impact of the study and to justify the significance of these expected outcomes.Suggestion: Be specific and measurable when describing your expected outcomes. Link them directly to the research objectives to demonstrate how they will contribute to achieving those objectives.5. ConclusionThe conclusion should summarize the key points of the proposal, emphasizing the significance and potential impact of the research. It should also highlight any unresolved issues or challenges that need to be addressed in future work.Suggestion: Use the conclusion to emphasize the importance of your research and its potential to contribute to the field. Be open to feedback and suggestions from your advisor or mentors to improve the quality of your proposal.6. Final ThoughtsCrafting a robust thesis proposal requires careful consideration of all aspects of the research. It is essential to consult widely, stay flexible to feedback, and iterate on your ideas until you have a comprehensive and compelling proposal. By following these suggestions and advice, you can ensure that your thesis proposal is a strong foundation for your research journey.英文版开题课题论证意见及建议范文1. 引言开题报告是任何研究人员学术旅程中的重要一步。
thesisproposal写作指南及样本
Thesis proposal 写作指南及样本proposal should make a convincing scholarly case that the project is rigorous？and innovative in theory and conception, methodology and material content, an？d that it can produce new, relevant and independently verifiable insights.？The proposal outline format also provides the main structure for the final the？sis essay.？Introduction: Win the Reader’s Attention？Every proposal should provide clear, explicit answers to three questions:？What are we going to learn from the proposed project that we currently do not？know？Why is it worth knowing？On what basis can we evaluate the validity of the conclusions？Say what you have to say directly, firmly and concisely. Grab the reader’s at？tention in the opening paragraphs. Here you should overstate, rather than unde？rstate, your question or position. You can introduce qualifications later.？One approach is to begin with a clearly posed question: "Has the discourse of？development achieved its ends" "Is anthropology the agent of imperialism" "W？hat contributions has anthropology made in the quest for world peace" Do not？pose rhetorical questions, but concrete issues whose answers can be determined？, while they are not immediately apparent.？Alternately, state your central point, hypothesis, or interpretation directly:？"Cultural differences do not kill people, only people kill people." "Developm？ent has done wonders for the remaining food-foraging peoples of the planet." "？The study of popular music reveals the unspoken cultural precepts of the socie？ty that produces and consumes it."？Of course, not every project is reducible to such brief propositions. It may b？e necessary to lay out a logical, sequential argument to define the core quest？ion. However, if yours is a more complex argument, be certain to project a cle？ar and explicit message that will make yours stand out from other proposals.？Writing Style: Strive for Clarity and Grace？Your proposal should offer a clear exposition of an thropology’s research fron？tiers, not a tedious litany of its duller dimensions. Avoid pretentious jargon？, and if technical language is called for, use only those new words and techni？cal terms that have no equivalents in everyday language. Likewise, focus on th？e ideas, not the details. Argue the concepts and tendencies in your area of co？ncentration, not the descriptive fine points. Keep the main text as streamline？d as possible.？Poor writing kills the best of ideas. Use a style manual in all your writing.？One excellent writing reference (available online) is Strunk and White's The E？lements of Style. This and other resources are accessible from the jump page,？Anthropology Resources on the Internet, reached from a link on the Hartwick An？thropology Department Home Page.？Theoretical Concerns: Establish the Proposal Context？Your proposal should not be a tired exercise in the obvious. It should state w？hat new knowledge the project will produce. Summarize precisely and succinctly？the current state of knowledge, and provide a current, comprehensive bibliogr？aphy. You do not need to provide a review of "the literature," but offer a cle？arly focused view of the specific body of knowledge to which you will add. The？bibliography provides a measure of your seriousness, and its comprehensivenes？s will reflect upon your proposal's evaluation. A good bibliography indicates？thorough preparation to ensure that your project will enhance the work of othe？rs, not duplicate it.？Avoid excessive discussion, especially in the Abstract and Introduction, of th？e general theoretical problem. Concentrate more on discussing specifically how？you will carry out the research and analysis (see methodology discussion belo？w).？In the early stages of proposal writing, the Hartwick library professionals ca？n help you identify and access the many print and electronic resources relevan？t to your project. Begin with the Library of Congress Subject Headings to iden？tify the keywords that will be essential to efficient, effective bibliographic？research. Consult such resource guides as Dissertation Abstracts Internationa？l, the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Social Sciences Index, and the S？ocial Science Periodical Index, and other online periodical search engines. Th？e Annual Review of Anthropology is an important venue for state-of-the-art dis？cussions and extensive bibliographies, as are such area-studies guides as the？Handbook of Latin American Studies (available on line) and the International A？frican Bibliography. Also consider online databases such as CARL and ERIC. In？the early stages, I will ask that you identify the research resources you have？utilized. You will avoid frustration and save valuable research time by consu？lting such resources at the outset.？What Is the Core Objective？The statement that "it has not been studied" may be a sufficient argument. Ind？eed, generally, the less known about one’s chosen topic, the more compelling？the proposal. Whatever you choose, aim to convince the reader that your topic？is not only timely, but also that its results will elucidate enduring human pr？oblems.？Explicit theoretical interest is always important. Your theoretical frame shou？ld situate the question in terms of its relevance to controversial theoretical？arguments. How does your problem inform the main theoretical debates in anthr？opology How does your approach test accepted ideas or offer new ones To be e？ffective, your proposal should demonstrate awareness of competing viewpoints a？nd argue your position by addressing anthropological theory broadly, while not？ing alternative tendencies.？Conceptual Issues: Develop an Innovative Approach？Enigmas and seeming contradictions can be powerfully persuasive. "Beginning in？the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement promised to remake racial relations in t？he Jim Crow south, but several decades later, identity politics is more contro？versial issue than ever in popular cultural discourse throughout the nation."？"After World War II, social scientists worried that widespread migration to ur？ban centers would undermine rural life. Indeed, the effects can be seen in man？y parts of the country, but today, aided by modern computer and communications？technology, a new urban-to-rural migration trend is simultaneously underway."？Cautionary note: Unless you have something original to add, you may want to av？oid topics "of central interest to anthropology." Usually these are subjects a？bout which many are writing, in response to the definitive contribution of a t？rue innovator. By the time you write your proposal, do the research, and sit d？own to write, you might wish you were working on something else. So if your in？terests lead you to a relatively unexplored problem, one "not of current and c？entral interest to anthropology," consider pursuing it.？Outline Your Methodology？Regarding methodological efficacy, the proposal must specify your research str？ategy and how you will interpret the results vis-à-vis your central problem.？Do not just state your goal; tell how you will go about it. A methodology goes？beyond simply listing research tasks to asserting why these tasks constitute？the best approach to the problem. A simple listing of tasks does not necessari？ly mean that they comprise the best or most expedient approach.？Some common expressions do not specify tangible research strategies. For examp？le, "I will look at the relation between x and y" is uninformative. "Looking a？t" a relation between variables can only be done indirectly, by digging throug？h archives, interviewing, observing and taking standardized notes, collecting？data, analyzing patterns and the like. How will you highlight the relationship？of underlying forces intrinsic to the mass of data You should outline the pr？ocess of gathering data and interpreting it as specifically as you can. What a？ctivities will you pursue to collect data, what techniques will you use to ana？lyze it, and how will you test the validity of your conclusions Do not leave？the reader wondering what you actually will do. Specify the sources, the respo？ndents, and the proposed techniques of data collection and analysis.？Proposals that engage a powerful current issue (identity, gender, ethnicity, r？ace, nationalism, hegemony, cultural resistance, relations of states and indig？enous people) often follow a predictably weak line of reasoning. They begin by？discussing various theoretical formulations of the issue. Then they offer a v？ague laundry list of research methods, hinting that the project will apply the？"appropriate" methodology in the field. The proposal ends by asserting a rath？er slack and generalized connection between B and A. Try to avoid this dead en？d.？In contrast, a comparative research design has particular appeal. In some ways？all research is comparative because it must employ some implicit or explicit？point of reference. Make the comparison explicit to enhance its value as an av？enue of scientific inquiry. In comparative proposals, the evaluator asks wheth？er the similarities and differences between the chosen cases elucidate the cen？tral question, and whether the author is capable of executing both sides of th？e comparison.？Summary: Restate and Specify Your Objectives？An effective proposal usually ends by re-invoking the original thesis. How wil？l research and its results finally illuminate the central question How will y？ou demonstrate the validity of your original idea You must convince the reade？r that there is something clearly at stake in the study, that does not have a？preconceived conclusion, and that your exploration of the unknown will yield e？ngaging, systematic propositions.？Proposals should normally describe the project’s final product in terms of au？dience. If you have specific plans, spell them out, because specifying the kin？d of audience you intend to address will specify for the reader features of th？e proposal that may otherwise seem peculiar or serendipitous.？Keep the preceding guidelines in mind throughout the preparation of your propo？sal, and be certain to specifically address the questions outlined in all of t？he preceding sections. To write a good proposal takes time. Start early. Begin？exploring topic possibilities immediately. From the outset, collect reference？s and enter them into a working bibliography as you work on other tasks. Write？a first draft by the due date (see below), revise it, and show it to other an？thropology faculty and your fellow students. Put it aside, collect others’ co？mments and revise it again. You also will have a chance to share it in a class？presentation at semester's end. The high level of classroom debate also shoul？d help to refine the proposal as you look ahead to the thesis itself. If possi？ble, plan on writing the first draft of the thesis itself during January Term.？Proposal Outline Format？Abstract:？In one or two crisply written paragraphs, provide an engaging resume？of the proposal.？Introduction:？Set the context for your proposed project and capture the reader？'s interest.？Theoretical Issues & Literature Review:？A statement of the general theoretical？problem, with supporting bibliographic references indicating a grasp of the s？ubject, and the conceptual ability to carry out the proposal.？Key Question(s):These should be capable of being answered, with answers that？are not obvious.？Methodology:？A specific, detailed indication of how you will go about assessin？g the key questions, and why the proposed methodology constitutes the best wayto pursue the study objectives.？[size=-2][size=-2][size=-2]Conclusions & Implications of Research:？What new knowledge will the proposed p？roject produce that we do not already know Why is it worth knowing How will？you evaluate and ensure the validity of the conclusions？Proposal Summary:？A restatement and specification of your objectives.？Bibliography:？Follow the format of American Anthropologist or American Ethnolo？gist.？样本一Background:？When designing and choosing a CBE, sales organization and customers use a SWEP？developed program (SSP) to choose the most efficient exchanger for their appl？ication. The thermodynamic and transport properties in this program for . a？refrigerant are calculated by mean of polynomial equation obtained by regress？ion analysis as a function of the temperature. In the vapour region the equati？ons are also corrected for some properties that depend strongly on the pressur？e. Even though this method works satisfactory below the critical pressure, it？has shown divergence when calculating over the critical point.？Description of thesis work The thermodynamic and transport properties of a two？-phase fluid that are calculated are:？Viscosity？Heat capacity？Thermal conductivity？Density？Latent heat or enthalpy？Also the saturation curve is obtained by regression where the bubble- and dew-？point temperatures are calculated as a function of the pressure (The pressure？is calculated backwards in an iterative manner).？The difficulties of calculating correct properties in the super- critical regi？on is a general problem for most fluids in SSP but of immediate interest only？for some few fluids of Carbon dioxide (CO is one of those.？This thesis project can be divided into three parts:？1. Understanding the existing algorithms and make a comparison of calculated p？roperties from SSP with table values for some working media including CO₂？;. This should primary be preformed for saturated and superheated vapour below？and above the critical pressure.？2. Literature study of other equation of state (EOS) and investigate how they？can be used in calculation algorithms. (Some known EOS are Modified Benedict-？Webb- Rubin (MBWR) and the Peng- Robinson- Stryjek- Vera (PRSV), see . NIST？REFROP).？3. Suggest new equations or algorithms for density, viscosity, thermal conduct？ivity and specific heat capacity (CP), Which represent the data with accuracy？and consistency through- out the entire range of temperature, pressure and den？sity in the saturated and superheated vapor- region.？Goal:？The goal of this project is to verify the existing polynomial equations agains？t known data for the thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants in？the critical region. Then, improve equations should be propose and verified f？or several refrigerants.？Suitable student background:？Good knowledge of thermodynamics and refrigerants engineering. Basic knowledge？of numerical methods.？样本二Title:？Application of combustion catalysts in gas turbines: An experimental investiga？tion.？Background:？The division of Heat and Power Technology is one of the leading research insti？tutes to work on catalytic combustion research leading to gas turbine applicat？ions. There are two catalytic combustion research projects currently in progre？ss. Projects are in cooperation with the Division of Chemical Technology.？Catalytic combustion has received a large attention in the past decades as an？alternative to conventional flame combustion for gas turbine applications. It？is possible to combust lean air/fuel mixtures and there by reduce peak tempera？ture to about 1400 0C while maintaining complete combustion. The result is tha？t almost no thermal-NOx are formed, as well as low level of carbon monoxide an？d hydrocarbon can be achieved. Investigations of this combustion phenomenon, u？nder realistic turbine operating conditions are an interesting and important e？ffort towards eliminating harmful emissions from power generation. Pilot-scale？scale test facility with flexibility on fuel and wide range of pressure has c？onstructed at HPT lab to carryout investigations of catalytic combustion under？desired conditions.？Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 mont？hs.？Objective:？Give an opportunity for a master student to work with catalytic combustion res？earch, most probably tomorrow’s gas turbine combustion technology.？Description:？Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite？rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) stu？dent is expected to gather knowledge on the state of the art of the catalytic？combustion research. During the experimental activity, student will get the po？ssibility to work with researches working on catalytic combustion in order to？generate experimental data on the emissions and catalytic behavior. Results sh？ould be published on master thesis.？Pre requests:？Educational background should be in the field of energy technology/mechanical？engineering or chemical engineering. Experience/knowledge on emission measurin？g instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems would be an added advan？tage.样本三Title:？Experimental investigation of the tar composition and concentration on emissio？ns of small-scale gas turbines by combustion of biomass derived low calorific？value gas.？Background:？The division of Heat and Power Technology conducts and cooperates with several？national and international level research projects on gas turbine combustion.？One of current research projects, coordinated within several European partner？s is to provide customized and cost competitive biomass based IGCC systems.？Gasification of biomass and combustion in a gas engine or turbine is the most？efficient way of power production. However, for gas turbines tars in the lcv g？as are a big problem and can result in fouling, increased emissions failures d？uring operation. The focus of this project is on the effect of tars on fouling？and emissions of turbines and micro turbines and especially on the interactio？ns between gasifier, gas cleaning and micro turbine.？Division offers MSc thesis work within the project for a period of 6 – 8 mont？hs.？Objective:？Obtain a comprehensive knowledge on biomass gasification, quality of produced？gas, post gas treatments and combustion in gas turbine.？Description:？Work consists of a literature survey and experimental activity. Through a lite？rature survey (open literature and current project reports of the project) stu？dent is expected to gather knowledge on several gasification processes and qua？lity of the produced gas on gasification process and the feed of raw materials？. During the experimental activity student is expected to work with the other？researches working on lcv gas, gas turbine test facility in order to generate？experimental data on the emissions of gas turbine when the fuel gas is consist？s of tars at different compositions and concentrations. Results should be publ？ished on master thesis.？Pre requests:？Educational background in the field of energy technology. Experience/knowledge？on emission measuring instruments, data acquisition and monitoring systems wo？uld be an added advantage.？样本四Thesis Proposal？Majors:English and Latin？Minor:Gender Studies？Faculty Advisor: Professor Andrew Levy English Department？Type of Honors: University Honors？Title of Thesis: Images of Motherhood in Beloved, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, and Inci？dents in the Life of a Slave Girl？Thesis:？The purpose of my project is to first examine how three texts represent black？American slaves, dealing specifically with the impact that slavery had on moth？erhood, and to then analyze the differences in the ways that these images are？presented in two distinctly different time periods. I will examine the images？of motherhood in two texts, written in the midl8OO's: Harriet Beecher Stowe's？Uncle Tom's Cabin and Harriet Ann Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Gi？rl; I will then look at a contemporary approach to these same issues in Toni M？orrison's Beloved.？Background:？As Elaine Showalter asserts in A Literature of Their Own, "In the 1960s the fe？male novel entered a new and dynamic phase, which has been strongly influenced？in the past ten years by the energy of the women's movement." Feminist litera？ry criticism, a natural extension of the political Feminist movement, is itsel？f political in that it is a criticism which searches for the hidden cultural a？ssumptions about gender in a text. In the past twentyfive years especially, t？hese critics have attempted to uncover the traditional ideals and values about？gender to show them as socially constructed, rather than inherent.？Additionally, feminist criticism expanded its study to include previously undi？scovered works by women authors. It found that many women novelists were still？trapped by the masculine defined traditions and the masculine conceptions of？women. As Virginia Woolf says of nineteenthcentury novelists in her essay "A？Room of One's Own,"？. . .they had no tradition behind them, or one so short？and partial that it was of little help. . . such a lack？of tradition, such a scarcity and inadequacy of tools,？must have told enormously upon the writing of women.？Woolf's quote is especially appropriate to black woman's fiction, as the few m？odels of motherhood that appeared in women's fiction of the 1800's were necess？arily not applicable as models for black women. According to Patricia Hill Col？lins, contributing editor of Double Stitch, "[The] themes implicit in White pe？rspectives on motherhood are particularly problematic for Black women and othe？rs outside this debate" (43).？Black mothers in the 1800's had remarkably different lives than free, white wo？men, for slavery undoubtedly had a large impact on their experiences with moth？erhood;nevertheless, slave mothers were still only represented as compared t？o the white, middleclass model. Until recently, black; motherhood was not rec？ognized as having a tradition of its own. In fact, though, writers in the mid？1800's realistically portrayed slaves' experiences with motherhood; in both Un？cle Tom's Cabin and Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, the authors show th？e devastating effects of slavery on motherhood: it is the realism with which t？he slaves' lives are portrayed which lends these novels their power. But inter？estingly, the effect of these images is intensified by contrasting these reali？stic images of the broken family with the Ideal, white models of motherhood. ？Thus, although these works are in the process of creating a tradition of mothe？rhood, they are still limited by the dominant ideology.？In the twentieth century novelists of different ethnicities have attempted to？create their own tradition and their own models. As a result, there have been？radical changes in the way motherhood has been presented over the past century？. As Showalter continues, “In drawing upon two centuries of the f emale tradit？ion, [contemporary novelists] have been able to incorporate many of the streng？ths of the past with a new range of language and experience.” In Toni Morriso？n’s Beloved, Morrison creates a new image of the mother as affected by slaver？y. Instead of comparing black mothers to the white model, she uses the assumpt？ions that readers still largely hold today about Motherhood, and then shatters？these expectations. In creating a morally ambiguous text, Morrison does not p？resent an Ideal motherhood, but shows instead the impossibility of such a view？for the slave woman.？Significance:？Along with the development of feminist literary theory in the postwar period,？women's literature has increasingly presented alternative views of "womanly d？uties." Traditional Motherhood, the Ideal which was once never questioned in l？iterature, is now being explored more thoroughly and represented more complexl？y. Partly due to the liberation brought about through the feminist movement in？literature, new visions of motherhood are being created through the voices of？many contemporary authors. Despite these developments and the increasing atte？ntion given to women’s texts. The issue of motherhood and slavery as represen？ted in women’s fi ction is still an area which needs to be investigated:？？Even though selected groups of White women are challenging？the…definition of motherhood, the dominant ideology remains？powerful. As long as these approaches remain prominent in？scholarly…discourse, Eurocentric views of White motherhood？will continue to affect Black women's lives. (Collins, 44)？By choosing three texts written by women, representing both past and contempor？ary literature dealing with slavery, and analyzing the corresponding represent？ations of motherhood, not only do I hope to research an underexplored field in？literature, but I also hope to continue the creation of a woman's tradition i？n a field of special concern to women.？Methods:？Because this project has a multifaceted purpose, I will concentrate my resear？ch in three different areas: first, I will explore the history of slavery and？the multiple impacts slavery had on women and motherhood; second, because my p？aper concentrates on the formation of a tradition of black motherhood, I will？critique both Stowe's and Jacob's novels to find their uses of (and divergence？s from) the “traditional” ideology; third, using critical texts as backgroun？d, I will critique Morrison's novel to explore the developing tradition by loo？king at the new or alternative ideology for motherhood .？Schedule:？March 25 Thesis Proposals due？April June 14 Library research and material gathering？Junel4 Analyze and organize all materials？September 22 Second Proposal due？December 8 First draft due？December 15 First draft returned from advisor？January 3 Second draft due？January 6 Second draft returned from advisor？February I First final draft due to honors committee？March 10 Recommend revi sions/advisor’s approval？March 24 Final thesis due？Bibliography:？Maior Texts:？Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: First Plume Printing, 1988.？Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. New York: W. W. Norton & Company？, Inc., 1994.？Jacobs, Harriet Ann. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. The Heath Antholog？v of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. . Heath and Company, 1994. 1753？1777.？Background and Criticism？Askeland, Lori. “Remodeling the Model Home in Uncle Tom’s Cabin a nd Beloved.？”American Literature: a Journal of Literarv History, Criticism, and Bibliop？raphy. 64:4 (Dec 1992): 785(20).？Bellin, Joshua. “Up to Heaven’s Gate, Down in Earth’s Dust:The Politics o？f Judgement in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.”American Literature, a Journal of Li？terary History, Criticism, and bibliography. 65:2 (June 1993): 275(20)？Christian, Barbara.Black Feminist Criticism.New York: Pergamon Press Inc.,？1985.？Demetrakopoulous, Stephanie.“Maternal Bonds as Devourers of Women’s Indivi？duation in Toni Morrison’s Beloved.”African American Review.26:1 (Sp？ring 1992): 51(9)？Evans, Mari, Ed. Black Women Writers (1950-1980) New York: Anchor Press, 1984.？Flores, Toni. “Claiming and Making: Ethnicity, Gender, and the Common Sense i？n Leslie Marmon Silko’s Ceremony and Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Wer？e Watching God.”Frontiers: A Journal of Women’s Studies. 10:3 (1989) 5？2(6).？Gilbert, Sandra, and Gubar, Susan.The Madwoman in the Attic.New Haven: Yal？e University Press, 1979.？Gross, Seymour and Hardy, John, Ed.Images of the Negro in American Literatur？e.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.？Heilbrun, Carolyn.Writing a Woman’s Life. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.？Joswick, Thomas.“’The Crown Without Conflict.’ Religious Values and Moral？Reasoning in Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” Nineteenth Century Literature.39:3 (？Dec 1984): 253(21).？。
论文开题报告-thesis proposal
Thesis proposal
Conclusions and implications of research – explain the results expected, your work’s achievements’ contribution to the field, the methods you have chosen to use in order to ensure the validity and accuracy of the results; Proposal summary – it is a restatement and specification of your goals; Bibliography – do it in the same style your research work is going to be done.
What is a thesis proposal
Thesis proposal is a document presenting a general overview of your work. It is generally done as a written report and presented on a seminar.
Thesis proposal
Literature review – a brief but exact description of the sources for your research, outlining their significance for the work; Key questions – the main questions of your research with answers that are not obvious; Methodology – a sufficient description of the methods you are going to apply to the paper with the purpose of answering the key questions;
thesis proposal - the university of maryland a public 论文建议-马里兰大学公共
thesis proposal - the university of maryland a public 论文建议-马里兰大学公共thesis proposal - the university of maryland a public 论文建议-马里兰大学公共Thesis Proposal Team ILL We pledge on our honor that we have not given or received any unauthorized assistance on this assignment. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify a lack of educational complements to English as a Second Language curriculums and propose that our team create such a complement in the form of an interactive, multi-player computer game. Through literature research, we found that language acquisition is a complex process that requires the understanding of both teaching and learning styles. We hope to continue such research in order to find the most effective teaching style that will appeal to the most students. We also found through research that games can be effective teachers; we hope to incorporate characteristics such as goals and both artificial and human interaction in order to create a game that is both educational and fun. Section I Recently, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of students enrolled in English for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL) classes (Kindler, 2002). Due to time limitations, ESOL classescan only cover certain material. In order for students to learn the maximum amount of English possible in the time given; there is a need for educational tools that further expose students to the English language. One such tool is educational software, a technology that is becoming more prevalent in language education with proven success (Wood, 2001). Although the use of educational software is ideal for ESOL classes, it has not yet been widely utilized. Therefore, the question becomes: “How effective is an interactive multiplayer computer game as an educational tool to co mplement an ESOL curriculum?” We seek to address this question by creating our own game software to increase English proficiency, testing our product on several groups of ESOL students, and determining the game’s effects by analyzing our collected data. We will consider the following sub-problems: how to teach effectively, how to engage our students, and how to create a game that adapts to students’individual needs. Learning any language requires both oral and written communication; listening, reading, speaking, and writing must be represented in our game. Games that are more entertaining will help students retain material longer by encouraging them to play more often. Thus we must focus on our game’s entertainment value (Forman, 2003). We mustconsider that every student will have different learning styles, beginning English proficiency, native language, and external English exposure. Our software must be flexible enough to adjust to each individual student s learning capabilities and still provide a fun, challenging, educational experience. When we develop our software and administer it to ESOL students, we must address these factors to successfully answer our research question. Section II Language acquisition is a fundamentally complex process based upon more than just rote memorization of vocabulary and grammatical principles. According to Stewart and File (2007), there are three stages of language acquisition. The first of these stages is when the learner is only capable of direct word and phrase translation. In the second stage, the learner is capable of a more flexible and varied conversational style. Finally in the third stage, the learning is capable of native or near native speech. Brown (2007) says that while both adults and children are capable of learning a second language, children are more likely to achieve the third stage of language acquisition while most adult learners cease acquiring language before reaching native or near native speech. In order to reach the third stage of language acquisition, Pennington and Richards (1986) find that pronunciation “should be…part of the means forcreating both referential and interactional meaning.” This means that pronunciation is not just about how individual words and sentences are said, but rather how the words work together to create meaning. We hope to guide users through these stages in our game so that they achieve a maximum understanding of the language’s fundamental principles. Addressing student learning styles is necessary to reach the third stage of language acquisition. According to Felder and Henriques (1995), there are five aspects of a student’s learning style. The first aspect is the student’s predisposition toward receiving sensory or intuitive information. The second aspect involves the ease at which students interpret visual or auditory sensory information. According to Forman (2003), learning is enhanced through sensory information garnered through experience. The third aspect of a student’s learning style involves hands-on activities or personal reflection (Felder and Henriques, 2005). According to Yip and Kwan (2006), the use of educational games gives students a sense of autonomy in the learning process, which effectively addresses the hands-on learning style. The fourth aspect presents students’preferences to learn either in increments or all at once (Felder and Henriques, 2005). Finally, the fifth aspect says students prefer either inductive or deductivelearning. In our game, we plan to give users a variety of ways to use their learning abilities. That way, the game will be able to adapt to as many different learning styles as possible. Students must be motivated in order to effectively learn a second language. According to Stewart and File (2007), small steps in learning keep a student motivated and help build confidence. Following along with this logic, Kelsay, Reeder, and Swerdlik (1985) echo the importance of a positive attitude while learning. Yip and Kwan (2006) note that simpler programs build students’confidence more rapidly because their goals are more easily understood and accomplished. Therefore, games that require significant mechanical skill or time management on the part of the user distracts them, lowering attention levels and ultimately reducing retention of material. Our game will contain series of small, easily followed goals that keep students attentive while they learn. In addition to learning styles and student attention/motivation, interpersonal relationships can affect a student’s learning ability. Daniel, Schwier, and Ross (2007) find that group learning produces three primary results: learning material from pre-constructed goals, learning material from unprompted participant-to-participant interactions, and the formation of relationships. These relationships can provideadditional motivation to the learner by fostering a more comfortable learning environment. Yip and Kwan (2006) further note that students can learn effectively in a virtual interactive world, which allows communication with both technology and other people. Following this logic, our game will have an online component that allows users to interface with other users in real time. This should result in the reinforcement of previously learned knowledge while at the same time creating new ideas. This virtual world presents technical complications in developing the mechanism for this interaction. It requires both a system for working in the desired language correctly and an artificial intelligence that is able to provide support for the player. Our game will need to implement these requirements. Translation software is used by computer assisted language learning programs in order to provide feedback to the success of the student. Aspects of this software include pronunciation and content analysis; each offers challenges in implementation. According to (Pennington, 1999), Computer Aided Pronunciation (CAP) is a faster analysis of the input speech and does not have the problems of mishearing, judgment calls or losing patience. There is, however, an inherent problem of aspects of language not being able to be analyzed by thespeech’s sound wave(Pennington, 1999). CAP has therefore found more successes in ESOL where there is more of a focus on context than correctness of pronunciation (Pennington, 1999). There are, however, aspects of current language analysis software that can be addressed. An example includes differentiating an acceptable speech pattern from actual error because of too strict a baseline of comparison(Pennington, 1999) also suggests exploring databases of pronunciation in order to improve the set of acceptable speech patterns. Rochet’s software for teaching French vowels to native speakers of English seems to do so successfully (Pennington, 1999). Analyzing the student’s speech as a test of their performance using this mechanism will provide our game with the additional data of this aspect of language learning. CAP addresses the analysis of pronunciation as an integral part of language. In addition to pronunciation, content analysis is required to determine if the grammar and word usage is correct.(Wang instead help responses are generated dynamically based upon the specific error and a pre-built template. The ESOL students will also have a large range of errors that will mean that dynamic help responses using a template will also be useful in our game when implementing the in-game support system. Asexpected, the frequency with which users accessed help is also largely dependent on the proficiency of the users in the German language. The study suggests that a dynamic response should involve more than whether a particular answer is right or wrong, but also provide help tailored to the users. In Serious Games for Language Learning: How Much Game, How Much AI?, Johnson, Vilhjalmsson, and Marsella ((Johnson, Hannes Vilhjalmsson, a program that molds itself to the student’s learning style could emulate the effectiveness of a private tutor. The third sub-problem is of long-term importance; we will take into account how we can capture and use our students’attention so that they will retain the material presented. We want students to want to learn the material; games can help create this enthusiasm for learning. People are more willing to learn while playing a game because they are more relaxed and motivated to be successful (Prensky, 2001). We plan to design a game that is educational, enjoyable, universally accessible, versatile, and designed to complement a middle school ESOL curriculum. The game’s aim is to immerse the player in an English-speaking environment, while enabling both cooperative learning between students as well as individual instruction. We plan to test its effectiveness using a variety of methods: the the school system’s standardized assessment tests, retention rate of language skills as tested by the game, interviews of students before and after。
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南京晓庄学院本科毕业论文开题报告
所属院(系)：专业：英语
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2009年12月中旬，提交开题报告。
2009年12月下旬，参ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้开题答辩。
2010年3月下旬，完成毕业论文初稿（电子稿）。
2010年4月中旬，完成毕业论文终稿（纸质稿）。