Relationships between Radiation Dose and Chromosome Aberrations Induced by Heavy Ions in Human P
GB50484--石化施工安全规范
石油化工建设工程施工安全技术规范GB 50484 2008 自2009 年6 月1 日起实施本规范是根据建设部《2005 年工程建设标准规范制订、修订计划(第二批）的通知》(建标函[2005]124 号）,由中国石油化工集团公司组织编制。
规范内容共分10 章，包括总则、术语、施工安全管理通用规定、临时用电、起重作业、脚手架作业、土建作业、安装作业、施工检测、施工机械使用。
1.0.1 为适应石油化工建设工程的需要,保障人身安全和健康,保护公众财产不受损失，保护环境不受危害,制定本规范。
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0.2 本规范适用于石油炼制、石油化工、化纤、化肥等建设工程施工的安全技术管理.1。
0.3 石油化工工程建设施工必须坚持“安全第一，预防为主”的方针。
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4 石油化工建设工程施工安全技术除应执行本规范外，尚应符合国家现行有关标准的规定。
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1 施工用火 hot work 石油化工工程建设中各类金属焊接、切割作业及其他产生火花和明火作业统称为施工用火.2。
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2 固定动火区 specified hot work area 在石油化工建设工程项目施工现场限定的范围内，不需要办理动火作业证即可进行动火作业的区域.2。
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3 生命绳 life yarn 高处作业中专门用来悬挂安全带的绳索。
2.0.4 临时用电 electricity on construction site 为建设工程项目施工提供的、工程施工完毕即行拆除的电力线路与电气设施。
2.0.5 配电柜 distributing tank 布置在施工配电室（包括独立配电房和箱式变电站)内的配电装置，包括进线柜和出线柜。
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0.6 总配电箱 total distribution box 布置在用电负荷中心的落地式配电装置，其进线端与配电室的出线柜相连，出线端与分配电箱或大功率用电设备相连.2.0。
7 分配电箱 sub-distribution box 分布在各施工点，使用电设备就近获得电源的配电装置,其进线端与总配电箱相连，出线端与开关箱或用电设备相连。
术前256层螺旋CT双低剂量扫描对结肠癌肿瘤侵犯及肠系膜血管分布的评估价值
学术论著中国医学装备2023年6月第20卷第6期 China Medical Equipment 2023 June V ol.20 No.6[文章编号] 1672-8270(2023)06-0047-06 [中图分类号] R816.5 R735.3+5 [文献标识码] AAssessment value of preoperative 256-slice spiral CT double-low-dose scan in the tumor invasion and the distribution of mesenteric blood vessels of colon cancer/XUAN Jian-xin, LIU Zhe-feng, TENG Wei, et al//China Medical Equipment,2023,20(6):47-52.[Abstract] Objective: T o explore the assessment value of preoperative 256-slice spiral computed tomography (CT) double low-dose scanning in assessing the tumor invasion and the distribution of mesenteric blood vessels of colon cancer. Methods: A total of 140 patients who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic radical resection of colon cancer in Chengde Central Hospital were selected and they were divided into a double-low-dose group and a conventional-dose group by random number table method, with 70 cases in each group. Both the double-low-dose group and the conventional-dose group underwent 256-slice spiral CT double-low-dose and conventional-dose scans before operation. The objective and subjective evaluations of image qualities and radiation dose were compared between the two groups, and the diagnostic results of postoperative histopathology were used as the "gold standard" to analyze the accuracies of conventional dose CT and double-low-dose CT in assessing the tumor invasion and the distribution of mesenteric blood vessel of colon cancer. Results: The signal to noise ratio (SNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR), noise and CT values of the double-low-dose group were significantly lower than those of the conventional dose group (t =14.415, t =16.045, t =2.163, t =30.096, P <0.05), respectively. The image quality scores of 2 physicians in the double-low-dose group were slightly lower than those in the conventional dose group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. The dose length product (DLP), computed tomography dose index (CTDI vol ) and the effective dose (ED) in the double-low-dose group were significantly lower than those in the conventional-dose group (t =20.227, t =21.355, t =24.207, P <0.05), respectively. The accuracies of double-low-dose CT in assessing lymph node metastasis, vascular invasion, and nerve invasion [86.21%(25/29), 85.71%(18/21), 94.44%(17/18)] were not significantly different with those of postoperative pathology, respectively. The accuracies of double-low-dose CT in assessing the tissue of superior mesenteric vein, arterial distribution on the dorsal side of the superior mesenteric vein, and arterial distribution on the ventral side of the superior mesenteric vein respectively were 98.57%(68/70), 90.32%(28/31) and 94.59% (35/37), which were no significant differences with those of postoperative pathology. Conclusion: Preoperative 256-slice spiral CT double-low-dose scan of colon cancer can improve image quality, which has obvious advantages in reducing radiation dose and image noise, and it can accurately assess preoperative the tumor invasion and the distribution of mesenteric blood vessels for colon cancer. [Key words] Colon cancer; 256-slice spiral computed tomography (CT); Low dose; T umor invasion; Distribution of mesenteric blood vessel[First-author’s address] Department of Radiology, Chengde Central Hospital, Chengde 067000, China.[摘要] 目的：探究术前256层螺旋CT双低剂量扫描对结肠癌肿瘤侵犯及肠系膜血管分布的评估价值。
专题05 阅读理解D篇(2024年新课标I卷) (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 原卷版
《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文）P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。
dose用法
dose用法用法及详解：dose1. 名词用法•(1) 量度单位：Dose作为名词时，可表示一定量的药物、辐射等。
常见搭配有：– A dose of medicine: 一剂药物– A high/low dose: 高/低剂量–The recommended dose: 建议剂量•(2) 服用药量：Dose也可以指代医学中的药物服用量，常见短语有：–Take a dose: 服一次剂量–Miss a dose: 错过服药时间–Overdose: 药物过量•(3) 放射剂量：在核能或医学测试中，Dose表示辐射剂量。
常见表达方式有：–Radiation dose: 辐射剂量–High/low dose radiation: 高/低剂量辐射•(4) 动物毒药或毒素：在动物学或毒理学中，Dose可指代动物或生物摄入的毒药或毒素量。
表达常用词组有：–Toxic dose: 毒性剂量–Lethal dose: 致死剂量–LD50 (Lethal Dose 50%): 致死50%剂量2. 动词用法•(1) 给予药物：Dose可以作为动词，意为给予某人或某物药物剂量。
常见用法有：–Dose (someone/something) with (medicine): 给予某人/某物某种药物剂量–He was dosed with antibiotics: 他服用了抗生素•(2) 注射剂量：在医学或实验环境中，Dose也可以指示对某人或某物注射特定剂量。
常见表达方式有：–Dose (someone/something) with (a vaccine): 对某人/某物注射疫苗–The mice were dosed with a chemical: 小鼠被注射了一种化学物质•(3) 加药：在化学合成或实验中，Dose可以指示向某个溶液或混合物中加入特定剂量的药物。
常用短语包括：–Dose (a solution) with (a chemical): 向某溶液中加入一种化学物质–The reaction was dosed with a catalyst: 反应中添加了催化剂3. 其他用法•(1) 音乐用语：在音乐领域，Dose用于描述音乐的节奏或旋律的部分。
放射医学专业英语翻译
Unit 4 Section ADNA Strand Breaks and Chromosomal Abberations Inducedby Ionizing Radiation（1）1.What is the principal target for the biologic effects of radiation on the basis of strong circumstantial evidence?基于详细的证据，辐射生物效应的主要靶点是什么？2. What is the structure of a deoxyribonucleic acid molecule?脱氧核糖核酸分子的结构是什么?DNA Strand BreaksDNA链断裂There is strong circumstantial evidence to indicate that deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the principal target for the biologic effects of radiation, including cell killing mutation, and carcinogenesis. A consideration of the biologic effects of radiation therefore must begin logically with a description of the breaks in DNA caused by charged-particle tracks and by the chemical species produced.有足够多且详细的证据表明脱氧核糖核酸是辐射生物效应的主要的靶，包括细胞杀伤性突变和致癌作用。
因此，从带电粒子和化学产物导致的DNA链断裂来考虑辐射生物效应是较合乎逻辑的。
俯卧腹板固定技术在直肠癌术前放疗摆位中的重复性分析
俯卧腹板固定技术在直肠癌术前放疗摆位中的重复性分析李扬成;何振宇;刘慧;貌友兄【摘要】目的探讨俯卧腹板固定技术在直肠癌术前放疗摆位中的重复性和精确性.方法50例直肠癌术前放疗患者随机分成真空袋组和俯卧腹板组各25例,在治疗前、治疗中每周及治疗结束当天均拍摄射野验证片以了解摆位的重复性,并比较两组之间及每周之间的差异.结果俯卧腹板组和真空袋组相比射野中心点的偏差在X、Y和Z方向上均无统计学差异(P＞0.05);而在放疗中每周及放疗结束时的比较中,俯卧腹板组射野中心点的偏差在X、Y和Z方向上无显著差异(P＞0.05),但真空袋组射野中心点的偏差在X、Y和Z方向存在显著差异(P＜0.05).结论与常规真空袋固定技术相比较,俯卧腹板固定技术有相似的重复性,并且受时间的影响较少,建议临床上进一步研究.【期刊名称】《岭南现代临床外科》【年(卷),期】2010(010)005【总页数】3页(P332-334)【关键词】直肠癌;放疗;体位固定;腹板【作者】李扬成;何振宇;刘慧;貌友兄【作者单位】510060,广东广州,华南肿瘤学国家重点实验室;510060,广东广州,中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科;510060,广东广州,华南肿瘤学国家重点实验室;510060,广东广州,中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科;510060,广东广州,华南肿瘤学国家重点实验室;510060,广东广州,中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科;510060,广东广州,华南肿瘤学国家重点实验室;510060,广东广州,中山大学肿瘤防治中心放疗科【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R735.3近10年来，术前放疗在局部晚期直肠癌综合治疗中地位越来越重要，研究表明术前同期放化疗能显著提高局部控制率及延长患者的远期生存率［1，2］。
但放疗可造成盆腔器官放射性损伤，特别是小肠。
目前通常采用俯卧位、充盈膀胱等方法来降低小肠受照剂量［3，4］。
本研究通过在直肠癌术前放疗中采用俯卧腹板固定技术，并与常规真空袋固定技术比较，探讨俯卧腹板固定技术在直肠癌术前放疗摆位中的重复性。
迭代算法(Asir-V)在儿童胸部扫描中的应用价值
迭代算法(Asir-V)在儿童胸部扫描中的应用价值董丽娜【摘要】目的探讨Asir-V技术在儿童胸部低剂量扫描中的应用价值.方法对60例患儿根据Asir-V的设置随机分为3组,每组20例,Asir-V分别为30%、50%和70%.每例分别测量胸廓入口层面,气管分叉层面,心底层面背部肌肉CT值的标准差(Standard Deviation,SD)为背景噪声指数,记录每个病例的剂量长度乘积(Dose-Length Product,DLP),并根据公式换算有效剂量,比较3组SD和有效剂量(Effective Dose,ED)值.结果 3组病例SD分别为21.74±1.39、21.42±1.67和22.07±1.99,DLP分别为(18.99±9.55)、(12.77±4.22)和(7.45±2.01)mGy·cm,ED 分别为(0.57±0.21)、(0.34±0.10)和(0.20±0.05)mSv,3组SD值相当,任意两组差异(P>0.05)无统计学意义,ED递减,任意两组差异(P<0.01)有统计学意义.读片结果各病例图像质量良好(≥3分),两位医师图片一致性良好.结论 Asir-V技术在保证图像质量的同时,可有效降低辐射剂量,对儿童胸部低剂量扫描有重要价值.%Objective To explore the application value of Asir-V technology in low dose chest scanning in children. Methods Sixty cases were randomly divided into three groups (20 in each group) based on different algorithms: group A (Asir-V: 30%), group B (Asir-V: 50%), group C (Asir-V, 70%). The SD of muscle of back in thoracic inlet level, trachea bifurcation level and the bottom of heart level were used as the background noise index. The dose length product of each case was recorded, and the effective dose was calculated according to the formula. The SD and ED values were compared among the 3 groups. Results The SD values in the three groups were21.74±1.39, 21.42±1.67 and 22.07±1.99, respect ively. The DLP values were(18.99±9.55), (12.77±4.22) and (7.45±2.01) mGy·cm. ED values were (0.57±0.21), (0.34±0.10) and (0.20±0.05) mSv, respectively. There were no significant difference between any two groups for SD value (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences for ED value in any two groups (P<0.01). Conclusion Asir-V technology is not only ensure the quality of the image, but also effectively reduce the radiation dose. So it has great value for low dose scanning in children's chest.【期刊名称】《中国医疗设备》【年(卷),期】2018(033)001【总页数】4页(P69-71,81)【关键词】迭代算法;滤波反投影法;小儿胸部;低剂量;多层螺旋CT【作者】董丽娜【作者单位】徐州市儿童医院医学影像科,江苏徐州 221000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R814.42引言儿童呼吸系统疾病为最常见的疾病之一，胸部CT检查作为儿童胸片的补充手段被广泛应用。
1例特殊疾病背景的出血性痔病例报告及文献回顾
Journal of Colorectal &Anal Surgery结直肠肛门外科2021年4月第27卷第2期1例特殊疾病背景的出血性痔病例报告及文献回顾黄丹丹，张迪，彭慧，任东林△中山大学附属第六医院肛肠外科广东广州510655DOI:10.19668/ki.issn1674-0491.2021.02.005出血性痔是临床常见的肛肠疾病之一，常采用保守治疗和手术治疗（包括痔切除术、套扎术、注射术等），可获得良好的治疗效果。
然而，当出血性痔合并特殊疾病时，往往会给临床医师制定治疗决策带来巨大的挑战和困难。
本文通过回顾1例特殊疾病背景的出血性痔患者的治疗过程，详细分析该患者的病史、诊断、治疗及预后，为临床医师开展痔病规范化诊疗提供参考。
1临床资料患者男性，67岁，因“反复便血7月余，加重2月”于2019年7月17日到我院就诊。
患者自诉于7月余前无明显诱因下出现排粪疼痛，伴少量便血，5月余前在当地医院诊断为“1.直肠低分化腺癌T 2N 1M 0Ⅲ期；2.前列腺癌未排？”。
随后转至上级医院就诊，因患者拒绝手术故行30次放疗及4疗程化疗。
近两个月出现便后出血加重，以滴血、喷血多见，伴头晕、心悸、肛门疼痛等症状。
1周前于外院就诊，血常规结果提示：血红蛋白63g/L ，血小板66×109/L ，予输血、降压、护心、局部压迫止血等对症支持治疗，便后出血症状改善不明显，遂转诊我院。
既往史：患者自诉10余年前诊断“混合痔”，未予处理；高血压病史20余年，测量血压最高值为200/120mmHg ，规律服用降压药，血压控制良好。
就诊前测得血压值偏低，患者停用降压药1周；冠心病10余年，规律服用降脂及抗血小板聚集药物，已停用1周。
入院体格检查：腹部视诊未见异常，全腹无压痛、反跳痛，肠鸣音正常。
肛周皮肤无溢液，因放疗呈花斑样改变（见图1），肛门未见痔核脱出，无触痛。
指诊肛门括约肌紧张，触痛明显，肛管狭窄，直肠黏膜粗糙，未扪及异常肿物，退出指套血染。
辐射外文翻译 中英文
本外文翻译含中英文，前面英文，后面中文。
Mobile Phone Radiation Induces Reactive OxygenSpecies Production and DNA Damage in HumanSpermatozoa In VitroAbstractBackgroundIn recent times there has been some controversy over the impact of electromagnetic radiation on human health. The significance of mobile phone radiation on male reproduction is a key element of this debate since several studies have suggested a relationship between mobile phone use and semen quality. The potential mechanisms involved have not been established, however, human spermatozoa are known to be particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress by virtue of the abundant availability of substrates for free radical attack and the lack of cytoplasmic space to accommodate antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, the induction of oxidative stress in these cells not only perturbs their capacity for fertilization but also contributes to sperm DNA damage. The latter has, in turn, been linked with poor fertility, an increased incidence of miscarriage and morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer. In light of these associations, we have analyzed the influence of RF-EMR on the cell biology of human spermatozoa in vitro.Principal FindingsPurified human spermatozoa were exposed to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) tuned to 1.8 GHz and covering a range of specific absorption rates (SAR) from 0.4 W/kg to 27.5 W/kg. In step with increasing SAR, motility and vitality were significantly reduced after RF-EMR exposure, while the mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species and DNA fragmentation were significantly elevated (P<0.001). Furthermore, we also observed highly significant relationships between SAR, the oxidative DNA damage bio-marker, 8-OH-dG, and DNA fragmentation after RF-EMR exposureConclusionsRF-EMR in both the power density and frequency range of mobile phones enhances mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation by human spermatozoa, decreasing the motility and vitality of these cells while stimulating DNA base adduct formation and, ultimately DNA fragmentation. These findings have clear implications for the safety of extensive mobile phone use by males of reproductive age, potentially affecting both their fertility and the health and wellbeing of their offspringlistIntroduction (1)Results (2)RF-EMR disrupts human sperm motility and vitality and induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (2)RF-EMR has a negative impact on human spermatozoa over a range of SAR values (4)Reactive Oxygen Species are central to the RF-EMR response (5)RF-EMR induces oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-dG) (6)RF-EMR induces DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa (7)Discussion (9)Methods (12)Ethics Statement (12)Reagents and Solutions (12)Human spermatozoa (12)Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation and Waveguide (13)Dihydroethidium Assay (14)MitoSOX Red (MSR) Assay (15)Assay for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) (15)TUNEL Assay (16)Analysis by Flow Cytometry (16)Statistics (17)References (17)IntroductionMale infertility is a distressingly common condition affecting about 1 in 20 of the male population [1]. In a majority of cases, the male partner produces sufficient numbers of spermatozoa to achieve fertilization but there are functional defects in these cells that prevent conception from occurring [2]. Despite several decades of research, the causes of such functional deficiencies in human spermatozoa remain largely unresolved. However, one contributory factor that has recently emerged is the quality of the sperm DNA delivered to the oocyte at the moment of fertilization [3]. Fragmentation of DNA in the male germ line has been associated with impaired fertilization, poor embryonic development, high rates of miscarriage and an increased incidence of morbidity in the offspring, including childhood cancer [3], [4]. In view of the seriousness of these clinical outcomes, attention has recently focused on the environmental and genetic factors that might be involved in the aetiology of DNA damage in the male germ line.These investigations have suggested that one of the environmental factors potentially involved in the etiology of DNA damage in human spermatozoa is an increased exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) emitted from mobile phones. This association was initially suggested by an epidemiological study which found negative correlations between mobile phone usage and various attributes of semen quality, particularly motility [5]. This was immediately followed by an experimental study involving exposure of male mice to RF-EMR, which revealed a significant impact on the integrity of both the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes [6]. Recently, the negative impact of mobile phone usage on semen quality in human males was confirmed in a study that found the duration of exposure to be correlated with defects in sperm count, motility, viability, and normal morphology [7]. In light of these data, there is now an urgent need to determine whether exposure of human spermatozoa to RF-EMR can also induce DNA damage and to resolve the cellular mechanisms involved.Several studies have found an association between human health and exposure to RF-EMR, with emphasis on a range of clinical conditions including childhood leukaemia, brain tumours, genotoxicity and neurodegenerative disease [8], [9]. While the cellular mechanisms underpinning these effects have not been completely resolved, it has been suggested that oxidative stress could be a key factor [10]. However, extensive analysis of the importance of oxidative stress in mediating the pathological effects of RF-EMR has generated conflicting results, possibly due to differences in the fundamental redox susceptibility of the cell lines employed in these analyses [11]. In this context, it is significant that human spermatozoa are uniquely sensitive to oxidative stress for a variety of reasons. Firstly, these cells arelargely devoid of the cytoplasm that in somatic cells houses the antioxidant enzymes that offer a first line of defense against free radical attack [12]. Secondly, these cells possess abundant targets for the induction of peroxidative damage including polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA [12]–[14]. Thirdly, these cells are professional generators of reactive oxygen species, that appear to emanate largely from the sperm mitochondria and, possibly, plasma membrane NAD(P)H oxidases [15], [16]. Thus if any cell type would be vulnerable to the oxidative stress reportedly generated on exposure to RF-EMR, it would be human spermatozoa.In light of these considerations, we have conducted a careful analysis of the biological consequences of exposing human spermatozoa to RF-EMR. The study design involved overnight exposure to RF-EMR at a defined frequency (1.8 GHz), over a range of SAR values that both covered the emission characteristics of mobile phones and generated sufficient dose-response data to shed light on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Moreover, the temperature of the incubations was maintained at 21°C to avoid any secondary heating effects. The results clearly demonstrate that exposure to this type of radiation not only stimulates free radical generation by the sperm mitochondria but also creates a state of oxidative stress characterized by the formation of oxidative base adducts and DNA fragmentation. These data clearly have important implications for the safety of mobile phone use and highlight the potential importance of RF-EMR in the etiology of male infertility and childhood disease.ResultsRF-EMR disrupts human sperm motility and vitality and induces intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) productionIn an initial experiment, functional human spermatozoa isolated from the high density region of Percoll gradients and suspended in BWW medium were exposed to RF-EMR at an SAR of 27.5 W/kg. This exposure induced a highly significant decline in both vitality (p<0.001; Figure 1A) and motility (p<0.01; Figure 1B) compared with the unexposed controls. Exposed spermatozoa also produced significantly higher amounts of ROS than background levels as measured by both the dihydroethidium (DHE) (p<0.001; Figure 1C) and MitoSOX red (MSR) probes (p<0.001; Figure 1D) suggesting that free radical generation had been initiated as a consequence of RF-EMR and that the mitochondria were significantly involved in this response.Figure 1. RF-EMR exposure decreases motility and vitality of human sperm while also inducing intracellular ROS.Percoll-purified spermatozoa (5×106 cells) were suspended in 1 ml BWW in a 35 mm Petri dish and placed within the waveguide while control cells placed outside the waveguide. A frequency of 1.8 GHz at a SAR of 27.5 W/kg was used and all samples were incubated for 16 h at 21°C. A, Sperm vitality was significantly reduced from the control value of 82%±4% to 29%±4% for the exposed cells (***p<0.001). B, Sperm motility was also significantly reduced from the control value of 82%±4% to 28%±1% (**p<0.01). C, ROS production was increased after RF-EMR exposure such that 28%±1% of the cells were producing ROS, while only 7%±0.4% of the controls contributed to ROS production (***p<0.001). D, 24%±1% of the exposed cells generated mitochondrial ROS, while the only 12%±1% of the control cells produced ROS from this source (***p<0.001). All results are based on 4 independent samples. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g001RF-EMR has a negative impact on human spermatozoa overa range of SAR valuesIn light of these results we then extended the range of SAR values over which the consequences of RF-EMR radiation were examined (0.4 W/kg–27.5 W/kg) to include the values covered by conventional mobile phones (0.5 W/kg–1.5 W/kg).High quality spermatozoa selected in discontinuous Percoll gradients displayed a decline in both vitality and motility after exposure to RF-EMR in a dose- dependent manner. The control populations maintained an average vitality of 89%; however, significant reductions in vitality were observed at exposure levels as low as 1.0 W/kg (p<0.01) (Figure 2A). Similarly, the control populations maintained motilities at an average of 86% over the incubation period, however after exposure to RF-EMR at levels of 1.0 W/kg, motility was observed to significantly decrease to 68% (p<0.05) and decreased still further at higher SAR exposures (Figure 2B).Figure 2. RF-EMR exposure reduces motility and vitality of human spermatozoa, in an SAR dependent manner.Percoll-purified spermatozoa (5×106 cells) were suspended in 1 ml BWW in a 35 mm Petri dish and placed within the waveguide while control cells (closed circles) were placed outside the waveguide. Cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels of 0.4, 1.0 2.84.3 10.1 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) for 16 h at 21°C. Both vitality and motility were reduced ina dose dependent manner. A, Vitality was significantly reduced at a SAR of 1.0 W/kg from 89%±3% to 65%±1% (**p<0.01). B, Motility was also significantly reduced at a SAR of 1.0 W/kg from 86%±2% to 68%±2% (*p<0.05). All results are based on 4 independent samples.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g002Reactive Oxygen Species are central to the RF-EMR response Exposure of human spermatozoa to RF-EMR over a range of SAR levels resulted in a dose-dependent activation of ROS generation, as detected by the DHE probe (Figure 3A). In this analysis, a significant increase in ROS positive cells was observed after exposure at 1.0 W/kg (p<0.05); thereafter ROS production rose rapidly with SAR values up to 4.3 W/kg and then began to plateau reaching a peak of 30% at the highest exposure levels assessed (Figure 3A). To determine whether such increases in ROS production might originate from the sperm mitochondria, MSR was employed as a probe. Spermatozoa exposed to increasing levels of RF-EMR, generated a significant, dose-dependent increase in ROS generation by the mitochondria. The response rose rapidly following RF-EMR exposure reaching statistical significance (p<0.001) at an SAR value 2.8 W/kg at which point 16% of the exposed cells were MSR positive. At SAR values above 4.3 W/kg, RF-EMR induced mitochondrial ROS begun to plateau reaching 30% at the maximal SAR values assessed (Figure 3B). By plotting the DHE positive cells against the MSR response for the entire data set (Figure 3D) we observed an extremely strong correlation (R2 = 0.823) between these signals, suggesting that a majority of the ROS production elicited by RF-EMR involved electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain.Figure 3. RF-EMR induces ROS generation in human spermatozoa, in an SAR-dependent manner unrelated to thermal effects.Percoll-purified spermatozoa (5×106 cells) were suspended in 1 ml BWW in a 35 mm Petri dish and placed within the waveguide while control cells placed outside the waveguide (closed circles). Cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels between 0.4 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) for 16 h at 21°C. Also, purified sperm cells were subjected to incubation temperatures ranging from 21°C–50°C for 2 h. As the power levels were increased, the cellular generation of ROS increased in a dose-dependent manner. ROS levels were also observed to increase as a result of incubation temperature, but such results were not significant until the temperature exceeded 40°C. A, ROS generation (DHE response) was significantly increased from control levels after exposure to 1.0 W/kg (*p<0.05) and above (***p<0.001). B, RF-EMR induces ROS generation by the sperm mitochondria as monitored by MSR; significant increases were observed at SAR values of 2.8 W/kg (***p<0.001) and above. All results are based on 4 independent samples. C, In order to control for thermal effects, the impact of temperature of cellular ROS generation was monitored; a significant increase in ROS generation was observed as temperatures rose above 40°C (p<0.001). D, Across the entire data set, the total level of ROS generation by human spermatozoa (DHE positive cells) was highly correlated with the level of ROS generation by the mitochondria (MSR positive cells: R2 = 0.823).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g003In order to control for bulk thermal effects of RF-EMR exposure, spermatozoa were also incubated at temperatures ranging from 21°C–50°C for 2 h (Figure 3C). This analysis did reveal an effect of heat on free radical generation by human spermatozoa possibly due to the activation of an apoptotic response, however these effects were only significant above 40°C. Thus at the temperature at which these experiments were performed (21°C) the highest observed RF-EMR-induced temperature rise (+0.4°C at 27.5 W/kg), could not of itself account for the increased ROS response observed across the range of SAR settings evaluated in this study.RF-EMR induces oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-dG)In order to determine whether the ROS generation induced on exposure of human spermatozoa to RF-EMR resulted in a state of oxidative stress, we monitored the expression of8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), a marker for oxidative damage to sperm DNA. As the SAR level was increased, the amount of oxidative DNA damage expressed in the spermatozoa became elevated (Figure 4A). A significant increase in 8-OH-dG expression became apparent at low SAR values (<5.0 W/kg) rising to a maximum of around 20% at the highest levels of exposure (27.5 W/kg). By plotting the 8-OH-dG positive cells against the MSR signal (Figure 4B) it was apparent that a strong positive correlation existed between the two parameters (R2 = 0.727); thehigher the level of mitochondrial ROS generation, the greater the degree of oxidative DNA damage in the spermatozoa.Figure 4. RF-EMR induces oxidative DNA damage in human spermatozoa.Following Percoll fractionation, 5×106 high density, spermatozoa were suspended in 1 ml BWW. The cells were placed in 35 mm Petri dishes and placed inside a waveguide. 5×106 cells in 1 ml BWW were placed outside the waveguide as a control (closed circle). The cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels between 0.4 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) and all samples were incubated for 16 h at 21°C. Following incubation, Fe2+ and H2O2 was added to cells to act as a positive control, incubated for 1 h, then 100 µl 2 mM DTT/BWW solution was added and incubated for 45 min at 37°C. Cells were fixed and labeled with 100 µl charcoal purified anti-8-OH-dG, FITC tagged antibody at a dilution of 1:50, incubated at 21°C for 1 h, washed and then assessed by flow cytometry. A, As the power levels were increased, the amount of oxidative DNA damage expressed also increased. A significant amount of oxidative DNA damage was observed in cells exposed to 2.8 W/kg (*p<0.05) RF-EMR and above (**p<0.01; ***p<0.001). Results are based on 4 independent samples. B, The levels of 8-OH-dG expression were positively correlated with the levels of ROS generation by the mitochondria (R2 = 0.727).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g004RF-EMR induces DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa To determine whether the oxidative DNA base damage precipitated by RF-EMR-induced ROS generation had any impact on DNA stand breaks in human spermatozoa, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was utilized. As illustrated in Figure 5A, human spermatozoa responded to RF-EMR exposure, with a significant increase in DNA strand breaks atan SAR of 2.8 W/kg (p<0.05) that increased rapidly with rising SAR values and then reached a plateau so that at the highest SAR level assessed (27.5 W/kg), 29% of the cells expressed significant DNA fragmentation. This DNA damage was highly correlated with free radical generation by the sperm mitochondria giving a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.861 (Figure 5B). Moreover, the level of DNA fragmentation was highly correlated with 8-OH-dG formation (R2 = 0.725; Figure 5C) such that sperm cells exhibiting high levels of oxidative DNA damage, also possessed high levels of DNA fragmentation.Figure 5. RF-EMR induces DNA fragmentation in human spermatozoa.Following Percoll fractionation, 5×106 high density spermatozoa were resuspended in 1 ml BWW, pipetted into 35 mm Petri dishes and placed inside a waveguide. 5×106 cells in 1 ml BWW were placed outside the waveguide as a control (closed circle). The cells in the waveguide were exposed to 1.8 GHz RF-EMR at SAR levels between 0.4 and 27.5 W/kg (open circles) and all samples were incubated for 16 h at 21°C. Following incubation, cells were fixed; DNase-I was used as a positive control. After 1 h incubation at 37°C, 50 µl of label and enzyme master mixes were added to the cells and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. Cells were then washed and assessed by flow cytometry. A, Significant levels of DNA fragmentation was observed in exposed spermatozoa at 2.8 W/kg (*p<0.05) and above (***p<0.001). B, DNA fragmentation was positively correlated with ROS production by the mitochondria as monitored by MSR (R2 = 0.861). C, 8-OH-dG was also positively correlated with DNA fragmentation (R2 = 0.725). Results are based on 4 independent samples.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006446.g005DiscussionWhile a high proportion of the male population suffers from infertility associated with defective sperm function [17], the etiology of this condition remains largely unresolved. Notwithstanding the general paucity of information in this area, recent studies have highlighted the interesting finding that male infertility patients are frequently characterized by high levels of DNA damage to their spermatozoa [18]. In light of these data, we have hypothesized that the disruption of sperm fertilizing potential and the concomitant presence of high levels of DNA damage in the sperm nucleus involves a common causative mechanism in the form of oxidative stress [19].Oxidative stress has been known for some time to limit the fertilizing potential of human spermatozoa through the induction of peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane [13], [20]. Oxidative stress is also known to be associated with DNA damage in human spermatozoa [21]. Furthermore, the source of the free radicals responsible for generating such stress appears to be the mitochondria [15]. However, the factors responsible for inducing the mitochondria to leak electrons and propagate the production of ROS have not been elucidated. The research described in this article suggests that one of the key environmental factors involved in the stimulation of sperm mitochondria to produce high levels of ROS, might be excess exposure to RF-EMR from sources such as mobile phones.In a pilot study, human spermatozoa were found to respond to RF-EMR (at 1.8 GHzwith a SAR of 27.5 W/kg) with a range of negative changes including dramatic declines in both sperm vitality and motility. We also observed significant increases in both cytoplasmic ROS levels (DHE) as well as mitochondrial ROS levels (MSR) after RF-EMR exposure. We have previously shown that the chemical induction of mitochondrial ROS production with rotenone can precipitate a state of oxidative stress leading to high levels of lipid peroxidation and a loss of sperm motility [15]. Therefore, these data highlight the particular vulnerability of human spermatozoa to oxidative attack and the potential significance of sperm mitochondria in the generation of free radicals.To assess whether similar effects could be observed at lower power densities, closer to the SAR values associated with mobile phones (0.5–1.5 W/kg) a dose-dependent analysis was conducted. In addition to the conventional assessments of motility and vitality, assays were included to assess the potential for RF-EMR to induce sperm DNA damage and further, whether the DNA damage was oxidative in nature. Confirmation of the detrimental effects of RF-EMR on human sperm was again observed. Over the power density range employed, a significant (P<0.001) dose-dependent response for all sperm parameters was observed, including motility, vitality, ROS generation by the whole cell, ROS generation by the mitochondria, oxidative DNA damage and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, the profiles of all the observed effects with respect to SAR were intriguingly similar, suggesting a common underlying mechanism.Specifically, all of the responses examined showed an extremely rapid change at low SAR exposures that then reached a plateau at a point where around 30% of the sperm population was affected. This suggests that while we were careful to use only Percoll-purified, high quality spermatozoa in this analysis, there exists within this cell population, a cohort of spermatozoa that are particularly vulnerable to the induction of oxidative stress by RF-EMR. These spermatozoa may have compromised mitochondria, poorly remodeled chromatin or a combination of such factors [15], [22]. Heterogeneity within the sperm population is a feature of the human condition. However, this does not mean that a majority of spermatozoa would not, ultimately, be affected by RF-EMR in vivo; much would depend on the duration of exposure. In vitro, we are limited by the inability of human spermatozoa to survive for more than 24 hours in a simple defined culture medium. In vivo, spermatozoa may take up to a week to move from the seminiferous tubules in the testes to the cauda epididymis and during the whole of this time they would be vulnerable to RF-EMR exposure [23].We recognize that these studies were conducted using spermatozoa suspended in a simple defined culture medium rather than the epididymal plasma in which they would be suspended in vivo. Nevertheless the fact that effects on sperm quality havepreviously been observed in both whole animal radiation experiments [3] and in epidemiological studies of human subjects exposed to various levels of mobile phone radiation [5], [7], [24], emphasizes the biological and clinical relevance of these findings. Moreover, another recent study has found that exposing human spermatozoa to mobile phone radiation for 1 hour leads to significant declines in motility and vitality in concert with an increase in cellular reactive oxygen species generation [25]. The levels of RFEMR exposure were not quantified in this study nor were the sources of ROS identified. Nevertheless, these findings reinforce the general conclusions generated in this paper, particularly with respect to central role played by oxidative stress. The ever-increasing prevalence of mobile communications technology means that humans are now exposed to higher amounts of RF-EMR than ever before. Mobile phones are commonly carried in bags or in pockets in very close proximity to the body. In addition to this, these devices can be stored adjacent to the same part of the body for extended periods of time. In this context, exposure of the male reproductive system to RF-EMR is clearly a significant issue.The particular significance of the present study is that it not only demonstrates a direct effect of RF-EMR on sperm motility, vitality and DNA integrity but also identifies a potential causative mechanism involving electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain and the induction of oxidative DNA damage. In part, these mechanistic insights have been achieved because the cell type used in these studies, the human spermatozoon, has an extremely simple cellular architecture, lacking significant cytosol and possessing few cellular organelles other than the sperm nucleus, flagellum and mitochondria. One consequence of this structure is that these cells are uniquely vulnerable to oxidative stress. Moreover, such stress is already known to induce the functional and structural lesions observed in this study including both a loss of motility mediated by peroxidative damage to the sperm plasma membrane, as well as the formation of DNA base adducts in the sperm nucleus that ultimately lead to DNA fragmentation [26], [27].Notwithstanding the specialized nature of mammalian spermatozoa, the mechanisms suggested by this study may also apply to RF-EMR-mediated damage in other cell types. The RF-EMR used for communications, including mobile phone networks, is not of high enough power to be classed as ionizing radiation. The latter has sufficient energy to pull away electrons, dramatically altering the properties of affected molecules and typically creating extremely reactive radical species. RF-EMR does not contain sufficient energy for these processes. Nevertheless, this form of radiation may have other effects on larger scale systems such as cells and organelles, which stem from the perturbation of charged molecules and the disruption of electron flow [28], [29]. Mitochondria have one of the largest standing membrane potentials in the body and their energetic functions are entirely dependent on the regulated movement of electrons and protons within the inner mitochondrion membrane.Theoretically, such fluxes might be susceptible to disruptions in local electric fields induced by RF-EMR, offering a potential link between this form of radiation and the non-thermal biological effects observed in this study.This study clearly demonstrates that RF-EMR can damage sperm function via mechanisms that involve the leakage of electrons from the mitochondria and the creation of oxidative stress. These findings have immediate implications for the high rates of male infertility seen in our species, a majority of which is idiopathic. Furthermore, the fact that sperm DNA is damaged by this form of radiation has additional implications for the health and wellbeing of children born to fathers who have experienced high levels of occupational or environmental exposure to RF-EMR around the time of conception. Overall, these finding raise a number of related health policy and patient management issues that deserve our immediate attention. Specifically we recommend that men of reproductive age who engage in high levels of mobile phone use, do not keep their phones in receiving mode below waist level.MethodsEthics StatementThis study was conducted according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the University of Newcastle (H-712-0799). All patients provided written informed consent for the collection of samples and subsequent analysis.Reagents and SolutionsAll chemicals and reagents used in this research were obtained from Sigma Aldrich (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) unless stated otherwise. All reagents used were of research grade. All fluorescent probes were purchased from Molecular Probes Inc. (Eugene, OR). Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham (BWW) media supplemented with 1 mg/ml polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used in all experiments [30]. It was prepared fresh as required and kept at 37°C with an osmolarity in the range of 290–310 mOsm/kg. Human spermatozoaInstitutional and State Government ethical approval was secured for the use of。
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原本打算每人交一篇论文，但估计一部分同学会网上下载，凑数，所以，我们考试就是词汇，范围包括下面我列出来的和课后的，只要能根据英语写出汉语即可。
下周上课时间我们简单考一下，请大家复习一下。
第一课element（元素）, fundamental particles（基本粒子），protons, neutrons and electrons（质子，中子，电子），chemical identity（化学特性），nucleus （原子核），positively charged （带正电的），uncharged（不带电的），negatively charged （带负电的），electrically neutral（电中性的），atomic number（原子序数），Periodic Table（元素周期表），mass number（质量数），nucleon（核子），carbon（碳），orbital electrons（轨道电子），innermost electron（内壳层电子），naturally occurring（天然存在的），stable isotope（稳定同位素），unstable （不稳定的）or radioactive（放射性的），artificial means（人工手段），chemical bonds（化学键），nuclei（原子核nucleus的复数），chemical symbol（化学符号）, subscript（下角标），superscript （上角标），oxygen（氧），radioactive isotopes（放射性同位素），Hydrogen（氢），nuclear engineering（核工程），heavy hydrogen（重氢）or deuterium（氘），tritium（氚）mass and charge（质量和电荷）, atomic and nuclear physics（原子和原子核物理），atomic mass unit (u)（原子质量单位），one twelfth （十二分之一）carbon 12 （碳12），weighted mean （加权平均数），Avogadro’s Number（阿伏加德罗常数），compounds and molecules（化合物和分子），equal in magnitude and opposite in sign（数量相等，符号相反），electron-volt（电子伏特），mega electron-volt（兆电子伏特）( MeV)，unit electronic charge（单位电荷），potential difference （势差），classical principle（经典原理），conservation of mass（质量守恒定律），mass defect （质量亏损），principle of the equivalence of mass and energy（质能相当原理），interchange of mass and energy（质能转换），laws of conservation of mass and conservation of energy（质量守恒和能量守恒定律），release of energy（能量的释放）, absorption of energy（能量的吸收），equivalence between mass and energy（质能相当），force of electrostatic repulsion between like charge（同种电荷之间的静电排斥力）, force of attraction（吸引力），nuclear force（核力），nucleon（核子），Binding Energy（结合能），energy of chemical binding（化学结合能），Energy Level（能级），ground state of energy（能量基态），nuclear reaction （核反应），excited states or levels （激发态或激发能级），discrete excited states （分立的激发态），spacing of the levels （能级间隔），excitation energy （激发能），average lifetime （平均寿命），decay, or become de-excited（衰变或退激发），emission of high energy electromagnetic radiation （发射高能电磁辐射），fission （裂变），uranium （铀），transuranium elements（超铀元素），radioactive barium 139（放射性钡139），split into fragments （分裂成碎片），intermediate mass elements （中间质量的元素），medium mass number（中等质量数）, chain reaction （链式反应）uranium 235（铀235）, Thorium 232（钍232）, fissionable （可裂变的）, fissile（易裂变的），uranium 233 and plutonium 239（钚239）, low energy neutrons（低能中子），liquid drop model（液滴模型），short range nuclear forces（短程核力）, surface tension （表面张力）, action of the nuclear forces（核力作用），dumbbell shape （哑铃形），Coulomb force of repulsion （库仑排斥力），emission of gamma radiation（发射伽玛辐射），fission fragments （裂变碎片），neutrinos （中微子），macroscopic（宏观的）第二课radiation（辐射），material or electromagnetic origin（物质或电磁起源）, nuclear decay（核衰变），particle accelerator（粒子加速器）, cosmic rays（宇宙射线）, molecules, atoms, electrons, and nuclei（分子，原子，电子，原子核），photons（光子），target（靶），projectile （入射粒子），nuclear energy field（核能领域），nuclear reactor（核反应堆）, inert substances（惰性物质），protective shielding（防护屏），Excitation and Ionization （电离和激发），fluorescent light bulb（荧光灯泡）, vacuum tube （真空管），impart energy to （传递能量），excitation of electrons to higher energy states（激发电子到更高能态），emission of light（发光）.inner orbits （内层轨道），high energy radiation（高能辐射），heavy element target（重元素靶，X-rays due to transitions in the electronic orbits（电子在轨道间跃迁产生的X射线）, bremsstrahlung （韧致辐射），ion pair（离子对），range（射程）, millimeter（毫米），meter （米），Charged particles（带电粒子），fragments of fission （裂变碎片），heavy particles （重离子）, inertia（惯性），electrostatic interaction （静电相互作用），kinetic energy （动能），inversely proportional to（成反比例），million-electron-volt （百万电子伏特）high-speed charged ion （高速带电离子），mutual repulsion （相互排斥），hyperbolic path （双曲线轨迹），scatter（散射），initial energy （初始能量），scattering of the photon（光散射）, ionization by the photon（光电离）, pair production（电子对产生）. Photon-Electron Scattering（光-电子散射），rest mass （静止质量），bound to their nucleus（受原子核的束缚）, free stationary particles（自由静止粒子），physical principles of energy and momentum conservation（能量和动量守恒物理原理. Compton effect（康普顿效应）, scattered backward（背散射），the special theory of relativity （狭义相对论），cross section（截面），Photoelectric Effect（光电效应），incident photon （入射光子），light emission （发光）, Electron-Positron Pair Production（电子正电子对产生），be converted into matter（转变成物质），theory of the equivalence of mass and energy（质能相当理论），law of conservation of charge （电荷守恒定律），be annihilated as material particles（作为物质粒子湮灭）, substance（物质）, attenuation of gamma rays in matter （伽马射线在物质中的衰减），mean free path （平均自由程）,helium 4 （氦4），positive charge（正电荷），density of the material （物质密度），aluminum （铝），health hazard （健康危害），alpha-emitting isotope（α放射性同位素），be ingested in the body(摄入人体)，radioactive isotope（放射性同位素），a spectrum of energies（能谱），ingestion hazard（摄入危害）. penetrating power（穿透本领），radiation hazards （辐射危害），reactor shielding（反应堆屏蔽）.light elements （轻元素），beryllium（铍），Neutron（中子），average lifetime （平均寿命），Neutron Source（中子源），radium 226（镭226），potential scattering （势散射），compound nucleus formation（复合核形成），capture（俘获）。
研究生复试：食品工艺学——辐射和化学贮藏
《食品工艺学》复试试题库－辐射与化学保藏一、名词解释：1.高能电子射线：电子加速器利用电磁场作用，将电子加速到接近光速，使电子流能量达到可以利用程度的电子射线为高能电子射线2.吸收剂量：radiation dose 加工过程中，食品经过辐射区时吸收的辐射能量，3.照射量：指X或Y射线在单位质量空气中产生的全部次级电子被完全阻留在空气中时所产生的统一符号粒子的总电荷量。
4.电离辐射线：由原子核衰变产生的α、β、γ、X射线能使受辐射物质的原子发生电离作用的能力，因而称为电离辐射线5.电子加速器：利用电磁场作用，使电子获得较高能量，将电能转变成辐射能，产生高能电子束或X射线的装置6.光电效应：低能光子与吸收物质原子中的束缚电子相碰撞时，光子将全部能量转移给点子，使其成为光电子，而光子自身被吸收，该效应为光电效应康普顿效应：γ射线和X射线与电子发生碰撞，将一部分能量传递给点子，自身改变运动方向。
7.电子对效应：入社光子的能量大于粮店字的静止质量能，其与物质作用产生一对正负电子8.激发与电离：高能电子与束缚电子发生非弹性碰撞，使其跃迁至原子的较高能级上，这一过程为激发；如果传递给电子的能量足以使其脱离电子成为自由电子，这一过程则为电离。
9.轫致辐射：入射电子不足以导致原子电离，束缚电子跃迁到高能轨道，回到基态时多余能量以光子形式散射出来，这种辐射称轫致辐射10.辐射完全杀菌(辐射阿氏杀菌，Radappertization) 这类杀卤可以达到商业无菌,辐射剂量一般在10~50kGy辐射针对性杀菌(辐射巴氏杀菌，Radicidation) 辐射针对性杀菌能够完全杀死致病菌，并使杂茵量达标，辐射剂量一般在5~10kGy11.辐射选择性杀菌(辐射耐贮杀菌，Radurization) 选择性杀菌能够杀死食品中腐败性微生物，使食品表面腐败微生物数量显著降低,辐射剂量小于5kGy12.辐射敏感性：由于生物种类、个体组织器官种类和个体在生命活动中所处发育阶段等的不同，即使在辐射及环境条件完全相同的情况下，也会表现出明显的生物学效应的差别，这种差别被称为辐射敏感性13.食品化学保藏：是指在食品生产和贮运过程中使用化学制品(食品添加剂)提高食品的耐藏性和尽可能保持其原有品质的措施。
核物理专业英语词汇指南
核物理专业英语词汇指南摘要：本文介绍了核物理专业的一些基本概念和常用词汇，以及它们的英文表达和发音。
本文旨在帮助核物理专业的学生和研究者提高英语水平，更好地进行国际交流和学术研究。
本文分为以下几个部分：核物理基本概念核反应和放射性核材料和燃料核设施和反应堆核安全和防护核能利用和发展核物理基本概念核物理是研究原子核的结构、性质、相互作用和变化的物理学分支。
核物理涉及到许多基本粒子，如质子、中子、电子、光子、中微子等，以及它们之间的四种基本力：强相互作用力、弱相互作用力、电磁力和引力。
核物理还涉及到许多重要的现象，如裂变、聚变、衰变、辐射等，以及它们在能量转换、物质转化和时间演化中的作用。
下面是一些核物理基本概念和常用词汇的英文表达和发音：中文英文发音元素element/ˈelɪmənt/粒子particle/ˈpɑːrtɪkl/离子ion/ˈaɪən/分子molecule/ˈmɒlɪkjuːl/原子atom/ˈætəm/原子的atomic/əˈtɒmɪk/原子核nucleus (pl. nuclei)/ˈnjuːklɪəs/ (/ˈnjuːkliaɪ/)核的nuclear/ˈnjuːklɪə(r)/质子proton/ˈprəʊtɒn/中子neutron/ˈnjuːtrɒn/电子electron/ɪˈlektrɒn/核子nucleon/ˈnjuːklɪən/化学性质chemical property/ˈkemɪkl ˈprɒpəti/带正电的positively charged/ˈpɒzətɪvli ˈtʃɑːdʒd/带负电的negatively charged/ˈneɡətɪvli ˈtʃɑːdʒd/不带电的uncharged/ʌnˈtʃɑːdʒd/电中性的electrically neutral/ɪlektrɪkli ˈnjuːtrəl/（元素）周期表periodic table/pɪərɪədɪk ˈteɪbl/原子序数atomic number/ətɒmɪk ˈnʌmbə(r)/质量数mass number/mæs ˈnʌmbə(r)/轨道电子orbital electron/ˈɔ:bɪtl ɪlektrɒn/同位素isotope/ˈaɪsətəʊp/天然存在的naturally occurring/ˈnætʃrəli əˈkɜ:rɪŋ/中文英文发音人工的artificial/ˌɑ:tɪˈfɪʃl/化学键chemical bond/ˈkemɪkl bɒnd/化合物compound/ˈkɒmpaʊnd/上标superscript/ˈsu:pəskrɪpt/下标subscript/ˈsʌbskrɪpt/氢hydrogen/ˈhaɪdrədʒən/重氢，氘heavy hydrogen, deuterium/hevi ˈhaɪdrədʒən, dju:ˈtɪəriəm/重氢核，氘核deuterion/dju:ˈtɪəriən/超重氢，氚tritium/ˈtrɪtiəm/氦helium/ˈhi:liəm/结合能binding energy/ˈbaɪndɪŋ ˈenədʒi/动能kinetic energy/kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/势能potential (energy)/pəˈtenʃl (ˈenədʒi)/跃迁jump/dʒʌmp/核力nuclear force/ˈnju:klɪə fɔ:s/排斥repulsion/rɪˈpʌlʃn/吸引attraction/əˈtrækʃn/轰击bombardment/bɒmˈbɑ:dmənt/发射（出）emission (n.), emit (v.)/ɪˈmɪʃn, ɪˈmɪt/能级energy level/ˈenədʒi ˌlevl/裂变fission/ˈfɪʃn/聚变fusion/ˈfju:ʒn/衰变decay/dɪˈkeɪ/核反应和放射性核反应是指原子核的结构或组成发生变化的过程，通常伴随着能量和粒子的释放或吸收。
细胞放射敏感性实验流程
细胞放射敏感性实验流程英文回答：Radiosensitivity assay is a technique used to evaluate the response of cells to ionizing radiation. It is an important tool in radiation biology and can provide valuable information about the effects of radiation on cells. The assay involves exposing cells to different doses of radiation and measuring their response, such as cell survival or DNA damage. Here is a general outline of the procedure for conducting a radiosensitivity assay:1. Cell culture: Start by culturing the cells of interest in appropriate culture media and conditions. The cells should be in the exponential growth phase and free from contamination.2. Radiation source: Choose a suitable source of ionizing radiation, such as a gamma-ray irradiator or X-ray machine. Ensure that the radiation source is calibrated anddelivers a consistent dose.3. Dose selection: Determine the range of radiation doses to be used in the assay. This can vary depending on the cell type and research objectives. It is common to use a range of doses, including both sub-lethal and lethal doses.4. Irradiation: Expose the cells to the selected doses of radiation. This can be done by placing the cells in a radiation chamber or using specialized irradiation plates. Control groups without radiation exposure should also be included.5. Incubation: After irradiation, incubate the cells for a specific period of time to allow for cellular responses to occur. The duration of incubation can vary depending on the endpoints being measured.6. Cell viability assay: Assess cell survival or viability using appropriate assays, such as colony formation assay or MTT assay. These assays measure theability of cells to form colonies or convert a colorless substrate into a colored product, respectively.7. DNA damage analysis: If the objective is to evaluate DNA damage, perform DNA repair assays or measure DNA fragmentation using techniques like comet assay or TUNEL assay.8. Data analysis: Analyze the obtained data using appropriate statistical methods. Compare the results between different radiation doses and control groups to determine the radiosensitivity of the cells.9. Interpretation: Interpret the results and draw conclusions about the radiosensitivity of the cells. Consider factors such as cell type, radiation dose, and experimental conditions.中文回答：细胞放射敏感性实验是一种评估细胞对电离辐射反应的技术。
2024上海静安区高三英语二模
静安区2023学年第二学期期中教学质量调研高三英语试卷(完卷时间：120分钟满分：140分)2024年4月考生注意：1. 试卷满分140分，完卷时间120分钟。
2. 本调研设试卷和答题纸两部分，全卷共12页。
所有答题必须涂(选择题)或写(非选择题)在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
第I 卷(共100分)I. Listening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation,a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it,read the four possible answers on your paper,and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. At a grocery store. B. At a florist's stand.C. At a bank counter.D. At an electronic shop.2. A. Sign up for a fitness class. B. Shop for fitness equipment.C. Have a fitness test.D. Watch a fitness video.3. A. Pay the ticket right away. B. Challenge the ticket.C. Ignore the ticket.D. Apologize to the parking officer.4. A. She is available on Saturday. B. She will cancel her dentist appointment.C. She can not cover the man's shift.D. She forgot about the shift.5. A. The woman had better give him an extension on the deadline.B. The woman had better draft the proposal by herself.C. The woman had better approve the proposal.D. The woman had better give insights on the budget section.6. A. She doesn't like animals from the shelter.B. She prefers buying pets from breeders.C. She thinks adopting a pet is a bad idea.D. She supports the idea of adopting a pet.7. A. Either of them is an experienced chef.B. Both of them have experienced failures in the kitchen.C. Neither of them are fond of cooking.D. Both of them are concerned about the new recipe.8. A. Bungee jumping is safeB. Bungee jumping is thrilling.C. Bungee jumping might have risks.D. Bungee jumping is sure to be regrettable.9. A. The man should borrow the book several days later.B. The woman urgently needs the book back.C. The man does not need to return the book quickly.D. The woman is unwilling to lend the man the book.10. A. The woman's parents will not appreciate a surprise party.B. The woman should prioritize her parents' preferences for the party.C The man dislikes the idea of a surprise party.D. The woman should plan a party based on her own preferences.Section BDirections: In Section B,you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation. After each passage or conversation,you will be asked several questions. The passages and the conversation will be read twice,but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question,read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Questions 11 through I3 are based on the following speech.11. A. A pupil in need of help. B. A person promising to donate money.C. A member from a charity.D. A teacher in the Semira Region.12. A. 10%. B. 35%. C. 50%. D. 65%.13. A. To train teachers for the disabled. B. To help a pupil with special needs.C. To pay for a walking holiday.D. To organize a charity club for the disabled.Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.14. A. To distract other students from doing well.B. To impress his friends with the shining ring.C. To improve his chances in the exam.D. To honor his grandfather by wearing a ring.15. A. By having enough time for breaks.B. By breaking down learning into portions.C. By informing teachers of the study habits.D. By wearing lucky objects.16. A. Start revision ahead of time.B. Reward oneself during revision.C. Consider different learning styles.D. Stay up late for the exam.Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.17. A. To inquire about travel recommendations.B. To discuss cultural festivals in Southeast Asia.C. To plan a solo travel adventure to Thailand.D To learn about Mr. Patel's travel experiences.18. A. Europe and Africa. B. Thailand and VietnamC. South America and Australia.D. Japan and China.19. A. Solely cultural exploration.B. Primarily outdoor adventures.C. A mix of cultural and outdoor experiences.D. Luxurious and private accommodations.20. A. It is ideal for meeting fellow travelers.B. It offers exclusive travel experiences.C. It is a more comfortable and secure stay.D. It offers authentic cultural immersion.II. Grammar and VocabularySection ADirections:After reading the passage below,fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word,fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word;for the other blanks,use one word that best fits each blank.Beethov-hen's first symphonyOn a grey Friday morning at a Hawke's Bay farm,members of New Zealand's symphony orchestra dressed in black to perform their latest composition in front of a large crowd.The music contained many marks of traditional classical music,but as it began,the instruments started to make loud,rough sounds more commonly __21__(hear)in chicken coops than in an auditorium.However,no feathers were angered by this departure from tradition, ___22__the audience that gathered to listen to the concert last week was,in fact,a couple of thousand chickens.The piece of music-Chook Symphony No. 1-__23__(create)specifically for the birds out of an unlikely partnership between the orchestra and an organic free-range chicken farm which wanted a piece of chicken-friendly music to enrich its flocks' lives.“We've been playing classical music for the chickens for some years now because ___24 ___ is well researched that the music can calm the chickens down,”says Ben Bostock,one of the two brothers who__25(own)the Bostock Brothers farm. Research has shown animals can respond positively to classical music,and chickens are particularly responsive to baroque(巴洛克格),according to some studies.The composer,Hamish Oliver,__26__used the baroque tradition as a starting point and drew inspiration from composers such as Corelli,Bach,and Schnitke,wanted the piece to be playful by including sounds from a chicken's world. “The trumpet imitates the c hicken …the woodwind instruments are the cluckiest,especially if you take the reeds off. ”The early stages of composition were spent _______(test)out which instruments and sounds the chickens responded to best.“They didn't like any big banging. ”Bostock said,adding that when the birds respond positively to themusic,they tend__28__(wander)farther among the trees. Bostock now hopes chicken farmers around the world will use the piece of music to calm their own birds.For Oliver,having input from the farmers about __ 29__the chickens were responding to particular sounds and instruments was a highlight of the project.The symphony has searched exhaustively __30__any other examples of orchestras making music specifically for chickens and believes this to be a world-first,says Peter Biggs,the orchestra's chief executive.Section BDirections :Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note thatA new way to reduce poachingResearchers are working on a pilot program backed by Russia's Rosatom Corp to inject rhino horns(犀牛角)with radioactive material,a strategy that could discourage consumption and make it easier to detect illegal trade.Poachers(偷猎者)killed 394 rhinos in South Africa for their horns last year,government data shows,with public and private game __31__lacking the resources needed to monitor vast tracts of land and protect the animals that live there.While the toll was a third lower than in 2019 and the sixth __32_drop,illegal hunting remains the biggest threat to about 20,000 of the animals in the country —the world's biggest population.Thousands of__33__sensors along international borders could be used to detect a small quantity of radioactive material____34___into the horns,according to James Larkin,a professor at the University of Witswatersrand in Johannesburg,who has a background in radiation protection and nuclear security. “A whole new_35_of people could be able to detect the illegal movement of rhino horn,"he said. Some alternate methods of discouraging poaching,including poisoning, dyeing and removing the horns,have raised a variety of opinions as to their virtue and efficacy.Known as The Rhisotope Project,the new anti-poaching __36__started earlier this month with the injection of an amino acid(氨基酸)into two rhinos' horns in order to detect whether the compound will move into the animals' bodies. Also,__37__studies using computer modeling and a replica rhino head will be done to determine a safe dose of radioactive material. Rhino horn is used in traditional medicine,as it is believed to cure disease such as cancer,__38__as a show of wealth and given as gifts."If we make it radioactive, these people will be hesitant to buy it,"Larkin said. "We're pushing on the whole supply chain. "Besides Russia's state-owned nuclear company,the University of Witwatcrsrand. scientists and private rhino owners are involved in the project. If the method is ___39__feasible,it could also be used to curb illegal trade in elephant ivory.“Once we have developed the whole project and got to the poi nt where we completed the proof of concept,then we will be making this whole idea ____40_to whoever wants to use it. " Larkin said.III. Reading ComprehensionSection ADirections: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B. C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.City air is in a sorry state. It is dirty and hot. Outdoor pollution kills 4. 2m people a year, according to the World Health Organization. Concrete and tarmac meanwhile,absorb the sun's rays rather than reflecting them back into space,and also ___41 ___plants which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration(蒸腾作用). The never-ceasing__42_of buildings and roads thus tums urban areas into heat islands,discomforting residents and worsening dangerous heatwaves.A possible answer to the twin problems of pollution and heat is trees. Their leaves may destroy at least some chemical pollutants and they certainly __43__tiny particles floating in the air. which are then washed to the ground by rain. Besides transpiration,they provide __44___.To cool an area effectively, trees must be planted in quantity. Two years ago, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that American cities need 40%tree___45___to cut urban heat back meaningfully. Unfortunately,not all cities —and especially not those now springing up in the world's poor and middle-income countries —are __46___with parks, private gardens or a sufficient number of street trees. And the problem is likely to get worse. At the moment,55%of people live in cities. By 2050 that share is expected to reach 68%.One group of botanists believe they have at least a partial ___47___to this lack of urban vegetation. It is to plant miniature simulacra(模拟物)of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth. Over the course of a career that began in the 1950s,their leader,Miyawaki Akira, a plant ecologist at Yokohama National University in Japan. has developed a way to do this starting with even the most___ 48___deserted areas. And the Miyawaki method is finding increasing___ 49___around the world.Dr Miyawaki's insight was to deconstruct and rebuild the process of ecological succession, by which ___50___land develops naturally into mature forest. Usually,the first arrival is grass, followed by small trees and,finally. larger ones.The Miyawaki method___51 ___some of the early phases and jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood.Dr Miyawaki has__52__the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests,first in Japan,then in other parts of the world. Wherever they are planting,though,gardeners are not restricted to__53 __nature's recipe book to the letter. Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements. A popular choice__54__ is to include more fruit trees than a natural forest might support,thus creating an orchard that requires no maintenance.If your goal is to better your __55__surroundings,rather than to save the planet from global warming,then Dr Miyawaki might well be your man.41. A. thrive B. nourish C. displace D. raise42. A. assessment B. maintenance C. spread D. replacement43. A. release B. trap C. reflect D. dissolve44. A. attraction B. shadow C. interaction D. shade45. A. consumption B. coverage C. interval D. conservation46. A. blessed B. lined C. piled D. fascinated47. A. treatment B. obstacle C,warning D. solution48. A. unnoticed B. unpromising C. untested D. unfading49. A. criticism B. favor C. sponsor D. anxiety50. A. bare B. graceful C. faint D. mysterious51. A highlights B. skips C. improves D. pushes52. A. accessed B. spotted C. supervised D. ranked53. A. disturbing B. balancing C. following D. reducing54. A. for example B. in essence C. on the other hand D. after all55. A. suburban B. leisure C. scenic D. immediateSection BDirections: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.(A)From Marie Tussaud's Chamber of Horrors to Disneyland's Haunted Mansion(鬼屋)to horror-themed escape rooms,haunted house attractions have terrified and delighted audiences around the world for more than 200 years.These attractions turn out to be good places to study fear. They help scientists understand the body's response to fright and how we perceive some situations as enjoyably thrilling and others as truly terrible. One surprising finding;having friends close at hand in a haunted house might make you more jumpy,not less so.Psychologist and study co-author Sarah Tashjian,who is now at the University of Melbourne, and her team conducted their research with 156 adults,who each wore a wireless wrist sensor during their visit. The sensor measured skin responses linked to the body's reactions to stress and other situations. When the sensor picked up,for example,greater skin conductance —that is,the degree to which the skin can transmit an electric current —that was a sign that the body was more aroused and ready for fight or flight. In addition to this measure,people reported their expected fear (on a scale of 1 to 10)before entering the haunted house and their experienced fear (on the same scale)after completing the haunt.The scientists found that people who reported greater fear also showed heightened skin responses. Being with friends,Tashjian and her colleagues further found,increased physiological arousal during the experience,which was linked to stronger feelings of fright. In fact,the fear response was actually weaker when people went through the house in the presence of strangers.Other investigators have used haunted houses to understand how fear and enjoyment can coexist. In a 2020 study led by Marc Malmdorf Andersen,a member of the Recreational Fear Lab at Aarhus University in Denmark,scientists joined forces with Dystopia Haunted House. The Danish atraction includes such terrifying experiences as being chased by "Mr. Piggy",a large, chain-saw-wielding man wearing a bloody butcher's apron and pig mask. People between the ages of 12 and 57 were video recorded at peak moments during the attraction,wore heart-rate monitors throughout and reported on their experience. People's fright was tied to large-scale heart-rate fluctuations;their enjoyment was linked to small-scale ones. The results suggest that fear and enjoyment can happen together when physiological arousal is balanced "just right".56. Studing haunted house attractions helps scientists to learn about _____.A. the psychological effects of fear on individualsB. the history of horror-themed entertainmentC. the body's response to material rewardsD. the impact of technology on people's enjoyment57. How did Sarah Tashjian and her team conduct their research on haunted house experiences? A. By surveying participants.B. By analyzing historical records.C. By employing wireless wrist sensors.D. By using virtual reality simulations.58. What did Tashjian and her colleagues discover in their study?A. Being with fiends elevated level of physiological arousal.B. The fear reaction was stronger in the company of strangers.C. Psychological effect was unrelated to intensified feelings of fright.D. Those reporting lightened fear showed increased skin responses.59,It can be concluded from the 2020 study led by Marc Malmdorf Andersen that ____.A. fear and enjoyment can not happen at the same timeB. large-scale heart-rate fluctuations were linked to enjoymentC. the age of the participants was not related to the study's findingsD. fear and enjoyment can coexist under certain conditions(B)Is an electric vehicle right for you?Many people will ask themselvesthat question for the first time this year.Prices are falling,battery range is risingand mainstream brands are adding new EVs at a breakneck pace.Here are three things anybody seriously considering buying an EV should know:1. The price to install a 240v chargerAnybody who owns an electric vehicle needs a 240-volt charger at home. With one,you can recharge overnight,so you start every day with the equivalent of a full tank.Just a few years ago,home 240v EV chargers cost $2,500-$3,000,including installation,but prices have declined as competition grows with the number of EVs on the road.2. The time it takes to chargeAbout 80%of miles driven in EVs are powered by electricity charged at home,but you'll need to charge elsewhere occasionally. That's when charging time becomes a big deal,but how long it takes depends on a couple of factors.First,voltage from the charger. Getting 250 miles of range in seven hours from a 240v charger is fine when you're charging overnight at home,but it's a deal breaker if you're going 300 miles for a weekend getaway. In that case,you'll want to look for a 400v DC fast charger. They're not as common as 240v public chargers yet,but they're becoming more widespread.There's another factor:the on-board charger. It regulates how fast the battery can accept electricity. A vehicle with a higher-capacity on-board charger accepts electricity faster.3. Where to chargeGood route-planning apps will help you find chargers on a road trip.“Most people have no idea how many public charging stations are within,say,a 10-or 15- mile radius(半径)because they're small,people don't look for them or even don't know what to look for,and they're rarely signposted,"said journalist John Voelcker,who has studied EVs and charging exhaustively.4. On the horizonIf an EV doesn't meet your needs now, watch this space. They're coming closer,but large numbers of gasoline vehicles will remain in production for years. Beyond that,companies will keep making spare parts for oil-burners for decades.60. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. The price of installing a home EV charger has remained stable in the past few years.B. It's quite easy to identify the public charging stations with the help of striking signposts.C. Popular brands are introducing new EVs at an incredibly fast rate.D. An electric vehicle can't provide the same amount of energy as a completely filled fuel tank.61. The underlined phrase "watch this space" in the last paragraph probably means" _______ ”.A. give up the plan to purchase an EVB. make space for an EVC. find an alternative to EVD. keep an eye out for future developments62. This passage is mainly intended to _______ .A illustrate the factors charging time depends onB. offer advice on purchasing an electric vehicleC. look forward to the future of electric vehiclesL explain the reason for the falling prices of electric vehicles(C)Flinging brightly coloured objects around a screen at high speed is not what computers' central processing units were designed for. So manufacturers of arcade machines invented the graphics-processing unit (GPU),a set of circuits to handle video games' visuals in parallel to the work done by the central processor. The GPU's ability to speed up complex tasks has since found wider uses:video editing, cryptocurency mining and most recently,the training of artificial intelligence.AI is now disrupting the industry that helped bring it into being. Every part of entertainment stands to be affected by generative AI,which digests inputs of text,image,audio or video to create new outputs of the same. But the games business will change the most,argues Andreessen Horowitz,a venture-capital(VC)firm. Games interactivity requires them to be stuffed with laboriously designed content:consider the 30 square miles of landscape or 60 hours of music in “Red Dead Redemption 2”a recent cowboy adventure. Enlisting Al assistants to chum it out could drastically shrink timescales and budgets.AI represents an "explosion of opportunity"and could drastically change the landscape of game development. Making a game is already easier than it was:nearly 13,000 titles were published last year on Steam,a games platform,almostdouble the number in 2017. Gaming may soon resemble the music and video industries in which most new content on Spotify or YouTube is user-generated. One games executive predicts that small firms will be the quickest to work out what new genres are made possible by Al. Last month Raja Koduri,an executive at Intel,left the chip maker to found an Al-gaming startup.Don't count the big studios out,though. If they can release half a dozen high-quality titles a year instead of a couple,it might chip away at the hit-driven nature of their business,says Josh Chapman of Konvoy,a gaming focused VC firm. A world of more choices also favors those with big marketing budgets. And the giants may have better answers to the mounting copyright questions around Al. If generative models have to be trained on data to which the developer has the rights,those with big back-catalogues will be better placed than startups. Trent Kaniuga,an artist who has worked on games like "Fortnite",said last month that several clients had updated their contracts to ban Al-generated ant.If the lawyers don't intervene,unions might. Studios diplomatically refer to Al assistants as “co-pilots”,not replacements for humans.63. The original purpose behind the invention of the graphics-processing unit (GPU)was to______A. speedup complex tasks in video editing and cryptocurency miningB. assist in the developing and training of artificial intelligenceC. disrupt the industry and create new outputs using generative AID. offload game visual tasks from the central processor64. How might the rise of AI-gaming startups affect the development of the gaming industry?A. It contributes to the growth of user-generated content.B. It facilitates blockbuster dependency on big studios.C. It decreases collaboration between different stakeholders in the industry.D. It may help to consolidate the gaming market under major corporations.65. What can be inferred about the role of artificial intelligence in gaming?A. AI favors the businesses with small marketing budgets.B. AI is expected to simplify game development processes.C. AI allows startups to gain an edge over big firms with authorized data.D. AI assistants may serve as human substitutes for studios.66. What is this passage mainly about?A. The evolution of graphics-processing units (GPUs).B. The impact of generative AI on the gaming industry.C. The societal significance of graphics-processing units(GPUs).D. The challenges generative AI presents to gaming studios.Section CDirections: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can beTime to end Santa's 'naughty list'?Many of us have magical memories of Santa secretly bringing gifts and joy to our childhood homes —but is there a darker side to the beloved Christmas tradition?I was —and I'm happy to admit it —a loyal believer of Santa. I absolutely loved the magic of Christmas,especially Santa Claus,and my parents went above and beyond to encourage it. However,as I begin to construct my own Santa Claus myth for my daughter,I can't help but feel guilty. Could it undermine her trust in me?_____67______Backin1978,a study published in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry(矫正精神医学)found that 85%of four-year-olds said they believed in Santa. In 2011,research published in the Journal of Cognition and Development found that 83%of 5-year-olds claimed to be true believers.I guess it's not all that surprising. _____68 _____He features in every Christmas TV show and movie. Each year the North American Aerospace Defence Command (NORAD)allows you to track Santa's journey on Christmas Eve. To reassure children during the pandemic in 2020,the World Health Organization issued a statement declaring that Santa was “immune”from Covid 19. And it's precisely this effort on behalf of parents,and society in general,to create such seemingly overwhelming evidence for the existence of Santa Claus that David Kyle Johnson,a professor of philosophy at King's College in Pennsylvania,describes as 'The Santa Lie' in his book The Myths That Stole Christmas. He highlights how we don't simply ask children to imagine Santa,but rather to actually believe in him. _____69 _____The 'Santa lie' can reduce trust between a parent and a child. _____70 _____It is the creation of false evidence and convincing kids that bad evidence is in fact good evidence that discourages the kind of critical thinking we should be encouraging in children in this era. “The ‘Santa lie' is part of a parenting practice that encourages people to believe what they want to believe,simply because of the psychological reward,”says Johnson. “That's really bad for society in general. ”IV. Summary WritingDirections: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s)of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.Exploring the Appeal of VintageToday,the term“vintage”applies to almost everything. Vintage is more recent than an antique (古董)which is defined as 100 years old or more. It basically means reviving something old- fashioned or filled with memories. For an object to be considered vintage,it must be unique and genuine enough to retain at least some of its original charm.We buy vintage because it creates a sense of personal connection for us:it speaks to our childhood memories and that feels good. We also buy vintage because we're rebels. Vintage is a protest against modern mainstream culture. In an age of technology,buying vintage is a refuge from our fast-paced,high-tech world. We want our children to make the most of their creativity and know how to entertain themselves without electronic gadgets. Ironically,early video games are now considered vintage.Of all the vintage objects,vintage toys are forever attractive for both adults and children. Although some toys have emotional value,others have high market value and are expensive to collect. Vintage toys that were made in small quantities often bring a higher value than those that were mass produced. That means,if you own one of the 2,000 “Peanuts”royal blue beanie baby elephants that were manufactured with a darker blue coat than originally intended,you might have something valuable on your hands. In fact,due to a manufacturer error,this is the most collectible beanie baby around —and worth about f3,000.If you're motivated and feeling lucky,you can find deals on vintage toys by browsing charity shops,secondhand stores,community centers,flea markets and garage sales. You never know what kind of treasures are hiding at the bottom of a mixed box in someone's basement,garage or attic.第Ⅱ卷(共40分)V. TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into English. using the words given in the brackets.72. 他在升旗仪式上的演讲得到了高声喝彩。
Dose-responserelationship（剂量反应关系）
Dose-responserelationship（剂量反应关系）Dose-response relationship, effect on an organism or, more specifically, on the risk of a defined outcome produced by a given amount of an agent or a level of exposure. A dose-response relationship is one in which increasing levels of exposure are associated with either an increasing or a decreasing risk of the outcome. Demonstration of a dose-response relationship is considered strong evidence for a causal relationship between the exposure and the outcome. The chance of a causal relationship cannot be disregarded, however, even when a dose-response relationship is absent.Exposure in investigations of dose-response relationships can be characterized in different ways, including peak exposure; duration of exposure at or above a set level; average exposure, which is a time-weighted average of exposure; or cumulative exposure, which is the sum of time-weighted exposures. In any of those instances, the increase in exposure can be in its intensity or its duration.Dose-response relationships can be affected significantly by time. For example, the time to response when examining the relationship of the exposure to the outcome can be influenced by a latent period between exposure and the outcome. If the effects are measured too soon after the exposure, no effect will be seen, even in the case where the exposure causes the outcome. One example of this is the increased risk of leukemia after exposure to radiation, which can have a latent period of between 2 and 20 years, depending on the nature of the exposure.Odds ratios and relative risks (measures of association between exposures and outcomes) can be calculated forcategories of increasing exposure, where each higher exposure is compared with a baseline exposure level. The mathematical relationship of exposure to outcome may be linear, be log linear, or follow some other pattern. There may be some level of risk even in the absence of exposure, or there may be a threshold dose below which no affect of exposure on risk is seen.In some cases, the relationship between exposure and outcome may be U-shaped (when plotted as a graph), with high risk at both extremes of exposure and lower risk at intermediate exposures. One example of this is the relationship of vitamin A with birth defects. Increased risk of birth defects is seen not only with deficiency in vitamin A but also with excessive doses.A statistical test for trend can be performed to verify that any apparent trend in the data for a dose-response relationship is statistically significant. The Cochran-Armitage test, for example, is used to detect trends in a binary outcome (e.g., ill or not ill) and applies to a linear relationship between exposure and outcome. Another example is the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test, an extension of the chi-square test for trend.Inclusion of small numbers in the groups at the extreme ends of the exposure distribution may lead to statistically unstable rates in those groups, potentially affecting the validity of an apparent trend. Also, the end categories sometimes include extreme values, which can influence the results. For example, very few subjects may be included in a smoking-exposure category labeled “more than two packs per day”—a category that may include a subject with exposures far in excess of anyone else in the study. For that reason, researchers often also examine the effect of extreme values on the results of a dose-responserelationship study.。
专八英语阅读
英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。
219331996_抗辐射电子学研究综述
第 21 卷 第 4 期2023 年 4 月太赫兹科学与电子信息学报Journal of Terahertz Science and Electronic Information TechnologyVol.21，No.4Apr.，2023抗辐射电子学研究综述曾超，许献国，钟乐(中国工程物理研究院电子工程研究所，四川绵阳621999)摘要：抗辐射电子学是一门交叉性、综合性的学科，其研究的辐射效应规律、损伤作用机制、加固设计方法、试验测试方法、建模仿真方法等对极端恶劣环境中的电子系统的可靠工作至关重要。
对核爆炸中子、γ和X射线，空间和大气高能粒子产生的各种损伤效应(如瞬时剂量率效应、总剂量效应、单粒子效应、位移效应等)的研究现状进行了系统梳理。
对辐射之间、辐射和环境应力之间的协同损伤效应(如长期原子迁移对瞬时剂量率感生光电流的影响，中子和γ射线同时辐照与序贯辐照、单因素辐照的损伤差异，质子和X射线、中子辐照的损伤差异，γ射线辐照与环境氢气的协同损伤效应等)的研究进展进行了详细介绍。
阐述了国内外在核爆、空间和大气辐射加固研究方面的最新技术进展。
总结了国内外在地面实验室对空间、大气或核爆辐射各种效应进行试验模拟和建模仿真的相关能力。
最后对21世纪20年代以后抗辐射电子学研究领域潜在的挑战和关键技术进行了展望。
关键词：抗辐射；辐射效应；试验与测试；建模与仿真；协同效应中图分类号：TL7文献标识码：A doi：10.11805/TKYDA2023083A review of radiation-hardened electronicsZENG Chao，XU Xianguo，ZHONG Le(Institute of Electronic Engineering，China Academy of Engineering Physics，Mianyang Sichuan 621999，China)AbstractAbstract：：Radiation hardened electronics is a crossed and compositive subject whose radiation effects, mechanisms of radiation damage, hardening methods,test methods and simulation methods arevery important for electronic system working in extreme environment. All kinds of damage effectsproduced by neutrons,gamma and X-rays from nuclear explosions and energetic particles from space andatmosphere are systemically hackled which includes dose rate effect,total ionizing effect,single eventeffect and displacement effect. The development of synergistic damage effects between radiation andenvironment and among different kinds of radiation are introduced in detail, including atom transfereffect on photocurrent,damage difference among single irradiation,serial irradiation and coinstantaneousirradiation of neutron and gamma ray,damage difference among proton,X-ray and neutron irradiation andsynergistic effect between hydrogen and gamma irradiation. Technique evolvement of nuclear explosive,space and atmosphere radiation hardening is expatiated on. The ground test equipments and simulationsoftware capabilities of nuclear,space and atmosphere radiation effects are summarized. Finally, thepotential challenges and key techniques in the field of radiation hardened electronics after the 2020s areprospected.KeywordsKeywords：：radiation hardening；radiation effect；experiment and testing；modeling and simulation；synergistic effect抗辐射电子学是一门交叉性、综合性的学科，内容涉及核技术、电磁场与电离辐射、微电子技术、脉冲功率技术、数值计算技术以及电子部件及其元器件的辐射效应规律、损伤机理、加固方法、模拟方法等[1-15]。
放射治疗英语
放射治疗英语一、单词1. radiotherapy- 英语释义：The treatment of disease, especially cancer, using radiation.- 用法：作名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等。
例如：Radiotherapy is an important method for cancer treatment.（放射治疗是癌症治疗的一种重要方法。
）- 双语例句：Many cancer patients need radiotherapy.（许多癌症患者需要放射治疗。
）2. radiation- 英语释义：The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles.- 用法：可作名词，在句中作主语、宾语等。
例如：Excessive radiation can be harmful to the body.（过量的辐射对身体有害。
） - 双语例句：The machine emits radiation for radiotherapy.（这台机器发射用于放射治疗的辐射。
）3. dose- 英语释义：A measured quantity of a medicine or drug. In the context of radiotherapy, it refers to the amount of radiation given.- 用法：作名词时，表示“剂量”，可作主语、宾语等；也可作动词，表示“给……服药，给……用药”。
例如：The doctor adjusted the radiation dose.（医生调整了辐射剂量。
）；The nurse dosed the patient with painkillers.（护士给病人服用止痛药。
）- 双语例句：A high dose of radiotherapy may cause side effects.（高剂量的放射治疗可能会引起副作用。