大学英语六级翻译练习题：歌谣和神话.doc

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2021年6月英语六级翻译练习-歌谣和神话

2021年6月英语六级翻译练习:歌谣和神话远古的歌谣和神话总是充满神秘莫测的色彩，文字记载的关于这方面的内容也很多，在下面的六级翻译预测题中用英语翻译出来关于歌谣和神话的知识，考生又会不会觉得有困难呢，下面来一起练练吧。

请将下面这段话翻译成英文：远在文字出现之前，歌谣跟口头流传的神话就已大量产生。

中国的文学正是开始于此。

不过，歌谣本是人们在生活中随兴而发的东西，上古时代也没有保存和记载它们的方式，因此也就很快湮灭，不留痕迹。

如今，我们只能从一些古书中推断它们的存在。

古书中记载了一些年代非常久远的歌谣，但是大多出于后人的伪托，能够断定出处的歌谣要到《诗经》里才能看见。

从这点来看，古代神话对中国文学的影响更为显著。

重点词汇：歌谣 ballad随兴而发 improvise痕迹 trace推断 deduce年代非常久远的 time-honored伪托 derivative《诗经》 The Book of Songs译文内容：Long before the emergence of the written word, ballads and myths, passed around by word of mouth, were widely popular. Chinese literature finds its origins in these traditions. However, ballads were what people improvised out of daily life, and due to lack of means to record and preserve them in ancient times, they quickly disappeared without leaving much of a trace. Today, we can only deduce their existence from ancient books, which recorded some time-honored ballads, though most of these are believed to be derivatives of later generations. Ballads in The Book of Songs are the earliest writings that can be dated. From this point of view, ancient mythology has had a greater influence on Chinese literature.做完以上关于歌谣和神话的六级翻译预测题后，希望考生及时掌握文中的重点词汇，备考辛苦，希望大家考试顺利。

大学英语六级改革适用(段落翻译)模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析)

大学英语六级改革适用（段落翻译）模拟试卷8(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 5. TranslationPart ⅣTranslation1．端午节，农历五月初五日，已经有2000多年的历史了。

赛龙舟在全国各地都举行，是这个节日不可缺少的一部分。

当发号枪一响，人们就会看到在龙形的独木舟上，选手们和谐而急速地划桨。

伴随着急促的鼓声。

快速朝着目的地划去。

民间故事传说，这一比赛起源于寻找屈原的尸体的活动。

现在赛龙舟已经发展成为一个水上运动项目，这是中国的传统与现代体育精神相结合的特征。

1980年。

赛龙舟被列入国家体育竞赛项目，每年都举办，该奖项被称为“屈原杯”。

正确答案：The Dragon Boat Festival, the 5th day of the 5th lunar month, has had a history of more than 2,000 years. Dragon boat racing is an indispensable part of the festival, held all over the country. As the gun is fired, people will see racers in dragon-shaped canoes pulling the oars harmoniously and hurriedly, accompanied by rapid drums, speeding toward their destination. Folk tales say the game originates from the activities of seeking Qu Yuan’s body. Now dragon boat racing has developed into an aquatic sports item which features both Chinese tradition and modern sporting spirit. In 1980, it was listed into the state sports competition programs and has since been held every year. The award is called “Qu Yuan Cup”. 涉及知识点：汉译英2．泼水节(Water—Splashing Festival)是傣族(the Dai minority)最隆重的传统节日。

大学英语六级汉译英经典试题及答案doc

二、汉译英专项练习一、倍数增减的表示法Force N1 _______________ ( 比力 N2 大 2.5 倍).This substance _______________ ( 反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍 ).The earth _______________ ( 是月球大小的 49 倍).The landlord _______________ ( 想将租金提高三分之一 ).They _______________ ( 计划将投资增加一倍).二、时态Be quick, _______________ ( 否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了).When she got home, _______________ ( 孩子们已经睡着了).When I prepare for the college entrance examination,_______________ (我姐姐将在海边度假).I_______________ (一上午都在修改我的简历 ).Do you often go on holiday? _______________ (不，我已经有五年没有度假了).He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________ ( 他参军已五年了).三、被动语态The blackboard and chalk _______________ ( 正在被电脑和投影机所取代).The book _______________ ( 到今年年底就将已出版 ).Computer models _______________ (可以用来演示细胞工作的方式 ).When the bill of fare was brought, _______________ ( 我惊呆了，价格大大超出了我的预料 )._______________ (必须立即采取有效措施 )to eliminate sandy storms.四、情态动词The phone is ringing, _______________ (但是没人接听。

2020年9月大学英语六级考试翻译真题及答案汇总(3套)

2020年9月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案翻译第1套《水浒传》(Water Margin)是中国文学四大经典小说之一。

这部小说基于历史人物宋江及其伙伴反抗封建帝王的故事，数百年来一直深受中国读者的喜爱。

毫不夸张地说，几乎每个中国人都熟悉小说中的一些主要人物。

这部小说中的精彩故事在茶馆、戏剧舞台、广播电视、电影屏幕和无数家庭中反复讲述。

事实上，这部小说的影响已经远远超出了国界。

越来越多的外国读者也感到这部小说里的故事生动感人趣味盎然。

参考译文：Water Margin is one of the four classical novels in Chinese literature. The novel is based on the story of the historical character Song Jiang and his companions, who rebelled against the feudal emperor, and has been popular among Chinese readers for centuries.It is no exaggeration to say that almost every Chinese is familiar with some of the main characters in the novel. The novel's wonderful stories are told over and over again in tea houses, on the stage, on radio and television, on film screens and in countless homes. In fact, the novel's influence extends far beyond the national borders. More and more foreign readers also find the events in this novel vivid and interesting.翻译第2套《红楼梦》(Dream of the Red Chamber)是18世纪曹雪芹创作的一部小说。

12月英语六级翻译试题及答案：孙悟空

12月英语六级翻译试题库（含答案）孙悟空，也称为猴王(Monkey King)，是中国古典小说《西游记》(Journey to the West)中的一个主要角色。

在小说中，猴王从一块岩石中出生，通过道教髙人(Taoistmaster)的教授获得了超自然的力量。

他可以将自己变成七十二种不同的形象，还可以用筋斗云代步，一个筋斗(somersault)可以翻十万八千里。

孙悟空是中国文学历史最悠久的人物之一。

即使在今天他依然深受中国儿童的喜爱。

四六级作文万能句型1.Along with the advance of the society more and moreproblems are brought to our attention one of which is that…随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是……2.As to whether it isa blessing or a curse，however，peopletake different attitudes. 然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。

3.As society develops，people are attaching much Importance to…随着社会的发展，人们开始关注……4.People are attaching more and more importance to theinterview during job hunting.求职的程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。

5.As to whether it is worthwhile.there is a long runningcontroversial debate It is quite natural that people from different bac kgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得的问题，一直以来争论不休。

英语六级翻译练习和答案

英语六级翻译练习和答案：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日——中秋节。

在这天，每个家庭都团聚在一起，一家人共同观赏象征丰裕、和谐和好运的圆月。

此时，大人们尽情吃着美味的月饼，品着热腾腾的香茗，而孩子们则在一旁拉着明亮的兔子灯尽情玩耍。

月宫里美丽的仙女嫦娥的神话故事赋予了这个节日神话色彩。

传说古时候，天空曾有10个太阳围着地球旋转。

后翌射下了其中9个太阳，拯救了地球上的生灵。

他偷了长生不老药，却被妻子嫦娥偷偷喝下，从而产生了嫦娥奔月的故事。

【翻译词汇】中秋节 the Mid-Autumn Festival团聚 congregate丰裕 abundance和谐 harmony尽情吃着 indulge in月饼 mooncake嫦娥 Chang-E赋予 endow...with...神话色彩 mythological flavour围绕…旋转 circleover长生不老药 the elixir of life产生 come into being【精彩译文】The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th month of the lunar month. It is a time for family members to congregate and enjoythe full moon, which is a symbol of abundance,harmony and luck. Adults usually indulge in fragrant mooncakes ofvarious kinds with a good cup of hot Chinese tea, while the children runaround with their brightly-lit rabbit lanterns. Thefestival was endowed a mythological flavour with legends of Chang-E, the beautiful lady in the moon. According to Chinese mythology, the earth once had10 suns circling over it. Hou Yi, shotdown 9 of the suns to save all the lives on carth. He stole the elixirof life, which can make people immortal. However, his wife, Chang-E drank it. Thus the legend of Chang-E flying into themoon came into being.：“七夕节”，农历七月七日，是一个充满浪漫色彩的传统节日，是庆祝牛郎和织女一年一度相会的日子。

大学英语六级翻译练习答案

Passage 1北京大学北京大学于1898年成立，原名为京师大学堂(the Imperial University of Peking)。

该大学的成立标志着中国近代史上高等教育的开始。

在中国近代史上，它是进步思想的中心，对中国新文化运动、五四运动及其他重要事件的发生颇有影响。

今天，国内不少高校排行榜将北京大学放入国内顶尖大学之列。

该校重视教学和科学研究。

为提高本科生教育和研究生教育质量、保持其领先研究机构的地位，学校已做出很大努力。

此外，学校尤以其校园环境及优美的中国传统建筑而闻名。

Originally known as the Imperial University of Peking, Peking University was established in 1898. The establishment of the University marked the beginning of higher education in China's modem history. In modem history of China it was a center for progressive thought and was influential in the birth of China's New Culture Movement May Fourth Movement and many other significant events. Today, Peking University was placed by marry domestic university rankings amongst the top universities in China The university lays emphasis on both teaching, and scientific research. It has made great efforts to improve the undergraduate and graduate education, and maintain its role as a leading research institution In addition, the University is especially renowned for its campus environment and the beauty of its traditional Chinese architecture.Passage 2 中国的民族中国以其人口密集、疆域辽阔而著称。

英语六级翻译

中国幸运数字中国幸运数字(lucky numbers)的概念与其他文化相似。

对广东人来说，区别好数字与坏数字的关键是根据发音。

例如，2是幸运的，因为它和“容易”的发音相似。

3与生活有关。

4在汉语里听起来像“死”。

6代表好运。

8与“繁荣”有关，所有场合都适用。

9与“永恒(eternity)”相联系。

起初只有皇家(the imperial family)才能用9。

例如，故宫就设计有9999个房间。

译文：The Chinese concept of lucky numbers is similar tothat of other cultures. The key to distinguish goodor bad numbers for Cantonese is based on sound,For example, the number two is fortunate, becauseit is similar to the sound of “easy”.Three isassociated with living. The number four sounds like “death”i n Chinese.Six represents good luck.Eight is associated with “prosperity” and is desirable for all occasions. Nine is associated with“eternity”.Originally it could only be used by the imperial family. For example,the Forbidden Citywas designed with 9,999 rooms. 光棍节光棍节(Singles'Day)-11月11日是在20世纪90年代开始流行的。

2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案

2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案2020年6月大学英语六级翻译真题及答案In China, variety of foods and dishes is needed in traditional ways of entertaining guests and makes them impossible to finish the dinner. Typical menus of Chinese banquetinclude cold dishes to start and the following hot ones. For example，meat, chicken, duck and vegetables.In most banquets, a whole fish dish is considered indispensable, unless various kinds of seafood have been served. Nowadays, Chinese people tend to mix Western specials with traditional Chinese cuisine. Thus, steak is not rare. Traditionally，although the Chinese do not eat any of theuncooked dishes，salads have also become popular. The banquet usually has at leasta bowl of soup that can be offered as the first or the final dish. Desserts and fruits usually mean the end of the feast.城市化2020年是中国城市化进程中的历史性时刻，其城市人口首次超过农村人口。

全国大学英语六级考试翻译真题(含答案)

试题一：中秋节中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收，这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似，过中秋节的习俗与唐代早期在中国各地开始流行，中秋节在农历八月十五，是人们拜月的节日，这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。

2006年，中秋节被列为中国的文化遗产，2008年又被定为公共假日，月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食，人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。

传统的月饼上带有“寿”(longevity)、“福”或“和”等字样。

Since ancient times, the Chinese people usually celebrate harvest in the Mid-Autumn, which is similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving in the North America. The tradition of celebrating Mid-Autumn festival became popular throughout China in the early Tang dynasty. The lunar August 15 is a day for people worshiping the moon. On this day, under the dazzling bright moon, families reunite and enjoy the moon’s beauty. In 2006, Mid-Autumn festival was listed as one of China's cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was classified as a public holiday. Moon cakes, as indispensable delicious food of the festival, were gifts people sent to families and friends during the festival and usually eaten on family gatherings. There are characters of “longevity”,“good fortune”and “harmony” on the Traditional mo on cakes.试题二：丝绸之路闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。

英语翻译

2014年12月英语六级翻译新题型冲刺模拟练习1．中国神话故事尽管中国古代神话(mythology)没有十分完整的情节，神话人物也没有系统的家谱(genealogy)，但它们却有着鲜明的东方文化特色，其中尤为显著的是它的尚德精神(the spirit of esteeming virtue)。

这种尚德精神在与西方神话特别是希腊神话比较时，显得更加突出。

在西方神话尤其是希腊神话中，对神的褒贬标准多以智慧、力量为准则，而中国古代神话对神的褒贬则多以道德为准绳。

这种思维方式深植于中国的文化之中。

几千年来，这种尚德精神影响着人们对历史人物的品评与现实人物的期望。

译文：Although ancient Chinese mythology does not have relatively complete plot and mythological figures don't have systematic genealogy, they have distinct features of oriental culture, among which the spirit of esteeming virtue is particularly significant.When compared with Western mythology, especially Greek mythology, this spirit of esteeming virtue is even more prominent.In Western mythology, especially Greek mythology,the criteria for judging whether a god is good or not are mostly the god's wisdom and strength,while in ancient Chinese mythology, the criterion lies in morality. This way of thinking is deeply rooted in Chinese culture.For thousands of years, this spirit of esteeming virtue has affected people's comments on historical figures and expectations of real people.2．敬茶礼仪当今社会，客来敬茶已经成为人们日常社交和家庭生活中普遍的往来礼仪。

大学英语六级改革适用(段落翻译)模拟试卷321(题后含答案及解析)

大学英语六级改革适用（段落翻译）模拟试卷321(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 4. TranslationPart ⅣTranslation1．《道德经》正确答案：Tao Te Ching 涉及知识点：汉译英2．《易经》正确答案：The Book of Changes 涉及知识点：汉译英3．《孙子兵法》正确答案：The Art of War 涉及知识点：汉译英4．春节正确答案：the Spring Festival／Chinese New Year 涉及知识点：汉译英5．元宵节正确答案：the Lantern Festival 涉及知识点：汉译英6．清明节正确答案：the Tomb-sweeping Day／Qing Ming Festival 涉及知识点：汉译英7．端午节正确答案：the Dragon Boat Festival 涉及知识点：汉译英8．中秋节正确答案：the Mid-autumn Day／Festival 涉及知识点：汉译英9．重阳节正确答案：the Double Ninth Day 涉及知识点：汉译英10．七夕节正确答案：the Double Seventh Day／Qixi Festival 涉及知识点：汉译英11．除夕正确答案：Chinese New Year’s Eve 涉及知识点：汉译英12．公历／阳历正确答案：solar calendar 涉及知识点：汉译英13．农历／阴历正确答案：lunar calendar 涉及知识点：汉译英14．庆祝(节日)正确答案：celebrate；observe 涉及知识点：汉译英15．去除灾难正确答案：to ward off evils 涉及知识点：汉译英16．压岁钱正确答案：luck money 涉及知识点：汉译英17．发红包正确答案：to give money in red envelopes；to hand out red envelopes 涉及知识点：汉译英18．欢度……正确答案：to celebrate…；the celebration of…涉及知识点：汉译英19．中国结正确答案：Chinese knot 涉及知识点：汉译英20．赛龙舟正确答案：dragon boat race 涉及知识点：汉译英21．赏月正确答案：to enjoy the full moon 涉及知识点：汉译英22．登高正确答案：hill climbing 涉及知识点：汉译英23．放风筝正确答案：to fly a kite 涉及知识点：汉译英24．荡秋千正确答案：to play／ride on a swing 涉及知识点：汉译英25．中国传统戏曲正确答案：Chinese traditional operas 涉及知识点：汉译英。

英语六级历年翻译题目汇总

大学英语六级历年翻译题目汇总英语六级历年真题翻译题1. You shouldn't have run across the road without looking, you would have been knocked down by a car. (也许会被车撞到)2 By no means does he regard himself as an expert, (他把自己当成专家) although he knows a lot about the field.3 He doesn't appreciate the sacrifice his friends have made for him, however, he takes it for granted.(把他们所做的视作理所应当)4 Janet told me that she would rather her mother not have interfered with her marriage.(不干涉她的婚姻)5 To keep up with the expanding frontiers of scholarship. Edward Wilson found himself always searching for information on the internet. (经常上网查信息)1：may be knocked down by car解析：考查情态动词may的被动语态及固定短语knockdown。

2:does he take himself to be an expert 。

解析：表否定的固定短语by no means 放在句首，后面句子要用部分倒装结构。

3:and take it for granted 。

解析：考查固定短语take it for granted“理所当然”的用法。

4:not interfere her marriage 。

大学英语六级翻译试题汇总

大学英语六级翻译试题汇总总分：90分题量：16题一、问答题（共16题，共80分）1.翻译：Cultureshockiscausedbytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallfamiliarsign sandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.(PassageFour)答：文化震撼是由于社会交往过程中失去了所有本来熟悉的标记和符号引起焦虑而产生的。

2.翻译：Asthesourceofaluminumisalmostinexhaustible,wecanexpectthatmoreandmor euseswillbefoundforthisversatilemetal.(PassageTwo)答：由于铝的资源几乎是无止境的，我们可预计对这种多用途的金属将会发挥越来越多的用途。

3.翻译：Bymakingvehicleslighterinweightaluminumhasgreatlyreducedtheamountoff uelneededtomovethem,(PassageTwo)答：由于能够减轻运输工具本身的重量，铝材能大大地减少驱动它们本身所需的燃料。

4.翻译：Thecaptainrealizedthatthementriedtodeceivehimsohemadethemworkveryhar dfortherestofthevoyage.(PassageOne)答：船长意识到这些船员是要欺骗他，因此，在余下的航程里他让他们干更累的活。

5.翻译：最近，一些地方大学开始将方言列为某些学生的必修课程，学生们要学习当地方言，然后被评分以作为毕业的依据之一。

一方面，支持此种做法的人认为，将方言列为必修课可防止其消失，从而使当地传统文化和文化多样性得以弘扬，同时城市独特的个性得以保留。

另一方面，反对此种做法的人争论说，当地学生与外地学生相比有很多绝对优势，因此将方言列为必修课会引起教育不公平的问题。

大学英语六级翻译练习和答案

大学英语六级翻译练习和答案【翻译原文】作为中国传统的民间艺术，吹糖人Sugar Figure Blowing Art历史悠久，然而随着中国经济的发展，这一艺术正渐渐消失。

据说这一民间艺术始于宋朝，当时被称为戏剧糖果operacandy。

吹糖人以糖作为基本材料，糖人艺人用自己的方法熬 ft,然g吹或各种人物。

艺人先把糖加热到适当的温度，然后拉一些糖稀syrup捏成一团，再用各种技巧做出不同的形状,并涂上鲜艳的颜色。

这种艺术是手、眼、心、呼吸和一定温度所需时间控制的真正结合。

一项技术不过关，整个过程都会失敗。

【参考译文】As a truditional Chinese folk art, the Sugar Figure Blowing Art have a long history. But it is gradually disappearing in the process of economic development in China. It is said that this folk drt was formed in the Song Dynasty; at that time it wan called opera candy. The Sugar Figure Blowing Art uses sugar as its basic material, and the artists have their own ways to boil sugar and blow it into various figures. Artists heat up sugar to proper temperature, then pull some syrup and knead it to a ball. Then they make different shapes by using different skills and paint bright colors on the figures. This art is really a combination of hand, eye, heart, breath, and the timing of temperature skill.If there is one skill you couldn’t perform well, the whole procedure will be a failure.解析：1.历史悠久:可译为have a long history.2.戏剧糖果:可译为opera candy.3.以糖作为基本材料：可译为uses sugar as its basic material。

英语六级翻译模拟练习及答案解析

英语六级翻译模拟练习及答案解析英语六级翻译模拟练习一：请将下面这段话翻译成英文：农历八月十五站中国传统的中秋节the Mid-AutumnFestival。

这是继中国农历新年之后最重要的节日。

人们坚信，农历八月十五的月亮比其他月份的更圆更亮。

满月象征着重聚和团圆。

因此中秋节是家人聚在一起的日子，也被称为“团圆节”。

一般说来，吃月饼、赏月是中秋节的常见传统。

此外，中国不同地区及各个少数民族有不同的中秋节习俗。

中国有很多关于月亮的传说。

月亮上的神仙嫦娥Chang'e、吴刚和玉兔the Jade Rabbit的故事至今仍在流传。

参考翻译：The 15th day of lunar August is the traditionalChinese Mid-Autumn Festival, the most importantfestival after the Chinese Lunar New Year. Themoon on the night of the 15th day of lunar Augustisbelieved to be much fiiller and brighter than thatin the other months. A foil moon is a symbol ofreunion. So the Mid-Autumn Festival is also called the “Reunion Festival' a time forfamilymembers to get together. Generally speaking, eating moon cakes and enjoying the moonare common traditions on the festival. In addition, the customs of the Mid-Autumn Festivalvary indifferent parts and ethnic groups of China. There are lots of Chinese legends aboutthe moon. The story of Goddess Chang'e，Wu Gang and the Jade Rabbit living on the moonis still popular today.解析：1.农历八月十五:有多种表达方式，如the 15th day oflunar August, the Lunar August 15, the fifteenthday of August of the lunar calendar等。

大学英语六级分类模拟题438_真题-无答案

大学英语六级分类模拟题438(总分257,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Reading ComprehensionSection BTrust Me, I"m a Robot[A] With robots now emerging from their industrial cages and moving into homes and workplaces, roboticists are concerned about the safety implications beyond the factory floor. To address these concerns, leading robot experts **e together to try to find ways to prevent robots from harming people. Inspired by the Pugwash Conferences—an international group of scientists, academics and activists founded in 1957 to campaign for the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons—the new group of roboethicists met earlier this year in Genoa, Italy, and announced their initial findings in March at the European Robotics Symposium in Palermo, Sicily.[B] "Security and safety are the big concerns," says Henrik Christensen, chairman of the European Robotics Network at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. Should robots that are strong enough or heavy enough to crush people be allowed into homes? Is "system malfunction" a justifiable defence for a robotic fighter plane that contravenes (违反) the Geneva Convention and mistakenly fires on innocent civilians?[C] "These questions may seem hard to understand but in the next few years they will become increasingly relevant," says Dr. Christensen. According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe"s World Robotics Survey, in 2002 the number of domestic and service robots more than tripled, nearly surpassing their industrial counterparts. By the end of 2003 there were more than 600000 robot vacuum cleaners and lawn mowers—a figure predicted to rise to more than 4m by the end of next year. Japanese industrial firms are racing to build humanoid robots to act as domestic helpers for the elderly, and South Korea has set a goal that 100% of households should have domestic robots by 2020. In light of all this, it is crucial that we start to think about safety guidelines now, says Dr. Christensen.Stop right there[D] So what exactly is being done to protect us from these mechanical menaces? "Not enough," says Blay Whitby. This is hardly surprising given that the field of "safety-**puting" is barely a decade old, he says. But things are changing, and researchers are increasingly taking an interest in trying to make robots safer. One approach, which sounds simple enough, is try to program them to avoid contact with people altogether. But this is much harder than it sounds. Getting a robot to navigate across a cluttered room is difficult enough without having to take into account what itsvarious limbs or appendages might bump into along the way.[E] "Regulating the behaviour of robots is going to become more difficult in the future, since they will increasingly have self-learning mechanisms built into them," says Gianmarco Veruggio. "As a result, their behaviour will become impossible to predict fully," he says, "since they will not be behaving in predefined ways but will learn new behaviour as they go."[F] Then there is the question of unpredictable failures. What happens if a robot"s motors stop working, or it suffers a system failure just as it is performing heart surgery or handing you a cup of hot coffee? You can, of course, build in redundancy by adding backup systems, says Hirochika Inoue. But this guarantees nothing, he says. "One hundred per cent safety is impossible through technology," says Dr. Inoue. This is because ultimately no matter how thorough you are, you cannot anticipate the unpredictable nature of human behaviour, he says. Or to put it another way, no matter how sophisticated your robot is at avoiding people, people might not always manage to avoid it, and could end up tripping over it and falling down the stairs.Legal problems[G] In any case, says Dr. Inoue, the laws really just **monsense principles that are already applied to the design of most modern appliances, both domestic and industrial. Every toaster, lawn mower and mobile phone is designed to minimize the risk of causing injury—yet people still manage to electrocute (电死) themselves, lose fingers or fall out of windows in an effort to get a better signal. At the very least, robots must meet the rigorous safety standards that cover existing products. The question is whether new, robot-specific rules are needed—and, if so, what they should say.[H] "Making sure robots are safe will be critical," says Colin Angle of iRobot, which has sold over 2m "Roomba" household-vacuuming robots. But he argues that his firm"s robots are, in fact, much safer than some popular toys. "A radio-controlled car controlled by a six-year old is far more dangerous than a Roomba," he says. If you tread on a Roomba, it will not cause you to slip over; instead, a rubber pad on its base grips the floor and prevents it from moving. "Existing regulations will address much of the challenge," says Mr. Angle. "I"m not yet convinced that robots are sufficiently different that they deserve special treatment."[I] Robot safety is likely to surface in the civil coups as a matter of product liability. "When the first robot carpet-sweeper sucks up a baby, who will be to blame?" asks John Hallam, a professor at the University of Southern Denmark in Odense. If a robot is autonomous and capable of learning, can its designer be held responsible for all its actions? Today the answer to these questions is generally "yes". But as robots grow in complexity it will become a lot less clear cut, he says.[J] "Right now, no **pany is prepared to insure robots," says Dr. Inoue. But that will have to change, he says. Last month, Japan"s Ministry of Trade and Industry announced a set of safety guidelines for home and office robots. They will be required to have sensors to help them avoid collisions with humans; to be made from soft and light materials to minimize harm if a collision does occur; and to have an emergency shut-off button. This was largely prompted by a big robot exhibition held last summer, which made the authorities realize that there are safety implications when thousands of people are not just looking at robots, but mingling with them, says Dr. Inoue. [K] However, the idea that general-purpose robots, capable of learning, will become widespread is wrong, suggests Mr. Angle. It is more likely, he believes, that robots will be relatively dumb machines designed for particular tasks. Rather than a humanoid robot maid, "it"s going to be a heterogeneous (不同种类的) swarm of robots that will take care of the house," he says.1. It is pointed out there is no absolute safety through technology due to the unpredictable nature of human behavior.2. It sounds easier said than done to program robots to avoid contact with people.3. According to a survey, the number of domestic and service robots was three times over that of industrial robots in 2002.4. To deal with the rising safety concern about domestic robots, robo-ethicists held meetings in Genoa.5. To a great extent, a robot exhibition contributed to the issue of safety guidelines for home and office robots in Japan.6. A crew member from iRobot believes the existing regulations can cope with much challenges so robots are not so different as to be treated specially.7. A university professor points out that **plexity of robots may result in the ambiguous product liability.8. It will be more difficult to regulate robots" behavior due to their self-learning mechanisms.9. Right now, the laws can only **monsense principles so as to reduce the chance of injury caused by robots.10. Japanese firms **peting in the production of robots specifically helping the old people.Part Ⅱ Translation1. 团购团购(group purchasing)是指个人或企业联合起来，以实现购买商品和服务时获得折扣的一种购物方式。