Drugs Use to Treat Bipolar Disorder
双相情感障碍症英语
双相情感障碍症英语Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These episodes can impact a person's energy levels, activity, thinking patterns, and the ability to function both at work and in social situations.Here's a breakdown of the key terms and concepts related to bipolar disorder in English:1. Manic Episode: A period of abnormally elevated mood, self-esteem, and energy levels, often accompanied by a decreased need for sleep.2. Depressive Episode: A period of intense sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in activities.3. Hypomania: A less severe form of mania that does not cause significant distress or impairment in daily functioning.4. Bipolar I Disorder: Characterized by at least one manic episode, often accompanied by depressive episodes.5. Bipolar II Disorder: Involves at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but no full manic episodes.6. Cyclothymic Disorder: A milder form of bipolar disorderwith alternating hypomanic and mild depressive symptoms overat least two years.7. Mood Stabilizers: Medications used to treat bipolardisorder that help to stabilize mood swings.8. Psychotherapy: Talk therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), which can be beneficial for managing bipolar disorder.9. Lithium: A medication often used as a mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar disorder.10. Suicide Risk: Individuals with bipolar disorder are at a higher risk of suicide, especially during depressive episodes.11. Bipolar Spectrum: A term that encompasses a range of mood disorders that include bipolar I, II, and related conditions with overlapping symptoms.12. Comorbidities: Other mental health conditions that may occur alongside bipolar disorder, such as anxiety disordersor substance use disorders.13. Euphoria: An exaggerated feeling of happiness or well-being that can be a symptom of mania.14. Irritability: A common symptom during manic or depressiveepisodes, where the individual may be more prone to anger or frustration.15. Rapid Cycling: A condition where a person with bipolar disorder experiences four or more mood episodes within a year.Understanding these terms can help in recognizing the signsof bipolar disorder and seeking appropriate treatment. It's important to note that while the condition can be managedwith the right support and treatment, it is a lifelongillness that requires ongoing care and management.。
拉莫三嗪治疗双相情感障碍的研究进展
拉莫三嗪治疗双相情感障碍的研究进展摘要拉莫三嗪作为心境稳定剂治疗双相情感障碍已经应用于临床。
在2013年最新的CANMAT指南中新增了拉莫三嗪单药或联合其他药物的治疗方案，提示目前应用拉莫三嗪治疗双相情感障碍已受到广泛关注。
本文综述了近几年拉莫三嗪在治疗双相情感障碍各亚型中的临床研究、安全性及应用前景，为双相障碍的治疗提供新观点及新思路。
ABSTRACT Lamotrigine as a mood stabilizer for the treatment of bipolar disorder has been used in clinical. The treatment programs of lamotrigine monotherapy or in combination with other drugs were added into the latest CANMAT guide in 2013，which indicated that the application of lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar disorder is widely concerned. This review describes the clinical study，safety and the application prospect of lamotrigine in the treatment of some kinds of bipolar disorder subtypes so as to provide novel perspectives and new ideas for the treatment of bipolar disorder.KEY WORDS lamotrigine；bipolar disorder；treatment application；security双相情感障碍，简称双相障碍（bipolar disorder，BPD），是指兼有心境变高和变低的两极性特点，包括至少1次的轻躁狂、躁狂或混合发作的一类疾病[1]。
第二代抗精神病药治疗抑郁障碍临床研究进展
・５３・・综述・第二代抗精神病药治疗抑郁障碍临床研究进展黄啸季建林抑郁障碍一般包括单相抑郁和双相抑郁发作，两者的治疗原则截然不同，尤其是双相抑郁障碍的治疗主要是以心境稳定剂治疗为主。
所谓心境稳定剂，不仅能有效治疗躁狂或抑郁症状，同时不引起转相，而且长期治疗能有效预防复发，其代表药物为碳酸锂与抗惊厥药（如丙戊酸钠等）。
１０余年来，随着第二代抗精神病药（ＳｇＡ）的广泛应用，越来越多的证据提示，ＳＧＡ不仅具有安全性高、肯定的抗精神病作用，而且也具备心境稳定剂的作用特点，对于双相障碍的治疗与预防也有较好的效果…，如美国食品和药品管理局（ＦＤＡ）近年来批准的喹硫平可用于治疗双相抑郁发作和单相抑郁发作。
本文将围绕ＳＧＡ治疗抑郁障碍的近期临床研究进展作一文献复习，提高对该领域的重视。
ｌ双相抑郁的治疗对双相障碍的病程观察发现，抑郁发作的时间明显多于躁狂或轻躁狂发作的时间，抑郁发作的次数一般是轻躁狂和躁狂发作的３倍，治疗难度也明显高于躁狂发作【２Ｊ。
双相抑郁发作原则上不主张单纯使用抗抑郁药，尤其是双受体作用机制或多受体作用机制的抗抑郁药，因其容易引起患者症状的转相（转为躁狂相），而应使用心境稳定剂治疗或在此基础上酌情使用单一受体作用机制的抗抑郁药。
不过，近年来文献报道，ＳＧＡ亦可起到心境稳定剂的作用，能有效治疗双相障碍的抑郁发作。
有影响的研究如多中心随机双盲安慰剂对照（ＲＣＴ）大样本双相抑郁研究（ｂｉｐｏｌａｒｄｅｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ，ＢＯＬＤＥＲ）Ｉ［３１和ＩＩＥ４１。
这两项研究评估了喹硫平治疗双相Ｉ型和Ⅱ型抑郁患者的疗效及安全性。
治疗第１周末，喹硫平３００ｍｇ／ｄ或６００ｍｅ／ｄ治疗组的蒙哥马利抑郁量表（ＭＡＤＲＳ）减分值均高于安慰剂组（Ｐ＜０．００１），且与镇静、嗜睡等药物作用无关。
治疗第８周末，这两项研究均显示喹硫平有较好的抗抑郁疗效，其中喹硫平３００ｍｇ／ｄ组ＭＡＤＲＳ评分的效应值分别为０．６７和０．６１；６００ｍｇ／ｄ组效应值分别为０．８１和０．５４。
抗精神失常药
氯丙嗪—药理作用
(二)对植物神经系统的作用
– 阻断α受体→血管扩张、血压下降 – 阻断M受体 →口干、便秘、视力模糊
(三)对内分泌系统的影响
阻断结节－漏斗系统D2受体
– 促进分泌：催乳素
– 抑制分泌：促性腺激素、糖皮质激素、生长激素
氯丙嗪—临床应用
1、精神分裂症 I型精神分裂症
• 疗效：急性患者>慢性患者 • 不能根治，长期用药 • 预防精神分裂症的复发 II型精神分裂症患者无效甚至加重病情
显著控制活动和躁狂状态而不损伤感觉能力。 诱导入睡，但有良好的觉醒反应。 加大剂量也不引起麻醉。 对Ⅰ型疗效好
,对Ⅱ型无效甚至使之加剧；对抑
郁无效。
氯丙嗪药理作用
（一）对中枢神经系统的作用 2.镇吐作用：（中枢性）
机制： 小剂量抑制催吐化学感受区D2受体； 大剂量直接抑制呕吐中枢。 特点： 对一些药物、疾病引起的呕吐有效； 对妊娠呕吐也有效； 对刺激前庭引起的呕吐无效。
氯丙嗪药理作用
（一）对中枢神经系统的作用
3、对体温调节的影响：
机制：抑制下丘脑体温调节中枢，使体温 调节失灵。 特点： 不但降低发热者的体温，也能降低正常 人体温； 使机体温度随环境变化而变化。与物理 降温同时应用，有协同降温作用。
氯丙嗪—药理作用
（一）对中枢神经系统的作用 1．抗精神病作用 对中枢神经系统有较强的抑制作用 对抑郁无效 2．镇吐作用 阻断催吐化学感受区的D2受体，抑制呕吐中枢 不能对抗前庭刺激引起的呕吐 3．对体温调节的作用 抑制下丘脑体温调节中枢 降低发热机体的体温，也能降低正常体温 氯丙嗪的降温作用随外界环境温度而变化
– 中脑-边缘系统
– 中脑-皮质系统
meso-limbic
双向情感障碍英语
双向情感障碍英语Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, is a complex mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Here's a detailed look at the terminology and concepts related to bipolar disorder in English:1. Manic Episode: A period of unusually elevated mood, self-confidence, and energy, where an individual may engage in risky behaviors, have a decreased need for sleep, and experience racing thoughts.2. Hypomania: A less severe form of mania that does not cause significant impairment but still represents a significant change from the person's usual behavior.3. Depressive Episode: A period of intense sadness or hopelessness, where a person may lose interest in activities they usually enjoy, experience changes in appetite or sleep patterns, and have difficulty concentrating.4. Bipolar I Disorder: This type is defined by the presence of at least one manic episode, usually accompanied by depressive episodes.5. Bipolar II Disorder: Characterized by the occurrence of hypomanic episodes and one or more major depressive episodes,but without a full manic episode.6. Cyclothymic Disorder (Cyclothymia): A milder form of bipolar disorder where individuals experience numerous hypomanic and depressive episodes, but these are less severe than those in bipolar I or II.7. Mixed Features: When symptoms of both mania and depression are present at the same time, which can make it difficult to distinguish between the two.8. Rapid Cycling: A term used when a person with bipolar disorder experiences four or more mood episodes in a year.9. Treatment: Treatment for bipolar disorder typically includes a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle changes. Medications may include mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants.10. Lithium: A common mood stabilizer used to treat bipolar disorder, known for its effectiveness in managing manic and depressive episodes.11. Psychotherapy: Talk therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or family-focused therapy, can help individuals with bipolar disorder manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life.12. Suicide Risk: People with bipolar disorder are at a higher risk of suicide, which is why it's crucial to monitor warning signs and seek help immediately.13. Comorbidities: Bipolar disorder often occurs alongside other conditions such as anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and medical illnesses like diabetes or heart disease.14. Stigma: There is a significant social stigma associated with mental health conditions, including bipolar disorder, which can lead to discrimination and reluctance to seek treatment.15. Support Networks: Having a strong support network of friends, family, and mental health professionals is vital for individuals with bipolar disorder to manage their condition effectively.Understanding these terms and concepts can help in discussing bipolar disorder more effectively and empathetically, both in a clinical setting and in everyday conversations. It's important to approach the topic with sensitivity and to encourage those affected by bipolar disorder to seek professional help.。
microRNAs在双相情感障碍中作用机制的研究进展
microRNAs 在双相情感障碍中作用机制的研究进展王海明杨康张跃坤佟靓吴昊赵青枫*（昆明医科大学附属精神卫生中心，云南省精神病医院，云南昆明650224）双相情感障碍是一种临床上常见的精神科疾患，给患者、家庭及社会带来了沉重的负担。
双相情感障碍病因不明，目前一般认为与遗传、社会心理和生物学因素有关，三者相互作用。
目前双相情感障碍的神经病理学或病理生理学尚无一致意见，且广泛接受的动物行为模型也没有建立，这些均增加了双相情感障碍发病机制研究和治疗的难度。
近年来有研究表明，microRNAs （miRNAs ，是一类由内源基因编码的长度约为22个核苷酸的非编码单链RNA 分子）在细胞分化凋亡、生物发育等方面起重要作用，且广泛参与疾病的发生发展过程，也在神经精神疾病发生、发展过程中有重要作用。
有研究发现，大量miRNAs 在脑中表达，其中一些特异性的miRNAs 在大脑中的表达对中枢神经系统发育、神经元分化、神经元可塑性等方面发挥重要作用，且miRNAs 与众多中枢神经系统疾病，如神经退行性疾病、精神分裂症、双相情感障碍等的发生、发展相关，其中部分miRNAs 的分布和功能异常与双相情感障碍的病理生理机制及治疗相关。
随着转化医学的发展，这些miRNAs 可能成为双相情感障碍诊断的标记物或治疗靶点。
1miRNAs 的生物合成及功能与表观遗传表观遗传学是一门研究生命有机体发育与分化过程中导致基因发生表观遗传改变的新兴学科,其主要内容包括：DNA 甲基化、染色质重塑和微小RNA （miRNA ）。
可以通过几个miRNAs 的组合来微妙调控基因表达[1]。
miRNAs 在进化过程中高度保守，能通过与靶基因mRNA 特异性的碱基互补配对，引起靶基因mRNA 的降解或者抑制其翻译，负责调控靶基因的表达[2，3]，广泛参与调控神经发育、细胞增殖与分化、细胞凋亡等生命过程。
细胞核内编码miRNAs 的基因转录产生初始miRNAs （primiRNAs ），经核酸酶Drosha 剪切形成miRNAs 前体（pre-miRNAs ），并在另一种核酸酶Dicer 的剪切下形成双链miRNAs ，其中一条为成熟miRNAs 。
双相情感的英语单词
双相情感的英语单词Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). Here are some English vocabulary words and phrases related to bipolar disorder:1. Bipolar Disorder - A mental health condition with alternating episodes of depression and mania.2. Mania - A state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood, which is one of the components of bipolar disorder.3. Hypomania - A less severe form of mania, which is still part of the bipolar spectrum.4. Depression - A state of low mood and aversion to activity that can interfere with a person's ability to carry out daily tasks.5. Mood Swings - Rapid changes in mood, from high to low and vice versa.6. Psychosis - A condition where a person experiences hallucinations or delusions, which can be associated with severe mania or depression.7. Medication Compliance - The act of taking medication as prescribed by a healthcare provider, which is crucial for managing bipolar disorder.8. Therapy - Treatment, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, that can help individuals with bipolar disorder manage their condition.9. Mood Stabilizers - A class of drugs used to treat the symptoms of bipolar disorder by stabilizing mood.10. Support Groups - Groups where individuals with similar experiences, such as living with bipolar disorder, come together to share and gain support.11. Suicidal Ideation - Thoughts of suicide, which can be a serious symptom in individuals with severe depression.12. Cyclothymic Disorder - A milder form of bipolar disorder characterized by alternating periods of mild depression and hypomania.13. Rapid Cycling - A term used to describe when a person with bipolar disorder experiences four or more mood episodes within a year.14. Comorbidities - Other health conditions that may coexist with bipolar disorder, such as anxiety or substance use disorders.15. Lithium - A medication often used as a mood stabilizer in the treatment of bipolar disorder.Understanding these terms can help in discussing and managing bipolar disorder more effectively. It's important to approach the topic with sensitivity and to encourage those affected to seek professional help.。
非典型抗精神病药物用于治疗双相情感障碍
非典型抗精神病药物用于治疗双相情感障碍摘要】随着临床应用的普遍，非典型抗精神病药物已不单纯作为精神分裂症的治疗，在双相障碍治疗中，其应用也越来越受到临床工作者的关注。
非典型抗精神病药物对于双相障碍躁狂相和抑郁相的急性发作期的治疗，疗效肯定，不良反应少见，安全耐受。
本文主要介绍非典型抗精神病药物在双相障碍治疗中的应用，为临床合理用药提供参考。
【关键词】非典型抗精神病药物；治疗；双相情感障碍【中图分类号】R749.053 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-1752（2015）08-0010-03Atypical antipsychotic drugs used to treat bipolar disorder Yin Haogui. JinshanMental Health Centerof Shanghai, Shanghai 201515, China【Abstract】As the clinical application of universal, atypical antipsychotics have not just as the treatment of schizophrenia, in bipolar disorder treatment, its application is becoming more and more attention by clinical workers. Atypical antipsychotics for bipolar mania and depression phase in the acute phase of treatment, curative effect and adverse reaction of rare, safety tolerance. This paper mainly introduces the atypical antipsychotic drugs in the treatment of bipolar disorder, provide reference for clinical rational drug use.【Key words】 Atypical antipsychotic drugs; Treatment; Bipolar disorder双相障碍（bipolar disorder, BP）也称双相情感障碍，是指既有符合症状学诊断标准的躁狂或轻躁狂发作、又有抑郁发作的一类心境障碍。
加巴喷丁治疗奥氮平致不宁腿综合征1例
·案例讨论·
http：//www. psychjm. net. cn
加巴喷丁治疗奥氮平致不宁腿综合征 1 例
顾梦阅 1，狄东川 2，邱 俊 1，翟金国 1，2*
（1. 济宁医学院，山东 济宁 272000； 2. 济宁医学院第二附属医院，山东 济宁 272000
对多巴胺功能障碍以外的潜在机制进行深入研究。 既往多巴胺受体激动剂被广泛应用于 RLS 的
治疗，但长期应用可能会导致 RLS 症状恶化［9］，且存 在加重精神症状的风险。加巴喷丁是一种 α2δ 钙通 道配体，已被证明可以改善 RLS［10］，这类药物选择 性、高亲和力地结合钙通道的 α2δ 亚型 1 蛋白，调节 神经末梢的钙离子内流，从而导致兴奋性神经递质 （主要是谷氨酸）减少［11］。因此，加巴喷丁可能是治 疗抗精神病药物引起的 RLS 更安全的选择 。 ［3，12］ 此 外，国外已有报道，加巴喷丁成功治疗了氯氮平等 抗精神病药物诱导的 RLS［6］。本案例中，患者先后 三次在我院住院治疗，首次予以利培酮治疗，效果 欠 佳 ；后 调 整 为 氯 氮 平 继 续 治 疗 ，精 神 症 状 有 所 改 善 ，但 治 疗 过 程 中 患 者 出 现 白 细 胞 减 少 的 情 况 ；本 次治疗在奥氮平达到治疗剂量的过程中，患者精神 症状逐渐好转，PANSS 评分减分率>50%，考虑目前 用其他抗精神病药物替代奥氮平有加剧精神症状 的风险，在与患者家属讨论后，开始给患者服用加 巴喷丁，效果较好。
*通信作者：翟金国，E-mail：zhaijinguo@163. com）
【摘要】 本文目的是提示临床使用奥氮平过程中加强对不宁腿综合征（RLS）的识别与治疗。本文报道 1 例精神分裂症患者 服用奥氮平期间出现夜间双下肢不适、控制不住地想要活动双腿、无法入睡等 RLS 症状，服用加巴喷丁后，患者症状明显改善。
阿立哌唑和利培酮应用于双相障碍躁狂症治疗的价值分析
阿立哌唑和利培酮应用于双相障碍躁狂症治疗的价值分析[摘要]目的：观察不同药物医治双相障碍躁狂症的效果。
方法：2020.1~2021.8收治的70例患者均口服碳酸锂治疗，分成对照、实验组，分别加用利培酮、阿立哌唑，比较两组治疗效果。
结果：实验组治疗总有效率达到97.2%，高于对照组71.4%（P＜0.05）；治疗1、2、4周时实验组BRMS评分均低于对照组，有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。
结论：阿立哌唑治疗双相障碍效果确切，值得推广。
[关键词]双相障碍；阿立哌唑；利培酮；效果观察[Abstract] Objective: To observe the effect of different drugs on bipolar disorder mania. Methods: from January 2020 to August 2021, 70 patients were treated with lithium carbonate. They were pided into control group and experimental group. Risperidone and aripiprazolewere added respectively. The therapeutic effects of the two groupswere compared. Results: the total effective rate of the experimental group was 97.2%, which was higher than 71.4% in the control group (P < 0.05); The BRMS scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than those of the control group at 1, 2 and 4 weeks of treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: aripiprazole is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder and is worth popularizing.[Key words] bipolar disorder; Aripiprazole; Risperidone; Effect observation双相障碍是一种慢性复发性精神类疾病，患者躁狂发作时对自身及他人安全均会构成一定威胁。
药物合并无抽搐电休克治疗双相情感障碍躁狂相临床应用研究
World Latest Medicne Information (Electronic Version) 2019 Vo1.19 No.21投稿邮箱：zuixinyixue@14·论著·药物合并无抽搐电休克治疗双相情感障碍躁狂相临床应用研究覃荣刚，罗慧芳，桂文进，林毅敏，黄小慧，农锋兰（百色市第二人民医院 精神二科，广西 百色 533000）0 引言双相情感障碍（Bipolar Disorder ，BPD ）属精神科常见的疾病之一，据统计，其发病率大概为1%-8% [1]。
其中，在该病中狂躁相患者是一种比较难于治疗和护理的严重的类型，患者一般处于夜眠减少、情绪高涨、容易冲动状态，具有比较强的破坏能力和攻击性。
该病常规治疗方法为使用情感稳定剂，如锂酸锂、丙戊酸盐类药物加小剂量的抗精神病药物。
我院自2015年6月至2016年12月对该病的躁狂相患者67例采用“无抽搐电休克（MECT ）+情感稳定剂+抗精神病药”治疗取得较好效果。
报告如下。
1 资料和方法1.1 一般资料。
选取2015年6月至2016年12月本院诊断为双相情感障碍住院患者共133例，按入院日期单双日分为实验组和对照组。
实验组病例共67例，其中男37例、女30，年龄21岁-48岁，平均（29.6±3.7）岁；病程2个月-48个月，平均（5.6±3.3）月。
对照组共66例，男35例，女31例，年龄20岁-47岁，平均（29.3±3.5）岁；病程1.5个月-46个月，平均（5.5±3.4）月。
两组患者在性别、年龄、病程比较经统计学处理无显著性差异（P>0.05）。
1.2 方法1.2.1 实验组：使用碳酸锂片口服（湖南千金湘江药业股份有限公司，批准文号：国药准字H43020372，剂量0.25 g/片），开始剂量为20 mg/kg·d -1，分2次口服，以后根据血锂检验浓度进行药量调整，使其血锂浓度保持在0.8-1.2 mmol/L 。
非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相抑郁
非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相抑郁作者：吴彦杨杰施慎逊来源：《上海医药》2012年第17期摘要双相抑郁是双相障碍的一种发作形式，临床治疗困难。
非典型抗精神病药物具有心境稳定作用，目前主要用于治疗双相躁狂，但对双相抑郁的治疗尚有争议。
部分非典型抗精神病药物治疗双相抑郁有效。
关键词双相抑郁非典型抗精神病药物治疗中图分类号：R971.4 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-1533(2012)17-0007-03Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depressionWu Yan1,2, Yang Jie2, Shi Shen-xun2*(1. Shanghai Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China;2. Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China)Abstract Bipolar depression is a type of bipolar disorder which is hard to treat. Atypical antipsychotics, which have mood-stabilizing effect, are mainly used to treat bipolar mania, but their influence on bipolar depression remains controversial. Some atypical antipsychotics are effective in the treatment of bipolar depression.Key words bipolar depression; atypical antipsychotics; treatment双相障碍（bipolar disorder）是指既有躁狂或轻躁狂发作、又有抑郁发作的一类心境障碍。
抑郁症的英语介绍
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Treatment of depression
Drug therapy
Antidepressants
These are the most common type of medicine used to treat depression They can help to regulate the levels of serotonin and other neurological traits in the brain, which can improve mood and reduce symptoms of depression
Lake of social support or a sense of being able to contribute to depression
Physical health
Illness like chronic pain or a severe physical illness can increase the risk of depression
01
The definition of depression
The meaning of depression
Compression is a mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and helplessness
Economic Cost
Compression is associated with a significant economic cost to society, including loss production in the workplace and increased health care costs
药理学英文AntidepressantsAntipsychoticsAntianxiety
escitalopram (Lexapro)
• Similar to Celexa • More potent with fewer side effects
Drug List
Cyclic Antidepressants
Tricyclic • amitriptyline (Elavil) • clomipramine (Anafranil) • desipramine (Norpramin) • doxepin (Sinequan) • imipramine (Tofranil)
• Have many anticholinergic effects
Discussion
Why would cyclic antidepressants be prescribed for bed wetting in children?
Antidepressants
Common Symptoms of Depression
– Loss of interest in usual activities
– Low self-esteem – Self-pity – Significant weight loss
or gain – Insomnia or
Treatment for Depression
Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Introduction of brief, but convulsive electrical stimulation through the brain
• Can induce seizures • Effective for major and delusional
• Alcoholism
安定作用及应用药物英文
安定作用及应用药物英文Stabilizing effect and application drugs.A stabilizing effect refers to the ability of a drug or medication to restore or maintain stability in the body or a particular physiological process. This effect is often associated with medications that help regulate and balance certain chemicals or substances in the body to achieve normal function and prevent or manage disease or illness. Stabilizing effects can be seen in various medical fields, including cardiology, endocrinology, neurology, and psychiatry.Some commonly used drugs that have stabilizing effects include:1. Antidepressants: These medications are often used to stabilize mood and treat depression and anxiety disorders. Examples include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as Prozac and Zoloft.2. Antipsychotics: These medications are used to stabilize and manage symptoms associated with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. Examples include Risperdal and Abilify.3. Antiarrhythmics: These medications are used to stabilize heart rhythmand prevent or control abnormal heart rhythms. Examples include amiodarone and flecainide.4. Antiepileptics: These medications help stabilize and prevent seizures in individuals with epilepsy. Examples include phenytoin and valproic acid.5. Mood stabilizers: These medications are used to stabilize mood swings and treat bipolar disorder. Examples include lithium and lamotrigine.6. Insulin: This hormone is used to stabilize blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes.The application of these drugs varies depending on the medical condition or illness being treated. They are commonly prescribed by healthcare professionals and should be used according to their recommendations to achieve the desired stabilizing effect. It is important to note that individual responses to medications may vary, and potential side effects and drug interactions should be carefully monitored.。
拉莫三嗪英文介绍
LAMOTRIGINEBrand Name(s) : LamictalLAMOTRIGINE WARNINGSLamotrigine should be used with caution in:∙Children, over 2 years of age∙Previous allergy to anti-epileptic medication∙People with reduced kidney function∙People with reduced liver function∙People with Parkinson's disease∙People using hormonal contraceptives (see interactions)∙People using hormonal replacement therapy (see interactions)∙People taking anti-epileptic medication, such as:∙Valproate, carbamazepine,phenytoin, primidone, phenobarbital,oxcarbazepine∙People taking rifampicin (antibiotic)∙People taking olanzapine (used for depression) It should not be used in:∙People with allergy to lamotrigine, or any of its ingredients∙Children, under 2 years of ageAlso see list of precautions and interactionsSTORAGEKeep your medication in a dry, safe place where children cannot see or reach them. They should be stored below 30°C.Do not take any tablets after the end of the month shown on the pack.LAMOTRIGINE USESWhat is it used for?∙Lamotrigine is used to treat epilepsy∙It is an anticonvulsant, sometimes known as anti-epileptic drug.∙It is used to treat fits (seizures) which result from having epilepsy.∙In general this drug is used as either monotherapy (on its own) or in combination with other anti-epileptic drugs to treat various types of epilepsy in both children and adults.∙Benefits of being on this drug can include a reduction in the number of seizures for people with epilepsy.Listed below are the typical uses of lamotrigine.∙Primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures∙Secondary generalised tonic-clonic seizures∙Partial seizures (both simple and complex)∙Seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (severe childhood epilepsy)∙T ypical absence seizures in childrenOn occasion your doctor may prescribe this medicine to treat a condition not on the above list. Such conditions are listed below.∙Mood stabiliser for bipolar disorderHOW TO USE/TAKETake this medication orally usually once or twice daily, with or without food. Lamotrigine tablets should be swallowed whole with a little water.Lamotrigine dispersible tablets may be chewed, dispersed in a small volume of water (at least enough to cover the whole tablet) or swallowed whole with some water.Use this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it.Remember to use it at the same time each day - unless specifically told otherwise by your doctor.It may take some weeks before the full benefit of this drug takes effect.Certain medical conditions may require different dosage instructions as directed by your doctor.What dose?∙Dosage is based on your age, gender, medical condition, response to therapy, and use of certain interacting medicines.Do I need to avoid anything?∙This medication may cause dizziness or changes in vision. Due to individual changes in response to this medication your doctor should be consulted before driving or operating machinery. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more details.When can I stop?∙It is important to continue taking this medication even if you feel well, unless your doctor tells you to stop. Always complete the full course as prescribed by your doctor. Abruptly stopping your medication may result in your symptoms worsening and an increase in side effects. If your medication is stopped, your doctor will gradually decrease the medication over a period of time.LAMOTRIGINE SIDE EFFECTS∙Headache∙Dizziness∙Changes in vision, included double vision and blurred vision∙Irritability∙Drowsiness ∙Trouble sleeping∙Movement problems, including jerky movements∙Loss/lack of co-ordination∙Tremor∙Rapid, uncontrollable eye movements∙Clumsiness and lack of co-ordination∙Stomach upset∙Nausea and/or vomiting∙Diarrhoea∙Tiredness∙Aggression∙Confusion∙Hallucinations or abnormal thinking∙Blood disorders∙Conjunctivis (infection of the eye)∙Worsening in symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease If any of these persist or you consider them severe then inform the doctor or pharmacist.Tell your doctor immediately if you develop any of the following symptoms: ∙Skin rash, all patients (both adults and children) should immediately see a doctor if a skin rash appears. The incidence may be higher in children than in adults. In children the initial presentation of a rash can sometimes be mistaken as an infection.∙Symptoms of hypersensitivity syndrome which include fever, swollen lymph nodes, swelling of the face and changesto blood and liver. Early indications of hypersensitivity syndrome may be present without a rash.∙Bruising, dark spots or marks on skin, unexplained bleeding, sore throat,mouth ulcers, high temperature, tiredness or more infection such as colds.∙Abnormal thoughts of suicide or self-harm∙Yellowing of eyes or skinRemember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects.Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.A serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but seek immediatemedical attention if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction include: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.The Yellow Card Scheme allows you to report suspected side effects from any type of medicine (which includes vaccines, herbals and over the counter medicines) that you are taking. It is run by the medicines safety watchdog called the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory agency (MHRA). Please report any suspected side effect on the Yellow Card Scheme website.LAMOTRIGINE PRECAUTIONSBefore taking lamotrigine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to other anti-epileptic medication; or if you have any other allergies. This medication should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you are: allergic to lamotrigine or any of its ingredients, pregnant, women planning on becoming pregnant, breastfeeding.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially any of the following:∙previous allergy to anti-epileptic medication, reduced kidney function, reduced liver function, Parkinson's disease, use of hormonal contraceptives, use of hormonal replacement therapyBefore having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist that you are taking this medication.Does alcohol intake affect this drug?∙Alcohol intake is not known to affect lamotrigine.The elderly: lamotrigine can be used in the elderly.Pregnancy and breastfeeding - please ensure you read the detailed information belowPREGNANCYTalk to your doctor if you are, or are planning to become, pregnant. The use of this medicine during pregnancy is not recommended and you should only use it if your doctor thinks that you need it.This medicine can affect the way the oral contraceptive pills work (see interactions). Discuss a suitable method of contraception with your doctor Please consult your doctor for specific advice if you are planning on becoming pregnant, or have discovered you are pregnant as this medication can affect the unborn baby. However abruptly stopping your medicationmay result in your symptoms worsening which can affect both mother and unborn baby.It is sensible to limit use of medication during pregnancy whenever possible.However, your doctor may decide that the benefits outweigh the risks in individual circumstances and after a careful assessment of your specific health situation.If you have any doubts or concerns you are advised to discuss the medicine with your doctor or pharmacist.BREAST FEEDINGLamotrigine passes into breast milk and may affect your baby.It is sensible to limit use of medication during breastfeeding whenever possible. However, your doctor may decide that the benefits outweigh the risks in individual circumstances and after a careful assessment of your specific health situation.If you have any doubts or concerns you are advised to discuss the medicine with your doctor LAMOTRIGINE INTERACTIONSYour doctor or pharmacist may already be aware of any possible drug interactions and may be monitoring you for them. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicine before checking with them first.This drug should not be used with the following medications because very serious, possibly fatal interactions may occur: None KnownIf you are currently using any of these medications, tell your doctor or pharmacist before starting lamotrigine.Use of lamotrigine and contraceptives.∙Hormonal contraceptives, such as the 'pill' can reduce the effectiveness of the medication in controlling seizures. Lamotrigine can also affect the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives in the prevention of pregnancy. Therefore the use of hormonal contraceptives and lamotrigine is not recommended. Women are encouraged to use non-hormonal contraceptives, such as condoms. The use of hormonal contraceptives as the only method of contraception should only be used if there is no alternative. Women taking lamotrigine and who are considering starting or stopping the use of hormonal contraceptives should consult their doctor as dose adjustment of lamotrigine may be required.∙The use of hormonal replacement therapy has not been studied, but is thought to have similar reactions to hormonal contraceptives.∙Consult your doctor for advice.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all prescription and non-prescription/herbal products you may use, especially of:∙People using hormonal contraceptives (see above)∙People using hormonal replacement therapy (see above)∙People taking anti-epileptic medication, such as:∙Valproate∙Carbamazepine∙Phenytoin∙Primidone∙Phenobarbital∙Oxcarbazepine∙Atazanavir∙Ritonavir∙Saquinavir∙Desmopressin∙Orlistat∙People taking rifampicin medication∙People taking olanzapine (used for depression)This information does not contain all possible interactions. Therefore, before using lamotrigine, tell your doctor or pharmacist of all the products you use.LAMOTRIGINE OVERDOSEOverdose may result in symptoms such as abnormal eye movements (nystagmus), lack of coordination and balance (ataxia), impaired consciousness and coma.In the event of overdosage, the patient should be admitted to hospital and given appropriate supportive therapy.If you think you, or someone you care for, might have accidentally taken more than the recommended dose of lamotrigine or intentional overdose is suspected, contact your local hospital, GP or if in England call 111. In Scotland call NHS 24. In Wales, call NHS Direct Wales. In the case of medical emergencies, always dial 999.MISSED DOSEIf you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule.Do not double the dose to catch up.Missing doses may result in seizures.。
英语写作：吸毒的危害
Drug use can trigger feelings of anxiety and panic, leading to a constant state of fear and worry
Loss of motivation
Users may lose interest in activities they once engaged, leading to a sense of apathy and emotional numbness
03
The psychological ham of drug use
Psychological health issues
Depression and anxiety
Drug use can lead to feelings of hopelessness, anxiety, and paranoia, causing long term psychological stress
Insomnia and fatigue
Drugs can cause insomnia, stress, and fatigue, leading to a decrease in physical strength and endurance
Cardiovascular disease
Some bugs can damage the Cardiovascular system, leading to heart disease, high blood pressure, arrhythmia, and other Cardiovascular problems
Cognitive Decline
抗精神失常药
药理作用
（一）对CNS的作用 1、抗精神病作用：抑制CNS。
正常人：安静，表情淡漠，对周围事物
不感兴趣。 患者：迅速控制兴奋躁动状态，消除幻 觉和妄想等症状，减轻思维障碍，恢复 病人理智，生活自理。 对抑郁无效，甚至可以使之加剧。
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2、镇吐作用
阻断了延脑第四脑室底部的催吐化学感 受区的DA2受体，具有较强镇吐作用。 剂量加大可以直接抑制呕吐中枢。 抑制位于延脑与催吐化学感受区旁的呃 逆的中枢调节部位，可治疗顽固性呃逆。 氯丙嗪不能对抗前庭刺激引起的呕吐。
氟西汀（Fluxetine）
帕罗西汀（Paroxetine）
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米帕明（imipramine） 药理作用与应用
正常人：安静、思睡、头晕、BP稍↓。 抑郁者：情绪高涨、精神振奋、连用2～机制
抑制脑内突触前膜对NA及（或）5-HT的
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13
氯丙嗪与DA能神经元
目前认为氯丙嗪等吩噻嗪类药物主要是通 过阻断中脑–边缘系统和中脑–皮层系统的 D2受体而发挥疗效的。 由于该药对这两个通路和黑质－纹状体通 路、结节漏斗通路的D2受体的亲和力几无 差异，因此，在长期应用氯丙嗪的患者中， 锥体外系反应的发生率较高及对内分泌某 些功能的影响较大。
上述这些抗精神病药大多具有相似的 药理作用及其作用机制。
12
2/14/2013
氯丙嗪 chlorpromazine
又名冬眠灵（wintermine）
主要阻断脑内边缘系统多巴胺(DA)受体，
这是其抗精神病作用的主要机理 氯丙嗪也能阻断肾上腺素受体和M胆碱 受体，因此其药理作用广泛，也是其长 期应用产生严重不良反应的基础
非典型双向情感障碍精神病司法鉴定流程
非典型双向情感障碍精神病司法鉴定流程下载提示：该文档是本店铺精心编制而成的，希望大家下载后，能够帮助大家解决实际问题。
文档下载后可定制修改，请根据实际需要进行调整和使用，谢谢!本店铺为大家提供各种类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by this editor. I hope that after you download it, it can help you solve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you! In addition, this shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts, other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!非典型双向情感障碍精神病司法鉴定流程概述非典型双向情感障碍（Bipolar Disorder NOS）是一种精神疾病，其特点是情绪波动明显，但不符合标准的双相情感障碍（Bipolar Disorder）诊断标准。