华工继续教育学院2013-14学年第二学期国际营销作业

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第14版国际营销习题答案1

Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of InternationalMarketing1 “. . . the marketer’s task is the same whether applied in Dime Box, Texas, or Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.”Discuss. The only difference between domestic marketing and international marketing is that the activities take place in more than one country. Therefore, the marketing task is the same throughout the world.2.How can the increased interest in international marketing on the part of the U.S. firms beexplained?Increased interest has been brought about because of changing competitive structures, coupled with shifts in demand characteristics throughout the world. The U.S. market has reached saturation levels for many products, and increasing numbers of firms are faced with surpluses which must be sold. Also, many firms find that return on investment may be higher in foreign markets than in domestic markets. Finally, more and more firms realize that tomorrow’s markets will be world markets and it is imperative that they establish world market positions early.3.Discuss the four phases of international marketing involvement.The first phase includes those domestic firms which have no foreign business activity except those sales made to foreign customers who come directly to the firm. The second phase includes domestic firms which have temporary surpluses which are sold abroad.Therefore, sales are made on an availability basis with little or no intention for continuing market representation. The third phase includes the domestic firms that have permanent productive capacity which is utilized to produce goods which are sold on a continuing basis in foreign markets. The fourth phase includes the international company that produces a product for the world market.4.Discuss the conditions that have led to the development of global markets.According to the Professor Levitt and others who suggest that there is a global market for goods, this phenomenon has resulted from new communications technology, travel and other factors which have led to the markets of the world being more aware of different products and processes. As a result of this awareness, there are segments in each market who have had similar experiences and thus have common needs. These common needs are described as a demand for high quality, reasonably priced, standardized products.There is a strong feeling that within each country’s market there is a growing segment that has been exposed to ideas from around the world and thus have had their tastes and perceived needs affected. There is a strong feeling that world markets are being driven toward a converging commonality of taste and needs leading toward global markets.5.Differentiate between a global company and a multinational company.The main distinction between a global and a multinational company is that a global company assumes there are segments across countries which have the same needs and wants and designs a standardized, high quality, reasonably priced product for those segments and markets it as if there are no differences among the country markets. On the other hand, a multinational company operates in a number of countries and adjusts its products and marketing practices for each market. The multinational company has a specific marketing plan and adapts products for each country market. The philosophy for the multinational company is that there are cultural differences among countries that require specific adaptations for those markets. This is contrasted with the global company which sees the entire world, or major regions of it, as a single entity requiring no specialized adjustments. This distinction may be more myth than fact and reflects Professor Levitt’s opinion.6.Differentiate among the three international marketing concepts.Companies can be described by one of three orientations to international marketingmanagement:1.Domestic Market Expansion Concept2.Multi-Domestic Market Concept3.Global Marketing ConceptIt is expected that differences in the complexity and sophistication of a company’s marketing activity depend on which of these orientations guides its operations.The Domestic Market Extension Concept. The domestic company that seeks sales extension of its domestic products into foreign markets illustrates this orientation to international marketing. It views its international operations as secondary to and an extension of its domestic operations. The primary motive is to dispose of excess domestic production. Domestic business is its priority and foreign sales are seen as a profitable extension of domestic operations. While foreign markets may be vigorously pursued, the orientation remains basically domestic. Its attitude toward international sales is typified by the belief that if it sells in Peoria it will sell anywhere else in the world. Minimal, if any, efforts are made to adapt the marketing mix to foreign markets. The firm’s orientation is to market to foreign customers in the same manner the company markets to domestic customers. It seeks markets where demand is similar to the home market and its domestic product will be acceptable. This Domestic Market Expansion Strategy can be very profitable. Large and small exporting companies approach international marketing from this perspective.Multi-Domestic Market Concept. Once a company recognizes the importance of differences in overseas markets and the importance of offshore business to their organization, its orientation toward international business may shift to a Multi-Domestic Market Strategy. A company guided by this concept has a strong sense that country markets are vastly different (and they may be, depending on the product) and that market success requires an almost independent program for each country. Firms with thisorientation market on a country-by-country basis with separate marketing strategies for each country. Subsidiaries operate independently of one another in establishing marketing objectives and plans. The domestic market and each of the country markets have separate marketing mixes with little interaction among them. Products are adapted for each market with minimum coordination with other country markets, advertising campaigns are localized as are the pricing and distribution decisions. A company with this concept does not look for similarity among elements of the marketing mix that might respond to standardization. Rather, it aims for adaptation to local country markets. Control is typically decentralized to reflect the belief that the uniqueness of each market requires local marketing input and control.Global Marketing Concept. A company guided by this new orientation or philosophy is generally referred to as a global company, its marketing activity is global marketing, and its market coverage is the world. A company employing a Global Marketing Strategy strives for efficiencies of scale by developing a standardized product, of dependable quality, to be sold at a reasonable price to a global market (that is, the same country market set throughout the world). Important to the Global Marketing Concept is the premise that world markets are being “driven towa rd a converging commonalty” that seek much the same ways to satisfy their needs and desires and thus, constitute significant market segments with similar demands for the same product the world over. With this orientation a company attempts to standardize as much of the company effort as is practical on a world-wide basis. Some decisions are viewed as applicable worldwide, while others require consideration of local influences. The world as a whole is viewed as the market and the firm develops a global marketing strategy.7.Prepare your lifelong plan to be globally aware.Student exercise. A minimum would be a reading list plus some commitment to study different countries.8.Discuss the three factors necessary to achieve global awareness.The three factors necessary to achieve global awareness are: 1) objectivity; objective in assessing opportunities, evaluating potential, and responding to problems. Too often mistakes are made because companies are swept away with generalities and make investments only later to find out that their commitment or abilities were not sufficient to succeed, 2) tolerance toward cultural differences; tolerance is understanding cultural differences and accepting and working with others whose behavior may be different from yours, 3) knowledgeable; knowledgeable about cultures, history, world market potentials, and global economy and social trends is critical for a person to be culturally aware. To be successfully in international business and globally aware, a person needs to keep abreast of the enormous changes occurring throughout the world. The 21st century will usher in great change and opportunities. The knowledgeable marketer will identify those opportunities long before it becomes evident to others.9.Define and discuss the idea of global orientation.A global orientation means operating as if all the country markets in a company’s scope of operations (including domestic market) are approachable as a single global market and to standardize the marketing mix where culturally feasible and cost effective or to adapt the marketing mix where culturally required and cost effective. A global orientation does not mean to follow a single strategy of standardization without regard for cultural differences nor does it imply that the marketing effort must be adapted to every cultural difference. Instead, it means looking for market segments with similar demands that can be satisfied with the same product, standardizing the components of the marketing mix that can be standardized, and, where there are significant cultural differences that require parts of the marketing mix to be culturally adapted, adapting.。

2021年《国际市场营销》第一次作业-华南理工大学网络教育学院

2021年《国际市场营销》第一次作业华南理工大学网络教育学院1、国际市场营销观念的演变经历了哪些阶段？各个阶段的特点是什么？答：市场营销观念演进经历了生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念、社会营销观念等阶段。

（1）生产观念阶段.生产观念盛行于19世纪末20世纪初。

该观念认为，消费者喜欢那些可以随处买到和价格低廉的商品，企业应当组织和利用所有资源，集中一切力量提高生产效率和扩大分销范围，增加产量，降低成本。

显然，生产观念是一种重生产、轻营销的指导思想，其典型表现就是“我们生产什么，就卖什么”。

以生产观念指导营销活动的企业，称为生产导向企业。

（2）产品观念阶段。

产品观念是与生产观念并存的一种市场营销观念，都是重生产轻营销。

产品观念认为，消费者喜欢高质量、多功能和具有某些特色的产品。

因此，企业管理的中心是致力与生产优质产品，并不断精益求精，日志完善。

在这种观念的指导下，公司经理人常常迷恋自己的产品，以至于没有意识到产品可能并不迎合时尚，甚至市场正朝着不同的方向发展。

他们在设计产品时只依赖工程技术人员而极少让消费者介入。

（3）推销观念阶段。

推销观念产生于资本主义经济由“卖方市场”向“买方市场”的过渡阶段。

盛行于20世纪30—40年代。

推销观念认为，消费者通常有一种购买惰性或抗衡心理，若听其自然，消费者就不会自觉的购买大量本企业的产品，因此企业管理的中心任务是积极推销和大力促销，以诱导消费者购买产品。

其具体表现是：“我卖什么，就设法让人们买什么”。

执行推销观念的企业，称为推销导向企业。

在推销观念的指导下，企业相信产品是“卖出去的”，而不是“被买去的”。

（4）市场营销观念阶段市场营销观念是以消费者需要和欲望为导向的经营哲学，是消费者主权论的体现。

形成于20世纪50年代。

该观念认为，实现企业诸目标的关键在于正确确定目标市场的需要和欲望，一切以消费者为中心，并且比竞争对手更有效、更有利地传送目标市场所期望满足的东西。

国际市场营销试题

对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料电试力卷保相护互装作置用调与试相技互术关，系电，力根保通据护过生高管产中线工资敷艺料设高试技中卷术资配0料不置试仅技卷可术要以是求解指，决机对吊组电顶在气层进设配行备置继进不电行规保空范护载高高与中中带资资负料料荷试试下卷卷高问总中题体资，配料而置试且时卷可，调保需控障要试各在验类最；管大对路限设习度备题内进到来行位确调。保整在机使管组其路高在敷中正设资常过料工程试况中卷下，安与要全过加，度强并工看且作护尽下关可都于能可管地以路缩正高小常中故工资障作料高；试中对卷资于连料继接试电管卷保口破护处坏进理范行高围整中，核资或对料者定试对值卷某，弯些审扁异核度常与固高校定中对盒资图位料纸置试，.卷保编工护写况层复进防杂行腐设自跨备动接与处地装理线置，弯高尤曲中其半资要径料避标试免高卷错等调误，试高要方中求案资技，料术编试交写5、卷底重电保。要气护管设设装线备备置敷4高、调动设中电试作技资气高，术料课中并中3试、件资且包卷管中料拒含试路调试绝线验敷试卷动槽方设技作、案技术，管以术来架及避等系免多统不项启必方动要式方高，案中为；资解对料决整试高套卷中启突语动然文过停电程机气中。课高因件中此中资，管料电壁试力薄卷高、电中接气资口设料不备试严进卷等行保问调护题试装，工置合作调理并试利且技用进术管行，线过要敷关求设运电技行力术高保。中护线资装缆料置敷试做设卷到原技准则术确：指灵在导活分。。线对对盒于于处调差，试动当过保不程护同中装电高置压中高回资中路料资交试料叉卷试时技卷，术调应问试采题技用，术金作是属为指隔调发板试电进人机行员一隔，变开需压处要器理在组；事在同前发一掌生线握内槽图部内纸故，资障强料时电、，回设需路备要须制进同造行时厂外切家部断出电习具源题高高电中中源资资，料料线试试缆卷卷敷试切设验除完报从毕告而，与采要相用进关高行技中检术资查资料和料试检，卷测并主处且要理了保。解护现装场置设。备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案。

14秋国际市场营销学

14ABCDABCDABCDA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B CD、广播ABCD题号:1 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:4内容:是在商品经济不甚发达的条件下产生的，随着经济的发展，生产资料的销售常采用这种渠道A、直接营销渠道B、间接营销渠道C、长营销渠道D、宽营销渠道标准答案:A学员答案:A本题得分:4ABC、寡头垄断DABCDABCDAB、垄断竞争CDABCD1212A B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B CD、两者均不可ABCDABCDABC、协商型转移定价DABCDABCDA、长渠道策略BCDABCDABCDA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B C DA B CA B C DA B C DA BD题号:22 题型:单选题（请在以下几个选项中选择唯一正确答案）本题分数:4内容:国际市场上对产品的需求量略有增长或达到饱和的程度，后期略有下降。

这是产品生命周期的阶段。

A、投入期B、成长期C、成熟期D、衰退期标准答案:C学员答案:C本题得分:4ABCDA、扩大产品组合策略BCD12ABCDAB、对外合作-直接投资-出口CDABCDABCDAB、渠道决策CDABCDABCDAB、实地调研法CDABCDABCDAB、差异性营销策略CDABCDABCDAB、更低CDABCD12121 21 21 211 21 21 21。

华南理工2014国际市场营销作业标准答案

序号课程名称国际市场营销指导老师赵翔学号2０19学生姓名王军华学习中心广州远程(萝岗分校）提交日期2014.11.１２评审日期____＿_____成绩＿____＿＿__评审教师(签名)_＿＿____＿__华南理工大学继续教育学院华工继续教育学院2０1４-15学年第一学期《国际市场营销》作业一、单项选择题,请选择一个你认为最正确的答案。

每题2分1、以下关于市场的概念哪一个是最准确的（C）？A市场是商品交换的场所B市场是商品交换和流通的领域。

C市场是商品供求关系的总和D市场是指对某种产品有需要和购买能力的人们2、下述说法哪一个是最准确的（B )?A国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸与扩展，是指企业在一国从事经营与销售活动。

B国际市场营销是国内市场营销的延伸与扩展，是指企业在一国以上从事经营与销售活动。

C国际市场营销与国内市场营销的基本原理是相同的，所不同的是指企业参加的人员不同。

D国际市场营销与国内市场营销的基本原理是相同的,所不同的是企业要在两个国家从事经营与销售活动。

3、国际市场营销与市场营销的关系是既有联系又有区别的,它们的主要区别在（ A )A市场营销环境不同、营销组合策略不同、广告方式不同B市场营销环境不同、产品策略不同、广告方式不同C参加人员不同、营销组合策略不同、广告方式不同Ｄ营销管理过程不同、市场营销环境不同、营销组合策略不同4、以下关于企业进行国际市场营销的动因中,哪个是不准确的（B）?A跨国公司;全球公司；服务性公司;出口商和进口商。

B国内市场的需求饱和及竞争激烈；企业发展战略的需要；企业出于战略防御、规避风险的考虑；外部拉力的间接作用。

Ｃ追求规模经济效益;为了追加的利润;利用不同国家经济增长速度的落差;利用产品生命周期的差异。

Ｄ追求规模经济效益；多样化发展，减少经营风险;本国政府的鼓励与支持。

5、国际市场营销观念的演变经历了( B )几个阶段?A 传统营销观念、营销新观念、营销战略观念和全球营销观念B生产观念、产品观念、推销观念、市场营销观念和社会营销观念。

《国际市场营销》平时作业-第2次

国际市场营销·第二次平时作业提交方式：文本框粘贴2019-2020学年第一学期国际市场营销第二次平时作业请回答以下全部十道问题，总字数不少于2000字。

允许参考有关资料，但要尽量用自己的语言来组织并回答问题，不得直接复制，也不允许抄袭，重复率不得高于50%。

作业提交采用文本框粘贴的方式，请先在word文档编辑排版，再行粘贴。

不得直接从网络复制。

一、微观环境一般包括哪些因素？微观营销环境是指与企业紧密相连、直接影响企业营销能力和效率的各种力量和因素的总和，主要包括供应商、营销中介、消费者、竞争者、社会公众、企业内部环境等。

二、技术环境对企业进行国际市场营销有什么影响？1.技术对消费者需求的影响：消费者需求多样化；消费者价格敏感化；消费者需求个性化；消费者行为理性化；消费者消费结构知识化。

2.技术对交易方式的影响：开拓了新的交易方式——电子数据交换EDI。

3.技术对企业战略的影响：首先，随着知识经济的不断发展，国际市场竞争由传统的对资本等低层次资源占有的竞争，转变为对知识生产、占有和利用能力的竞争。

其次，科学技术的发展改变了企业的经营观念。

最后，知识经济的兴起，促使企业从传统的侧重机构组织的硬管理，向教育、培训和提高员工的归属感的软管理转变。

4.技术对企业营销决策的影响：在国际市场营销的产品策略上，产品更新换代速度加快，产品生命周期缩短；在价格策略上，提供灵活的价格标准供用户选择；在促销策略上，科学技术的发展和普及催生了多样化的促销方式；在分销策略上，新的交通工具的发明和旧工具的技术改进，缩短了产品在途时间，大大提高了国际货物运输的效率，新的物流方式和技术代替了部分体力劳动和脑力劳动，大大提高了国际化货物运输的效率。

三、有些国家人口老龄化严重，这对企业开拓当地市场有何影响？1、老龄人求方便、就近购买的需要特别明显，为了满足求方便的需要，营销渠道也要调整。

因此，可以开一些便利店或社区连锁超市。

国际市场营销第二次,平时作业2020秋华工答案

国际市场营销第二次,平时作业2020秋华工答案1、可以分享风险和成本，降低进入新市场的风险；2、可以利用合作伙伴的本地资源和经验，更快地适应新市场；3、可以减少政策和法律方面的限制和阻碍。

然而，合资进入模式也存在一些缺点，例如：1、可能会出现文化差异和管理冲突；2、合资伙伴的目标和利益可能不一致，导致合作关系破裂；3、可能会受到政治和经济环境的影响。

相比之下，独资进入模式的优点是：1、企业可以完全掌握经营和管理权力；2、可以更灵活地调整和执行营销策略；3、可以在新市场建立自己的品牌和声誉。

但是，独资进入模式也存在一些劣势，例如：1、需要承担更高的风险和成本；2、需要独自面对政策和法律方面的限制和阻碍；3、可能需要更长时间来适应新市场。

因此，选择合资进入模式还是独资进入模式，需要根据企业的实际情况和市场环境进行综合考虑和决策。

合资进入模式在国际市场中有其优势，因为当地人参与股权和经营管理，所以遇到的心理和政治障碍比独资进入小，更容易被东道国所接受。

此外，投资者可以利用合作伙伴的专门技能和当地的分销网络，从而有利于开拓国际市场。

同时，由于当地资产的参与，合资企业可以避免东道国政府没收、征用外资的风险，而且还可以分享XXX对当地合作伙伴的某些优惠政策。

然而，由于股权和管理权的分散，合作双方在投资决策、市场营销和财务控制等方面容易发生争端，这将有碍于进行跨国经营的公司执行全球统一协调战略。

此外，合资企业难以保护双方的技术秘密和商业秘密，这可能会导致先进技术或营销技巧的流失，将其培养成为未来的竞争对手。

相比之下，独资进入模式的好处是企业可以完全控制整个管理与销售，经营利益完全归其支配，内部的矛盾和冲突比较少。

此外，独资进入可以保护国际营销企业的技术秘密和商业秘密，从而保持在东道国市场上的竞争力。

企业可以独享在东道国的营销成果，可以独立支配所得利润，从而可以避开合资进入所必须面对的利益分配问题。

然而，投入资金多，因为得不到像合资伙伴那样的当地合作者的帮助，在利用当地原材料、人力资源和销售网络方面不如合资那样便利，且市场规模的扩大容易受到限制。

国际商务与国际营销试卷及参考答案

国际商务与国际营销试卷及参考答案(2013-04-30 17:14:27)转载▼分类：商务管理课表汇总2012年5月中英合作商务管理专业管理段证书课程考试国际商务与国际营销试卷及参考答案第一部分必答题（必答题部分包括一、二、三题，共60分。

）一、单选题。

本题包括第1-5小题，每小题1分，共5分。

在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求。

1．以低于成本的价格在海外市场上销售产品的行为是A．利润最大化 B．销量最大化 C．倾销 D.渗透价格2．有形贸易赤字450000万美元，无形贸易余额35-0000万美元，资本项目余额250000万美元，则国际收支为A．赤字1050000万美元 B.余额150000万美元C．余额600000万美元 D.赤字250000万美元3．如果一个国家实行浮动汇率制，本国出口量减少产生的影响是A.本国货币需求量增加，本币汇率上升B．本国货币需求量减少，本币汇率上升C．本国货币需求量增加，本币汇率下降D.本国货币需求量减少，本币汇率下降4．同时在国内和国际市场上销售标准化产品属于A.国际市场营销B.出口营销 C．国外营销 D．全球市场营销5．佾值不断突破其上限的货币是A.软通货B.看跌货币 C．硬通货 D.看涨货币二、简答题。

本题包括第6-8小题，共15分。

6．解释撇脂定价和渗透定价的含义并指出它们之间的区别。

（6分）撇脂定价和渗透定价的含义：●撇脂定价是指利用高价格获取高额利润。

●渗透定价是利用较低的价格提高市场份额，实现市场渗透。

两者的区别：●撇脂定价对于那些创新企业而言，有机会能够在产品生命周期的开始阶段就利用高需求低供给迅速地收回研究与开发的费用，渗透定价可以用来在市场中推出具有增长潜力、生命周期较长的新产品：7．解释自由贸易区和关税同盟的含义并指出它们之间的主要区别。

（6分）自由贸易区和关税同盟的含义：●自由贸易区的成员国同意货物自由流动，也就惹味成员国之间货物贸易不征收关税或设置配额。

国际营销综合作业题

国际营销综合作业题1、什么是OEM？OEM的优劣势是什么?答：OEM生产,即代工生产,也称为定点生产,俗称代工,简称OEM。

基本含义为品牌生产者不直接生产产品,而是利用自己掌握的关键的核心技术负责设计和开发新产品,控制销售渠道,具体的加工任务通过合同订购的方式委托同类产品的其他厂家生产。

之后将所订产品低价买断,并直接贴上自己的品牌商标。

这种委托他人生产的合作方式简称OEM,承接加工任务的制造商被称为OEM厂商,其生产的产品被称为OEM产品。

定点生产属于加工贸易中的"代工生产"方式,在国际贸易中是以商品为载体的劳务出口。

优势:（1）进入国际市场，参与国际竞争。

国内市场逐渐趋于饱和，国内制造企业选择做代工，不仅可以开拓市场，还可以参与到国际竞争中去。

（2）规模生产，降低成本。

参与OEM供给，意味着产出规模的扩大，单位成本也逐渐下降，如此一来，不仅增加了产品的销路，也降低了成本。

（3）学习经验，完善管理。

OEM生产方可以向购买方学习先进的组织机制，从而提高企业的管理水平。

（4）产品创新，提升能力。

OEM 生产可以减少研发成本，不用担心科技核心的领先程度，能够生产新技术、新潮流的产品。

而且灵活性强，可发挥各方特长，协作生产，提高效率和生产能力。

（5）节约销售投资。

OEM 代工生产不用自己建立品牌，可以利用别人的品牌优势，不用担心销售，可以减少销售和广告费用。

劣势:（1）规模扩张---壮大背后的虚弱。

大部分的加工出口型企业现在都不搞多元化而选择"扩大生产规模"来谋求在原行业内的发展。

但是,随着国内劳动力成本的上升,生产利润趋于下降,生产环节在产业链中的竞争地位也同时趋于下降;相反,市场环节的利润率和竞争地位都在相对上升。

（2）成本优势的逐渐缺失。

随着中国经济的发展,劳动力价格的比较优势日趋减弱。

劳动力价格的上升使得很多企业的利润率下降；其次,劳动力价格的成本优势是中国加工出口型企业相对其它国家同类生产企业的优势,而不是中国某个具体企业的独特优势,所以,在国内竞争者范围内,这种整体性优势不构成具体企业的竞争优势。

《国际营销学(第2版)》试题3套及参考答案

20 --20 学年第学期学院期末考试卷《国际营销学》（1）学号: 姓名: 班级:一、概念理解（本大题共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1.全球性行业2.契约式进入模式3.灰色货品和灰色市场4.直接出口5.自我参照标准第1页，共6页二、分析并回答问题（本大题共4小题，每小题6分，共24分）1.2007年日本造酒公司南部美人开始向中国出口日本酒，其商标“南部美人”却被毫无关系的中国个人抢注。

一开始，公司向中国有关部门申请撤销该商标，但被驳回，因为，中国采用的是注册原则，谁最先申请注册，商标专用权就属于谁，中国商标法未赋予未注册商标使用人任何排他权。

2014年，该公司以中国企业至少3年内完全没有使用商标为由再次提交申请，要求中国有关部门撤销非法注册的商标。

按照我国新《商标法》第四十九条规定：注册商标成为其核定使用的商品的通用名称或者没有正当理由连续三年不使用的，任何单位或者个人可以向商标局申请撤销该注册商标。

因此，日本造酒公司南部美人的主张得到中国商标局的支持，于2017年夺回了商标权。

问题：请用国际营销学的相关理论分析材料中所表述的事件。

2.2008年国际金融危机爆发以来，全球贸易增长持续低迷，但中美贸易逆势而上，年均增速超过7%。

2015年，美国22%的棉花、26%的波音飞机、56%的大豆销往中国。

美国对华货物和服务出口直接和间接支持了约180万个美国就业岗位，同时“中国制造”产品帮助广大美国消费者节省了可观的生活开支。

美中贸易全国委员会的报告估计，一个典型的美国家庭2015年的收入为5.65万美元，对华贸易帮助这些家庭当年可节省高达850美元。

问题：请用国际贸易学的相关理论并结合目前中美贸易争端分析材料所表述的事件。

3.苹果公司产品iPhone7光鲜业绩背后是一条不为人熟知的产业链。

光是在郑州，就有台湾企业家郭台铭领军的40多万工人为iPhone7忙碌，苹果在全球的数百家供货商将零件送到这里组装出货。

2020年国际市场营销·平时作业一华南理工大学网络教育学院

华工国际市场营销·第一次作业提交方式：文本框粘贴请回答以下全部问题。

请尽量用自己的话作答，重复率不要超过50%。

1、新冠肺炎疫情在世界范围内蔓延，请举例谈谈这对中国企业进行国际市场营销可能产生什么影响。

2、产品生命周期有哪些阶段？每个阶段的营销策略是什么？3、什么是品牌？品牌对企业从事国际市场营销有什么作用？4、影响国际市场定价的因素有哪些？5、国际市场广告标准化和差异化策略的区别是什么？适用条件分别是什么？请举例说明。

6、请举例谈谈国际市场出口进入模式。

7、企业开展国际市场营销的原因有哪些？8、国际市场营销环境有哪些基本特征？9、国际市场营销调研有哪些主要的类型和方法？10、合资进入模式与独资进入模式各有什么利弊？1、新冠肺炎疫情在世界范围内蔓延，请举例谈谈这对中国企业进行国际市场营销可能产生什么影响。

答:（一）出口订单由“供给不足”向“需求不足”转变。

当新冠肺炎疫情主要影响国内的时候，我国企业面临的主要问题是复工复产不足，导致出口订单无法按时生产交货，导致订单延期而面临取消。

如意华集团2月份由于生产供给不足，被客户取消2000万元人民币的订单。

然而，随着新冠肺炎疫情在全球爆发，尤其是在欧美地区的快速蔓延，我国企业出口订单面临需求不足而取消风险，尤其是鞋、服等受季节性影响较为严重的产品受影响比较严重。

如欧洲最大的鞋业零售巨头德国戴希曼集团公司于3月18日起关闭旗下所有门店（遍布欧洲23个国家，3000多家门店），西班牙印地纺集团旗下丹贝公司（大家比较熟悉的飒拉）暂停出货，全美2万多家连锁机构关停。

据奔驰鞋业有限公司反馈，截至目前该企业被取消订单达300余万美元。

（二）出口产品由“库存不足”向“库存压力”转变。

前期多数外贸企业受上游供应链复工不足影响，出口产品生产不足，企业面临无货可发的困境。

随着外贸企业上下游供应链全面复工及员工的逐步到位，企业产能已不是主要问题。

然而，受疫情影响加深，国际水、陆、空货运线路缩减，导致境外产品运输不及时，生产产品。

《国际市场营销学》作业题及参考答

《国际市场营销学》作业题及参考答案第一单元(第1-4章)作业题一、单项选择题1.国际市场营销与国内市场营销相比，其表现为：(1.A)Ａ..Ｃ.两者面对的环境相同Ｄ.两者的营销难度相同8.( 8.A )的保护对象是工业产权，包括发明、实用新型、外观设计等。

Ａ.《巴黎公约》Ｂ.《华沙——牛津规则》Ｃ.《马德里协定》Ｄ.《国际货物买卖统一法公约》10.( 10.B)在一定程度上反映一国的经济发展水平和现代化程度，以及健康、教育、社会福利状况，对评估耐用消费品、奢侈消费品、休闲旅游产品和娱乐产品的市场规模具有重要的作用。

Ａ.国民生产总值Ｂ.人均国民收入Ｃ.收入分配状况Ｄ.通货膨胀率11.( 11.D )不属于自然环境因素。

Ａ.自然资源Ｂ.地形Ｃ.气候Ｄ.交通设施12.以下四项中，( 12.B)不属于组织市场。

Ａ.生产者市场Ｂ.居民市场Ｃ.中间商市场Ｄ.政府市场13.人们对商品的品牌、包装、款式、特性等提出的需求属于( 13.A)。

Ａ.心理需求Ｂ.生理需求Ｃ.社会需求Ｄ.安全需求14.( 14.C )是影响购买这一经济行为的最基本因素。

Ａ.社会因素Ｂ.文化因素Ｃ.经济因素Ｄ.心理因素二、简答题1.什么是国际市场营销？答：国际市场营销（International Marketing）简称国际营销，是指在复杂的国际市场环境中，识别和确定国外消费者和用户的需要，并通过提供能满足这些需要的商品和劳务实现企业目标的整体营销活动。

4.答：国体；政体；政党制度；政府政策的稳定性；民族主义；行政效率及清廉程度。

5.各国对广告限制的法律法规可分为哪几类？各国关于广告的法律法规很多，归纳起来主要有以下几类：①对广告产品的限制。

②对广告的内容及真实性的限制。

③对于广告媒体的限制。

④对广告对象的限制。

⑤对广告时间的限制。

⑥对于广告税收的规定。

6.保护贸易政策的主要非关税措施有哪些？非关税措施主要有以下形式：进口配额、进口许可证制、政府采购条款、最低限价制、海关程序、各种复杂苛刻的标准与规定等。

第14版国际营销课后习题答案1.

Chapter 1 The Scope and Challenge of International Marketing2.How can the increased interest in international marketing on the part of the U.S. firms beexplained?1)The U.S. market has reached saturation levels for many products, and increasingnumbers of firms are faced with surpluses which must be sold.2) many firms find that return on investment may be higher in foreign markets than indomestic markets.3) more firms realize that tomorrow’s markets will be world markets and it is imperativeto establish world market positions early.3.Discuss the four phases of international marketing involvement.The first phase is domestic firms which have no foreign business activity except those sales made to foreign customers who come directly to the firm.The second is domestic firms which have temporary surpluses which are sold abroad on an availability basis with no intention for continuing market representation.The third is the domestic firms that have permanent productive capacity which is used to produce goods which are sold on a continuing basis in foreign markets.The fourth is the international company that produces a product for the world market.4.Discuss the conditions that have led to the development of global markets.1)new communications technology, travel and other factors led the world markets beingaware of different products and processes.2)Because of this awareness, each market thus had common needs for high quality,reasonably priced, standardized products.3)There is a strong feeling that within ideas from the world affected the tastes andperceived needs of every country market4)There is a strong feeling that world markets are being driven toward a convergingcommonality of taste and needs leading toward global markets.5.Differentiate between a global company and a multinational company.A global company assumes countries have the same needs and designs a standardized, high quality, reasonably priced product for those markets it as if there are no differences among the country markets.A multinational company has a specific marketing plan and adapts products for each country market and think there are cultural differences among countries that require specific adaptations for those markets.6.Differentiate among the three international marketing concepts. 见课件7.Discuss the three factors necessary to achieve global awareness.(1) objectivity; objective in assessing opportunities, evaluating potential, and respondingto problems. Too often mistakes are made because companies are swept away with generalities and make investments only later to find out that their commitment or abilities were not sufficient to succeed,(2) tolerance toward cultural differences; tolerance is understanding cultural differencesand accepting and working with others whose behavior may be different from yours,3) knowledgeable; To be successful in international business and globally aware, a personneeds to be knowledgeable of the enormous changes occurring throughout the world and the potential opportunities8.Define and discuss the idea of global orientation.A global orientation means operating as if all the country markets in a company’s scopeof operations (including domestic market) are approachable as a single global market and to standardize the marketing mix where culturally feasible and cost effective or to adapt the marketing mix where culturally required and cost effective.A global orientation mean standardizing the components of the marketing mix wheredemand is similar and changing the marketing mix where there are significant cultural differences .Chapter 2:The Global Environment of International Marketing Discussion Questions2. The Tokyo Round(会谈) of GATT has emphasized the reduction of nontariff barriers. How does the Uruguay(乌拉圭) Round differ?Nontariff barriers are all the restrictions imposed on the importation of goods by a host government with the exception of tariffs. Such things as standards, quotas, import licenses, countervailing duties, border taxes can be classified as nontariff barriers.Earlier rounds of negotiations by GATT members had been successful in reducing tariffs and the Tokyo Round focused on the reduction of nontariff barriers.The Tokyo Round start to address a number of nontariff barriers that have become more serious in recent years. Despite the success of these past rounds, high tariffs have not disappeared entirely and nontariff barriers are still widely used. There are also areas that, until now, GATT has not addressed such as services, intellectual property rights, and investment. Specifically, GATT negotiations in this round are to address key areas of importance in international trade which are not now under the scope of GATT rules. For example, GATT rules do not apply to the international trade of services which represent an increasing percentage of international trade flows. Similarly, GATT rules have little influence over government investment policies affecting international trade or on policies concerning the protection of intellectual property rights such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights. Agricultural trade is another area where GATT rules either do not apply or arenot effective. Finally, the dispute settlement mechanism is seen to be increasinglyineffective at resolving conflicts among GATT members.3. Discuss the impact of GATS, TRIMS, AND TRIPS on global trade.An important objective of the United States in the Uruguay Round was to reduce oreliminate barriers to international trade in services. While there is still much progress tobe made before free trade in services will exist throughout the world, the GeneralAgreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is the first multilateral, legally enforceableagreement covering trade and investment in services sector. It provides a legal basis forfuture negotiations aimed at eliminating barriers that discriminate against foreign servicestrade and deny them market access. For the first time, comprehensive multilateraldisciplines and procedures covering trade and investment in services have beenestablished. Specific market-opening concessions from a wide range of individualcountries were achieved and provision was made for continued negotiations to furtherliberalize telecommunications and financial services.Equally significant were the results of negotiations in the investment sector. Trade-RelatedInvestment Measures (TRIMs), established the basic principle that investment restrictionscan be major trade barriers and therefore are included, for the first time, under GATTprocedures. An initial set of specific practices were prohibited including: local contentrequirements specifying that some amount of the value of the investor’s production m purchased from local sources or produced locally; trade balancing requirements specifyingthat an investor must export an amount equivalent to some proportion of imports orcondition the amount of imports permitted on export levels; and, foreign exchangebalancing requirements limiting the importation of products used in local production byrestricting its access to foreign exchange to an amount related to its exchange inflow. As aresult of TRIMs, restrictions in Indonesia which prohibit foreign firms from opening theirown wholesale or retail distribution channels can be challenged. And so can investmentrestrictions in Brazil that require foreign-owned manufacturers to buy most of theircomponents from high-cost local suppliers and that affiliates of foreign multinationalsmaintain a trade surplus in Brazil’s favor by exporting more than they sell within.Another objective of the United States from the Uruguay Round was achieved by anagreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). The TRIPsagreement establishes substantially higher standards of protection for a full range ofintellectual property rights (patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, industrial designs,and semiconductor chip mask works) than are embodied in current international agreementsand it provides for the effective enforcement of those standards both internally and at theborder.4. Discuss the evolution of world trade that has led to the formulation of the WTO.Since the inception of GATT, there have been eight “rounds” of intergovernmental tariff negotiations. The most recently completed was the Uruguay round which built on thesuccess of the Tokyo Round, the most comprehensive and far-reaching round undertakenby GATT up to that time. The Tokyo Round resulted in tariff cuts and set new international rules for subsidies and countervailing measures, anti-dumping, government procurement, technical barriers to trade (standards), customs valuation, and import licensing. While the Tokyo Round addressed n on-tariff barriers, there were some areas not covered by that round which continued to impede free trade. In addition to market access, there were issues of trade in services, agriculture, and textiles; intellectual property rights; and investment and capital flows.. T he Uruguay Round was begun in 1986 in Punta del Este, Uruguay and finally concluded in 1994. By 1995, 80 GATT members including the United States, the European Union (and it member states) Japan, and Canada had accepted the agreement. Perhaps the most notable achievement of the Uruguay Round was the creation of a new institution as a successor to the GATT, the World Trade Organization (WTO). At the signing of the Uruguay Round trade agreement, U.S. representatives pushed for an enormous expansion of the definition of trade issues. The result was the creation of the World Trade Organization that encompasses the current GATT structure and extends it to new areas not adequately covered in the past. The WTO is an institution—not an agreement as was GATT. It will set the rules governing trade between its 117 members, provide a panel of experts to hear and rule on trade disputes between members and, unlike GATT, issue binding decisions. It will require for the first time, the full participation of all members in all aspects of the currentGATT and the Uruguay Round agreements a nd, through its enhanced stature and scope, provide a permanent, comprehensive forum to address the trade issues of the 21st century global market. Trade disputes will be heard by a panel of experts. A panel of experts, selected by the WTO, will hear both sides and issue a decision; the winning side will beauthorized to retaliate with trade sanctions if the losing country does not change its practices.While the WTO has no actual means of enforcement, international pressure to comply with WTO decisions from other member countries is expected to force compliance. The WTO ensures that member countries agree to the obligations of all the agreements, c ountries, including developing countries (the fastest growing markets of the world) will undertake obligations to open their markets and to be bound by the rules of the multilateral tradingsystem.This exercise is designed to familiarize the student with the Internet and issues GATT as well as the WTO. In addition to the various Rounds of GATT, this site is a completediscussion of WTO. The discussion of this question could include a broader discussion of WTO.5.U. S. exports to the European Community are expected to decline in future years. Whatmarketing actions may a company take to counteract such changes?An economic unity such as the EC is primarily concerned with increases of trade withinits member-countries because they want to raise their own production and gain througheconomic growth that their specialized members can supply. It may be said that the ECwants to decrease their trade with nonmember nations. One study has shown some proportional declines already.What the U.S. marketer should do to counteract such actions is to, as rapidly as possible,expand exports to this market. More important, the marketers should build new andexpand EC-located, U.S.-owned industries and marketing facilities to strengthen theirposition before it becomes too late. EC members are now busy building new plants andpoint of view, establishing their outlets and markets. From the U.S. foreign marketer’sthere is no time to waste, otherwise they will lose some of the grip they have establishedin Europe.Also, keeping in mind that many other Western European countries are again interested inA soundjoining EC. The typical argument: “It will be too expensive to stay outside.”policy for American companies wanting or dependent upon marketing in the Europeanmarket might increase their potential in EFTA.6.“Because they are dynamic and because they have great growth possibilities, themultinational markets are likely to be especially rough-and-tumble for the externalbusiness.” Discuss.The attractive growth and profit opportunities in multinational markets tend to draw themore aggressive marketers into competition. Whereas, a company may have virtually nocompetition in its home market, it may be competing with three or four major firms in themultinational market. National interest gives preferential treatment of various types tofirms from member nations and intensifies the normal market competition.7.Discuss the implica tions of the European Union’s decision to admit Eastern European nationsto the group.The admission of Eastern European nations into the EU will create an ever larger andmore economically important than the present EU. The globalization of markets, therestructuring of Eastern Europe into independent market-driven economies, thedissolution of the Soviet Union into independent states, the worldwide trend towardeconomic cooperation, and enhanced global competition make it important that marketpotential be viewed in the context of regions of the world rather than country by country.Formal economic cooperation agreements such as the EC are the most notable examplesof multinational market groups but many new coalitions are forming, old ones are beingre-energized, and the possibility of many new cooperative arrangements is on the horizon.8.Discuss the strategic marketing implications of the Canada-United States-Mexico Free TradeAgreement.NAFTA affects a variety of strategic issues, the most important of which are:Market Access. Within 10 years of implementation, all tariffs will be eliminated onNorth American industrial products traded between Canada, Mexico, and the UnitedStates. All trade between Canada and the U.S. not already duty free will be duty free by1998 as provided for in CFTA. Mexico will immediately eliminate tariffs on nearly 50percent of all industrial goods imported from the U.S., and remaining tariffs will bephased out entirely within 15 years.Nontariff Barriers. In addition to elimination of tariffs, Mexico will eliminate nontariff barriers and other trade-distorting restrictions. U.S. exporters will benefit immediately from the removal of most import licenses that have acted as quotas essentially limiting the importation of products into the Mexican market. NAFTA also eliminates a host of other Mexican barriers such as local content, local production, and export performance requirements that have limited U.S. exports.Rules of Origin. NAFTA reduces tariffs only for goods made in North America. Tough rules of origin will determine whether goods qualify for preferential tariff treatment underfrom benefiting through NAFTA. Rules of origin are designed to prevent “free riders”　minor processing or transshipment of non-NAFTA goods. For example, Japan could not assemble autos in Mexico and avoid U.S. or Canadian tariffs and quotas unless the auto had a specific percentage of Mexican (i.e., North American) content. For goods to be traded duty free, they must contain substantial (62.5 percent) North American content. Since NAFTA rules of origin have been strengthened, clarified, and simplified over those contained in the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, they supersede the CFTA rules. Customs Administration. Under NAFTA, Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. have agreed to implement uniform customs procedures and regulations. Uniform procedures ensure that exporters who market their products in more than one NAFTA country will not have to adapt to multiple customs procedures. Most procedures governing rules of origin documentation record keeping, and origin verification will be the same for all three NAFTA countries. In addition, the three will issue advanced rulings, on request, on whether or not a product qualifies for tariff preference under the NAFTA rules of origin. Investment. NAFTA will eliminate investment conditions that restrict the trade of goods and service to Mexico. Among conditions eliminated are the requirements that foreign investors export a given level or percentage of goods or services, use domestic goods or services, transfer technology to competitors, or limit imports to a certain percentage of exports.Services.NAFTA establishes the first comprehensive set of principles governing services trade. U.S. and Canadian financial institutions are permitted to open wholly owned subsidiaries in Mexico, and all restrictions on the services they offer will be lifted by the year 2000. U.S. and Canadian trucking companies are able to carry international cargo into Mexican border states and, by 1999, they will be able to truck throughout Mexico. Intellectual Property. NAFTA will provide the highest standards of protection of intellectual property available in any bilateral or international agreement. The agreement covers patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets, semiconductor integrated circuits, copyrights for North American movies, computer software, and records. Government Procurement. NAFTA guarantees businesses fair and open competition for procurement in North America through transparent and predictable procurement procedures. In Mexico, Pemex (national oil company), CFE (national electric company), and other government-owned enterprises will be open to U.S. and Canadian suppliers. Standards. NAFTA prohibits the use of standards and technical regulations used as obstacles to trade. However, NAFTA provisions do not require the United States orCanada to lower existing health, environmental, or safety regulations, nor does NAFTAhealth and safety require the importation of products that fail to meet each country’sstandards.9.For each regional trade group—EC, NAFTA, AFTA, ASEAN+3 and Mercosur—cite which ofthe factors for success are the strongest and which are the weakest. Discuss each factor.Students will have different responses to this question. The important point is if they realize the importance of the different factors on the ultimate success of any regional trade group. In most cases, there are cultural, social, economic, political and ever, geographical differences among country members. The critical point is if their commitment to economic integration is sufficiently strong to allow them to deal with the differences that will arise as a result. Each response to this question will be different. For what it is worth, the author would rank them as follows:POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL GEOGRAPHIC EC S S to W S SNAFTA W to S W to S S to W SAFTA S, S W to S W to SMERCOSUR S to W W to S S S10. What is the motive behind ASEAN+3 and what are the probable implications for globaltrade?One result of the Asian financial crisis of 1997–98 was the creation of ASEAN+3 (ASEAN plus China, Japan and South Korea), to deal with trade and monetary issues facing Asia. Most East Asia felt that they were both let down and put upon by the West who they felt created much of the crisis by pulling out in the midst of the crisis. It was felt that the leading financial powers either declined to take part in the rescue operations, as the US did in Thailand, or that they proposed unattainable solutions. The result was the creation of ASEAN+3,1 consisting of the foreign and finance ministers of each country, which meets annually after ASEAN meetings. Their first meeting was devoted to devising a system whereby they share foreign exchange reserves to defend their currencies against future attack. While still only tentative, there was also discussion among the members of ASEAN+3 of creating a common market and even a single currency or, perhaps, a new Asian entity encompassing both Northeast and Southeast Asia.2 Closer links between Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia is seen as a step towards-block strengthening Asia’s role in the global economy and the creation of a global three configuration.311. Discuss the economic and trade importance of the big emerging markets.The Department of Commerce estimates that over 75 percent of the expected growth in the world trade over the next two decades will come from the more than 130 developing and newly industrialized countries (NICs). There is a small core of these that will account for over half of that growth. They predict that the countries identified as Big Emerging。

国际市场营销自考(习题卷2)

国际市场营销自考(习题卷2)第1部分：单项选择题，共83题，每题只有一个正确答案,多选或少选均不得分。

1.[单选题]包含国家最少的国际区域经济一体化组织是（）A)欧盟B)北美自由贸易区C)亚太经合组织D)APEC答案:B解析:2.[单选题]早在 20 世纪 20 年代，（）就提出用征收污染费或污染税的方式来纠正环境污染的外部不经济性。

A)庇古B)科斯C)弗农D)弗里德曼答案:A解析:3.[单选题]确定国际营销调研内容的依据是（）A)调研目的B)调研计划C)调研方法D)调研资料答案:A解析:4.[单选题]外国企业进入欧盟市场的主要目标是占领欧盟( )A)工业品市场B)食品市场C)城市市场D)农村市场答案:C解析:5.[单选题]在产品策略方面，国际市场营销面临产品标准化与差异化策略的选择，在大多数情况下，（ A ）是主要的。

A)差异化产品策略B)产品标准化C)产品标准化与差异化策略D)都不是答案:A解析:C)合同制造D)特许经营答案:B解析:7.[单选题]在商务谈判中，美国人很关注对方企业的财务能力和（）A)企业规模B)企业信誉C)管理水平D)盈利水平答案:D解析:8.[单选题]现代技术转移方式一类是非贸易的转移方式，另一类是（）A)有偿技术转移方式B)技术书刊的出版发行方式C)许可贸易方式D)技术咨询服务方式答案:A解析:9.[单选题]成员国之间通过协定或其他形式，对全部商品或一部分商品规定其特别的关税优惠，这是（）A)优惠贸易安排B)自由贸易区C)关税同盟D)共同市场答案:A解析:10.[单选题]企业和技术开发者都不宜转让某项技术，说明该技术正处于生命周期的（）A)创新阶段B)成长阶段C)成熟阶段D)衰退阶段答案:A解析:11.[单选题]在企业所在国以外的国家进行的调研项目属于( )A)多国调研B)交叉文化调研C)跨国调研D)国外调研答案:C解析:12.[单选题]属于直接出口形式的是( )A)与国外企业合资经营B)经本国贸易公司出口解析:13.[单选题]下列选项中属于国际市场营销渠道改进策略的是（）A)加强对渠道成员的评估B)增减渠道中个别中间商C)减少销售渠道成员间的矛盾D)提高整个销售渠道成员的积极性答案:B解析:14.[单选题]在市场细分的基础上，企业将多个细分市场作为目标市场并针对每个子市场分别制定营销组合方案。

国际营销学（含答案）

国际营销学（含答案）《国际营销学》期末考试复习大纲（请和本学期大纲对照，答案供参考，红色答案来自答疑系统）一、题型单项选择题30个，每个2分；判断对错题20个，每个2分，共计100分。

二、复习题单项选择题（100个）：1.沃尔玛在全球范围内组织货源，在全球市场上开设商店销售产品，该公司可以看作是一个（ B）A. 多国公司B. 跨国公司C. 美国公司D. 当地化公司2.法国雷诺公司在全球多个国家市场成立合资公司，利用当地人才, 服务当地及周边市场, 但公司总部在品牌建设、形象设计和总体战略方面实行控制，该公司实行的国际营销方式为（C）A. 多国营销B. 国际营销C. 全球营销D. 出口营销3.可以最有效利用“协同效应”的产品是（ C）A．当地产品B．国际产品C．全球产品D．地区产品4.顾客价值取决于（ B）A. 顾客满意B. 顾客所获利益与所付出的成本C. 顾客满意与所付出的成本D. 产品质量5.北美自由贸易协定（NAFTA）包括（B ）A. 美国与加拿大B. 美国、加拿大与墨西哥C. 加拿大与墨西哥D. 美国、加拿大、墨西哥与委内瑞拉6.关于管理导向，下面哪种说法是不正确的（B ）？A.管理导向理论反映了对本国以外市场的认识B.管理导向理论是公司全体员工对于国际市场的认识C.管理导向理论认为公司的管理导向会影响其国际营销行为D.管理导向理论认为不同类型的公司会采用不同的管理导向7.与国际产品相对应的通常是企业管理层的（C）A.多国中心导向B.地区中心导向C.母国中心导向D.全国中心导向8.发展中国家指的是（D ）A．低收入国家B．中低收入国家C．中等收入国家D．中等收入国家和低收入国家9.亚洲新兴工业化国家和地区不包括（C ）A．中国香港B．中国台湾C．泰国D．韩国10.在有客户委托责任的出口代理机构类型中，（C）作为运输、报关、装运定价和日程安排等方面的专家，能够帮助出口企业提高出口组织的效率。