Evaluation of Traps and Lures for Mass Trapping of Mediterranean
写猪笼草的作文英语
写猪笼草的作文英语English:Nepenthes, commonly known as tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups, are a genus of carnivorous plants known for their striking pitcher-shaped traps. These unique plants are found in diverse habitats including tropical forests, mountain regions, and even sandy coastal areas. The pitcher-shaped traps possess a sweet-smelling nectar that lures insects and other small animals into them. Once inside, the prey becomes trapped and is digested by enzymes produced by the plant. Nepenthes exhibit a fascinating adaptation to nutrient-poor environments by relying on carnivory to supplement their nutrient intake. Some species of Nepenthes have evolved specialized adaptations such as coloration, scent, and even slippery surfaces to attract and capture a variety of prey. In addition to their intriguing carnivorous nature, Nepenthes also play a vital role in their ecosystems by controlling insect populations and recycling nutrients. These fascinating plants continue to captivate botanists, researchers, and nature enthusiasts alike with their unique morphology and behavior.Translated content:猪笼草，俗称热带捕虫植物或猴杯，是一类以其引人注目的瓶状捕蝇器而闻名的肉食植物属。
抓鱼捕虾英语作文
抓鱼捕虾英语作文标题，Fishing and Shrimp Catching。
Fishing and shrimp catching are traditional activities that have been practiced by humans for centuries. Whetherit's for sustenance or recreation, these pursuits have woven themselves into the fabric of cultures worldwide. In this essay, we will delve into the art of fishing and shrimp catching, exploring their significance, techniques, and the experiences they offer.To begin with, fishing and shrimp catching are not merely about procuring food; they are also about connecting with nature and engaging in a time-honored tradition. Many people find solace and relaxation in the rhythmic motion of casting a line or lowering a net into the water. The gentle lapping of waves against the boat and the anticipation of a catch create a serene atmosphere that allows individuals to escape the hustle and bustle of modern life.Moreover, fishing and shrimp catching are activities that foster a deep appreciation for the environment. Anglers and shrimpers spend countless hours observing the behavior of fish and crustaceans, learning about their habitats, and gaining insight into the delicate balance of marine ecosystems. This firsthand knowledge instills a sense of stewardship and encourages responsible practices to ensure the sustainability of aquatic resources forfuture generations.Techniques for fishing and shrimp catching vary depending on the target species and the environment. Anglers may use a variety of baits and lures to attract fish, while shrimpers often employ nets or traps to capture their quarry. Regardless of the method, both pursuits require patience, skill, and a keen understanding of the habits and preferences of the targeted aquatic species.One of the joys of fishing and shrimp catching lies in the element of unpredictability. Each outing brings the possibility of encountering different species and facing unique challenges. Whether it's reeling in a trophy-sizedbass or hauling in a net teeming with plump shrimp, thethrill of the catch never fails to exhilarate enthusiasts.Furthermore, fishing and shrimp catching offer opportunities for socialization and camaraderie. Many anglers and shrimpers enjoy sharing their experiences with friends and family, whether it's swapping stories on the deck of a boat or gathering around a campfire to cookfreshly caught seafood. These shared moments forge bondsand create lasting memories that are cherished for years to come.In conclusion, fishing and shrimp catching are morethan just practical activities; they are time-honored traditions that connect us to nature and each other. From the thrill of the catch to the tranquility of the water, these pursuits offer a myriad of experiences that enrichour lives and deepen our appreciation for the natural world. So, whether you're casting a line off a pier or dropping a net into the depths, take a moment to savor the beauty and wonder of the aquatic realm.。
抓蟹的方法和技巧
抓蟹的方法和技巧Crab hunting is a popular activity for many people who enjoy being near the water and catching their own seafood. There are several methods and techniques that can be used to catch crabs, ranging from simple traps to more hands-on approaches. One of the most common methods is using a crab pot, which is a simple trap that lures crabs inside and prevents them from escaping.抓螃潭是许多喜欢靠近水域并自己捕捉海鲜的人喜欢的活动。
有几种可以用来捕捉螃潭的方法和技巧，从简单的陷阱到更直接的方法。
其中最常见的方法之一是使用螃蟹罐，这是一种简单的陷阱，可以诱捕螃潭进入并防止它们逃脱。
Another popular method for catching crabs is using a crab net, which is a large net with a basket attached that can be used to scoop up the crabs from the water. This method requires some skill and patience, as you need to be able to accurately scoop up the crabs without harming them. Timing is also important when using a crab net, as you need to be able to spot the crabs in the water and quickly scoop them up before they have a chance to escape.另一种抓蟹的流行方法是使用蟹网，这是一种带有篮子的大网，可以用来从水中捞起螃潭。
食虫植物英语作文
食虫植物英语作文Carnivorous Plants: Nature's Intriguing PredatorsThe natural world is filled with remarkable organisms that never cease to amaze and captivate our curiosity. Among these wonders, carnivorous plants stand out as true marvels of evolution, blending the delicate beauty of flora with the predatory instincts of fauna. These unique plants, often referred to as "insect-eating" or "bug-eating" plants, have evolved specialized adaptations to supplement their nutrient intake by trapping and digesting small prey, primarily insects and other arthropods.Carnivorous plants are found in various regions around the globe, thriving in nutrient-poor environments where they have adapted to obtain essential nutrients from alternative sources. These plants are not only visually striking but also possess a fascinating array of trapping mechanisms, each tailored to the specific needs and habitats of the different species.One of the most well-known and iconic carnivorous plants is the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). Native to the bogs and wetlands of the Carolinas in the United States, the Venus flytrap is renownedfor its rapid leaf-like traps that snap shut when triggered by the touch of an unsuspecting insect. The inner surfaces of these traps are lined with sensitive trigger hairs, and once an insect makes contact, the trap rapidly closes, trapping the prey inside. The plant then secretes digestive enzymes to break down the prey, absorbing the nutrients to supplement its own growth and development.Another captivating example of carnivorous plants is the pitcher plant (Nepenthes spp.), found primarily in Southeast Asia and parts of Australia. These plants have evolved specialized leaf structures that resemble pitchers or cups, filled with a digestive fluid that lures and traps insects and other small animals. The inner walls of the pitcher are slippery, causing the prey to fall into the fluid, where it is slowly digested and the nutrients absorbed by the plant.Beyond the Venus flytrap and pitcher plants, the carnivorous plant family includes a diverse array of species, each with its own unique trapping mechanisms. The sundew (Drosera spp.) uses sticky, glandular tentacles to capture its prey, while the bladderwort (Utricularia spp.) employs tiny, underwater suction traps to ensnare small aquatic organisms. The cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) is known for its elaborate, snake-like traps that lure insects with their captivating appearance and scent.The evolution of carnivorous plants is a testament to the remarkableadaptability and resilience of life on our planet. These plants have developed intricate strategies to thrive in nutrient-poor environments, showcasing the incredible diversity and complexity of the natural world. By studying these captivating organisms, we can gain insights into the mechanisms of evolution, the interplay between plants and their environments, and the delicate balance of ecosystems.Moreover, carnivorous plants have captured the imagination of people worldwide, inspiring art, literature, and even scientific research. Their unique adaptations and captivating appearances have made them popular subjects in botanical gardens, research institutions, and private collections, attracting the curiosity and wonder of both scientists and nature enthusiasts.In conclusion, carnivorous plants represent a truly remarkable and awe-inspiring aspect of the natural world. From the snap-shut traps of the Venus flytrap to the intricate pitcher structures of the Nepenthes, these plants have evolved to thrive in challenging environments, showcasing the incredible ingenuity and diversity of life on our planet. By studying and appreciating these fascinating organisms, we can deepen our understanding of the natural world and the remarkable adaptations that enable life to flourish in the most unexpected of places.。
USP401225药典的验证中英文对照
VALIDATION OF COMPENDIAL PROCEDURES药典方法的验证Test procedures for assessment of the quality levels of pharmaceutical articles are subject to various requirements. According to Section 501 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, assays and specifications in monographs of the United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary constitute legal standards. The Current Good Manufacturing Practice regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)] require that test methods, which are used for assessing compliance of pharmaceutical articles with established specifications, must meet proper standards of accuracy and reliability. Also, according to these regulations [21 CFR 211.194(a)(2)], users of analytical methods described in USP NF are not required to validate the accuracy and reliability of these methods, but merely verify their suitability under actual conditions of use. Recognizing the legal status of USP and NF standards, it is essential, therefore, that proposals for adoption of new or revised compendial analytical procedures be supported by sufficient laboratory data to document their validity.用于评估药品质量的检验方法需要满足不同的要求。
捕捉猫和老鼠的英语作文
捕捉猫和老鼠的英语作文Title: Catching Cats and Mice。
Cats and mice have always had a complex and interesting relationship. Cats are natural hunters, while mice are known for their quick reflexes and ability to outsmarttheir predators. In this essay, we will explore the art of catching cats and mice, and the strategies involved in this age-old game.To catch a cat, one must first understand its behavior and instincts. Cats are solitary creatures, known for their stealth and agility. They are also highly territorial, marking their territory with scent glands located on their cheeks and paws. To catch a cat, one must be patient and observant, waiting for the right moment to strike.There are several strategies one can employ to catch a cat. One common method is to use a lure, such as a toy or treat, to entice the cat into a trap. Another strategy isto use a net or cage to capture the cat when it least expects it. However, the most effective way to catch a cat is to earn its trust and build a relationship with it over time.Mice, on the other hand, are much trickier to catch. They are small, fast, and highly intelligent creatures, known for their ability to evade capture. To catch a mouse, one must think like a mouse, anticipating its movements and outsmarting it at every turn.There are several strategies one can employ to catch a mouse. One common method is to set up traps, such as snap traps or glue traps, in areas where mice are known to frequent. Another strategy is to use bait, such as cheese or peanut butter, to lure the mouse into the trap. However, the most effective way to catch a mouse is to seal off entry points and eliminate sources of food and water, making the environment less hospitable for mice.In conclusion, catching cats and mice is a challenging yet rewarding endeavor. By understanding the behavior andinstincts of these creatures, one can develop effective strategies for catching them. Whether using traps, lures, or building trust, the art of catching cats and mice requires patience, skill, and a deep understanding of the animal kingdom. So next time you find yourself faced with a feline or rodent intruder, remember these strategies and put your skills to the test. Happy hunting!。
以捉虫子为职业的英语作文
以捉虫子为职业的英语作文英文回答：Bug Catcher, a Unique and Lucrative Profession.In the vast and intricate tapestry of human occupations, one profession stands out as both unique and surprisingly lucrative: bug catcher. These dedicated individuals embark on a thrilling and often perilous journey to captureinsects and other small creatures for a variety of purposes, including scientific research, pest control, and even culinary delicacies.Bug catching, also known as entomology, has a rich history that dates back centuries. Early entomologists were often naturalists and explorers who ventured into uncharted territories to document and collect new species. Today, modern bug catchers employ a wide range of techniques and technologies to capture their quarry, from traditional nets and traps to sophisticated light traps and pheromone lures.One of the most important roles of bug catchers is in scientific research. Entomologists play a vital role in studying insect behavior, ecology, and evolution. Their findings contribute to our understanding of biodiversity, ecosystem health, and the development of new pest management strategies.In addition to research, bug catchers also provide valuable services in pest control. By capturing and removing insects that can damage crops, transmit diseases, or cause other problems, bug catchers help to protect human health and agriculture. Some bug catchers even specializein capturing specific types of insects, such as termites or bed bugs, using targeted methods to eliminate infestations.Surprisingly, bug catching can also be a lucrative profession for those with the right skills and experience. While the average salary for entomologists varies depending on their education, experience, and location, some highly skilled bug catchers can earn six-figure incomes. This is especially true for those who specialize in capturing rareor endangered species or who work in high-demand fields, such as pest control or insect research.Of course, bug catching is not without its challenges. Working outdoors in all types of weather can be physically demanding, and there is always the risk of encountering insects that can bite, sting, or transmit diseases. Additionally, bug catchers must have a strong attention to detail and be able to identify insects accurately.Despite the challenges, bug catching remains a fascinating and rewarding profession for those who are passionate about the natural world. With its unique combination of science, adventure, and potential financial rewards, bug catching offers a truly captivating career path for those who dare to venture into the world of insects.中文回答：捉虫子，一项独特而有利可图的职业。
关于钓螃蟹的英语作文
关于钓螃蟹的英语作文Title: The Art of Crabbing: A Guide to Catching Crabs。
Crabbing is a beloved pastime for many people aroundthe world. Whether you're a seasoned crabber or a beginner, the thrill of catching these elusive creatures never failsto excite. In this essay, we'll delve into the art of crabbing, exploring the techniques, equipment, and tips to become a successful crabber.Understanding Crabs:Before setting out to catch crabs, it's essential to understand their behavior and habitat. Crabs arecrustaceans that inhabit various aquatic environments, including oceans, rivers, and estuaries. They are omnivores, feeding on both plant matter and small animals.Equipment Needed:1. Crab Traps: Crab traps, also known as crab pots, are the most common method of catching crabs. These traps are typically made of wire mesh and come in various sizes and designs. The key is to choose a trap that is sturdy and has enough space for crabs to enter.2. Bait: Crabs are attracted to a variety of baits, including fish heads, chicken necks, and squid. Fresh bait works best, as it emits a strong odor that lures crabs into the trap.3. Measuring Gauge: Many areas have regulations regarding the size of crabs that can be harvested. A measuring gauge helps ensure that you only keep crabs that meet the legal size limit.4. Gloves: While not mandatory, gloves can be usefulfor handling crabs, which can pinch with their sharp claws.Techniques for Crabbing:1. Choosing the Right Spot: Look for areas with calmwaters and plenty of hiding spots for crabs, such as rocky shores, marshes, or piers.2. Setting the Trap: Once you've found a suitable spot, bait the trap and lower it into the water using a sturdy rope or line. Make sure the trap is securely anchored tothe bottom to prevent it from drifting.3. Patience is Key: Crabbing requires patience. Allow sufficient time for crabs to discover the bait and enterthe trap. It's not uncommon to wait several hours before checking the trap.4. Checking the Trap: After waiting patiently,carefully pull up the trap using the rope. Exercise caution, as crabs may still be active inside. Use a net or gloves to retrieve the crabs safely.5. Measuring and Sorting: Once you've caught some crabs, use the measuring gauge to ensure they meet the legal size limit. Discard any undersized crabs back into the water to allow them to grow and reproduce.Tips for Success:1. Timing: The best time to catch crabs is often during high tide or slack tide when crabs are more active and foraging for food.2. Weather Conditions: Pay attention to weather conditions, as crabs may be more active during warm, cloudy days or after a rain shower.3. Respect Regulations: Always adhere to local regulations regarding crabbing, including size limits, catch limits, and licensing requirements.4. Safety First: When crabbing from piers or rocky shores, watch your step to avoid slipping or falling into the water.Conclusion:In conclusion, crabbing is a rewarding outdoor activitythat offers the thrill of the chase and the satisfaction of a successful catch. By understanding crab behavior, using the right equipment, and employing effective techniques, anyone can enjoy the art of crabbing. So grab your traps, bait, and measuring gauge, and embark on your crabbing adventure today!。
钓龙虾作文英文
钓龙虾作文英文Here is an English essay with more than 1,000 words on the topic of "Catching Lobsters":Catching lobsters is an exhilarating and rewarding activity that has captivated people for centuries. The thrill of pitting your wits against these elusive creatures and the satisfaction of pulling a succulent lobster from the depths make it a truly engaging pursuit. In this essay, we will explore the art and science of lobster fishing, delving into the techniques, equipment, and the unique challenges that come with this age-old tradition.Lobsters, with their impressive claws and armor-like shells, are renowned for their delectable flesh and their ability to elude capture. To successfully catch these marine delicacies, fishermen must possess a deep understanding of their habits and habitats. Lobsters thrive in cool, rocky waters, often hiding in crevices and under ledges to avoid predators. Their nocturnal nature and keen senses make them particularly challenging to locate and lure into traps.The primary tool of the lobster fisher is the lobster trap, a carefully crafted device that leverages the lobster's natural behavior to thefisherman's advantage. These traps are typically made of wire or plastic, with a series of funnels that allow the lobster to enter but make it difficult for them to escape. Baited with a variety of aromatic lures, such as rotting fish or seaweed, the traps are then strategically placed along the ocean floor, where lobsters are known to roam.The art of setting and hauling the traps is a skill honed through years of experience. Fishermen must take into account factors such as tides, currents, and weather patterns to maximize their catch. The timing of the trap placement is crucial, as lobsters are more active and hungry during certain periods of the day and night. Experienced fishermen can often predict the best times and locations to set their traps, relying on their intimate knowledge of the local marine ecosystem.Once the traps are set, the waiting game begins. Lobster fishing requires patience and perseverance, as the catch can be unpredictable and variable. Fishermen must carefully monitor their traps, checking them regularly for any signs of activity. The excitement builds as the trap is slowly hauled to the surface, with the anticipation of discovering a prized catch.The handling and processing of the caught lobsters is a delicate artin itself. Fishermen must be skilled in the humane and efficient handling of these creatures, ensuring that they remain alive and in peak condition until they reach the market or the dinner table. Thisinvolves techniques such as banding the claws to prevent injury, as well as carefully transporting the lobsters in specialized tanks or containers to maintain their freshness.Beyond the practical aspects of lobster fishing, there is also a rich cultural and historical aspect to this activity. Coastal communities around the world have long relied on the bounty of the sea, and lobster fishing has played a crucial role in their economies and traditions. The camaraderie and shared knowledge among lobster fishermen, passed down through generations, add to the allure of this pursuit.Moreover, the conservation and sustainability of lobster populations have become increasingly important in recent years. Responsible fishermen work closely with marine biologists and regulatory bodies to ensure that lobster stocks are managed effectively, with measures in place to protect the delicate balance of the marine ecosystem. This commitment to environmental stewardship helps to preserve the long-term viability of this valuable resource.In conclusion, the art of catching lobsters is a multifaceted and captivating endeavor that encompasses both practical and cultural elements. From the intricate trapping techniques to the rich history and community traditions, lobster fishing is a true testament to the enduring human connection with the sea. As we continue to exploreand appreciate the wonders of the marine world, the pursuit of these elusive crustaceans will undoubtedly remain a cherished pastime for generations to come.。
一种神奇的植物英语作文80词
一种神奇的植物英语作文80词A Magical Plant。
Plants are an essential part of our ecosystem. They provide oxygen, food, shelter, and various other resources for humans and animals. Among the vast variety of plants, there is one that stands out as truly magical the Venus flytrap.The Venus flytrap, scientific name Dionaea muscipula, is a carnivorous plant native to the wetlands of North and South Carolina in the United States. It is a small plant with distinctive leaves that have modified into hinged traps. The traps are covered in fine hairs and contain a sweet-smelling nectar that lures unsuspecting insects.When an insect lands on the trap and touches the hairs, the trap snaps shut in a matter of milliseconds. The insect is trapped inside, and the plant begins its digestion process. The Venus flytrap releases enzymes that break down the insect's body, extracting nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. This unique adaptation allows the plant to survive in nutrient-poor environments.Interestingly, the Venus flytrap has a remarkable ability to differentiate between living organisms and inanimate objects. It can detect the movement of an insect and will only close its trap when it senses the presence of potential prey. This ability to distinguish between food and non-food items helps the plant conserve energy and avoid wasting its resources.The Venus flytrap also has a fascinating way of resetting its traps. After digestion, the plant opens its trap and releases the remains of the insect. It then waits for the trap to return to its original shape before it can catch another prey. This process takes about a week, during which the plant remains vulnerable to other insects.The unique characteristics of the Venus flytrap have captivated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike. Its ability to catch and digest insects has been studied extensively to understand the mechanisms behind its carnivorous behavior. Researchers have alsodiscovered that the plant's traps can close even without the presence of insects, indicating a sensitivity to other stimuli.In recent years, the Venus flytrap has gained popularity as a houseplant. Its intriguing nature and low maintenance requirements make it an attractive addition to indoor gardens. However, it is essential to provide the plant with the appropriate growing conditions, such as a humid environment and adequate sunlight.In conclusion, the Venus flytrap is a truly magical plant that has evolved to survive in nutrient-poor environments by capturing and digesting insects. Its ability to differentiate between prey and non-prey items and the unique mechanism of resetting its traps make it a fascinating subject for scientific research. As a houseplant, it offers a touch of intrigue and wonder to any space. Let us appreciate the wonders of nature and continue to explore and learn from the extraordinary plants around us.。
质谱技术英语
质谱技术英语Mass Spectrometry TechnologyMass spectrometry is a powerful analytical technique that has become an indispensable tool in various scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, and medicine. This technology has revolutionized the way we study and understand the composition and structure of complex molecules, enabling researchers to gain unprecedented insights into the chemical and biological processes that govern our world.At its core, mass spectrometry is the process of ionizing molecules and then separating and detecting these ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). This process begins with the introduction of a sample into the instrument where it is vaporized and ionized. The resulting ions are then accelerated through an electric or magnetic field, which causes them to separate based on their unique m/z values. The separated ions are then detected and their relative abundances are measured, providing a detailed mass spectrum that can be used to identify and quantify the components of the sample.One of the key advantages of mass spectrometry is its ability toanalyze a wide range of molecules, from small organic compounds to large biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. This versatility has made mass spectrometry an indispensable tool in fields such as proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics, where researchers are interested in studying the complex networks of molecules that underlie biological systems.In the field of proteomics, for example, mass spectrometry has become the primary technique for the identification and quantification of proteins in complex biological samples. By analyzing the unique peptide fragments generated from the digestion of proteins, researchers can determine the amino acid sequence and post-translational modifications of individual proteins, providing valuable insights into their structure, function, and interactions within the cell.Similarly, in the field of metabolomics, mass spectrometry has become a crucial tool for the comprehensive analysis of small molecules, or metabolites, which are the products of various biochemical processes within living organisms. By profiling the metabolome, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the metabolic pathways and regulatory mechanisms that underlie physiological and pathological states, leading to the development of new diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Beyond its applications in the life sciences, mass spectrometry has also made significant contributions to the field of materials science. By analyzing the chemical composition and structure of materials, researchers can develop new and improved materials with enhanced properties, such as increased strength, durability, or conductivity. This has led to advancements in areas such as nanotechnology, energy storage, and environmental science.One of the most exciting developments in mass spectrometry in recent years has been the advent of imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). This technique allows for the spatial mapping of the distribution of molecules within a sample, providing a powerful tool for visualizing the chemical landscape of biological tissues, materials, and even entire organisms. IMS has been used to study the distribution of drugs and their metabolites within the body, as well as the spatial organization of lipids and proteins within cells and tissues, offering new insights into the complex interactions that underlie biological processes.Despite its many strengths, mass spectrometry is not without its challenges. The complexity of modern mass spectrometers, with their intricate hardware and sophisticated software, requires a high level of technical expertise and specialized training to operate effectively. Additionally, the interpretation of mass spectra can be a challenging task, particularly for complex samples with a large number ofcomponents.To address these challenges, researchers have been working to develop new ionization techniques, improve mass analyzer performance, and create more user-friendly software for data analysis. These efforts have led to the development of a wide range of mass spectrometry-based techniques, each with its own unique strengths and applications.For example, the introduction of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has revolutionized the analysis of large biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, by enabling their gentle ionization and transfer into the gas phase. Similarly, the development of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has provided researchers with powerful tools for the structural elucidation of complex molecules, allowing them to dissect the individual components of a sample and gain a deeper understanding of its composition.As mass spectrometry continues to evolve, its impact on scientific research and technological innovation is only expected to grow. With the ongoing development of new instrumentation, ionization techniques, and data analysis methods, mass spectrometry is poised to play an increasingly central role in the exploration of the naturalworld and the development of new technologies that will shape the future of our society.。
糖果屋读后感英语道理
糖果屋读后感英语道理Diving into the whimsical world of "Hansel and Gretel," the classic fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, one can't help but be captivated by the vivid imagery of a candy-coated house that lures two innocent children into a dangerous adventure. The story, while enchanting, serves as a cautionary tale about the deceptive allure of appearances and the importance of trust and family bonds.The tale's enchanting facade of a house made of sweets and treats is a metaphor for the allure of temptations that can lead us astray. It reminds us that the most appealing things are not always the best for us, and that we must be vigilant against the sweetest of traps. The cunning witch who resides within the house represents the darker side of life, where seemingly harmless situations can hide sinister intentions.Yet, amidst the peril, the story also highlights the power of resourcefulness and the unbreakable bond between siblings. Hansel and Gretel's intelligence and quick thinking in outsmarting the witch are a testament to the strength of the human spirit in the face of adversity. Their story is a reminder that, with courage and ingenuity, we can overcome even the most daunting of challenges.Moreover, the tale underscores the value of family and the support it provides. The initial abandonment by theirparents, driven by desperation, is a stark contrast to the siblings' unwavering commitment to each other. It's a poignant reminder that, in times of crisis, the ties that bind us to our loved ones can be our greatest source of strength.In conclusion, "Hansel and Gretel" is not just a story of a fantastical journey but a profound exploration of human nature, temptation, and the resilience of the human spirit.It is a timeless narrative that continues to resonate with readers of all ages, teaching us to be wary of the world's sugar-coated promises and to cherish the bonds that keep us safe and grounded.。
吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定生活饮用水中26种挥发性有机物
根据世界卫生组织定义,挥发性有机物(volatile or ganic compounds,VOCs)是指在常温下,沸点50~260℃的各种有机化合物[1]。
大多数VOCs具有令人不适的特殊气味,并具有毒性、刺激性、致畸性和致癌作用,特别是苯、甲苯及甲醛等对人体健康会造成很大的伤害[2-3]。
水中VOCs一般是水受到污染或者在某些消毒净化过程中产生的副产物。
我国生活饮用水卫生标准GB/T 5749-2006中规定了该类物质的限值[4],GB/T5750-2006中制定了标准检验方法,均为气相色谱法检测[5-6]。
气相色谱方法前处理操作相对复杂繁琐,有的需要大量有机溶剂提取,使用的有机溶剂一方面又对环境造成污染,危害操作人员健康,同时还存在基质干扰。
且气相色谱法单次只能分析个别化合物,全面检测多种化合物时需消耗大量时间、人力[7-9]。
吹扫捕集技术具有进样量少、富集效率高、受基质干扰影响小、安全、简便等优点。
气质联用法同时具有毛细管色谱的高分离和质谱的精确鉴定等特点,适用于复杂混合物中多组分的定性及定量分析。
吹扫捕集串联气相色谱质谱法前处理简单,对环境和操作人员友好,可同时测定样品中多种挥发性有机物[10-12],高效快捷,灵敏度高,检出限低,适用于大批量水样中挥发性有机物的检测[13-14]。
DOI:10.16659/ki.1672-5654.2022.12.203吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定生活饮用水中26种挥发性有机物范雯谡,王姣,杜华楠,朱吉凯,张蕾齐齐哈尔市疾病预防控制中心,黑龙江齐齐哈尔161000[摘要]利用吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱法测定生活饮用水中26种挥发性有机物含量。
结果表明,该方法测定条件下各物质分离效果良好,曲线线性均在99.5%以上,加标回收率为83.0%~111.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.21%~8.57%(n= 6)。
利用该方法检测齐齐哈尔市龙沙区水质监测点末梢水样品10份,2份检出1,2-二氯乙烷和一溴二氯甲烷,检出组分符合卫生标准要求,且含量较低。
猪笼草的特点作文300字
猪笼草的特点作文300字英文回答：The pitcher plant, also known as the Nepenthes or monkey cup, is a unique and fascinating plant species. It is found in various parts of the world, including Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Australia. The pitcher plant has several distinctive characteristics that make it stand out among other plants.Firstly, the most prominent feature of the pitcher plant is its modified leaves, which form a pitcher-like structure. These pitchers serve as traps for insects and other small prey. The pitchers are filled with a digestive fluid that helps the plant break down and absorb nutrients from its captured prey. This adaptation allows the pitcher plant to supplement its nutrient intake, especially in nutrient-poor environments.Secondly, the pitcher plant has evolved a remarkablemechanism to attract prey. The rim of the pitcher is often brightly colored and emits a sweet scent, which lures insects towards it. Some pitcher plant species even produce nectar to further entice their prey. Once the insects enter the pitcher, they become trapped and eventually drown in the digestive fluid.Furthermore, the pitcher plant has developed a complex system of glands and hairs inside the pitcher. These structures prevent the insects from climbing out and escaping. The slippery walls of the pitcher, combined with downward-pointing hairs, make it nearly impossible for trapped prey to climb back up and escape. This ensures that the pitcher plant can efficiently capture and digest its prey.In addition to its unique trapping mechanism, the pitcher plant also has a symbiotic relationship withcertain animals. For example, some species of pitcher plants have a mutualistic relationship with ants. The ants live inside the pitcher and provide protection against herbivores and other insects. In return, the ants receiveshelter and access to the pitcher plant's nectar.Overall, the pitcher plant's distinctive characteristics, including its modified leaves, trapping mechanism, and symbiotic relationships, make it a fascinating and highly specialized plant species.中文回答：猪笼草，又称为猴杯，是一种独特而迷人的植物物种。
Evaluation of CO2 Traps (Containment) Gunter
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3
• Mineral Trapping – Fixing ionized molecule
Ca2+ + HCO3- → CaCO3 + H+
• Ionic Trapping – Hydrolysis
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3-
Understanding CO2 trapping mechanisms requires requires resolving processes over different time scales.
from the WCSB, Alberta, Canada
Residual Trapping of CO2
SPE # 95547, Bennion and Bachu, 2005
Simulation of CO2 Storage with Solubility Trapping
CO2 dissolving in formation water increases density setting up convection cells
Evaluation of CO2 Traps (Containment)
Dr. William Gunter Alberta Research Council Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Materials from the APEC workshops in 2006 and 2007 in Korea, China and Mexico are incorporated in this presentation. However, APEC does not make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any of the information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
神奇植物英语作文初中
The Magic of Unusual PlantsIn a world full of wonders, plants stand out as one of the most fascinating and mysterious creations of nature. Unlike the ordinary flora we encounter every day, thereexist a range of extraordinary plants that possess remarkable abilities and characteristics. These plants,often referred to as "magical plants," captivate our imaginations and inspire curiosity about the secrets oftheir existence.One such magical plant is the Mandrake, a rootvegetable said to possess the ability to move on its own. Legends claim that the Mandrake screams when pulled fromthe ground, a belief that has given it a reputation as a powerful talisman against witchcraft and evil spirits. Another remarkable plant is the Pitcher Plant, which traps and digests insects to survive. With its unique pitcher-shaped leaves, it lures unsuspecting prey into a trap of sticky secretions, effectively capturing and consuming them. The神奇植物 English Composition for Junior HighMiracle Plant, as it is known in Chinese, is yet another fascinating species. This plant is renowned for its ability to change color based on external stimuli. When exposed to certain conditions, such as changes in temperature or light intensity, the Miracle Plant's leaves transform into vibrant hues of red, yellow, and orange. This color-changing trait not only adds beauty to the plant but also serves as a survival mechanism, allowing it to blend in with its environment and avoid predation.These magical plants, while fascinating in their own right, also hold great significance for our understanding of nature and the environment. They serve as a reminder of the incredible diversity and complexity of life on Earth. By studying these plants, we can gain insights into the intricate relationships between organisms and their environments, as well as the remarkable adaptations that have enabled them to survive and thrive in their respective niches.Moreover, the existence of magical plants highlights the potential for further scientific exploration and discovery. As we delve deeper into the mysteries of nature,we may uncover new uses and applications for these remarkable plants. They may hold the key to new medical treatments, environmental conservation efforts, or even technological advancements.In conclusion, the world of magical plants is a vast and wonderful realm that continues to captivate our imaginations. These plants, with their unique abilities and characteristics, serve as a reminder of the incredible diversity and beauty of life on Earth. As we explore and learn more about them, we gain a deeper understanding of our natural world and the wonders it holds.**神奇植物的奥秘**在充满奇迹的世界里，植物作为大自然最迷人和神秘的创造之一，显得尤为突出。
anhydrous for analysis emsure -回复
anhydrous for analysis emsure -回复Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE: Understanding Its Importance and ApplicationsIntroduction:Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE is a high-quality reagent widely used in various scientific disciplines and industries. It plays a crucial role in ensuring accurate and reliable analytical results. In this article, we will explore in detail the significance, properties, and applications of Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE, thereby providing a comprehensive understanding of this essential reagent.1. What is Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE?Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE is a term used to describe a broad range of reagents that are completely free from water molecules. These reagents are produced using advanced techniques to remove any moisture content, ensuring maximum stability and purity. Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE is typically available in ultra-pure forms, meeting the highest quality standards demanded by analytical laboratories.2. Importance of Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE:2.1. Eliminating Water Interference:Water is a common impurity in many chemicals used in analytical processes. However, the presence of water can interfere with various reactions and measurements, leading to inaccurate results. Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE eliminates this interference, allowing for precise and reliable analysis.2.2. Enhanced Stability:Water can initiate degradation processes in certain substances, affecting their stability over time. Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE, being entirely free from water, exhibits superior stability and prolonged shelf life. This property is especially critical for long-term storage of reagents and standards.2.3. Prevention of Hydrate Formation:Certain compounds readily react with water, forming hydrates—a chemically combined form where water molecules are incorporated into the substance's crystal lattice. Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE prevents hydrate formation, maintaining the integrity of thecompound and ensuring accurate analysis.3. Properties of Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE:3.1. Low Water Content:Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE reagents typically have an extremely low moisture content, often in the range of parts per million (ppm) or below. This ensures minimal water-related interference during analytical procedures.3.2. High Purity:To meet the stringent requirements of analytical applications, Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE reagents are manufactured to possess high purity levels. They undergo rigorous quality control measures, including multiple purification steps, to eliminate impurities that could affect the accuracy of analytical results.3.3. Traceable Certification:Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE reagents are accompanied by comprehensive certificates of analysis, detailing the quality, purity, and conformity of the product. These certificates provide traceability and help maintain consistency in analytical procedures.4. Applications of Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE:4.1. Chemical Analysis:Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE reagents are widely used in various chemical analyses, including titrations, spectrophotometry, chromatography, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Their water-free nature ensures accurate measurements and consistent results.4.2. Pharmaceutical Industry:In the pharmaceutical industry, Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE is invaluable for conducting quality control tests, formulation development, and stability studies. It helps ensure the purity and stability of drug substances and excipients, thus contributing to the production of safe and effective medications.4.3. Food and Beverage Industry:Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE reagents find extensive utility in the food and beverage industry. They are employed for the analysis of food components, additives, and contaminants, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and ensuring consumersafety.4.4. Environmental Analysis:In environmental analysis, Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE reagents aid in monitoring pollution levels, assessing the quality of water and air, and investigating the impact of pollutants on the environment. The absence of water interference allows for precise measurements and reliable data.5. Conclusion:Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE is an indispensable reagent that plays a vital role in ensuring accurate and reliable analysis across various scientific disciplines and industries. Its ability to eliminate water interference, enhance stability, and prevent hydrate formation makes it a preferred choice for a wide range of applications. By understanding the significance and properties of Anhydrous for Analysis EMSURE, researchers and analysts can confidently employ this high-quality reagent to obtain precise and consistent results.。
七下英语作文守株待兔
七下英语作文守株待兔The sun had barely risen over the gently rolling hills when the young farmer, John, set out to his fields. It was a crisp autumn morning, and the air was filled with the scent of freshly turned earth and the chirping of birds. John had a plan in mind - a plan that he had been carefully cultivating for weeks.As he made his way through the rows of crops, John's eyes scanned the landscape, searching for any signs of movement. He knew that his prey, the elusive hare, was out there somewhere, and he was determined to catch it. The hare had been raiding his fields for weeks, and John was tired of watching his hard-earned crops disappear.John had tried a variety of tactics to catch the hare - setting traps, chasing it with his dog, and even trying to sneak up on it. But the hare was always one step ahead, evading his efforts with a deftness and cunning that left John frustrated and exhausted.Today, however, John had a different plan. He had spent the past few days carefully observing the hare's movements, noting its patternsand habits. He knew that the hare often rested in a particular spot near the edge of the field, hidden among the tall grass and bushes. And so, John decided to wait it out - to sit patiently and watch, ready to pounce the moment the hare showed its face.As the sun climbed higher in the sky, John settled himself down in the tall grass, his eyes fixed on the spot where he had seen the hare before. The minutes ticked by, and John's muscles began to ache from sitting so still. But he refused to give up, his determination fueling his patience.Suddenly, a flash of movement caught his eye. There it was - the hare, emerging from its hiding spot, its nose twitching as it sniffed the air. John held his breath, his heart pounding in his chest, as he waited for the perfect moment to strike.With lightning-fast reflexes, John leapt from his hiding place, his hands outstretched to grab the hare. But the hare was faster, darting away with a burst of speed that left John grasping at air.Undeterred, John gave chase, running through the fields, his feet pounding the earth as he tried to catch up to the hare. But the hare was nimble and agile, weaving through the crops and ducking behind bushes, always staying just out of reach.After what felt like an eternity, John finally had to admit defeat. Exhausted and frustrated, he collapsed to the ground, his chest heaving as he tried to catch his breath. He had been so close, but the hare had once again eluded him.As he lay there, John couldn't help but feel a sense of admiration for the hare. It was a remarkable creature, with a level of intelligence and cunning that he had never encountered before. And in that moment, John realized that his pursuit of the hare had become more than just a means to protect his crops - it had become a challenge, a test of his own skills and determination.With renewed resolve, John picked himself up and headed back to the farmhouse, his mind already whirring with new ideas and strategies. He knew that the hare would be back, and he was determined to be ready for it. This time, he would outsmart the hare, and he would do it on its own terms.As the days passed, John continued to observe the hare, studying its every move and behavior. He experimented with different traps and lures, trying to find the one that would finally catch the elusive creature. And all the while, he waited patiently, his eyes scanning the fields for any sign of the hare.Then, one day, his patience paid off. As he was making his rounds,John spotted the hare in its usual spot, nestled among the tall grass. Quickly, he crept forward, his movements slow and deliberate, until he was close enough to strike. With a swift motion, he pounced, his hands closing around the hare's soft fur.The hare struggled and thrashed, but John held on tight, his triumph written all over his face. He had done it - he had finally caught the hare that had been tormenting his fields for so long.As he carried the hare back to the farmhouse, John couldn't help but feel a sense of pride and satisfaction. He had learned valuable lessons about patience, strategy, and the art of observation. And in the end, his persistence had paid off, proving that sometimes the best way to catch a hare is to simply wait it out.From that day on, John's relationship with the hare changed. He no longer saw it as a pest to be eliminated, but rather as a worthy adversary, a challenge to be met and overcome. And whenever he saw the hare scampering through the fields, he couldn't help but smile, knowing that he had finally earned its respect.。
钓螃蟹日记
钓螃蟹日记英文回答：Crabbing is a fun and rewarding activity that can be enjoyed by people of all ages. It's a great way to get some fresh air, spend time with friends and family, and catch some delicious crabs for dinner.Here are some tips for crabbing:Choose the right spot. Crabs can be found in a variety of habitats, including estuaries, bays, and oceans. The best spots to crab are typically areas with a lot of structure, such as rocks, pilings, or seaweed beds.Use the right bait. Crabs are attracted to a variety of baits, including chicken necks, fish heads, and clams. You can also use artificial baits, such as crab traps or lures.Be patient. Crabbing can be a slow process, so it's important to be patient. Don't get discouraged if you don't catch any crabs right away. Just keep baiting your line and casting it out, and eventually you'll be rewarded with a catch.Here is an example of a crabbing trip:I went crabbing with my family last weekend. We went toa local estuary that is known for its abundance of crabs. We set up our crab traps and baited them with chicken necks. Then we sat back and waited.After about an hour, we started to catch some crabs. We caught a variety of crabs, including blue crabs, fiddler crabs, and mud crabs. We had a great time crabbing, and we ended up catching enough crabs for dinner.中文回答：钓螃蟹，英文里叫做Crabbing，是一种老少咸宜的有趣且有益的活动。
捕蝇草英语作文
捕蝇草英语作文The Venus Flytrap is a unique plant, known for its carnivorous nature. It lures insects with sweet nectar andthen traps them with its rapidly closing leaves.This fascinating plant, native to the subtropicalwetlands of the East Coast of the United States, has adaptedto nutrient-poor soils by supplementing its diet with insects. Its leaves are equipped with tiny hairs that trigger the closing mechanism when touched.Observing a Venus Flytrap in action is a mesmerizing experience. Once an insect lands on the leaf, the plant's response is swift and decisive, ensuring that the prey is captured and digested efficiently.Despite its predatory nature, the Venus Flytrap is a delicate creature. It requires specific conditions to thrive, including plenty of sunlight and a habitat that mimics its natural environment.Cultivating a Venus Flytrap can be a rewarding endeavorfor those interested in botany. It teaches us about the incredible diversity of life and the various ways in which plants have evolved to survive.However, it's important to handle this plant with care. The Venus Flytrap is sensitive to environmental changes andcan be easily damaged by over-fertilization or improper care.In conclusion, the Venus Flytrap is a remarkable example of nature's ingenuity. It challenges our understanding of what it means to be a plant and offers a glimpse into the complex world of botanical adaptations.。
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H ORTICULTURAL E NTOMOLOGYEvaluation of Traps and Lures for Mass Trapping of MediterraneanFruit Fly in Citrus GrovesVICENTE NAVARRO-LLOPIS,1,2FERNANDO ALFARO,3JAVIER DOMI´NGUEZ,1JUAN SANCHIS,1AND JAIME PRIMO1J.Econ.Entomol.101(1):126Ð131(2008)ABSTRACT Mass trapping has proven to be a powerful weapon in the control of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann),and its application in Mediterranean countries has currently increased notably as a control method.In this study,the efÞcacy of newly developed traps and dispensers of attractants were assessed with the aim ofÞnding the best trap and set the lifetime of the dispensers,thus improving the total efÞcacy of mass trapping.EfÞcacy trials with six different types of traps and six different types of female dispensers were carried out.Moreover,the lifetime of three female dispensers,including a new attractant composition dispenser with n-methyl pyrrolidine,were studied.Results show signiÞcant differences among the trap types using female attractants,with an advantage of nearly3 times more catches in best trap.Tested female dispensers showed no signiÞcant differences in efÞcacy between trimethylamine and putrescine attractants regard n-methyl pyrrolidine,however we ob-served differences in lifetime between dispensers.Thus,there are signiÞcant differences among different types of traps and dispensers in efÞcacy,and the appropriate selection of the trap and dispenser will improve the mass trapping results.KEY WORDS Ceratitis capitata,lure,attractant,trap,fruitßyMass trapping is currently being used over large areas in Mediterranean regions to control Mediterranean fruitßy,Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann),and olive fruitßy,Bactrocera oleae(Gmelin)(Broumas et al. 2002,Delrio1989).This technique,and the lure-and-kill method,are now being used worldwide with good results(Cunningham et al.1978,Agunloye1987,Mc-Quate et al.2005).Moreover,the perimeter trapping strategy has obtained satisfactory results to avoid fruit ßy intrusions in medium-to-large orchards,and this strategy depends on the efÞcacy of traps and lures (Cohen and Yuval2000).Traps designs,including different colors and shapes, are essential to obtain a high efÞcacy in fruitßy catches(Epsky et al.1995,Vargas et al.1997).In the last decade,the development of new powerful attract-ants,(Heath et al.1997,Epsky et al.1999)has in-creased the possibility of using mass trapping as a more economical Mediterranean fruitßy control method. Recent studies demonstrate that the International Pheromone McPhail Trap(IPMT)combined with Bi-olure(three-component lure)is highly efÞcacious in Mediterranean fruitßy catches(Gazit et al.1998, Katsoyannos et al.1999,Katsoyannos and Papadopou-los2004)with respect to other traps and attractants.Currently,in Spain,the most frequently used lure is Biolure associated with Tephri-trap,a modiÞed McPhail trap with four lateral holes,which shows a similar efÞcacy compared with the IPMT(Miranda et al.2001).Similar results were obtained in Australia using IPMT and Tephri-trap with Biolure,that im-prove the traditional protein baits(Broughton and De Lima2002).Currently,Ͼ30,000ha of citrus groves in Spain are being treated with mass trapping,and surface treat-ment increases year by year.InitialÞeld trials showed a good efÞcacy with this technique using a density of 50traps per ha during the3mo before harvest,but more studies for trap density optimization and pre-harvest placing time are being carried out.To improve the efÞcacy of this technique,longer lasting dispensers covering the entire growing season and more efÞcient traps are necessary.The efÞcacy of the dispensers also varies depending on weather conditions,mainly tem-perature and humidity;thus,Þeld trials should be performed in all kinds of climatic conditions.The efÞcacy of new longer lasting dispensers is also being studied.A mesoporous material such as zeolites (Munoz-Pallares et al.2001)has been used to manu-facture dispensers.This material adsorbs substances through a physicochemical interaction and releases substances at a controlled emission rate.They have been used to increase the lifetime of the dispensers and to optimize the release rate In this work,we compare the longevity of a new mesoporous dispenser (EPAlure)with the most used lure in Spain,Biolure.1Centro de Ecologõ´a Quõ´mica Agrõ´cola,Universidad Polite´cnica de Valencia,Camino de Vera s/n,46022,Valencia,Spain.2Corresponding author,e-mail:vinallo@ceqa.upv.es.3Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal de Silla,Conselleria de Agricultura, Peixca i Alimentacio,Generalitat Valenciana,Carretera Silla,Valen-cia,Spain.0022-0493/08/0126Ð0131$04.00/0᭧2008Entomological Society of AmericaThe main objectives of this study are to compare the efÞcacy of available traps and lures,to study and quan-tify the attractant composition of the dispensers,and to extend their lifetime.Materials and MethodsTraps and Lures.Traps used were as follows:EPAtrap by Ecologia y Proteccio´n Agrõ´cola SA(EPA)(Carlet, Valencia,Spain),Probodelt trap by Probodelt(Amposta, Tarragona,Spain),Multilure by Better World Manufac-turing Inc.(Fresno,CA),IPMT by Econex(Santomera, Murcia,Spain),Tephri-trap by Utiplas SL(Madrid, Spain),Easytrap by J.P.Ros(INIA,Madrid),and Mos-quitrap by Sansan(Valencia,Spain).Attractants used were as follows:female attractants: Biolure by Suterra(Bend,OR)with three sachets containing ammonium acetate,trimethylamine,andputrescine;Biolure Medßy100by Suterra,with the larger sachets containing ammonium acetate,trimeth-ylamine,and putrescine;TMA female attractant by Susbin(Mendoza,Argentina),with only one sachet containing a mixture of ammonium and trimethyl-amine;SEDQ(Barcelona,Spain)Ferag female at-tractant,with three sachets containing ammonium ac-etate,trimethylamine,and cadaverine;and Trypack by Econex(Santomera,Murcia,Spain),with only one sachet containing ammonium acetate,trimethylamine and putrescine.Another female attractant with am-monium acetate and n-methyl pyrrolidine(NMP)was EPAlure by EPA(Valencia,Spain).A male attractant of trimedlure(TML)(Beroza et al.1961)plug by Agrisense(Pontypridd,United Kingdom).Trap Evaluation.Field trials were performed in 2004and2005,during summer and autumn seasons, when the C.capitata population is high enough to obtain representative numbers of catches,and citrus fruit begins to ripen.Traps were tested in four differ-ent citrus groves(Citrus reticulata Blanco variety Marisol)in Sagunto,Alzira,Denia,and Tavernes,near the western coast of the Mediterranean Sea,in Va-lencia,Spain.EachÞeld was located at least30km apart.Field trials are described in Table1.EachÞeld trial included four plots,with each plot using all types of tested traps.Traps were separated 20Ð25m to avoid direct interaction between traps,with no distanceϾ25m,so as to reduce Mediterranean fruit ßy population variation to a minimum inside the same Þeld.The plots within eachÞeld were separated by almost100m to obtain four independent replications. Within each plot C.capitata catches were counted every week,distinguishing males and females in traps with Biolure,and traps were rotated clockwise.Traps tested in2004were IPMT,Probodelt,Ea-sytrap,Multilure,and Tephri-trap,with two types of attractants,female attractants(Biolure)and male at-tractants(TML plug).During2004,the traps were hung in allÞelds in mid-June and they were left for6 wk for the trap trial with Biolure and for six more weeks for the second trial from2August with TML dispensers.In2005,based on2004results,the best trap for2004was tested,the same standard trap(Tephri-trap),plus two new traps,Mosquitrap and EPAtrap,to conÞrm2004results.In2005,the trap trial was carried out from June to August,lasting6wk.Lure Evaluation.Attractants were tested in the same Þeld trials as the trap evaluations.Tests were carried out in2005for13wk from August to November(traps where placed1wk after the trap type trialÞnished in August). Six different dispensers with different female attractants were tested:Biolure,EPAlure,Biolure M100,TMA Sus-bin,SEDQ,and Trypack.There are two types of lures in this list:several formulations of the mixture ammonium acetate,trimethylamine,and a diaminoalkane(pu-trescine or cadaverine),and a formulation of the mixture ammonium acetate,n-methyl pyrrolidine(NMP).Pu-trescine and cadaverine are considered to be equal ef-Þciency in C.capitata attraction(Clemente-Angulo, 2002),so this trial compares trimethylamineϩdiamino-alkane and n-methyl pyrrolidine as a component of fe-male attractants.Dispensers were extracted and analyzed at0d and after90d of use in theÞeld to obtain a lifetime for each dispenser.Trimethylamine,putrescine,cadaverine, and n-methyl pyrrolidine were quantiÞed by gas chro-matography,and ammonium acetate was quantiÞed by acid-base evaluation.All dispensers were placed in Tephri-trap traps with a DDVP strip and hung at1.5m from southern tree faces.EachÞeld plot contained six traps,each one with one type of dispensers.Each trial Þeld contained four plots and the trial was replicated four times in four differentÞelds separated by almost 30km.As in the trap evaluation trials,traps with different dispensers were rotated clockwise each week after counting C.capitata catches.Lure Longevity.To obtain an estimation of attract-ant duration,three female lures were tested:Biolure, Trypack,and EPAlure.This trial was carried out in 2005in same orchard of Sagunto,but900m away of trap evaluation trialsÞeld.All attractants were placed in Tephri-traps and hung from orange trees facing south at1.5m.The three lures,each in one Tephri-trap,were hung30m apart in the same plot to avoid interference.The plots within eachÞeld were sepa-rated by almost100m to obtain four independent replications.This trial was replicated in four plots in Table1.Plots andfield trials descriptionTrialyrLocation Trap type a Attractant b n c Wk Variety2004Sagunto TT,ML,IPMT,P,ETF,M412Marisol Alzira F,M412MarisolTavernes F,M412ClementinaDenia F,M412Clemenulesand Okitsu 2005Sagunto TT,EPA,MT,PF46Marisol Alzira F46MarisolTavernes TT,EPA,MT,PF46Clementina Denia F46Clemenulesand Okitsu a TT,Tephri-trap;ML,Multilure;IPMT,International Pheromone McPhail Trap;P,Probodelt;ET,Easytrap;MT,Mosquitrap;and EPA, EPAtrap.b F,female attractant(Biolure);M,male attractant(Trimedlure).c Plots perÞeld.February2008N AVARRO-L LOPIS ET AL.:T RAPS AND L URES FOR C.capitata127the same orchard.Traps were hung at the end of June, and they remained in theÞeld until the end of Octo-ber.At the beginning of the second month of aging (last week of July)and the fourth month of aging(last week of September),two new traps were added to the trial.These traps contained a new Biolure and Trypack lures in each trap to compare Mediterranean fruitßy catches of an aged lure versus a new lure.These new traps were added to every one of the four trialÞelds. Flies were counted and traps rotated clockwise ev-ery week. C.capitata catches were accumulated monthly to obtain monthly efÞcacies and monthly estimations of lost efÞcacy through aging. Statistical Analysis.Statistical analysis was per-formed using one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) of the weekly catches in each trap for each plot.Data were transformed Xϭ(log(xϩ1))to normalize distribution in trap evaluation and XϭSQRT(x)in lure evaluation.Index of trap efÞcacy versus Tephri-trap was transformed to log xϩ0.5before ANOVA analysis.All means were separated using Fisher least signif-icant difference(LSD)test at Pϭ0.05.Data are presented as untransformed means and standard er-rors.Statgraphics Plus5.1(Statpoint Inc.2000)was used for all statistical analysis.ResultsTrap Evaluation.Results of catches depending on type of trap are shown on Table2and Table3for2004 and2005respectively.In2004,using Biolure as a C. capitata lure,Probodelt catch signiÞcantly moreßies than the other traps(Fϭ14.97;dfϭ4,644;PϽ0.0001). This difference is also signiÞcant for female and males catches(Fϭ17.67;dfϭ4,644;PϽ0.0001and Fϭ10.61;dfϭ4,644;PϽ0.0001,respectively).In2005, only EPAtrap results as efÞcient as Probodelt(Fϭ7.19;dfϭ3,455;PϽ0.001).When we observe the2-yr results,we can summarize that IPMT and Mosquitrap obtained signiÞcantly fewer catches than Probodelt but signiÞcantly more than Easy-trap,Multilure,or Tephri-trap for females(Fϭ7.04;dfϭ5,185;PϽ0.001)and for total catches(Fϭ7.85;dfϭ5,185;PϽ0.001).Probodelt and EPAtrap trappedϾ3times more females than the Tephri-trap or Multilure when we used Biolure as a lure.Very similar results were obtained when TML was used as the C.capitata lure:Probodelt and IPMT ob-tained signiÞcantly more male catches than Tephri-trap and Easy-trap,whereas Multilure obtained sig-niÞcant fewer catches than the other traps(Fϭ14.57; dfϭ4,594;PϽ0.001).The proportion of females captured per trap type in 2004shows that Tephri-trap captured signiÞcantly fewer females than Probodelt,Mosquitrap,EPAtrap, Easytrap,and Multilure(Fϭ12.57;dfϭ4,644;PϽ0.001).The same occurs in2005when Tephri-trap cap-tured a female proportion signiÞcant fewer than EP-Atrap,Probodelt or Mosquisan(Fϭ9.57;dfϭ3,455; PϽ0.001).Lure Evaluation.Table4shows the results of C. capitata catches with each type of lure tested.Biolure Medßy100captured signiÞcant moreßies than Econex TP or SEDEQ,although this difference was not signiÞcant compared with Biolure,TMA-Susbin,Table2.Overall weekly captures of male and female Mediterranean fruitfly(mean؎SE)by trap type during2004assay with Trimedlure and BiolureTrapMales a(meanϮSE)cFemales a(meanϮSE)cTotal a(meanϮSE)c%females a(meanϮSE)dTotal b(meanϮSE)cTephri-trap24.32Ϯ2.60b30.61Ϯ3.45a54.93Ϯ5.88bc53.71Ϯ1.56a10.37Ϯ1.53b Easy-trap19.27Ϯ1.78b33.98Ϯ2.73b53.25Ϯ4.36bc63.04Ϯ1.20b10.57Ϯ1.56b Multilure16.57Ϯ1.95a25.26Ϯ2.59a41.83Ϯ4.41a64.67Ϯ1.57b 5.46Ϯ0.81a IPMT22.88Ϯ2.30b38.70Ϯ3.31b61.60Ϯ5.41c64.85Ϯ1.16b16.20Ϯ2.33c Probodelt34.12Ϯ4.03c60.5Ϯ6.17c94.62Ϯ10.02d64.16Ϯ1.11b15.57Ϯ1.64ca Captures with Biolure attractant duringÞrst6wk.b Captures with Agrisense Trimedlure plug during6wk after Biolure assay.c Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD conducted in the logarithm scale.d Total females captured divided by totalßies.Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD.Table3.Overall weekly captures of male and female Mediterranean fruitfly by trap type baited with Biolure attractant during 2005assayTrapMales(meanϮSE)aFemales(meanϮSE)aTotal(meanϮSE)a%females(meanϮSE)bTephri-trap19.07Ϯ3.06a24.61Ϯ4.76a43.83Ϯ7.08a58.55Ϯ2.47a EPAtrap25.17Ϯ2.92ab49.90Ϯ5.27bc74.98Ϯ7.83bc71.70Ϯ1.57b Probodelt34.64Ϯ4.42b56.43Ϯ6.06c91.05Ϯ9.96c68.81Ϯ1.76b Mosquitrap22.47Ϯ3.40a39.47Ϯ5.02b61.92Ϯ7.98ab70.70Ϯ1.86b a Meanßies per trap.Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD conducted in the logarithm scale.b Total females captured divided by totalßies.Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD.128J OURNAL OF E CONOMIC E NTOMOLOGY Vol.101,no.1and EPAlure(Fϭ2.6;dfϭ5,210;Pϭ0.02).However, only Biolure,Biolure M100,and TMA Susbin caught signiÞcantly more C.capitata females than the other attractants(Fϭ2.46;dfϭ5,210;Pϭ0.03).In addition, Biolure M100,Biolure,SEDQ,TMA-Susbin,and Econex TP showed a signiÞcant higher percentage of female catches than EPAlure.This signiÞcant differ-ence in female proportions was attributed to the at-tractants composition of the lures.Whereas NMP attracts the same number of C.capitata as trimethyl-amineϩdiaminoalkane,the proportion of females caught with NMP is always closer to40Ð50%.How-ever,female proportions in trimethylamineϩdiami-noalkane dispensers vary over the year from40to80%, averaging between61and66%.Table5shows the quantiÞcation of female attract-ants when they were placed in the traps(aging0)and 3mo later(aging90d).All cited attractants contain trimethylamine and ammonium acetate combined with a diaminoalkane,except EPAlure,which consists of ammonium acetate and n-methyl pyrrolidine.It was shown that attractant concentration varied among the commercial products used.The initial ammonium ac-etate content was different for each dispenser,and the values varied between8.12and3.7g for SEDQ and Trypack,respectively.The initial trimethylamine val-ues varied from3.23to0.46for Biolure M100and SEDQ,respectively.In this study,it was important to know which dispensers released more ammonium ac-etate and trimethylamine,because such differences in emission might help explain the different levels of insect catches for each dispenser.On Table5,Biolure M100,Biolure,SEDQ,and EP-Alure can be seen to release from2.46to3.07g of ammonium acetate over the same interval(90d).However,Trypack only released0.65g.The largest trimethylamine emission was for Biolure M100(0.52 g),with the smallest for SEDQ(0.18g).The best dispenser for insect catches,therefore,proves to be Biolure M100,as the dispenser emitting the most ammonium acetate and trimethylamine.Trypack and SEDQ,however,show minor emissions of am-monium acetate and trimethylamine,respectively, and only provided minor catches.In summary,dif-ferent ammonium acetate and trimethyamine emis-sions can explain the levels of insect catches for each dispenser.Lure Longevity.Trial results are shown on Table6. Initial results show that Econex TP attracts signiÞ-cantly fewerßies than Biolure or EPAlure during the Þrst2mo(Fϭ3.52;dfϭ2,56;PϽ0.036).If Econex TP and Biolure are compared directly,Biolure can be seen to be signiÞcantly better over theÞrst2mo(Fϭ3.11;dfϭ4,3;PϽ0.05),but by the third month Econex TP is just as efÞcient as Biolure,and no dif-ferences can be found between a Econex TP dispenser aged for3mo and a new one.Thus,although Biolure is better than Econex TP for theÞrst2mo,it has a shorter duration in theÞeld.Nevertheless,Econex TP is as active at the start of the trial as it is in the third month,so it is as attractive as a Biolure in the third month of the test.In the fourth month,signiÞcant differences be-tween aged and new Econex TP can be detected(Fϭ3.16;dfϭ7,103;Pϭ0.007).It was therefore concluded that Econex TP has a lifespan between3and4mo, whereas Biolure is shorter,2Ð3mo.EPAlure was the only lure to remain just as efÞcient in the fourth aging month as a new Biolure or Trypack dispenser,so EPAlure can be seen to have a lifespan ofϾ4mo.Table4.Overall weekly captures of male and female Mediterranean fruitfly by type of attractant with Tephri-trap in2005AttractantMales(meanϮSE)aFemales(meanϮSE)aTotal(meanϮSE)a%females(meanϮSE)bBiolure9.24Ϯ0.69bc18.06Ϯ1.42ab27.30Ϯ1.91abc62.84Ϯ1.79bc TMA-Susbin10.43Ϯ1.06bc21.03Ϯ2.66ab31.46Ϯ3.61bc60.01Ϯ1.93b EPAlure12.53Ϯ1.57c16.17Ϯ3.46a28.71Ϯ4.87abc48.46Ϯ2.03a SEDQ8.38Ϯ0.69ab15.83Ϯ1.53a24.21Ϯ2.08ab61.74Ϯ1.72bc Biolure M10011.53Ϯ1.47bc26.64Ϯ3.57b38.18Ϯ4.90c66.70Ϯ1.63c Trypack 6.65Ϯ0.95a13.72Ϯ1.99a20.37Ϯ2.88a62.97Ϯ1.92bc a Meanßies per trap.Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD conducted in the square root scale.b Total females captured divided by totalßies.Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD.position of female dispensersAttractanttypeComponent quantityϮSE0d90dAA(g)TMA(g)PUT(mg)MP(g)AA(g)TMA(g)PUT(mg)MP(g)EPAlure 4.26Ϯ0.210.42Ϯ0.01 1.19Ϯ0.020.21Ϯ0.02 Biolure 5.03Ϯ0.02 2.24Ϯ0.0239.60Ϯ0.16 2.57Ϯ0.19 1.80Ϯ0.0334.31Ϯ0.44Biolure M1007.23Ϯ0.06 3.23Ϯ0.0339.60Ϯ0.16 4.41Ϯ0.26 2.71Ϯ0.1031.59Ϯ4.36Trypack 3.70Ϯ0.100.80Ϯ0.1033.89Ϯ3.85 3.05Ϯ0.220.50Ϯ0.0317.24Ϯ1.34SEDQ8.12Ϯ0.120.46Ϯ0.09 5.32Ϯ0.250.28Ϯ0.01AA,ammonium acetate;TMA,HCl-trimethyl amine;PUT,putrescine;and MP,methyl pyrrolidine.February2008N AVARRO-L LOPIS ET AL.:T RAPS AND L URES FOR C.capitata129DiscussionField trials show that different trap designs give highly varying efÞcacies in Mediterranean fruitßy catches.Importantly,the best traps caught3times moreßies than traps giving worse results.Such high efÞcacy differences are very important in systems us-ing traps to control C.capitata.Fruitßy control meth-ods include the mass trapping technique in extensive areas,but this technique has not been widely applied due to the high cost of attractants and the labor to install the traps.This study suggests that the number of traps per hectare can be reduced and also that reductions can be made in the number of attractants, insecticide,and the labor required to install the traps. As a general guideline,this study suggest to use Pro-bodelt and EPAtrap traps because they can improve mass trapping efÞcacy greatly,because they catch more Mediterranean fruitßies by using the same dis-penser under the same conditions.Currently,in Spain the cost of mass trapping in-cluding labor,traps,and attractants amounts toϷ250 Euro/ha.To reduce this cost,it is essential to have a dispenser lifespan ofϾ3mo,because this allows for placing only one trap and dispenser per year.C.capi-tata population can therefore be reduced1Ð2mo be-fore the beginning of fruit damage until the end of harvest,and this would make unnecessary the attract-ant replacement,halving the cost of mass trapping. Moreover,using3times more efÞcient traps we can reduce almost50%of traps;therefore,this technique will costϷ125Euro/ha.Insecticide applications(al-mostÞve applications in mandarin orchards)costϷ20 Euro/ha per application with malathion or30Eu-ros/ha per application with Spinosad.This means that the cost of an optimized mass trapping and the spray-ing treatments is very similar,but mass trapping avoids insecticide residues in fruit and reduces affectation of nontarget organisms.Monitoring programs should include a detailed de-scription of the trap type being used,because the signiÞcant differences observed in this study may lead to overestimation,or,even worse,underestimation of high populations.In Spain,treatments against C.capi-tata depend on catches level in monitoring traps and ripening status of fruit hosts.In this case,using a low-efÞcacy trap would lead us to underestimate the fruitßy population and therefore decide not to treat with a population level that would require a treatment. When male attractants were used,nearly three times more males were captured in Probodelt or IPMT traps than in Multilure traps.This result is very important for monitoring programs or fruit import protocols in which maximum population levels are described for aerial treatments(USDAÐAPHIS2003).It is clear that normalizing the type of trap and lure is necessary to obtain consistent results.In addition,the mass trapping technique should obtain the highest female captures.The proportion of female catches is obviously inßuenced by attractant type,and it has been shown that trimethylamine was the best attractant when used with ammonium acetate with or without putrescine(Heath et al.2004).But trap type also modiÞes this proportion(Gazit et al. 1998),so it is better to use a trap that achieves higher captures and better female proportions.In this work, we conclude that currently we should avoid using Tephri-trap for female mass trapping although it was recommended in previous research(Miranda et al. 2001),because it captured signiÞcant fewer females than the other traps,and in this technique females are the main objective.Moreover,currently in Spain severalÞeld trials try to validate the use of mass trapping as a method of reducing female populations during sterilized male release in SIT programs.In this case,it is essential to use the trap that catches the higher female proportion. However,in other methods such as chemosterilization (Navarro-Llopis et al.2004),the main objective is to attract the largest number ofßies,both males and females,over the whole season.When this technique is used,the selected attractant should maximize both the number of totalßies attracted and the lifetime of dispensers(Navarro-Llopis et al.2007).AcknowledgmentsWe thank Francisco Cuenca,Juan Franch,and Rogelio Ser-rano for assistance with collection of trapping data.We alsoTable6.Weekly captures of Mediterranean fruitfly every aging month during the lifetime of dispensersAttractantAging timeWeekly catchesÞrst month(meanϮSE)Weekly catchessecond month(meanϮSE)Weekly catchesthird month(meanϮSE)Weekly catchesfourth month(meanϮSE)Biolure19Ϯ7.15ab35.9Ϯ6.70b19.45Ϯ8.12ab 3.81Ϯ0.93a Econex TP9.85Ϯ3.34a18.05Ϯ5.06a7.3Ϯ2.42a 6.37Ϯ2.15ab EPAlure19.2Ϯ5.25b45.95Ϯ7.79b16.25Ϯ5.89ab12.12Ϯ3.68cd Biolure a46.1Ϯ11.43b27.15Ϯ7.41b8Ϯ1.68abc Econex TP a35.25Ϯ7.80ab12.3Ϯ3.61ab15.87Ϯ3.95cd Biolure b19.37Ϯ4.73d Econex TP b13.68Ϯ3.46d Meanßies per trap.Means followed by the same letter are not signiÞcantly different at the5%level by Fisher protected LSD conducted in the logarithm scale.a Attractants placed the22July.b Attractants placed the6October.130J OURNAL OF E CONOMIC E NTOMOLOGY Vol.101,no.1thank the R&Dϩi Linguistic Assistance OfÞce at the Univer-sidad Polite´cnica de Valencia for help in translating this article. Finally,we thank the two anonymous reviewers for useful com-ments and suggestions on the earlier version of the manuscript. This research was funded by“Conselleria dÕAgricultura,Peixca i Alimentacio´,de la Generalitat Valenciana”,“Fundacio´n Jose y Ana Royo”and AGROALIMED Grant Program.References CitedAgunloye,O.J.1987.Trapping and chemical control of Cer-atitis capitata(Wied)(Diptera,Tephritidae)on sweet orange(Citrus sinensis)in Nigeria.J.Hortic.Sci.62: 269Ð271.Beroza,M.,S.I.Gertler,D.H.Miyashita,N.Green,and L.F.Steiner.1961.Insect attractantsÐnew attractants for Mediterranean fruitßy.J.Agric.Food Chem.9:361Ð365. 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[USDA–ARS]U.S.Department of Agriculture–Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.2003.Risk mitigation for tephritid fruitßies with special emphasis on risk reduction for commercial imports of clementines(several varieties of Cit-rus reticulata)from Spain using a Phytosanitary Hazard Anal-ysis and Critical Control Point(PHAACP)system.(https:// /oxygen_fod/fb_md_ppq.nsf/0/ c165fcae5135c91085256b91004ebc4f/$FILE/0117.pdf).Received5April2007;accepted5September2007.February2008N AVARRO-L LOPIS ET AL.:T RAPS AND L URES FOR C.capitata131。