语言学课件Lecture 2 - Phonology
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大学语言学LecturePonology精品PPT课件
• while phonologists are interested in the patterning of such sounds and the rules that underlie such variations.
• Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not.
2. Phonetics & phonology
• 3) Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced. Eg. how these two [t]s differ in the way they are pronounced in the word “tea” & “too” ;
• The minimal pairs test • The phoneme theory • Allophonic variations
• pit VS bit
2.2 Phonemic contrast音位对立
• If the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, e.g./p/ & /b/ in “pit”& “bit”, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
• A simple methodology to demonstrate this is to take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results.
• Phonological analysis relies on the principle that certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word or phrase, whereas other sounds do not.
2. Phonetics & phonology
• 3) Phoneticians are concerned with how sounds differ in the way they are pronounced. Eg. how these two [t]s differ in the way they are pronounced in the word “tea” & “too” ;
• The minimal pairs test • The phoneme theory • Allophonic variations
• pit VS bit
2.2 Phonemic contrast音位对立
• If the phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, e.g./p/ & /b/ in “pit”& “bit”, they are said to form a phonemic contrast.
• A simple methodology to demonstrate this is to take a word, replace one sound by another, and see whether a different meaning results.
2-phonology
Classification of English monophthongs 1. In terms of the position of the tongue A. front[前元音]: front[前元音 前元音]: B. central [中元音]: [中元音 中元音]: C. back [后元音]: [后元音 后元音]:
Classification of English consonants
2. In term of place of articulation: A. bilabial [双唇音]: [p, b, m, w] 双唇音] B. labiodental [唇齿音]: [f, v] 唇齿音] C. dental [齿音]: [θ, +] 齿音]: D. alveolar [齿龈音]: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] 齿龈音]: E. palatal [颚音]: j] 颚音]: F. velar [软腭音]: [k, g, ŋ] 软腭音]: G. glottal [喉音]: [h] 喉音]:
2. What’s phonetics: A reWhat’ redefinition
Phonetics [语音学] is a branch of linguistics [语音学 语音学] that studies speech sounds with regard to their articulation, physical properties, and perception.
Classification of English vowels
A dichotomy 1. Monophthongs [单元音]: individual [单元音 单元音]: vowels 2. Diphthongs [双元音]: : vowels which are [双元音 双元音]: produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions. [ei, ai, au, әu, +, iә, eә, uә]
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
unit 2 Phonology
• Speech sounds in English are grouped into broad categories: consonants and vowels.
• What is a consonant?
• --Consonant: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
glides.
• In terms of place of articulation, the English
consonants are classified as:
•
Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal.
• The two classifications can be combined to describe a consonants:
central/ back vowels
•
the openness of the mouth ------ close/
semi-close/ semi-open/ open vowels
•
the shape of lips
rounded/ unrounded vowels
--of vowels
• What is a vowel?
• --Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no vocal organs come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
• What is a consonant?
• --Consonant: The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air-stream at some point of the vocal tract.
glides.
• In terms of place of articulation, the English
consonants are classified as:
•
Bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar,
palatal, velar, glottal.
• The two classifications can be combined to describe a consonants:
central/ back vowels
•
the openness of the mouth ------ close/
semi-close/ semi-open/ open vowels
•
the shape of lips
rounded/ unrounded vowels
--of vowels
• What is a vowel?
• --Vowel: The sounds in the production of which no vocal organs come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction.
语言学教程课件2 Phonetics and Phonology
Phonology phonetics and phonology ideas and concepts theories and approaches
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
2.1 Phonetics
The field study Speech sounds and non-speech sounds Pulmonic and non-pulmonic speech
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aperture)
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Description of speech sounds
We use Phonetic Alphabets to describe speech sounds
mouth Soft palate in lowered position Uvula: the loose hanging end of the soft palate Pharynx Blade of the tongue: including the tip, the part
Diacritics: any mark in sound description additional to letters or other basic elements. [¨], [˜]
Narrow description: detailed Broad description: general
opposite the teeth ridge
Speech Organs 2
Front of the tongue: the part opposite the hard palate
语言学导论第二章
lodger
calling
singing robber
utter
2)classification of English vowels: monophthongs单元音: 1.the part of the tongue that is held highest: front: [i:, i, e, æ , ɑ ] central: [ə: , ə, ʌ ] back: [u:, u, Ɔ: , Ɔ, ɑ:] 2.width of the mouth: open: [ æ , ʌ , Ɔ, ɑ, ɑ:]
2.in terms of place of articulation: bilabial双唇音: [p, b, m, w] labiodental唇齿音: [f, v] dental齿音: [, ] alveolar齿龈音: [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] palatal腭音: [ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j] velar软腭音: [k, g, ŋ ] glottal喉音: [h]
D pull shot park hock hot cop much cut
Sound discrimination: A B C peer pair fear dear dare sheer spear spare really poor pull found town tone sell red raid men less lace wet seal sail feel
(2)articulatory phonetics: 1)speech organs: 1.three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the pharynx/throat) the oral cavity (the mouth) the nasal cavity (the nose) 2.the throat glottis(声门) vocal cords(声带) larynx---Adam’s apple
语言学_Chapter 2_Phonetics
– The speech sounds: production, transmission, perception – Sound patterns
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?
PHONETICS PHONOLOGY
2.1 The phonic medium
语音学 语音的 发生、传递、感知 不涉及到意义 基本单位：音素 phone （或者可以区别意义、或者不可区别意义）
classify and describe them?
• 2. How many consonants are there in English? How • • 3. What is the major difference of English vowels
and consonants? to classify and describe them?
Manner of Articulation
• ... concerns the size of the air
passage:
– the articulators may close off the oral tract for an instant or a relatively long period; – they may narrow the space considerably; or – they may simply modify the shape of the tract by approaching each other.
Of course not! All languages have both voiceless and voiced sounds contrasting in their phonological systems. Try to pronounce English vowels, they are ______. Pronounce [b, g] and [p, k]. Can you find any difference?
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
Allophone: phonetic variants/realizations of a phoneme
A phoneme is realized as allophone 1 + allophone 2 +…
E.g.: /p/=[ ph ] + [ p ] (unreleased)
Allophones
Two requirements for phones to fall into the same phoneme:
戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 2 Phonology
戴炜栋语言学-Chapter 2 Phonology●2.1语言的语音媒介●2.1.1语言的语音媒介定义：The limited range of sounds which are meaningful inhuman communication constitute the phonic medium of language在人类交流中有意义的、有限的声音构成了语言的语音媒介（就是人类可以用发音器官发出的，并且能在交流中起作用的那些声音）●2.1.2语音定义：The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds我们把其中单个的声音成为语音。
individual sounds 单个的声音语音the speech sounds●2.2语音学●2.2.1What is phonetics语音学phonetics 的定义●定义：Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it isconcerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages.语音学是指对于语言的语音媒介进行得研究，它关注世界中的所有语音。
●2.2.2three branches of phonetics语音学被研究的三个角度●articulatory phonetics发音语音学●the longest history发展历史最悠久●auditory phonetics听觉语音学●acoustic phonetics声学语音学●recording the sounds waves on spectrograph用频谱仪记录声波●2.2.3 Organs of speech发音器官●the pharyngeal cavity咽腔--the throat喉咙●the oral cavity 口腔--the mouth嘴巴●speech organs发音器官●the tongue舌头●the uvula小舌●the soft palate or the velum软腭●the hard palate硬腭●the teeth ridge齿龈●the teeth齿●the lips唇●如何发音●舌和软腭阻塞-[k],[g]●硬腭和舌前之间的空间变窄--[j]●舌尖和齿龈之间的阻塞--[t][d]●前齿上部和舌尖部分阻塞--[θ][ð]●上唇和下唇阻塞--[f][v]●双唇之间阻塞--[m][n][ŋ]●the nasal cavity 鼻腔--the nose鼻子●鼻音化：鼻腔张开，让气流全部或部分通过，例如三个鼻辅音[m][n][ŋ]●通过声带震动产生的2个语音特征●voicing浊化●voiceless清音●2.2.4 Orthographic representation of speech sounds--broad and narrow transcriptions语言的正字法表征--宽式标音和严式标音●broad transcription宽式标音●国际音标International Phonetic Alphabet, 挑选出一个字母，用来代表一个语音●用代表字母的符号来标音the transcriptions with letter-symbols only transcription标音●narrow transcription严式标音●定义●“严式音标”用来记录“音素”，音标写在方括号 [ ] 之间。
语言学第二章语音学资料
Chapter 2 Phonology
Phonetic & Phonology
———the study of speech sounds
Speech sounds--- Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.
----A phonetician is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds. He is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
❖ Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） ----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
❖ Acoustic phonetics---- （声学语音学） from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. It tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues
(alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. PhaWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
Phonetic & Phonology
———the study of speech sounds
Speech sounds--- Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound.
----A phonetician is mainly interested in the physical properties of the speech sounds. He is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
❖ Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学） ----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
❖ Acoustic phonetics---- （声学语音学） from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another. It tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakers issues
(alveolar) 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 11. PhaWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless.
Chapter-2-Phonology-音系学(现代语言学)
Chapter 2 Phonology 音系学1.The phonic medium of language 语言的声音媒介Linguists are not interested in all sounds ；they are concerned with only those sounds that are produced by the human speech organs in so far as they have a role to play in linguistic communication .These sounds are limited in number .This limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonic medium of language ;and the individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.语言学家也并不是对所有的声音感兴趣，他们只关注那些在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的那些声音。
这些声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的声音媒介，凡是在这个范围的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
2.Phonetics 语音学2.1What is phonetics? 什么是语音学？language; it is concerned with all the sound that occur in the world’s languages.上所有的语言中出现过的一切声音。
These three branches of phonetics are labeled articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and acoustic phonetics respectively.语音学的三个分支分别被称为发音语音学，听觉语音学和声学语音学。
语言学第二章
第二章音系学1．语言的声音媒介语言的形式有声音和文字。
在这两种媒介中，声音是语言最基本的媒介，是第一性的。
这是因为在语言的发展过程中，声音媒介早于文字。
文字是对声音的记录。
在日常交际中，大量信息是通过口头交际来完成的，只有在无法进行口头交际的情况下人们才使用文字形式。
除此之外，人们是通过声音媒介来习得自己的母语的。
2. 语音学2．1什么是语音学语音学研究的对象是语言的声音媒介，即人类语言中使用的全部语音。
语音学有三个分支：发声语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。
它们各有自己的侧重点但又互有联系。
发声语音学主要研究语言使用者是如何使用发音器官发出语音，并对所发出的音进行分类。
听觉语音学主要是从受话人的角度来研究语音，即语音是如何被受话人感知和理解的。
声学语音学主要研究语音的物理特性。
通过对语音声波的研究，声学语音学家得出了一些重要的结论。
最为重要的结论，所说出的这些通常被认为是同一个话语，如果从声音的物理特性上去分析，其实它们的声波并不相同，只是由于它们之间存在的差异太小，是人耳所不能辨别的。
如果它们的声波相同，这只是一种巧合。
因此，语音的等同只是一种理论上的理想。
2．2发音器官人类的发音器官存在于咽腔、口腔和鼻腔腔内。
咽腔内最重要的发音器官是位于喉头的声带，发音时声带在气流的冲击下发生颤动决定了声音的浊音化（voicing）。
浊音化是所有元音以及部分辅音，如[b],[g],[m]等所具有的特性。
声带不发生颤动所发出的音是清音，如[t],[k],[f]等。
声带颤动的频率决定了声音的高低。
口腔中发音器官最多，有舌头、小舌、软腭、硬腭、齿龈隆骨、牙齿和嘴唇。
其中舌头是最灵活、最重要的发音器官。
发音时，来自肺部的气流在口腔中受到不同的阻碍，从而发出不同的音。
鼻腔和口腔相通。
发音时软腭后移关闭鼻腔，气流只能从口腔通过，所发出的音没有鼻音化。
但当鼻腔通道打开，允许气流从鼻腔通过，所发出来的音便是鼻音。
2．3音标——宽式和严式标音法音标是在国际上被广为接受的一套对语音进行标音的标准符号体系。
语言学导论-第2章(2)Phonology
Some rules in phonology
Sequential rules 序列规则 Assimilation rule 同化原则 Deletion rule 省略原则
Sequential rules 序列规则
The patterning of sounds Which phonemes can begin a word? Which phonemes can end a word? Which phonemes can follow each other?
Some sequential rules
Words begin with [l] or [r]
The second sound must be a vowel E.g. *lkib *lbik
Three consonants cluster together
First: /s/ Second: /p/ or /t/ or /k/ Third: /r/ or /l/ or /w/ E.g. spring, street, square
Phoneme 音位 A phonological unit; an abstract unit; The distinctive sound of a language.
[p] vs. [ph]
two phones one phoneme /p/ Phoneme
in slashes /…/
Assimilation rule 同化原则
Assimilate one sound to another by “copying” feature of a sequential phoneme
Nasalization E.g. bean, green, team, scream Pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] E.g. indiscreet --- indiscreet correct --- incorrect Reflected in Spelling E.g. infor plausible, legal, implausible, illegal,
Chapter 2 Phonology.ppt
英语sip中的s和zip中的z是两 个不同的音素。
Allophone音位变体
同一个音位在不同语音环境 中的实现方式被称为该音位 的语音变体。Leabharlann Allophone音位变体
e.g.: clear [l] in let and dark [\] tell are allophones, they are the variants of the phoneme / l /.The choice of an allophone, that is, how a phoneme is represented by a phone, is not random in most cases, it is rule-governed by the phonetic context.
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素(音子）
音素是区分单词的最小语 音单位。
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素
In English, the /s/ in sip and the /z/ in zip represent
two different phonemes.
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素
2.3.2 Minimal pairs and sets 2.3.3 Free variation 2.3.4 distinctive features 2.3.5 Syllables and consonants clusters 2.3.6 Suprasegmental features
Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
Allophone音位变体
同一个音位在不同语音环境 中的实现方式被称为该音位 的语音变体。Leabharlann Allophone音位变体
e.g.: clear [l] in let and dark [\] tell are allophones, they are the variants of the phoneme / l /.The choice of an allophone, that is, how a phoneme is represented by a phone, is not random in most cases, it is rule-governed by the phonetic context.
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素(音子）
音素是区分单词的最小语 音单位。
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素
In English, the /s/ in sip and the /z/ in zip represent
two different phonemes.
2.3.1 Phoneme 音素
2.3.2 Minimal pairs and sets 2.3.3 Free variation 2.3.4 distinctive features 2.3.5 Syllables and consonants clusters 2.3.6 Suprasegmental features
Phonetics is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.
简明语言学教程第2章Chapter 2-Phonology
[j]: the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the front of
the tongue [t] [d]: the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the velar ridge [θ] [ð ]: partial obstruction between the upper front teeth and the tip of
Classification of vowels
1. According to the position of the tongue in the mouth: front/central/back vowels front vowel: the front part of tongue maintains the highest
semi-open vowels: [ə] [ɔ:]
The place of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palato alveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
[t] [d]
[f]
[v]
[k] [g]
Fricatives
Affricates
VL
VD VL VD
[θ]
[ ð]
[s]
[z]
([tʃ] ) ([dʒ])
[ʃ]
[ʒ] [ tʃ ] [ dʒ ]
[h]
Nasals
英语语言学 Chapter 2(2) phonetics
Word-final /s,z/ become palato-alveolar before palato-alveolar fricatives and the palatal frictionless continuant/; This ship This year has she those young men
1) the position of the tongue in the mouth Front vowels are the ones in the production of which the front part of the tongue is raised the highest such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a].
Phonology and phonetics
Phonetics is general, classificatory and descriptive Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
Give the following phonetic symbols: Voiced palatal affricate
Voiceless labiodental fricative
Voiced alveolar stop Front close short Voiced bilabial stop
Word-final /d/ becomes a nasal before a nasal, at the place of articulation of the nasal; Word-final /v/ becomes a nasal before a nasal; Word-final lenis fricatives become fortis before an initial fortis consonant;
语言学 2.2 Phonology
Allophone(音位变体)
• Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments. • E.g.
• •
phoneme:
phones:
/p/
[pʰ] [p¬] [p]
• 3. the process for adding, deleting or changing sounds (e.g. design – designation)
2.2.1 Phone, phoneme音位, allophone 音位变体
Question: Do the underlined letters or letter combinations in each group share the same pronunciation?
Minimal set
• e.g. beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat • Minimal set: if a group of words can satisfy the three conditions, they form a minimal set. • Practice: find words of the same minimal set for “pit”. • --- pit, bit, hit, fit, lit, sit, shit… • --- pit, pat, pet, pot, put, peat… • --- pit, pig, pick, pill, pin, piss…
2.2.3 Some rules of phonology
语言学phonology音韵学 PPT
Important articulators
The oral cavity(口腔): the mouth
It contains the lips, teeth, teeth (alveolar) ridge (齿 龈/槽) tip of tongue, blade of tongue, front of tongue, back of tongue, hard palate, soft palate (velum), uvula, epiglottis (会厌软骨).
Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar glottal dental
Stops
VL p VD b
t
k
d
g
Fricatives VL
f
VD
v
affricates VL
VD
Nasals VD m
Liquids VD
glides
VD w
ϑs ðz
n l. r
The nasal cavity (鼻腔): the nose
Nasal resonance(共鸣) can be produced due to the lowering the soft palate (velum), resulting the production of nasals.
The pharyngeal cavity/ pharynx (咽腔): between the top of the larynx (喉) and the soft palate)
Chapter 2 phonology
Important articulators发音器官
Articulators, also called speech organs, refer to those parts of human body involved in the production of speech sound.
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1. The pharyngeal cavity lungs windpipe pharynx (声门) glottis vocal cords: voicing / voiceless epiglottis (会厌)
2. The oral cavity Lips (labia唇) Teeth (dentes齿) Tooth-ridge (alveoli齿龈) Hard palate ( 硬腭) Soft palate (velum软腭) Uvula （小舌) Tip of tongue （舌尖） Blade of tongue (舌面) Front of tongue (舌前部) Back of tongue (舌后部) Tongue root (舌根) The most flexible part here in this cavity is the tongue, which is responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other. So, there is no surprise that the word “language’ itself derives from the Latin word “lingua”, meaning the “tongue”.
LECTURE TWO PHONOLOGY
Su Zhanghai
2.1 The phonic medium of language
Speech is prior to writing for several reasons Phonic medium of language and speech sounds The limited-numbered sounds produced by humans through their speech organs which are meaningful in human communication constitute the Phonic Medium of Language; and the individual sounds within this range are the Speech Soe used to record the sound waves for specific research.
2.2.2 Organs of Speech The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity (the throat), the oral cavity (the mouth) and the nasal cavity (the nose).
1.
Classification of English consonants: Two ways: 1) In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types Stops/Plosives (闭塞／爆破）6 Fricatives (摩擦音）9 Affricates (塞擦音) 2 Laterals / liquids (侧音/ 边[通]音/ 流音) 2 Approximants/ glides/ semivowels (近音/ [中]通音/ 滑 音/ 半元音) 2 Nasals (鼻音) 3
24
Stops 6 VL VD Fricatives 9 VL VD Affricates 2 VL VD
Bilab ial 4
Libiodental 2
Dental
2
Alveol ar 7
Palata Velar l 5 3
Glota l 1
p b f v θ X
t d s z
Auditory phonetics: looks at the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, i.e., how the sounds are perceived by the hearer. Acoustic phonetics: studies the way sounds travel by looking at the sound waves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.
3. Broad transcription: The transcription of speech sounds which uses ordinary symbols (letter-symbols only). 4. Narrow transcription: The transcription of speech sounds using more specific symbols (letter-symbols together with diacritics).
k g d h
Nasals 3
Liquids 2 Glides 2
VD
VD VD
m
w
n l, r
j
2. Classification of English vowels criteria (parameters) of vowel description: (monophthongs) ① the position of highest part of the tongue front, central, back ②the height of tongue raising * high, middle, low ③ the openness of the mouth close, semi-close, semi-open, open ④ the shape of the lips (the degree of lip-rounding ) rounded, unrounded
2. diacritics: when some sounds differ each other only in very subtle ways, or in some detailed aspects, the phoneticians invented another set of symbols which are added to the letter symbols to indicate the finer distinctions between them. This set of symbols are referred to as diacritics.
Also in the speech sounds of Japanese, it is very common to notice the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated.
2.2.4 Classification of English speech sounds Two broad categories: Consonants (辅音） Obstruction of air flow E.g. [b], [k], [d], … [+voiced][-voiced] Vowels （元音） No air obstruction E.g. [i:] [e] [au], …
3. The nasal cavity
2.2.3 Orthographic representations of speech sounds: broad and narrow transcriptions Five conceptions to remember : IPA/ Diacritics/ Broad transcription/ Narrow transcription/ aspirated vs unaspirated 1. IPA: a standardized and internationally accepted phonetic system used to transcribe speech sounds devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1888 and underwent several revisions after then, the basic principle of which is to use one letter selected from one major European language to represent one speech sound.
Example: help Broad transcription: [help] Narrow transcription: [hełph] Commonly used diacritics: 。. ~
5. aspirated vs unaspirated A sound may have many variations Example : [p] in peak, pit, etc., the sound [p] is produced with a strong puff of air, so it is aspirated [ph] [p] in speak, spit, etc., the air is withheld to some extent when the sound [p] is produced, so it is referred to as unaspirated [p=] or simply [p]
A sound may have many variations Example 1: [p] in peak is aspirated [ph] [p] in speak is unaspirated [p=] or simply [p] Example 2: [l] in lead is clear [l] [l] in deal is dark [ł] Symbols for such more specific sounds are called diacritics (变音符)