Lecture 2 The social production and its structure
lecture02 Supply and demand model 平狄克微观经济学英文课件
• what changes: foreign rice may no longer be imported
• P = price of pork ($ per kg) • Pb = price of beef ($ per kg) • Pc = price of poultry ($ per kg) • I = income of consumers (thousand $)
Demand function
• note: quantity demanded of a good or service can exceed quantity sold (or vice versa)
• strange demand curve convention: price is on the vertical axis
suppliers at each possible price
Total Supply: The Sum of Domestic and Foreign Supply
Solved problem
• What is the effect of a ban on foreign imports of rice into Japan on the supply curve of rice to the Japanese market?
Demand curve
• shows quantity demanded—largest quantity that consumers are willing to buy—at each price, holding constant other factors that affect purchases
dictation(2)
Unit oneThere are generally two educational methods: / the lecture method and the group learning method. / In a lecture classroom. / the teacher dominates the class / by doing most of the talking. / Students listen and take notes. / This method is best at passing on content to students. / It prepared students for a society / that values discipline and self-control. / The problem is that students forget most of the facts / that they have mechanically memorized. / In contrast, / the teacher of a group learning classroom / appears to have no definite role at all. / wandering about from group to group. / Students do not memorize information, / but they actually generate their own ideas, / each contributing insights for the success of the group. / This method prepares students for a society / that values creative ideas. / The disadvantage is that / student have not memorized enough basic facts.Unit twoEveryone is under some pressure / in the workplace. / some external pressures / can be a positive factor. / helping us to be more productive. / some people actually thrive / under short-term added pressure, / and our bodies are designed to meet these short-term demands. / hormones are released to prepare us / for a “fight or flight”response / to demanding situations. / however, excessive and prolonged stress / can take its toll, / producing a range of physical and emotional health problems / which have come to be grouped as “work-related stress.” / The experience of stress is different for every person. / Some people are affected more than others, / so what is stressful for one person / may not be stressful for another. / It can depend on your personality type / and on how you have learned to respond to pressure.Unit threeRecently in the United States, / there has been a debate concerning old drivers. / There have been a series of accidents/ committed by elderly drivers/ and they have given rise to new debates on the old issue: / how old is too old to drive? / Some people point to statistics// showing that older drivers drunk/ than teenagers,/ at least until they reach seventy-five. / Moreover, elderly drivers are less likely to drive drunk/ than other drivers. However, at least twenty-one states/ have special requirements on older drivers: / those over sixty-five and older/ are required to renew their driving license every year/ and undertake vision tests./ Taking away a license can rob older people of their independence/ and force them to rely on others / for trips to the grocery store or doctor’s office./ some people argue / whether someone continues to drive or not/ should be based on performance / not just simply age.Unit fourThe first of April is commonly known as April Fool's day / and it is the custom on this day / to pay a trick on a friend. / You do this by causing your friend to believe something / that it isn't true. / If your friend falls into the trap, / then he or she is an April Fool. / This strange custom has been observed / by both children and adults for centuries. / Its origin is uncertain / and may once have been cruel. / But today the tricks and practical jokes are harmless / and played mostly for fun. /Usually April Fools’ jokes are played on friends and colleagues/ but sometimes they are played on a wilder scale. / One serious national newspaper / reported on a new machine / to transport passengers from London to Australia in ten minutes. /Another published a four-page survey / of anonexistent island in the Pacific. / And even on BBC television news / there was an item / which showed a kind of Italian noodle / being harvested from trees.Unit fiveChildhood is less clear to me than to many people: / when it ended I turned my face away from it/ for no reason that I know about,/ certainly without the usual reason of unhappy memories./ For many years that worried me,/ but then I discovered/ that the tales of former children are seldom to be trusted. / Some people supply too many past victories or pleasures/ with which to comfort themselves,/ and other people cling to pains, real and imagined, /to excuse what they have become. /I think I have always known about my memory. /I know when it is ti be trusted/ and when some dream or fantasy entered on the life, / and the dream, the need of dream,/ led to distortion of what happened.Unit sixPoetry as an art form may have predated literacy. / Some of the earliest poetry/ is believed to have been orally recited or sung. / Following the development of writing,/ poetry has since developed into increasingly structured forms, / though much poetry since the late 20th century/ has moved away from traditional forms/ towards the more vaguely defined free verse/ and prose poem formats.Poetry is often closely related to musical traditions,/ and much of it can be attributed to religious movements./ Many of the poems surviving from the ancient world/ are a form of recorded cultural information/ about the people of the past,/ and their poems are prayers or stories/ about religious subject matter,/ histories about their politics and wars,/ and the important organizing myths of their societies.Unit sevenRumor is the most primitive way of spreading stories/ by passing them on from mouth to mouth./ But civilized countries in normal times/ have better sources of news than rumor. / They have redio, television, and newspapers. / In times of stress and confusion, however,/ rumor emerges and becomes widespread. / At such times the different kinds of news are in competition:/ the press, television, and radio versus the grapevine.Rumors are often repeated/ even by those who do not believe the tales./ There is a fascination about them./ The reason is that the cleverly designed rumor/ gives expression to something deep in the hearts of the victims:/ the fears, suspicions, forbidden hopes,/ or daydreams which they hesitate to voice directly./ Pessimistic rumors about the defeat and disasters show/ that people who repeat them are worried and anxious. /Optimistic rumors about record production or peace soon coming/ point to complacency or confidence/ and often to overconfidence.Unit eightScience, especially twentieth-century science, / has provided us with a glimpse of something / we never really knew before, / the revelation of human ignorance. / We have been used to the belief, /down one century after another, /that we more or less comprehend everything, / and that we have never lacked for explanations/ of the world and its ways. / Now we are being brought up short, / and this has been the work of science. / We have a wilderness of mystery/ to mak e ourway through in the centuries ahead, / and we will need science for this/ but not science alone. / We shall also need minds at work from all sorts of brains / outside the fields of science, /most of all the brains of poets, of course, / but also those of artists, musicians, philosophers, historians, writers in general.Unit nightIn the Chinese culture, / the whole process of preparing food / from raw ingredients to morsels ready for the mouth / is highly distinctive when compared with other food traditions. / At the base of this process / is the division between fan, grains and other starch foods, / and ts’ai , vegetable and meat dishes. / To prepare a balanced meal, / it must have an appropriate amount of both fan and ts’ai, and ingredients are readied along both tracks. / Grains are cooked whole or as flour, / making up the fan half of the meal in various forms./ Vegetables and meats are cut up and mixed / in various ways into individual dishes / to constitute the ts’ai half. /Even in meals in which fan and ts’ai are joined together, /such as in wonton, they are in fact put together but not mixed up, / and each still retains its due proportion and own distinction.Unit tenCollege writing, also called academic writing, / is assigned to teach you the critical thinking and writing skills / needed to communicate in classes and in the workplace. / To acquire and practice these skills, / you are asked to write many different types of assignments / under different circumstances. /Sometimes your teacher will assign a topic / and define the audience; / sometimes you will be called on / to define and limit the topic and audience yourself. / In any case, college writing teaches you/ about the series of decisions you must make/ as you forge the link between your information and your audience.Unit elevenA study of art history might be a good way / to learn more about a culture / than is possible to learn in general history classes. / Most typical history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war. /But art history focuses on much more than this/ because art reflects not only the political values of a people, / but also religious beliefs, emotions, and psychology. / In addition,/ information about the daily activities of our ancestors/ - or of people very different from our own-/ can be provided by art. /In short,/ art expresses the essential qualities of a time and a place, / and a study of it clearly offers us a deeper understanding / than can be found in most history books.Unit twelveEnvision an ideal place / to live or run a business, / a friendly, safe and secure community / with large areas of open space / and extensive entertainment and recreational facilities. / Finally, picture this community continually moving around the world. / You are beginning to understand the freedom ship concept of / a massive ocean-going vessel. / With a design length of 4,500 feet, a width of 750 feet, and a height of 350 feet,/freedom ship would be more than 4 times longer / than the Queen Mary ./ The design concepts include a mobile modern city / featuring luxurious living, / an extensive duty-free international shopping mall, / and a full 1.7 million-square-foot floor / set aside for various companies / to showcase their products.Unit thirteenHow is it that hard work and greater efficiency / do not necessarily result in a sense of achievement?/ Social scientists draw a crucial distinction / between two words often used as synonyms:/ “efficient”and “effective.”/ “Efficient”emphasizes the means of production, /the degree of economy with which it is carried out, / while “effective” focuses on the result or purpose / for which the activity is carried out.It is noted that / by using a minimum amount of energy and time, / we can be very efficient / in performing a certain task. / Yet our work is actually effective / only when it contributes to our goals. / True effectiveness is not a matter of doing things right / but of doing the right things, / and we shouldn’t let the apparent success of being more efficient / mask the mistake of performing an activity / that is not important.Unit fourteenFamilies with children comprise 34% of / the homeless population of the United States, / and this number is growing. / Within a single year, nearly all homeless children have moved, / at least 25% have witnessed violence, / and 22% have been separated from their families. /About half of all school-age children experiencing homelessness/ have problems with anxiety and depression, / and 20% of homeless preschoolers have emotional problems / that require professional care. / Their education is often disrupted / and challenges in school are common.。
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo50 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR: Listen to part of a lecture in an ancient history class.FEMALE PROFESSOR: OK, last time we were discussing trade and commerce during the Bronze Age … And I said a little over 3,000 years ago there was quite a lively trade among the countries along the Mediterranean Sea—people were making objects out of bronze, and they were using bronze tools to make other goods, and they developed trade networks to trade these goods with other countries around the Mediterranean … One of the things they traded was glass …And recently there was an archeological excavation in Egypt—on the Nile River, around where it enters the Mediterranean Sea—where they discovered an ancient glass factory. Robert?MALE STUDENT: I thought our textbook said that the Egyptians imported their glass from other countries.FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, until now that's what the evidence seemed to suggest. I mean, we had some evidence that suggested that the Egyptians were making glass objects, uh, but not glass.MALE STUDENT: OK, am-am I missing something? They're making glass, but they're not making glass.FEMALE PROFESSOR: I said they were making glass objects, right? You see, it was previously thought that they weren't actually making the raw glass itself, that they were importing unfinished glass from Mesopotamia—um, which today is a region consisting of Iraq, and parts of Syria, Turkey, and Iran—and simply reworking it. Most archeologists believed that the glass factories were in Mesopotamia because that's where the oldest known glass remains come from. You see, there were two stages of glassmaking: the primary production stage, where they made disks of raw glass… Uh, an- and then there was the secondary stage, where they melted the raw glass, the glass disks, and created decorative objects or whatever.And from this new Egyptian site we've learned that the primary production stage had several steps. First, they took quartz—a colorless, transparent mineral—and crushed it. Then they took that crushed quartz and mixed it with plant ash; uh, “plant ash” is just what it soundslike—the ash that's left after you've burned plant material. They slowly heated this mixture, at a relatively low temperature, in small vessels, um containers, like jars, made out of clay. Uh, and that yielded a kind of glassy material…They took this glassy material and ground it up into a powder, and then they used metallic dye to color it… After that, they poured the colored powder out into disk-shaped molds and heated it up to very high temperatures, so that it melted. After it cooled, they'd break the molds, and inside…there were the glass disks. These disks were shipped off to other sites within Egypt and places around the Mediterranean. Then, in the secondary phase, the disks were reheated and shaped into decorative objects. Susan?FEMALE STUDENT: So what kind of objects were people making back then? FEMALE PROFESSOR: Well, the most common objects we’ve found—mostly in Egypt and Mesopotamia—uh, the most common objects were beads; one thing Egyptians were very, very good at was imitating precious stones; they created some beads that looked so much like emeralds and pearls that it was very difficult to distinguish them from the real thing. Uh, and-and also beautiful vessels, uh, with narrow necks; they were probably really valuable, so they wouldn't have been used to hold cooking oil or common food items; they were most likely used for expensive liquids like perfume. Now the glass made at this factory was mostly red; to get this red color, they used copper; in a sophisticated process. Of course, any kind of glass was very valuable, so these red bottles would only have been owned by wealthy people. In fact, because it was so difficult to make, and sort of mysterious and complicated, it was probably a product produced for the royal family, and they probably used glass to show their power. Also, beautiful, expensive objects make great gifts if you're looking to establish or strengthen political alliances…and it's quite possible that ancient Egyptians were actually exporting glass, not just making it or importing it. The trade with Mesopotamia was probably a friendly, mutual trade…because, uh, Mesopotamian glass was usually white or yellow, so Mesopotamians might have said something like, “We'll give you two white disks for two red disks.” There’s no proof ofthat, uh—at least not yet…题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A. New information about glass production and use in ancient EgyptB. Whether Egyptians or Mesopotamians were the first to invent glassC. Differences between Egyptian glass and other kinds of glassD. Reasons why ancient Egyptians imported glass from other countries2.What is the importance of the archaeological evidence recently found in Egypt?A. It supports the theory that ancient Egyptians imported glass from Mesopotamia.B. It proves that ancient Egyptians made glass objects prior to the Bronze Age.C. It provides the first evidence that glassmaking in the Bronze Age required two different stages.D. It shows that ancient Egyptians were producing raw glass.3.The professor describes a process for making glass disks. Summarize the process by putting the steps in the correct order. [Click on a sentence. Then drag it to the space where it belongs. The last one is done for you.]A.Glass-like material is ground up and dyed blue or red.B.Powdered material is heated at very high temperatures.C.Crushed quartz and plant ash are heated at low temperatures.D.Containers are broken to remove glass disks.4.Based on the lecture, what are two kinds of glass objects that were valued in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia? [Click on 2 answers.]A. BeadsB. Cooking utensilsC. ContainersD. Windows5.According to the professor, what are two reasons why ancient Egyptians exported glass? [Click on 2 answers.]A. To build relationships with foreign leadersB. To hold cooking oil that was sold in other countriesC. To get bronze tools from other countriesD. To acquire colors of glass not made in Egypt6.Why does the professor say this:Robert: Ok. Am……Am I missing something? They are making glass but they are not making glass?Professor: I said they were making glass objects, right?A. To emphasize that glass objects were only made in ancient EgyptB. To find out what the student does not understandC. To indicate that there was no contradiction in her previous statementD. To correct what she said in her previous statement答案A D CABD AC AD C译文旁白：请听一个古代历史课上的讲座片段。
新世纪大学英语综合教程4（第二版）LectureNotes_U2
新世纪⼤学英语综合教程4（第⼆版）LectureNotes_U2 Electronic Teaching PortfolioBook FourUnit Two: Man and TechnologyPart I Get StartedSection A Discussion▇Work in pairs or groups and discuss the following questions.1)What changes have taken place in our life with the advancement of technology?2)Do you think technology makes your life easier? Could you give some examples?3)Is the advancement of technology always a good thing?▇ Answers for reference:1)With the advancement of technology, our health has been improved; production has been increased; humanlabor has been decreased; people’s mental horizons have been broadened, and what is most important is that people live longer and better.2)Yes. Take the Internet for example. With the access to the Internet I can learn what is going on all aroundthe world. I can get the latest information about my present studies at college. And I can communicate with others via e-mail, which saves me a lot of time and money. Another example is the rapid development of various means of transportation. Planes, trains and cars have made my travel easier and more convenient.3)No. Technology is a double-edged sword which can be used equally for good or evil. For example,technology has found wide application in the medical field. However, owing to technology, weapons of mass destruction have been invented and used in wars in which large numbers of innocent people have been killed.Section B Quotes▇Study the following quotes about man and technology and discuss in pairs what you can learn from them.⊙The saddest aspect of life right now is that science gathers knowledge faster than society gathers wisdom.— Isaac Asimov Interpretation:This quote tells us that knowledge is not wisdom. Knowledge alone does not necessarily make us wiser. Although science has brought about a rapid growth in knowledge, today’s society has not witnessed any corresponding increase in wisdom. And what we are in desperate need of today is wisdom rather than scientific knowledge, for knowledge helps us make a living while wisdom helps us make a life.Isaac AsimovAbout Isaac Asimov:Isaac Asimov (1920-1992): a US science fiction writer. Born in Russia, he was brought to the USA when he was three and grew up in Brooklyn, New York. He studied chemistry at Columbia University and developed a career both as an academic biochemist and as a science fiction writer. Among his best known novels are the “Foundation Series”―Foundation (《基地》) (1951), Foundation and Empire (《基地与帝国》)(1952), andSecond Foundation (《第⼆基地》)(1953), etc. He is also well-known for his textbooks and works of popular science.⊙Education makes machines which act like men and produces men who act like machines.— Erich Fromm Interpretation:This quote questions the rigidity of the formal educational systems. Machines are often considered as being controlled by others and have no individual thoughts. This quote indicates that the formal educational system controls the development of students and washes away the individual creativity.Erich FrommAbout Erich Fromm:Erich Fromm (1900-1980): German-born American psychoanalyst. His works, which include Escape from Freedom(《逃离⾃由》), Man for Himself(《利⼰者》) and The Sane Society(《健全的社会》), emphasize the role of culture in neurosis and strongly criticize materialist values.⊙The production of too many useful things results in too many useless people.—Karl MarxInterpretation:According to Marx, under capitalism, overproduction leads to economic crises and unemployment.Karl MarxAbout Karl Marx:Karl Marx (1818-1883): a German philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary. Karl Marx was the most influential socialist thinker of the 19th century. With Friedrich Engels, he wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) and other works. Exiled from Europe after the Revolutions of 1848, Marx lived in London, where he worked on his monumental work Das Kapital (Capital), in which he used dialectical materialism to analyze economic and social history. Marxism has greatly influenced the development of socialist thought.⊙It is difficult to say what is impossible, for the dreams of yesterday are the hopes of today, and the realitiesof tomorrow.— Robert H. Goddard Interpretation:Advances in science and technology have given birth to many things once only dreamed of.Robert H. GoddardAbout Robert H. Goddard:Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945): an American physicist. Goddard is looked upon as one of the three main founders of modern rocketry, along with Tsiolkovsky and Oberth. He launched the first liquid-fueled rocket on March 16, 1926. The flight lasted just 2.5 seconds, reaching an altitude of 12.3 meters and landing 55.2 meters from the launch site.Section C Watching and Discussion▇Watch the following video clip “Inception” and do the tasks that follow:插⼊视频⽚段：“Inception.wmv”1.Fill in the missing words according to what you hear from the video clip.—You create the world of the dream. You’ll bring the subject into that dream, and then they feel it in their subconscious.—How could you ever acquire enough detail to make him think that’s reality?—Our dreams. We feel real while we’re in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something actually strange. May I ask you a question? You never really remember the beginning of your dreams, do you? You always wind up right in the middle of what’s going on.2.Discuss the topic with your group members: Are you sometimes troubled by your dreams? Share one ofyour unusual dreams with your peers.▇Answers for reference:(Open.)Script：InceptionCOBB: You create the world of the dream. You’ll bring the subject into that dream, and then they feel it in their subconscious. ARIADNE: How could you ever acquire enough detail to make him think that’s reality?COBB: Our dreams. We feel real while we’re in them. It’s only when we wake up that we realize something actually strange. May I ask you a question? You never really remember the beginning of your dreams, do you? You always wind up right in the middle of what’s going on.ARIADNE: I guess. Yeah.COBB: So ... how did we end up here?ARIADNE: We just came here from the...COBB: Think about it, Ariadne. How did you get here? Where are you right now?ARIADNE: Oh my God. We’re dreaming.COBB: We’re actually asleep in the workshop right now. This is your first lesson in shared dreaming, remember?Part II Listen and RespondSection A Word Bankevolve v. develop gradually by a long continuous process （使）演变；（使）进化shuttle★n. a spacecraft that can be used more than once 航天飞机prolong★vt. make longer; lengthen 延长，拉长，拖长Section B Task One: Focusing on the Main IdeasChoose the best answer to each of the following questions according to the information contained in the listening passage.1) What is the main idea of the passage?A) The rapid changing world we live in.B) The important role the Internet plays in our life.C) The important role technology plays in our life.D) The important role modern transportation plays in our life.2) What does the passage say about the Internet?A) It provides us with the quickest means for communication.B) It provides us with the quickest means to collect information.C) It provides us with the quickest means to talk to each other.D) It provides us with modern means of transportation.3) Why is the journey to the outer space not a dream any more?A) Because people can go anywhere now.B) Because people can travel to the outer space by airplane now.C) Because the modern means of transportation makes the journey smoother.D) Because people can travel to the outer space by rockets and space shuttles.4) How does technology help prolong our life?A) Patients can go anywhere to seek modern medicine.B) With modern medicine, people with cancer do not suffer from the pain.C) With modern medicine, people with AIDs do not suffer from the pain.D) With modern medicine, some deadly diseases can be treated now.5) How does technology expand our vision of the world?A) It gives us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.B) It makes our life easier and more convenient.C) It helps us spread our ideas more quickly.D) It brings us more advanced products.▇ Answers for Reference:1) C 2) B 3) D 4) D 5) ASection C Task Two: Zooming in on the Details▇Listen to the recording again and fill in each of the blanks according to what you have heard.Firstly, technology shortens the distance between people and makes 1) __________ much easier. Today, the Internet is widely used not only for the 2) __________ of information but also for correspondence.Secondly, modern means of 3) __________, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey 4) __________ and faster. With the help of modern transportation, we can go almost anywhere we want to. To journey into 5) __________ space is not a dream any more. Rockets and space 6) __________ have made the dream come true.Thirdly, modern medicine prolongs our life and 7) __________ patients from pain. Some deadly 8) __________, such as cancer and AIDs can be treated now, and we can live longer and better.Last but not least, technology expands our 9) __________ of the world. It provides us with larger 10) __________ by giving us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.▆ Answers:Firstly, technology shortens the distance between people and makes 1) communication much easier. Today, the Internet is widely used not only for the 2) collection of information but also for correspondence. Secondly, modern means of 3) transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey 4) smoother and faster. With the help of modern transportation, we can go almost anywhere we want to. To journey into 5) outer space is not a dream any more. Rockets and space 6) shuttles have made the dream come true.Thirdly, modern medicine prolongs our life and 7) relieves patients from pain. Some deadly 8) diseases, such as cancer and AIDs can be treated now, and we can live longer and better.Last but not least, technology expands our 9) vision of the world. It provides us with larger 10) possibilities by giving us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.Script:What Has Technology Brought Us?Technology plays a vital role in our society. It makes our life more comfortable and convenient. Without it, we couldn’t evolve or cope up with the ever changing world we live in.Firstly, technology shortens the distance between people and makes communication much easier. Today, the Internet is widely used not only for the collection of information but also for correspondence.Secondly, modern means of transportation, such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smoother and faster. With the help of modern transportation, we can go almost anywhere we want to. To journey into outer space and other planets is not a dream any more. Rockets and space shuttles have made the dream come true.Thirdly, modern medicine prolongs our life and relieves patients from pain. Some deadly diseases, such as cancer and AIDS can be treated now, and we can live longer and better.Last but not least, technology expands our vision of the world. It provides us with larger possibilities by giving us ideas that never occurred to us in the past.It is hard to imagine what the world would be like without technology.Part III Read and ExploreText ASection A Discovering the Main Ideas1. Answer the following questions with the information contained in Text A.1)Did material and technological advances make Americans happier according to the survey?2)What is the relationship between money and happiness according to Easterlin?3)How does technology affect human relationships according to the author?4)In which field does technology have the most important impact on people’s sense of well-being accordingto the author?5)What does the author think of the relationship between technology and happiness?▆ Answers for Reference:1)No. The survey showed that the majority of Americans did not become happier with the advancement oftechnology. In fact, the percentage of people who say they are “very happy” has fallen slightly since the early 1970s, even though their income has increased considerably.2)According to Easterlin, money cannot make people happier after a certain point, that is, when people areable to meet the needs for a decent life.3)According to the author, with technological inventions such as linked databases, the Internet and TV,people have less privacy and less time for real world communication. As a result, they tend to be more lonely and depressed.4)The most important impact of technology on people’s life is in the field of health care. The developmentof medical technology has greatly increased people’s life expectancy and improved their quality of life.So the vast majority of people are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be. 5)On the whole, the author holds that technology and happiness are not necessarily closely related.Throughout the text, the author cites examples to illustrate that the advances in technology do not necessarily make people happier.2.Text A can be divided into five Parts with the paragraph number(s) of each part provided as follows. Write down the main idea of each part.Part Paragraph(s) Main IdeaOne1-2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Two3-5________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Three6-9________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Four10________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Five11________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________▆▆ Answers for Reference:Part Paragraph(s) Main IdeaOne 1-2 Material and technological advances do not really bringhappiness to people in the developed countries. ThoughAmericans now are wealthier than they were in the middleof the last century, they are not happier than they used tobe.Two 3-5 Technology and happiness are not necessarily closelycorrelated because people adapt to technological progresstoo quickly.Three 6-9 The current comments on technology have mostly centeredon the bad effects of technology on human relationshipsrather than particular, harmful technologies.Four 10 The most important impact of technology on people’s senseof well-being is in the field of health care.Five 11 People in general claim that on a deeper level, technologycannot bring happiness to them, which is just contradictoryto the fact that it has greatly improved people’s health andlife expectancy.Section B In-depth StudyIn the present era, all of us are enthusiastically pursuing technological advancement and take it for granted that the development of technology will make us happier. However, little evidence can be found to prove the correlation between technology and happiness once material and technological advances reach a certain level. The text below may provide you with some insights into this issue.Technology and HappinessJames Surowiecki1 In the 20th century, Americans, Europeans, and East Asians enjoyed material and technological advances that were unimaginable in previous eras. In the United States, for instance, gross domestic product per capita tripled from 1950 to 2000. Life expectancy soared. The boom in productivity after World War II made goods better and cheaper at the same time. Things that were once luxuries, such as jet travel and long-distance phone calls, became necessities. And even though Americans seemed to work extraordinarily hard, their pursuit of entertainment turned media and leisure into multibillion-dollar industries.2 By most standards, then, you would have to say that Americans are better off now than they were in the middle of the last century. Oddly, though, if you ask Americans how happy they are, you find that they are no happier than they were in 1946 (which is when formal surveys of happiness started). In fact, the percentage of people who say they are “very happy” has fallen slightly since the early 1970s — even though the income of people born in 1940 has, on average, increased by 116 percent over the course of their working lives. You can find similar data for most developed countries.3 The relationship between happiness and technology has been an eternal subject for social critics and philosophers since the advent of the Industrial Revolution. But it’s been left largely unexamined by economists and social scientists.The truly groundbreaking work on the relationship between prosperity and well-being was done by the economist Richard Easterlin, who in 1974 wrote a famous paper entitled “Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot?” Easterlin showed that when it came to developed countries, there was no real correlation between a nation’s income level and its citizens’ happiness. Money, Easterlin argued, could not buy happiness —at least not after a certain point. Easterlin showed that though poverty was strongly correlated with misery, once a country was solidly middle-class, getting wealthier did not seem to make its citizens any happier.4 This seems to be close to a universal phenomenon. In fact, one of happiness scholars’ most important insights is that people adapt very quickly to good news. Take lottery winners for example. One famous study showed that although winners were very, very happy when they won, their extreme excitement quickly evaporated, and after a while their moods and sense of well-being were indistinguishable from what they had been before the victory.5 So, too, with technology: no matter how dramatic a new innovation is, no matter how much easier it makes our lives, it is very easy to take it for granted. You can see this principle at work in the world of technology every day, as things that once seemed miraculous soon become common and, worse, frustrating when they don’t work perfectly. It’s hard, it turns out, to keep in mind what things were like before the new technology came along.6 Does our fast assimilation of technological progress mean, then, that technology makes no difference? No. It just makes the question of technology’s impact, for good or ill, more complicated. Let’s start with the downside. There are certain ways in which technology makes life obviously worse. Telemarketing, traffic jams, and identity theft all come to mind. These are all phenomena that make people consciously unhappy. But for the most part, modern critiques of technology have focused not so much on specific, bad technologies as on the impact of technology on our human relationships.7 Privacy has become increasingly fragile in a world of linked databases. In many workplaces, technologies like keystroke monitoring and full recordings of phone calls make it easier to watch workers. The notion that technology disrupts relationships and fractures community gained mainstream prominence as an attack on television. Some even say that TV is chiefly responsible for the gradual isolation of Americans from each other. Similarly, some others stress the harmful effects of the Internet, which supposedly further isolates people from what is often called “the real world”.8 This broad criticism of technology’s impact on relationships is an interesting one and is especially relevant to the question of happiness, because one of the few things we can say for certain is that the more friends and the closer relationships people have, the happier they tend to be.9 Today, technological change is so rapid that when you buy something, you do so knowing that in a few months there’s going to be a better, faster version of the product, and that you’re going to be stuck with the old o ne. Someone else, in other words, has it better. It’s as if disappointment were built into acquisition from the very beginning.10 Daily stress, an annoying sense of disappointment, fear that the government knows a lot more about youthan you would like it to —these are obviously some of the ways in which technology reduces people’s sense of well-being. But the most important impact of technology on people’s sense of well-being is in the field of health care. Before the Industrial Revolution, two out of every three Europeans died before the age of 30. Today, life expectancy for women in Western Europe is almost 80 years, and it continues to increase. The point is obvious: the vast majority of people are happy to be alive, and the more time they get on earth, the better off they feel they’ll be. But until very recently, life for the vast majority of people was nasty, rough, and short. Technology has changed that, at least for people in the rich world. As much as we should worry about the rising cost of he alth care and the problem of the uninsured, it’s also worth remembering how valuable for our spiritsas well as our bodies are the benefits that medical technology has brought us.11 On a deeper level, what the technological improvement of our health and our longevity emphasizes is a paradox of any discussion of happiness on a national or a global level: even though people may not be happier, even though they are wealthier and possess more technology, they’re still as hungry as ever for more time. It’s like that old joke: the food may not be so great, but we want the portions to be as big as possible.（此课⽂没有更新，不需要配图说明。
商务英语阅读期末考试复习资料
《商务英语阅读》期末考试复习资料一、词汇翻译题（课内词汇+课外高频商务词汇）1.entrepreneur 企业家2.specification 规格详述3.human resources 人力资源4.institution 机构5.orientation 方向，导向，新员工入职培训6.decline 消减，衰亡7.bonus 奖金unch 推出，投放市场munity 社区，共同体10.necessities （生活）必需品11.stock 股票12.liquidity 流动性，变现性13.risk 风险14.potential 潜在的15.act of God 不可抗力y off 使……下岗17.listed company 上市公司18.log on 登入、连接（上网）19.absolute interest 绝对产权20.keyboard skills 打字技能21.human resources 人力资源22.account for 解释某事物的原因，占……比例23.executive 高级管理人员，执行总裁24.logo 企业或公司等专用的标记、标识25.administration 管理26.budget 预算27.feasible 可行的28.industry 产业，行业29.ingredient 成分，要素30.securities 证券mission 佣金32.dividend 股息，红利33.mature 到期，成熟34.accounts receivable 应收账款35.job description 岗位描述36.letter of intent 意向书37.living wage 基本生活工资38.bar code 条形码39.acid test 决定性的考验40.executive 高管，主管41.administrative expenses 行政管理费用42.jet lag 飞机时差反应43.customized 用户化的，按客户要求定制的44.keep-fit market 保健市场45.lecture theatre 梯形教室，梯形报告厅46.local adaptation 本土化47.balance sheet 资产负债表48.benefits package 福利套餐,整体福利49.bill of lading 提单、提货单50.access fee 使用费二、单项选择题（课内）1.Factors of production refer to _______.A.natural resources and capitalbor and entrepreneursC.both A and B2.The structure of a large manufacturing company and that of a small service firmshould be __________.A. the sameB. differentC. similar3. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation4. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills5. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation6. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix7. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance8. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific9. A corporation can also obtain equity financing by selling securities directlyto current stockholders. “Equity” here means ______.A. reasonable qualityB. ordinary stocks and sharesC. principles of equality10.Most short-term financing is unsecured. “unsecured” here means _______.A.no interest chargeB.no collateral is requiredC.no bank loans11.The funds needed to operate an enterprise are referred to as _______.A.capitalB.resourcesbor12. Organization charts show employees where they ______.A. start their workB. report to the bossC. fit into the company’s operation13. The basic management skills are ________.A.technical skills, human relations skills and conceptual skillsB.performing skills, marketing skills and planning skillsanizing skills, controlling skills and leading skills14. ________ programs include wages and salaries, incentives, and benefit forworkers.A. CompensationB. MarketingC. Orientation15. The firm’s ________ covers all the products it offers for sale.A. product lineB. product lifeC. product mix16. _______ may be established based on costs, demands, the competitions’prices,or some combination of these.A. ProductsB. BrandsC. Prices17. A nation’s ______ is the difference between the flow of money into and outof the nation.A.balance of tradeB.balance of paymentsC.payment of balance18. China is in the _______ regional economy.A. North AmericaB. EuropeC. Asia/Pacific19.People can buy stocks from _____.A.securities marketsB. a secure marketC.financial markets20. High-risk investment techniques can provide greater returns, but they entailgreater risk of loss. “Entail” here means _________.A. retailB. investC. involve（答案自己在书上找）三、阅读理解题（课外）Passage 1Global Recession Hits the Developing WorldBoth the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund expect the world economy to shrink this year for the first time since World War Two. As recently as January, the I.M.F. had predicted growth of one-half percent. But this week its chief, Dominique Strauss-Kahn, said the world has entered what he called “a great recession”.A new World Bank report says the recession may hurt the developing world the most. Those countries depend on trade for economic growth. But world trade is expected to fall at the fastest rate in eighty years.East Asia has been hardest hit. In February, exports from China fell twenty-six percent from a year ago.Rich nations are expected to borrow heavily in world credit markets to finance spending at home. But investors are demanding very high returns if they are willing to lend to the developing world at all. Jeff Chelsky, a World Bank senior economist, says investors are avoiding higher risk debt in a flight to quality.The bank estimates that up to three trillion dollars of public and private loans in developing countries must be repaid this year. Some nations have enough foreign currency reserves, but others will struggle to find new financing to pay their existing debts.The World Bank estimates that developing nations will need between two hundred seventy and seven hundred billion dollars in financing. The amount depends on the depth of the recession.The I.M.F. is seeking to expand its lending ability. And World Bank President Robert Zoellick has called on rich nations to put some of their economic recovery spending into a crisis fund to help poor countries.Bank economist Jeff Chelsky says the poorest countries are in the greatest danger. They cannot borrow in credit markets and they depend on exports of commodities like crops or minerals. But falling commodity prices mean they now depend more than ever on foreign aid.Finance ministers and central bankers from major industrial and developing countries meet this weekend outside London to discuss the financial crisis. President Obama wants all countries in the Group of Twenty to coordinate their separate efforts to strengthen their economies.There was some good news this week, including better-than-expected reports on spending by Americans in January and February. And financial stocks rose after Citigroup reported a profit for those two months.And that's the VOA Special English Economics Report, written by Mario Ritter. I'm Steve Ember.1. According to the passage, the world economy will _______ for the first timethis year since the World War Two.A. developB. growC. expandD. become smaller2. _______may be hurt the most by the recession.A. the developing worldB. the developed countriesC. the rich countriesD. Asian countries3. Who are easier to borrow money in the world credit market?A. Rich nationsB. Poor countriesC. the World BankD. the International Monetary Fund4. What does the underlined “flight”mean in the fourth paragraph?A. travelB. flyingC. escapeD. movement through the air5.___________ has called on rich nations to help poor countries.A. President ObamaB. President Robert ZoellickC. Jeff ChelskyD. the International Monetary FundPassage 2A Rough Road for ToyotaToyota became the world's largest automaker in two thousand eight. But after years of building loyalty, the Japanese company may have put its quality brand name at risk, at least temporarily.Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the world because of cases where vehicles have sped up unexpectedly. Last August, a driver in California was unable to stop. The crash killed him and three of his family members.Toyota says the problem is rare and caused by accelerator pedals becoming stuck open. On January twenty-sixth, the company suspended sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the United States, its largest market. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.General Motors and Ford both reported increased sales in January. But Toyota sales in the United States have fallen, and so has its stock price. Toyota says it expects costs and lost sales from its recent safety recalls to total two billion dollars by the end of March.Louis Lataif spent twenty-seven years in the car industry at Ford. Now he is dean of the School of Management at Boston University.LOUIS LATAIF: “It’s Toyota’s biggest such recall. It’s voluntary incidentally, it’s not mandated. So, in that respect, they are doing something fairly bold, namely, taking the hit of shutting production and correcting the vehicles that are in inventory on which they have stopped sales.”A recall late last year involved floor mats that Toyota said could cause the accelerator to get stuck. One of the vehicles in the floor mat recall was the Prius, the world’s top selling hybrid.Now American officials are investigating the brake system on the twenty ten Prius. The Transportation Department says it has received more than one hundred twenty reports, including reports of four crashes.Toyota says it found a software problem that could briefly affect the “feel” of the anti-lock brakes on rough or slippery roads. It says it fixed the brake problem last month.But a growing number of legal cases claim Toyota knew for a long time about the sudden acceleration issue with other vehicles. The problem reportedly has led to more than eight hundred crashes and nineteen deaths in the past ten years. Congress is preparing for hearings.Greg Bonner is a marketing professor at Villanova University. He says to regain trust, Toyota will have to make public everything it knows about the problems and show it accepts responsibility.The recall has also intensified questions about all the computer control systems used in modern cars.6. Toyota may have put its quality brand name at risk because__________.A. vehicles have sped up unexpectedlyB. last August, a driver in California was unable to stop.C. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldD. All of the above.7. Which of the following ways is not one Toyota solves its problem about accelerator pedals?A. Toyota stopped sales of eight of its top-selling vehicles in the UnitedStatesB. Toyota is recalling millions of cars and trucks around the worldC. Toyota increased salesD. Toyota dealers have been receiving parts to make repairs.8. Whose sales decreased in January?A. General MotorsB. FordC. General Motors and FordD. Toyota9. From what Louis Lataif said about Toyota, we can infer that _________.A. Toyota didn’t solve its problem positively.B. Louis Lataif didn’t think that Toyota solved its problem properly.C. Louis Lataif thought highly of Toyota’s way of solving its problem.D. Toyota couldn’t solve its problem.10. The underlined word in the last paragraph “intensify” means ________.A. increase in degreeB. decrease in degreeC. make the questions more tenseD. become more intensePassage 3Stock Sectors - How to Classify StocksOne of the ways investors classify stocks is by type of business. The idea is to put companies in similar industries together for comparison purposes. Most analysts and financial media call these groupings “sectors” and you will often read or hear about how certain sector stocks are doing.One of the most common classification breaks the market into 11 different sectors. Investors consider two of these sectors “defensive” and the remaining nine “cyclical.” Let’s look at these two categories and see what they mean for the individual investor.DefensiveDefensive stocks include utilities and consumer staples. These companies usually don’t suffer as much in a market downturn because people don’t stop using energy or eating. They provide a balance to portfolios and offer protection in a falling market.However, for all their safety, defensive stocks usually fail to climb with a rising market for the opposite reasons they provide protection in a falling market: people don’t use significantly more energy or eat more food.Defensive stocks do exactly what their name implies, assuming they are well run companies. They give you a cushion for a soft landing in a falling market.Cyclical stocksCyclical stocks, on the other hand, cover everything else and tend to react to a variety of market conditions that can send them up or down, however when one sector is going up another may be going down.Here is a list of the nine sectors considered cyclical:∙Basic Materials∙Capital Goods∙Communications∙Consumer Cyclical∙Energy∙Financial∙Health Care∙Technology∙TransportationMost of these sectors are self-explanatory. They all involve businesses you can readily identify. Investors call them cyclical because they tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.Basic materials, for example, include those items used in making other goods – lumber, for instance. When the housing market is active, the stock of lumber companies will tend to rise. However, high interest rates might put a damper on home building and reduce the demand for lumber.How to UseStocks sectors are helpful sorting and comparison tools. Don’t get hung up on using just one organization’s set of sectors, though. uses slightly different sectors in its tools, which let you compare stocks within a sector.This is extremely helpful, since one of the ways to use sector information is to compare how your stock or a stock you may want to buy, is doing relative to other companies in the same sector.If all the other stocks are up 11% and your stock is down 8%, you need to find out why. Likewise, if the numbers are reversed, you need to know why your stock is doing so much better than others in the same sector –maybe its business model has changed and it shouldn’t be in that sector any longer.ConclusionYou never want to be making investment decisions in a vacuum. Using sector information, you can see how a stock is doing relative to its peers and that will help you understand whether you have a potential winner or loser.11. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a falling market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks12. According to this passage, an investor should buy _____________in a rising market.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staples13. ______________sectors belong to cyclical stocks.A. 11B.2C.9D.314. Utilities and consumer staples belong to _______________.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. technology stocksD. transportation stocks15. ___________tend to move up and down in relation to businesses cycles or other influences.A. cyclical stocksB. defensive stocksC. stocks of utilitiesD. stocks of consumer staplesPassage 1America's biggest carmaker accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bush administrations. People joked that GM meant "Government Motors." Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery.The company recorded over two and a half billion dollars in profit in the first half of the year. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout. Canada is also a shareholder. But now GM plans to sell stock to the public again.GM spent just forty days in bankruptcy. It sought protection from its creditors in June of last year. GM restructured. It discontinued some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.In April, GM repaid almost seven billion dollars in government loans. Many of its creditors are waiting to see how much they get.GM plans an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this year. The company could raise as much as fifteen billion dollars.Chief executive Edward Whitacre is leaving September first. He wants the government to sell all of its shares in the company during the IPO. Many experts believe the Treasury will act slowly over time after the public offering is completed.If the stock price rises, the government could profit from the rescue. But the IPO is risky for the company. The offering will test the willingness of investors to take an equity share in the “new GM”.Buying equity is not like buying bonds. Bonds represent a loan. Equity represents ownership. Investors willing to buy equity shares in a company expect one thing -- growth.GM believes it can make that happen, in part with a new electric-and-gas hybrid.COMMERCIA L: “Chevy Volt, a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all. That's an American revolution.”The Volt is expected to start arriving in showrooms later this year.GM is also looking overseas. The world's fastest growing car markets are in developing nations. GM is now selling more cars in China than in the United States. GM still leads the American market, though Toyota is now the biggest car company in the world.There are signs that America's big three may have put the worst of their recent troubles behind them.Chrysler also went through bankruptcy and says its sales are up. Italy's Fiat holds a twenty percent share.Ford Motor Company avoided bankruptcy and refused government help. Ford reported close to five billion dollars in profit for the first six months of the year.1. America’s biggest carmaker is _________________.A. ToyotaB. ChryslerC. GMD. Ford Motor Company2. GM stands for __________.A. Government MotorsB. General MotorsC. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B3. People joked that GM meant “Government Motors” because _____________.A. The government still owns sixty-one percent of GM as a result of the bailout.B. They accepted fifty billion dollars in federal aid from the Obama and Bushadministrations.C. Both A and BD. Neither A Nor B4. Now, General Motors could be on the road to recovery. It plans ___________.A. to restructure.B. an IPO, an initial public offering of stock, later this yearC. to seek protection from its creditors.D. to discontinue some vehicles and closed dealerships and factories.5. According to the passage, what is not true about Chevy Volt?A. GM believes it will bring profit growth.B. It is a new electric-and-gas hybrid.C. It is a car that can go up to forty miles before it uses any gas at all.D. It has been produced.Passage 2The digital revolution, as exemplified by the Internet and electronic commerce, has shaken marketing practices to their core. In a recen t paper, Wharton’s Jerry Wind, director of the SEI Center for Advanced Studies in Management, and co-authorVijay Mahajan, a marketing professor at the College of Business Administration of the University of Texas at Austin, examine the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricing, when customers can propose their own prices (), or buyers and sellers can haggle independently in auctions ().The paper provides an overview of some of the emerging realities and new rules of marketing in a digital world, and outlines what the new discipline of marketing may look like in the early part of the new century.To begin with, say the authors, the rapid-fire growth of the Internet is helping to drive changes. “It is not just our comp uters that are being reprogrammed; it is customers themselves,” says Wind. “These emerging cyber consumers are like an alien race that has landed in the midst of our markets. They have different expectations and different relationships with companies from which they purchase products and services.”For one thing, cyber consumers expect to be able to customize everything —from the products and services they buy and the information they seek, to the price they are willing to pay. And with digital technology opening new channels for gaining information, they are more knowledgeable and demanding than previous consumers. Digital customers can also sort products based on any desired attribute, price, nutritional value, or functionality, and they can easily obtain third-party endorsements and evaluations, tapping the experience of other users. “Companies that cannot meet their demands and expectations will be at a loss,” says Wind.Questions:6. The passage was most likely to be quoted from______.A.an overview of a paperB.an introduction to a bookC. a book on digital revolutionD. a paper discussing digital revolution7. The paper mentioned in this paper was written by______.A.Jerry WindB.Vijay MahajanC.Jerry Wind and Vijay MahajanD.an anonymous8. From the third paragraph, we can infer that______.A.the customers are also reprogrammed by computersB.e-business companies need be more knowledgeable about cyber consumersC.cyber consumers are a group of strange peopleD.cyber consumers came from outer space9. Compared with traditional customers, the emerging cyber consumers______.A.are more difficult to satisfyB.have less knowledge about businessC.have more problems with pricesD.are less willing to buy products and services10. What is mainly discussed in the passage? ______A.digital revolutionB.digital marketingC.cyber consumersD.the impact of digital marketing on concepts like pricingPassage 3Greece, economically, is in the black. With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’ to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sending out of things the Greeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washes out the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.It has a balanced budget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece has a decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreign exchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible parties toobtain parliamentary majorities.In thus summarizing a few happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’s problems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, and poverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of many a peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build any substantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:“Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. So far, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”Great strides have been made. As far back as 1956, expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talked with the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, and to the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. They were hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.Today most of the incredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in many cases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately $31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, as well as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens as accessible as Paris or Rome –without the sky-high prices of traffic-choked streets of either.Questions:11. The title below that best expresses the ideas of this passage is_________.A. Greek income and expendituresB. The improving economic situation in GreeceC. The value of tourismD. Military expenditures12. Many peasants earn less than _________.A. $60 a weekB. $2 a weekC. $1 a dayD. $10 a month13. The Greek Government spends __________.A. more than 25%of its budget on military termsB. More than its collectsC. A third of a billion dollars in goldD. Less than 25% of its budget on military terms14. According to the passage, Greece has _________.A. a dictatorshipB. a monarchyC. a single majority partyD. too much red tape15. Greece imports annually goods and materials __________.A. totaling almost $700 millionB. that balance exportsC. that are paid by touristsD. costing $66 million四、篇章翻译题（课外）Passage A纳斯达克开设北京代表处随着各方吸引迅速增长的中国公司赴海外上市的争夺战愈演愈烈，纳斯达克(Nasdaq)昨日成为最新一个在北京开设代表处的全球证交所。
大学英语四级考试真题讲解 长江
• 长江是亚洲最长、世界上第三长的河流。 长江流经多种不同的生态系统，是诸多濒危 物种的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。 长江流域(river basin)居住着中国三分之一 的人口。长江在中国历史、文化和经济上起 着很大的作用。长江三角洲(delta)产出多大 20%的中国国民生产总值。几千年来，长江 一直被用于供水、运输和工业生产。长江上 还坐落着世界最大的水电站。
小飞守角制作
• 2. 长江流经多种不同的生态系统，是诸多濒危物种 的栖息地，灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。
• 汉语句子结构分析 • 长江流经多种不同的生态系统，//是诸多濒危物种的
栖息地，//灌溉了中国五分之一的土地。
• 流经：flow through / make its way forward through. • 生态系统：ecosystem • 濒危物种：endangered species • 栖息地：habitat • 灌溉：irrigate---irrigation
小飞守角制作
• 3. 长江在中国历史、文化和经济上起着很大 的作用。
• The Yangtze river plays a significant role in the history, culture and economy of China.
小飞守角制作
• 3.长江三角洲(delta)产出多达20%的中国国民 生产总值。
小飞守角制作
• 3.长江流域(river basin)居住着中国三分之 一的人口。
• 汉语句子结构分析: • The River basin lives…? • 重新确定主语：人口 • One third of China’s population lives
外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 (教师用书U2
Unit 2 EconomicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 2, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in pairs and do the task in Lead-in. Then invite several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys1.The invisible hand.2.Our economic life is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of totalstrangers.The activities of countless far-flung men and women have to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed. However, no one coordinates it, and yet they do cooperate. It’s “the invisible hand” —the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneousText AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•the invisible hand•free-market economy•economic downturn•An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the invisible hand in the author’s eyes by doing Task 1 inCritical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.free-market economyIn a free market economy, the laws and forces of supply and demand, rather than a central government, regulate production and labor. The prices for goods and services are self-regulated by buyers and sellers negotiating in an open market.Most companies and resources are not owned by the state. Instead, they are owned by private individuals or entities who are free to trade contracts with each other. 2.economic downturnAn economic downturn is a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. It occurs when the value of stocks, property, and commodities fall, productivity either grows more slowly or declines, and GDP shrinks, stands still or expands more slowly. It can happen in a specific region (e.g.the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s) or on a global scale (e.g. the global financial crisis in the late 2000s). The main features of an economic downturn include rising unemployment, falling share and house prices, low consumer confidence and declining investment.4．An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（《国富论》）An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smith’s masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of theIndustrial Revolution, the book touches upon broad topics such as the division of labor, productivity and free markets.Language Support1.Individual buyers and sellers will act according to what is in their own bestinterests. (Para. 2)The phrase “in one’s interest” means “for one’s benefit or advantage”（为了……的利益；为……着想）. There are some relevant expressions, such as “in the interest of one”, “in one’s own interest”, and “in one’s best interest”.e.g. It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits.I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.2.Customers are likewise typically looking out for their self-interests. (Para. 4)The word “likewise” is used to signal a comparison that explains how things are similar（同样的；此外）.e.g. In this episode, we will likewise deal with another extremely commonquestion.Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.Other special words and expressions are often used to signal the comparison of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts for your reference:similarly, both, just as, and also, resemble, parallel, in the same manner, inthe same way, alike, equally3.The market becomes more efficient as buyers and sellers move in the samedirection—as if directed by an invisible hand. (Para. 5)这里的as if用于省略句。
实用英语综合教程2课后习题答案
实用英语综合教程2课后习题答案Unit1Listen and Decode1. tomorrow ball game skiing for a long time very warm agree2.1. No, she doesn't. 2. Going to the ball game and skiing3. She heard it on the radio4. No, he doesn't5. He will give Claire a call3. the time and place fine formal written in writing at the bottom attend in person or by phone comfortable4.DCAB。
Unit3Listen and Decode1.Dr. An early airport hotel ten-minute2.1. Dr. An 2. Miami University3. He took the earlier flight4. Very nice 5 The hotel.3.a telephone message a memo phone at home personal skills a message expect who called "What was the message?" friends and family questions WHEN they called the person calling reach4.BDPassage11.（1）. . Because people stopped talking face to face to one another.（2）. Because his friend was busy talking on his cell phone, completely forgetting his presence.(3). Because they can be used anywhere and anytime.(4).With e-mail, we can communicate without seeing or talking to one another; and with voice mail, we can conduct entire conversations without ever reaching anyone.(5). People lose their intimacy of interaction.(6). He thinks it's great, but worries about its unintended consequences2. disconnected setback Internet talking reaching answer contact goes up phone automated3.(1). the communications revolution (2). their cell phones (3). electronic voice (4). e-mail (5). voice-mail (6).Directory assistance (7). great4. burden advances lonely invisible insert attendants pets chain preferable depositinterrupted Evidently5.(1). Please dial home and tell them I'm on the way to the company.(2). Since then there has never been any setback in production.(3). I saw him insert the key into the lock.(4). I suggest that you make a deposit at/with the bank(5). Yesterday Mr. Wang checked out from that hotel6．1. The hall was filled with students waiting for the interview.The square of the village was filled with people watching the football match of the World Cup2. We used to grow beautiful roses Peter used to go to the small town3. Why is it that this conclusion is wrong? Why is it that she can sing better than I?4.As I knew him better, I discovered that my first impression of him had been/was right.We get wiser as we get older.5. Why use wood when you can use plastic? Why ask me to do it when you can do it yourself?6. Pretty soon you won't have the burden of cooking breakfast for him. Pretty soon you won't take the trouble to send her to go to school every morning.Passage27.TFTTTFTTFTTT9.1. 尽管有时是字母与数字混合使用，所有的电话号码都是7位数字。
托福听力tpo64 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo64lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But theUnited States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well, you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lowerprices.Right?Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goodsB.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countriesC.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisionsD.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade2.Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropicalclimates?A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural productionB.To explain how demand for a product determines its costC.To describe how domestic shortages are createdD.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage3.According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.C.It consistently exports more than it imports.D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.4.The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs. What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on2answers.]A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.5.Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantageB.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costsC.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industryD.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level6.Why does the professor say this:say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her pointB.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understandC.To prepare the class for a shift to a new topicD.To return to a point she made earlier答案C D A AD B A译文请听经济学课上的部分内容。
新视野大学英语视听说教程2第三版BOOK3 UNIT4
Listening to the world
Sharing
Listening
Viewing
Listening to the world
1 Watch a podcast for its general idea. The people in the podcast mainly talk about the items they enjoy buying most, the sort of things they buy on impulse, the sort of things they plan to buy, and the recent product or service they think is impressive. They also talk about the business they would like to start, or the product or service they would like to invent.
Listening to the world
5 Discuss the questions. 2 What recent product or service do you think is impressive? The latest mobile phone I saw on TV impresses me a lot. First, it’s very smart. Second, it has a flexible 3D screen. Finally, it has an in-built projector, which is convenient for you to project pictures or movies on any flat surface.
托福听力tpo54 section1 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo54section1对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture1 (6)原文 (6)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture2 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation1原文NARRATOR:Listen to a conversation between a student and the professor of her theater class.FEMALE STUDENT:So,Professor Baker…about our next assignment you talked about in.MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,this time you'll be in groups of three.Each of you will have a chance to direct the other two in a short scene from a play you've chosen yourself…FEMALE STUDENT:Right,and,well…I've been reading about story theatre,and…MALE PROFESSOR:Ah,story theatre.Tell me about what.FEMALE STUDENT:Well…it's a form of theater where folk-or fairy tales are acted out.It was,uh…introduced by the director Paul Sills,in the1960s.In Sills's approach, an actor both narrates and acts out a tale.So,like,someone will appear on stage, and then they'll start narrating a tale about,say,a king.And then the same person will immediately switch to and start acting out the role of the king.With no props or scenery.MALE PROFESSOR:Sills.Y'know,I actually saw his first story theatre production,in 1968.He did the fairy tale"The Blue Light."FEMALE STUDENT:Really?So…whatever gave him the idea to produce that?MALE PROFESSOR:Well…As you know,back in the late1960s lots of people in the United States were disillusioned with the government.Sills was grappling with how to produce theater that was…relevant in such times.Then he happened to read"The Blue Light,"and he realized it had just the message he wanted.See,in the story,a man who's lost all hope as a result of the unfortunate events in his life completely turns his life around…with the help of a magical blue light.So,the blue light in the story symbolizes a way out of seemingly unsolvable human problems. And for Sills,that light symbolized an answer to the political turmoil in the U.S.FEMALE STUDENT:But weren't you…um,audiences…bothered that the actors were performing on a bare stage?MALE PROFESSOR:Well,story theatre is a departure from traditional dramatic theater…with its realistic,elaborate props and scenery.But Sills could make us "see"…say,a big,tall mountain…through the facial expressions and body movements of the actors—and their telling of the story.We were all swept up,energized by such an innovative approach to theater—even if one or two of the critics weren't as enthusiastic.FEMALE STUDENT:Cool.So,uh,anyway…What I really wanted to ask…I'd love to try doing story theatre for my project,instead of just a scene from a traditional play.MALE PROFESSOR:Hmmm…That's possible—a-a short tale can be about the same length as a single scene…Which fairy tale would you do?FEMALE STUDENT:Actually,I was reading about another director of story theatre? Rex You know—he produces plays based on folk tales as well.Maybe I could direct one of those?MALE PROFESSOR:Ohhhhkay,yes—Rex Stephenson.Now,Stephenson's style of story theatre is a little different from Sills's—He'll use simple props…a chair will represent a mountain…but the significant difference is with the narrator…the narrator will play only that role.Let's talk about why…题目1.Why does the student go to see the professor?A.To learn about the background of a director who was discussed in classB.To ask permission to use a specific type of theater for her class assignmentC.To discuss the symbolism in a play she wants to use for her assignmentD.To find out what scenery she is allowed to use in presenting her assignment2.Why does the professor discuss the political environment in the United States in the1960s?A.To compare events at that time to events that occurred in one of Stephenson's playsB.To suggest that the woman do additional research on that period of United StateshistoryC.To point out why political themes are common in folk and fairy talesD.To explain Sills's inspiration for his first story theatre production3.According to the professor,what does the blue light in the fairy tale called The Blue Light represent?A.A plan that is impossible to followB.A conflict between two opposing forcesC.A solution to complex problemsD.A question that has no clear answer4.What is the professor's opinion about Sills's production of The Blue Light?A.He thinks that it was an inventive and powerful performance.B.He believes that the use of some props would have enhanced the performance.C.He thinks that the theme is even more relevant today than it was in the1960s.D.He believes that it was less effective stylistically than some of Stephenson's plays.5.According to the professor,what is the most important difference between Stephenson's and Sills's style of story theatre?A.The actor who plays the role of the narrator plays only that role in Stephenson's productions.B.The actors wear elaborate costumes in Stephenson's productions.C.The stage settings are realistic in Stephenson's productions.D.Political themes are avoided in Stephenson's productions.答案B DC A A译文旁白：请听一段学生和教授关于戏剧课的对话。
托福听力tpo67section2 对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo67section2对话讲座原文+题目+答案+译文Conversation2 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (8)Lecture3 (10)原文 (11)题目 (14)答案 (17)译文 (17)Conversation2原文Professor:So,John,what's on your mind?Student:Oh,well,it's nothing specific.You see,I am.I guess.Well,you see,the thing is,I'm graduating this semester and...Professor:Right,congratulations.What then…Student:Well,that's just it.So I was wondering if you,I don't know, maybe you had some ideas.Professor:Oh.Well,I don't know,maybe if you told me more about...Student:Well actually,if I may,I mean,you must be.I mean,you're an English major too right.Professor:Aha.Student:So well,you were once in my position.So how did you deal with it?Professor:Right?Um,well,after college,I really wasn't sure what I wanted to do.So I took a year off,and that was the first thing I did.And then I started masters in English literature,and eventually I realized Iwanted to be a professor.So in other words,I kind of continue what I had been studying in college and ultimately decided I wanted to stay with it.But well you know that was me.So I don't know why don't you tell me more about what's going through your head these days.Student:Okay.Well,um well,I guess,like,I'm pretty sure I wanna travel, but I also need to make some money.Professor:Okay?Student:Because I'd like to be able to go back to school eventually,but I can't afford it right now.Professor:But eventually...Student:Yeah,I was thinking a teaching degree,maybe or uh maybe journalism.Professor:Okay?That's a bit more concrete.Okay.By the way,where did you like to travel?Student:Africa,Latin America,uh,Japan。
宏观经济学习题及答案 (2)
4.
Which of the following will be counted as an expenditure in the measurement of GDP? (Assume that none of the transactions is concealed from the relevant authorities.) a. b. c. d. e. Purchase of flour by a bakery. Purchase of a loaf of bread using food stamps. Purchase of a lamp at a neighborhood garage sale. Payment by a parent to her child for doing household laundry. The value of a used automobile that remains unsold on the dealer's lot.
3.
If C is consumption, I is investment, G is government purchases and NX is net exports, according to the expenditure approach, Y would stand for ________; and the national income identity could be written as ________. a. b. c. d. e. CPI; Y = C + I + G + NX GDP; Y - C - I = G + NX transfers; Y = C + I + G – NX income; Y = C - I - G + NX the real interest rate; Y = C + I + G + NX
新编实用英语综合教程2课后答案(1~6 unit)
Unit 15. 1）For convenience, the photos will be shown in time sequence。
为方便起见，这些照片将按照时间顺序展示.2）You are required to stop your car after an accident。
出现事故之后你需要把车停下.3)The conceptions and practices of child education vary from culture to culture。
教育孩子的观念和做法因文化的差异而有所不同。
4）He is more of a poet than a musician.与其说他是为音乐家，但不如说他是位诗人。
5）My father has kindly offered to take us to the airport。
我父亲已经好心地提出送我们去飞机场。
6)We really should meet sometime soon to discuss the details。
我们确实应该找个时间很快见面,讨论一下细节.6。
1）He didn’t have a girlfriend until he was thirty.他直到30岁才找到女朋友.Don't leave until I tell you to.我不告诉你，你不要离开。
2）The truth turned out to be stranger than we had expected.3）真实情况原来比我们想象得更为离奇.It turns out that she had known him when they were children原来他们还是孩子的时候，她就认识他了。
4）I’m sorry I'm not in a position to help you right now。
5）很抱歉，我现在不能忙你的忙.6）I'm sure they'd like to help her out financially but they're not in a position to do so.我敢肯定他们想在经济上帮助她，但是却无能为力.4）In many instances it is the teacher who talks，but in some instances the students talk 。
(完整)英语专业综合教程课后习题中译英翻译答案
1.我安排他们在小酒吧见面，但那小伙子一直都没有来。
（turn up）1. I had arranged for them to meet each other at the pub but the young man never turned up.2你无法仅凭表象判断形势是否变得对我们不利。
（tell from appearance)2. You cannot tell merely from appearance whether things will turn out unfavourable to us or not.3.那个士兵每次打仗都冲锋在前，从而赢得了最高荣誉。
（stand in the gap）3. The soldier, who stood in the gap in every battle, gained the highest honors if the country.4.主席讲话很有说服力，委员会其他成员都听从他的意见。
（yield to）4. The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded to his opinion.5.他们现在生活富裕了，但也曾经历坎坷。
(ups and down)5. They are well-to-do now, but along the way they had their ups and downs.6.这次演讲我说明两个问题。
(address oneself to)6. There are two questions to which I will address myself in this lecture.7.我们正在筹划为你举办一次盛大的圣诞聚会。
(in somebody's honour)7. We are planning a big Christmas party in your honor.8.听到那个曲子，我回想起了而同时代。
社会大讲堂英语作文高中
社会大讲堂英语作文高中Social Lecture Hall。
Social Lecture Hall is a platform for people to share knowledge and experience with others. It has become an important part of our society. The lectures cover a wide range of topics, such as science, literature, art, history, and philosophy. They are presented by experts in their fields and are open to the public.The purpose of the Social Lecture Hall is to promote learning and cultural exchange. It is a place where people can come together to discuss ideas and learn from each other. The lectures are usually free of charge and are held in public places such as libraries, museums, and community centers.The lectures are not only informative but also entertaining. They are designed to engage the audience and encourage them to participate in the discussion. Thespeakers use various techniques such as storytelling, humor, and multimedia presentations to make their lectures more interesting and engaging.One of the benefits of attending the Social LectureHall is that it provides an opportunity for people to meet others who share their interests. It is a great way to network and make new friends. It also provides a platformfor people to showcase their talents and share their expertise with others.In conclusion, the Social Lecture Hall is an important part of our society. It provides a platform for people to learn, share, and connect with others. It is a great way to expand our knowledge and broaden our horizons. We shouldall take advantage of this wonderful resource and attend as many lectures as possible.仿写：Social Lecture Hall。
【托福听力备考】TPO16 听力文本——Lecture 2
【托福听力备考】TPO16 听力文本——Lecture 2众所周知，托福TPO材料是备考托福听力最好的材料。
相信众多备考托福的同学也一直在练习这套材料，那么在以下内容中我们就为大家带来托福TPO听力练习的文本，希望能为大家的备考带来帮助。
TPO 16 Lecture 2 music historyNarrator: Listen to part of a lecture in a music history class.Professor:Up until now in our discussions and readings about the Baroque and earlyclassical periods,we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles andgenres within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upperclasses. Composers, after all, had to earn a living and those who were employedin the services of a specific patron, well, I don’t have to spell it out foryou, the likes and dislikes of that patron, this would’ve had an effect on whatwas being composed and performed. Now, of course, there were many otherinfluences on composers, um, such as the technical advances we’ve seen and thedevelopment of some of the instruments, uh, you remember the transverse flute,the clarinet and so on.But I think if I were asked to identify a single crucial development inEuropean music of this time, it would be the invention of the piano, which,interestingly enough also had a significant effect on European society of thattime. And I’ll get to that in a minute.Now, as we know, keyboard instruments existed long before the piano - theorgan, which dates back to the Middle Ages, as do other keyboard instruments,such as the harpsichord which is still popular today with some musicians. Butnone of these has had as profound an impact as the piano.Uh, the piano was invented in Italy in 1709. The word piano is short forpianoforte, a combination of the Italian words for soft and loud. Now, unlikethe harpsichord which came before it, the piano is a percussion instrument. Yousee, the harpsichord is actually classified as a string instrument, sincepressing a key of a harpsichord causes a tiny quill that’s connected to the keyto pluck the strings that are inside the instrument, much the same as a guitarpick plucks the strings of a guitar But pressing the keys of a piano causes tinyfelt-covered hammers to strike the strings inside the instrument, likedrumsticks striking the head of a drum. This striking action is why the piano isa percussion instrument instead of a string instrument.Okay, so why is this so important? Well, the percussive effect of thoselittle hammers means that the pianist, unlike the harpsichordist, can controlthe dynamics of the sound - how softly or loudly each note is struck, hence thename, pianoforte, soft and loud.Now, artistically for both composers and performers this was a major turningpoint. This brand new instrument, capable of producing loud and soft tones,greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion. This capacity forincreased expressiveness, in fact, was essential to the Romantic style thatdominated 19th century music. But I’m getting ahead of myself.Um, before we get back to the musical impact of this development, I wanna take a look at the social impact that I mentioned earlier.Now, in the late 1700s and the earlier 1 800s, the development of the piano coincided with the growth of the middle class in Western Europe. Of course folk music, traditional songs and dances had always been part of everyday life. But as mass production techniques were refined in the 19th century, the price of pianos dropped to the point that a larger proportion of the population could afford to own them. As pianos became more available, they brought classical music, the music which previously had been composed only for the upper classes, into the lives of the middle class people as well.One way in particular that we can see the social impact of this instrument isits role in the lives of women of the time. Previously, it was quite rare for awoman to perform on anything, but maybe a harp or maybe she sang. But suddenly in the 19th century it became quite acceptable, even, to some extent, almost expected for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano, partly because among upper-middle class women it was a sign of refinement. But it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money by giving piano lessons.And some women, those few who had exceptional talent and the opportunity todevelop it, their lives were dramatically affected. Later we’ll be listening toworks by a composer named Robert Schumann. But let’s now talk about his wifeClara Schumann. Clara Schumann was born in Germany in 1819. She grew up surrounded by pianos. Her father sold pianos and both her parents were respected piano teachers. She learned to play the instrument when she was a small child and gave her first public recital at age 9. Clara grew up to become a well-known and respected piano virtuoso, a performer of extraordinary skill who not only gave concerts across Europe, but also was one of the first important female composers for the instrument.。
lecture 2
MANAGERIAL ECONOMICSLECTURE 2Market Forces:Demand and SupplyLecture Outline •Demand–Factors that change quantity demanded and demand–The demand function–Consumer surplus•Supply–Factors that change quantity supplied and supply–The supply function–Producer surplus•Market equilibrium•Price restrictions and market equilibrium–Price ceilings–Price floors•Comparative statics–Changes in demand–Changes in supply–Simultaneous shifts in supply and demandLecture Overview•Market demand curve–Illustrates the relationship between the totalquantity and price per unit of a good allconsumers are willing and able to purchase,holding other variables constant.•Law of demand–The quantity of a good consumers are willing andable to purchase increases (decreases) as theprice falls (rises).–Does not hold for all goods (e.g. luxury goods)DemandDemand Market Demand CurveQuantity(thousands per year)Price ($)Demand$40$30$2020 40$1060 80Demand•Changing only price leads to changes inquantity demanded.–This type of change is graphically represented by amovement along a given demand curve, holdingother factors that impact demand constant.•Changing factors other than price lead tochanges in demand.–These types of changes are graphicallyrepresented by a shift of the entire demand curve.DemandChanges in Quantity Demanded Changes in DemandQuantityPriceD1IncreaseindemandDemandABD0D2DecreaseindemandDemand Shifters•Income–Normal good –Inferior good•Prices of related goods–Substitute goods –Complement goods•Advertising and consumer tastes–Informative advertising –Persuasive advertising•Population•Consumer expectations •Other factorsDemandAdvertising and the Demand for ClothingQuantity of high-style clothing$50 $4050,000 Price of high-style clothingD 2 60,000Due to an increase in advertisingDemandD 1•One simple, but useful, representation of a demand function is the linear demand function : Q X d =α0+αX P X +αY P Y +αM M +αH H , where:–Q X d is the number of units of good X demanded; –P X is the price of good X;–P Y is the price of a related good Y; –M is income;–H is the value of any other variable affecting demand.DemandThe Linear Demand Function•The signs and magnitude of the α coefficients determine the impact of each variable on the number of units of X demanded.Q X d =α0+αX P X +αY P Y +αM M •For example:–αX <0 by the law of demand;–αY >0 if good Y is a substitute for good X; –αM <0 if good X is an inferior good.DemandUnderstanding the Linear Demand Function•Suppose that an economic consultant for X Corp. recentlyprovided the firm’s marketing manager with this estimate of the demand function for the firm’s product:Q X d =12,000−3P X +4P Y −1M +2A XQuestion: How many of good X will consumers purchase when P X =$200 per unit, P Y =$15 per unit, M =$10,000 andA X =2,000? Are goods X and Y substitutes or complements? Is good X a normal or an inferior good?Answer:Q X d =12,000−3200+415−110,000+22000=5,460 units. Goods X and Y are substitutes. Good X is an inferior good.DemandThe Linear Demand Function in ActionInverse Demand Function•By setting P Y =$15 and M =$10,000 and A =2,000 the demand function isQ X d =12,000−3P X +415−110,000+22,000the linear demand function simplifies toQ X d =6,060−3P XSolving this for P X in terms of Q X d results in P X =2,020−13Q X d ,which is called the inverse demand function . This function is used to construct a market demand curve .DemandGraphing the Inverse Demand Function in ActionQuantityPrice P X =2,020−13Q X d$2,0200 6,060 Demand•Marketing strategies – like value pricing andprice discrimination – rely on understanding consumer value for products.–Total consumer value is the sum of the maximum amount a consumer is willing to pay at different quantities.–Total expenditure is the per-unit market price times the number of units consumed. –Consumer surplus is the extra value thatconsumers derive from a good but do not pay extra for.Consumer SurplusDemandQuantity in litersPrice per literDemand $5 0$3 $2 12$1 45Total Consumer Value:0.5($5 - $3)x2+(3-0)(2-0) = $8Expenditures: $(3-0) x (2-0) = $6Consumer Surplus:0.5($5 - $3)x(2-0) = $2DemandMarket Demand and Consumer Surplus in Action$4 3Consumer Surplus•Market supply curve–Summarizes the relationship between the total quantity all producers are willing and able to produce at alternative prices, holding other factors affecting supply constant.•Law of supply–As the price of a good rises (falls), the quantity supplied of the good rises (falls), holding other factors affecting supply constant.SupplySupply•Changing only price leads to changes in quantity supplied .–This type of change is graphically represented by a movement along a given supply curve, holding other factors that impact supply constant.•Changing factors other than price lead to changes in supply .–These types of changes are graphicallyrepresented by a shift of the entire supply curve.SupplyChanges in Quantity SuppliedChange in Supply in ActionQuantityPriceS 2Decrease in supplySupplyABS 0S 1Increase in supply•Input prices•Technology or government regulation •Number of firms–Entry –Exit•Substitutes in production •Taxes–Excise tax–Ad valorem tax•Producer expectationsSupplySupply ShiftersChange in Supply in ActionQuantity of gasoline per weekPrice of gasoline 0t = per unit tax of 20¢SupplyS 0S 0+tt = 20¢$1.20 $1.00tExcise taxChange in Supply in ActionQuantity of backpacks per weekPrice of backpacksSupplyS 0S 1 = 1.20 x S 0$24$10Ad valorem tax $12 1,100 $20 2,450The Linear Supply Function•One simple, but useful, representation of a supply function is the linear supply function:Q X s =β0+βX P X +βW W +βr P r +βH H , where:–Q X s is the number of units of good X produced; –P X is the price of good X; –W is the price of an input;–P r is price of technologically related goods; –H is the value of any other variable affecting supply.Supply•The signs and magnitude of the β coefficients determine the impact of each variable on the number of units of X produced.Q X s =β0+βX P X +βW W +βr P r •For example:–βX >0 by the law of supply. –βW <0 increasing input price.–βr >0 technology lowers the cost of producing good X.SupplyUnderstanding the Linear Supply Function•Your research department estimates that the supply function for televisions sets is given by:Q X s =2,000+3P X −4P R −1P WQuestion: How many televisions are produced when P X =$400, P R =$100 per unit, and P W =$2,000?Answer:Q X s =2,000+3400−4100−12,000=800 television sets.SupplyThe Linear Supply Function in ActionInverse Supply Function•By setting P W =$2,000 and P r =$100 in Q X s =2,000+3P X −4100−12,000 the linear supply function simplifies toQ X s =3P X −400Solving this for P X in terms of Q X s results in P X =4003+13Q X s ,which is called the inverse supply function . This function is used to construct a market supply curve .Supply•The amount producers receive in excess of the amount necessary to induce them to produce the good.•i.e. profits .SupplyProducer SurplusProducer Surplus in ActionQuantityPrice Supply$400800 P X =4003+13Q X SSupply$4003 Producer surplus•Competitive market equilibrium–Determined by the interactions of the marketdemand and market supply for the good.–A price and quantity such that there is no shortage or surplus in the market.–Forces that drive market demand and market supply are balanced, and there is no pressure on prices or quantities to change.Market EquilibriumMarket EquilibriumQuantityPriceSupplyP H 280 Demand SurplusShortageP e Market Equilibrium Market Equilibrium IP LQ 0Q eQ 1•Consider a market with demand and supply functions, respectively, asQ d =10−2P and Q s =2+2P• A competitive market equilibrium exists at a price, P e , such that Q d P e =Q s P e . That is,10−2P =2+2P8=4P P e =$2Q e =10−2$2=10 and Q e =2+2($4)=10Q e =10 unitsMarket Equilibrium IIMarket Equilibrium•In a competitive market equilibrium, price and quantity freely adjust to the forces of demand and supply.•Sometime government restricts how much prices are permitted to rise or fall.–Price ceiling –Price floorPrice Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice RestrictionsQuantityPriceSupplyP F P cQ sQ eQ d280 Demand ShortageP e Price ceilingN o n p e c u n i a r y p r i c eLost social welfarePrice Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Ceiling in Action I•Consider a market with demand and supply functions, respectively, asQ d =10−2P and Q s =2+2P•Suppose a $1.50 price ceiling is imposed on the market.–Q d =10−2$1.50=7 units. –Q s =2+2($1.50)=5 units.–Since Q d >Q s a shortage of 7−5=2units exists. –Full economic price of 5tℎ unit is 5=10−2P full , or P full =$2.50. Of this,•$1.50 is the dollar price •$1 is the nonpecuniary pricePrice Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Ceiling in Action IIQuantityPriceSupplyP f Q dQ eQ s280 DemandSurplusP ePrice floor Price Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Floor in Action ICost of purchasing excess supply•Consider a market with demand and supply functions, respectively, asQ d =10−2P and Q s =2+2P•Suppose a $4 price floor is imposed on the market.–Q d =10−2$4=2 units –Q s =2+2($4)=10 units–Since Q s >Q d a surplus of 10−2=8 units exists–The cost to the government of purchasing the surplus is $4×8=$32.Price Restrictions and Market EquilibriumPrice Floor in Action II•Comparative static analysis–The study of the movement from one equilibrium to another.•Competitive markets, operating free of price restraints, will be analyzed when:–Demand changes; –Supply changes;–Demand and supply simultaneously change.Comparative StaticsComparative Statics•Increase in demand only–Increase equilibrium price –Increase equilibrium quantity•Decrease in demand only–Decrease equilibrium price –Decrease equilibrium quantity•Example of change in demand–Suppose that consumer incomes are projected to increase 2.5% and the number of individuals over 25 years of age will reach an all time high by the end of next year. What is the impact on the rental car market?Changes in DemandComparative StaticsChange in Demand in ActionQuantity(thousands rented per day)PriceSupply$45104Demand for Rental CarsDemand 1$49Demand 0100Comparative Statics108•Increase in supply only–Decrease equilibrium price –Increase equilibrium quantity•Decrease in supply only–Increase equilibrium price –Decrease equilibrium quantity•Example of change in demand–Suppose that a bill before Congress would require all employers to provide health care to their workers. What is the impact on retail markets?Changes in SupplyComparative StaticsQuantityPriceSupply 00 Q 0DemandP 0Supply 1P 1 Q 1Comparative StaticsChange in Supply in Action•Suppose that simultaneously the following events occur:–an earthquake hit Kobe, Japan and decreased the supply of fermented rice used to make sake wine. –the stress caused by the earthquake led many to increase their demand for sake, and other alcoholic beverages.•What is the combined impact on Japan’s sake market?Comparative StaticsSimultaneous Shifts in Supply and DemandQuantityPrice Supply 0P 0Demand 1P 1Supply 1Demand 0Comparative StaticsSimultaneous Shifts in Supply and Demand in ActionJapan’s Sake MarketQ 0 Q 1Supply 2P 2Q 2 ABCConclusion•Demand and supply analysis is useful for –Clarifying the “big picture” (the general impact ofa current event on equilibrium prices andquantities).–Organizing an action plan (needed changes inproduction, inventories, raw materials, humanresources, marketing plans, etc.).。
翻译练习(带答案)
Practice test 1Translation from Chinese into English1.很明显这次求职失利给了一贯自信满满的他沉重的打击，但是他最终还是从痛苦中恢复了过来。
2.霍金博士的讲座激起了听众对天文学的强烈兴趣，虽然要认识他的研究的重要性或许是困难或不可能的，但它肯定会对我们的生活产生持久的影响。
3．要在学习上取得进步，学生需要具备独立学习的技能而不是事事都依靠教师。
4．就事业本身而言，需要一个人必生的奉献，但这并不意味着进入一种职业后就要一直不停地干下去。
5．我真希望你对这一事件能采取更加通情达理的态度，结果也许会更圆满一些。
Practice test 2Translation from Chinese into English1．这里曾经是战火纷飞，现在却是一片和平与繁荣。
2．金钱在竞技体育中正显出其重要性，但我们必须确保它不会影响一些重要的东西。
3．只要你喜欢你的业余爱好，那么你不必因为自己水平一般而感到羞愧。
别人怎么看你无关紧要。
4．人们把那位著名科学家的技术革新称作对现代社会开展的伟大奉献。
5．美国航空和航天局宣布，这次飞行任务长达九天，其明确目的之一是研究太空飞行对衰老过程的影响。
Practice test 3Translation from Chinese into English1．尽管总统关于削减政府社会福利支出的提议在公众中引起很大争议，总统似乎决心推行该提议。
2．今天的人离了和电脑似乎就没方法，他们很难想象古代的人没有现在这些舒适条件是怎么生活的。
3．随着人们在网上购置书籍和其他商品，并开始在网上从事金钱交易，网上的商务活动迅速增长，这一切对黑客构成了巨大的诱惑。
4．如果说工业革命是通过大规模生产已经存在的产品而创造财富的话，那我们这个时代经济的开展主要是依靠开发出前所未有的以至人们还预见不到会有市场需求的产品和效劳来支撑的。
5．科学对人类社会的改变或许才刚开始，没有人能推测其结果会是怎样。
lecture02
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
slide 7
Gdp的核算
一国一定时期内所生产的所有最终产品和
服务的市场价值
苹果和橘子如何相加？ 二手货 存货
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
slide 8
Imputed Value（估算值）
事实上，我们假设企业购买自己的产品
In effect, we are assuming that firms purchase their unsold output.
CHAPTER 2
The Data of Macroeconomics
slide 27
GDP: An important and versatile concept
包括: 企业固定投资 spending on plant and equipment that firms will use to produce other goods & services 住房固定投资 spending on housing units by consumers and landlords 存货投资 the change in the value of all firms’ inventories
slide 26
Why output = expenditure
没有售出的产出转为存货，并被算入存 货投资，无论该投资是有意的还是被迫 的Unsold output goes into inventory, and is
counted as “inventory investment”…whether the inventory buildup was intentional or not.
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• The economic efficiency of the production=The results of the production/the production expenditures
Efficient production is achieved when a product is created at its lowest average total cost.
Productive forces and production relations.
• According to K.Marx productive forces include labour anቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ materials, both the material means and results of production.
The aim of the lecture:
• To explain components of the production process • To show the difference between the economic resources and the economic factors • To show the ways of production efficiency calculation
Modern economics recognizes four categories of resources:
1. 2. 3. 4.
LAND LABOUR CAPITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
THE PRODUCTION FACTORS ARE
• The part of the resources that are used in the production process of a definite goods or services, e.g. territory, machinery, labour force of the firm
satisfaction the needs of a society
Needs would be defined as
goods or services that are required (food, clothing, health care and etc)
Wants are
• Goods or services that are not necessary but that we desire or wish for.
Production relations.
• Are the relations between people in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of the goods and services
Classical economics recognizes three categories of resources:
1. LAND 2. LABOUR 3. CAPITAL
LAND INCLUDES
all natural resources and is viewed as both the site of production and the source of raw materials.
Opportunity Cost
• The notion of choice involves both selecting and setting aside. • The term “cost” is used casually in a variety of ways, but economists attach a special meaning to it; generally, they mean opportunity cost, which refers to that which is set aside in the act of choice. • Opportunity cost: the opportunity cost of any choice is [the value of] what we give up when we make that choice. More specifically, it is what you could have gotten with the scarce resources used or otherwise given up for one’s choices. Alternative definition: the value of the next best alternative sacrificed when taking an action.
•Productivity of the labour= results of the production/ number of labour.
• It shows how many commodities were produced by one labour force
Scarcity
• Scarcity: a situation in which the amount of something available is insufficient to satisfy everyone’s desire for it. Applies most obviously to resources of a material variety (timber, ore, grain, etc.), but also applies to: • Time (only so much time for sleeping and studying) • Labor services (only so many workers with so many hours to spend) • Energy (in the broadest sense – you only have so much energy to expend) Scarcity implies the need to make trade-offs: giving up one thing in order to get another. • Personal trade-offs (you give up apartment space in return for more spending money) • Interpersonal trade-offs (resources spent on one person’s project are unavailable for others’ projects) A market economy typically uses prices to signal scarcity. A more scarce resource will tend to have its price bid up by people competing to use it.
Lecture 2
The social production and its structure
Plan of the lecture
Subtopic 1 Economic resources. Types of needs. The production factors
Subtopic 2 Productive forces and production relations. Subtopic 3 The production efficiency .
LABOUR
• Labour or human resources consists of human effort provided in the creation of products, paid in wage.
CAPITAL
Capital consists of human-made goods or means of production (machinery, buildings, and other infrastructure) used in the production of other goods and services, paid in interest.
What Is Economics?
• Economics: the study of choice under conditions of scarcity. This definition requires some unpacking, to be more precise about the notions of choice and scarcity.
Productive forces are
both means of production (such as machines), etc, goods and raw materials, and labour force who operate the means of production and enter the social division of labour.
Production efficiency indicators are:
1.The economic efficiency of the production 2.Productivity of labour 3.And others .
Production efficiency
measures whether the economy is producing as much as possible without wasting precious resources.
In economics a resource is