世界历史之文明的起源英文版

7/1/2015
16
The Ice Ages
• As glaciers grew and oceans lowered by 300 feet, land bridges formed
– Japan and Korea – Great Britain and Ireland – Malay Peninsula and Indonesia Islands – Asia and North America
7/1/2015 3
People to Meet
• • • • • Gen Suwa Tim D. White Donald C. Johnson Louis Leakey Mary Leakey
7/1/2015
4
Places to Locate
• Aramis • Hadar • Olduvai Gorge
7/1/2015 2
Key Vocabulary
• Hominids: the humans and human-like creatures that preceded them. • Anthropologists: the scientific study of hominids using bones and other remains. • Paleontologists: the study of fossil remains to determine the characteristics of prehistoric periods • Archaeologists: investigate prehistoric life by unearthing and interpreting the objects left behind by prehistoric people. • Artifacts: objects that were shaped by human hands and other remains of human life such as charcoal. • Radiocarbon dating: the process of measuring the rate of decay of radioactive carbon in organic remains.
7/1/2015 8
Prehistoric Finds in Africa
• In 1992, paleontologist Gen Suwa, in Ethiopia, discovered 4.4 millionyear-old fossils belonging to the oldest direct human ancestor known. • In 1974, again in Ethiopia, two scientists uncovered a nearly complete skeleton of a 3.2 millionyear-old hominid nicknamed ―Lucy‖. • In 1994 a reasonably complete skull of a Lucy-like hominid provided evidence that Lucy-like humanoids could walk upright.
World History Unit 1 The Rise of Civilizations
Chapter 1, Section 1 Discovery of Early Humans in Africa
7/1/2015 1
Objective of Lesson 1-1
• Understand how recent archaeological finds have contributed to our understanding of human origins. • Understand that the migrations of prehistoric peoples resulted in their spread throughout the world
7/1/2015
12
Hominid Groups
• Scientists used the Latin word Homo—or human—to name hominids and later humans • Scientists still not sure when humans became human • Genre of humans divided into three groups
7/1/2015 6
Dating Early Artifacts
• Archaeologists and physical anthropologists face the problem of assigning a definite age to remains. • Among the techniques for determining the age of remains are radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis.
7/1/2015 7
Dating Early Artifacts
• Radiocarbon dating
– Organic matter includes once living things – Small amounts of carbons absorbed by living things is radioactive – Radioactive carbon decays at a certain rate, thus indicating when plant or animal dies – Good only for matter less than 50,000 years old
– Somewhat different body structures – Arrived at different times
7/1/2015 13
Hominid Groups
• Homo habilis: ―person with ability,‖ first of the group of hominids that lived about 34 million years ago. • Homo erectus: ―person who walks upright.‖ Lived about 1.5 million years ago. • Homo sapien: ―person who thinks.‖ Lived about 200,000 years ago. All people today.
7/1/2015 9
Prehistoric Finds in Africa
• Discovery of Lucy
– Discovered by Donald C. Johnson and Tom Gray – Discovered at Hadar – Named after popular Beatles song – Most nearly complete skeleton of upright walking prehuman found to that time – A chin bone discovered in Kenya indicated upright walking at 4 million years ago
7/1/2015
5
Discovery of Early Humans in Africa--Overview
• Prehistoric Finds in Africa • Human Origins • The Ice Ages • Human Culture • Dating Early Artifacts • Paleolithic HunterGatherers
7/1/2015 10
The First Hominids
• Australopithecus, the first prehuman hominid, lived in eastern and southern Africa about 4.4 million years ago. • Scientists divide Homo—the genus of humans—into three species: Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens.
7/1/2015
17
Migrations
• Homo erectus migrates to Europe and Asia • Reached Indonesian Islands 1.6 million years ago.
7/1/2015
18
Human Culture
• Culture includes the knowledge a people have, the language they speak, the ways in which they eat and dress, their religious beliefs, and their achievements in art and music. • One of the earliest cultural developments was the use of stone tools, which has led historians to apply the name ―Stone Age‖ to the period before writing was widely established.
7/1/2015 11
The First Hominids
• Australopithecus lived in humid forests of eastern and southern Africa
– Ate fruit, leaves, and fish – Nomadic—constant search for food – No evidence for use of tools
7/1/2015
15Biblioteka The Ice Ages• Many parts of the world fell to below freezing • Glaciers spread over several areas • Only middle latitudes remained warm enough for animal life • Between glacial periods, the earth warmed
7/1/2015 19
The Stone Age
• Three periods based on tool making techniques
– Paleolithic: Old Stone Age (2 million years ago to 12,000 B.C.) – Mesolithic: Middle Stone Age (12,000 to 8,000 B.C.) – Neolithic: New Stone Age (8,000 to 5,000 B.C.)
7/1/2015
14
The Ice Ages
• Between 2 million and 10,000 years ago, earth experienced four periods called the Ice Ages, during which only the middle latitudes were warm enough to support human and animal life. • Early human beings adapted to the Ice Ages by migrating to warmer places or developing strategies for keeping warm.