2011-Income Distribution, Human Capital and Environmental Quality-Empirical Study in China
政府报告及十六次全国代表大会中常用词英文翻译
reform and opening up and in the modernization drive改革开放和社会主义现代化建设put into practice the guiding principles of the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the leadership of the CPC and the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents以邓小平理论和”三个代表”重要思想为指导，贯彻落实党的十六大精神Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值financial strength grew noticeably财力明显增强total government revenue全国财政收入total import and export volume进出口总额urban per capita disposable income城镇居民人均可支配收入rural per capita net income农民人均纯收入grew in real terms实际增长first manned spaceflight首次载人航天飞行overall national strength综合国力communicable disease传染性疾病mobilized the general public throughout the country to control the outbreak在全国范围内实行群防群控primary-level organizations基层组织prevention and treatment work预防救治工作anti-SARS campaign抗击非典斗争expand domestic demand扩大内需a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策macro-control宏观调控rectify and standardize the order of the land market 整顿和规范土地市场秩序stop disorderly and unauthorized acquisition of farmland制止乱征滥占耕地deposit-reserve ratio存款准备金率an appropriate amount of fine-tuning适度微调agriculture, rural areas and farmers"三农"major grain producing areas粮食主产区important raw and processed materials重要原材料strategic restructuring of the economy经济结构战略性调整the second phase of the key water control project at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River三峡水利枢纽二期工程transmitting natural gas from the west to the east 西气东输transmission of electricity from the west to the east 西电东送south-to-north water diversion project南水北调工程social undertakings社会事业treasury bonds国债national public health system全国公共卫生体系public health infrastructure公共卫生设施pilot projects试点项目medical care system and medical assistance system医疗制度和医疗合作制度central budget中央财政预算strategically important hi-tech research战略高技术研究industrial application of new and high technologies 高新技术产业化a national medium- to long-range program for scientific and technological development国家中长期科学和技术发展规划feasibility studies可行性研究family planning work计划生育工作land and resources administration国土资源管理social security work社会保障工作vital interests切身利益college expansion plan高校扩招计划regular institutions of higher learning普通高校"two guarantees" (guaranteeing that the living allowances for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises and that the pensions of retirees are paid on time and in full)"两个确保"（确保国有企业下岗职工的基本生活，确保离退休人员的基本生活，保证按时足额发放基本养老金）"three-stage guarantee" for laid-off workers"三条保障线"（国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障、失业保险、城市居民最低生活保障制度三条保障线）subsistence allowances for the urban poor城市居民最低生活保障special funds专项资金ex-servicemen退役军人disabled revolutionary servicemen革命伤残军人post-disaster reconstruction灾后重建the problem of wage arrears for migrant rural workers拖欠农民工工资问题institutional innovation体制创新state assets国有资产a mechanism for oversight and management of the banking sector银行业监管体系administrative examination and approval system行政审批制度Fresh progress was made in transformingstate-owned enterprises into stock companies.国有企业股份制改革继续推进。
顾建光：《公共管理英语》(修订版)--词汇汇总
Lesson 1citizen 公民 municipal government 市政府 administrative affairs 行政事务transparency 透明度 accomplishment 成就,成绩 financial budget 财政预算implementation 实施,实行 obligation 义务,责任 lag behind 落后于bulletin 公告,公报 natural disaster 自然灾害 to grant 授予,认可license 许可证 booth 货摊,小摊 civil affairs 国内事务domicile registration 居民登记 matrimonial registration 婚姻注册e-government 电子政府 to facilitate 使更容易 regulation 规章制度,条例healthcare 医疗卫生 Handling Affairs Online 在线事务办理to retain 保留,保存Lesson 2bureaucracy 官僚机构,官僚作风 bureaucratic constrain 官僚式约束to inhibit 抑制,约束 citizenry 平民,公民 to espouse 信奉cynic 愤世嫉俗者 to render 表现,使成为 quasi-market 准市场to streamline 使简化,使有效率,使现代化 slacken off 放慢,放缓in conjunction with 与......结合起来 status quo 现状reward and appraisal system 奖励与褒扬制度 to reshuffle 改组commitment 承诺Lesson 3public administration 公共管理,公共行政decentralization 分权化liberalization 自由化 thrust 冲击 centralization 权力集中化diagnosis 诊断,判断 impetus 推动力,刺激 permanent tension 长期的压力revenue 财政收入 revival 复兴,恢复 consolidation 联合,统一autonomy 自治,自治权 infrastructure 基础设施 jurisdiction 司法权,裁判权innovation 创新,革新 responsiveness 回应 interdependence 互相依赖remit 汇出 at odds 争议,争吵 local authority 地方政府central authority 中央政府 ceiling 上限,天花板 performance 绩效,成就emergence 出现 statute 条例,法令Lesson 4private sector 私营部门,民营部门 to generate 产生,造成judicial services 法律服务 know-how 技术秘诀 regulation 管制oversight 疏忽,失察 entrepreneur 企业家gross national income〔GNI〕国民总收入Euromoney 欧洲货币creditworthiness 信贷价值public sector 公共部门vibrant 充满活力的,活跃的 to levy 征税 progressivity 进步 incentive 动机monopoly 垄断 budget 预算 accessibility 可达性,可获得性affordability 可承担,可负担性 stark 完全的,巨大的Lesson 5community 社区 interpersonal 人与人之间的 predisposition 倾向to embody 使具体化,具体表现 indelible 不可或缺的,永恒的to exile 放逐,流散 to transcend 超越 static 静止的,静态的heritage 遗产,继承物Lesson 6performance management 绩效管理to forge 打造,锤炼diagnostic 诊断的integrative 综合的,一体化的 holistic 总体的,全部的 mission 使命unitarist 一元论的 a logical progression 一种逻辑级数performance appraisal 绩效评估 diagnosis 诊断Lesson 7indicator 指标 in aggregate 总起来看,总起来说system of national accounts 国民账户体系 statistics 统计,统计数据currency 流通货币 gross national income〔GNI〕国民总收入unincorporated business 综合经营的商业 multiple exchange rate 多重汇率Lesson 8disparity 不同,差距 coastal 沿海的 interior 内陆的financial sector 经济部门 surge 波动,汹涌 drought 干旱housing mortgage loan 住宅抵押贷款 disposable income 税后收入,可支配收入to trigger 引发,引起 state-owned enterprises 国有企业fiscal revenue 财政收入expenditure 支出,花费allowance 津贴,补助extra-budgetary funds 预算外资金 unauthorized spending 未授权的花费treasury bond 国库券 stock market 股票市场 A-share A股Indices〔index的复数〕指标,指示物 quota 配额 to rebound 反弹tandem 纵列的 consecutive fiscal stimulus 连续的财政鼓励 rebate rate 折扣率aggravate deflationary 加重通货紧缩 phytosanitary 植物检疫的,控制植物病害的Lesson 9well-off 小康的,富裕的 incomprehensive X围有限的 to shake off 摆脱,甩掉to illustrate 例示,说明 multiplication scenario 乘法情境division scenario 除法情境 to conform to the tide of the times 符合时代潮流to endeavor to foster 努力培育 household contract system 家庭联产承包责任制initiative 进取性 to usher in 引进 wrestling 对抗,斗争resource shortage 资源短缺 positive factor 积极因素,有利因素 hegemony 霸权unswervingly boost 坚定不移地推进Lesson 10recipient 接受者 foreign direct investment〔FDI〕外商直接投资momentum 动力,势头 be attributed to 归因于,由于......引起的to lure 吸引,诱惑 conglomerates 联合企业Build-Operate-Transfer model 建设-经营-移交模式〔BOT模式〕securities 有价证券the Global Venture Investor Association 国际风险投资者协会transaction 交易,业务Lesson 11scar 创伤,伤痕 premise 前提,基础 to be embedded in 深植入......,嵌入maldistribution 分配不当 change agents 变革者 ecosystem 生态系统destiny 命运 rational 理性的,合理的 to infuse 注入,灌输integrity 正直,诚实 disguised 伪装的 dysfunctional 功能不良的,功能紊乱的paternalism 家长政治 social betterment 社会改良Lesson 12battered 憔悴的,消瘦的 hospice 收容所social production organization 社会生产组织community development corporations〔CDCs〕社区发展合作组织 empowerment 授权to rekindle 重新燃起,使复苏 to monitor 检测,监督appropriateness 适当,适合Lesson 13unprecedented 史无前例的 to trigger 引发,引起 demographic 人口统计学的fertility 人口出生率 gross domestic product〔GDP〕国民生产总值enhancing security 提高保障水平 household income 家庭收入impoverishing effect 贫困效应 vulnerability 弱点 economic shock 经济冲击human capital 人力资本 enrollment 入学 public sector 公共部门immunization 预防,免疫 sanitation 卫生,卫生设施 public health 公共健康Lesson 14personnel policy 人事政策 personnel manual 人事手册governing board 政府公告 verbal 口头上的 memo 备忘录 variation 差别,差距specificity 特征,特性 to surf 冲浪,浏览〔网页〕 sexual harassment 性骚扰 Court 美国最高法院 to codify 整理,系统化,编成法典overwhelming 至关重要的,势不可当的 timeframe 时间表,进度表periodic review of policies 对政策的定期评估Lesson 15HRD〔human resource development〕人力资源开发 professional 专业人员,行家alien 完全不同的,相异的 assignment 指派,分配,委任 talent 才干,才能consultant 顾问,咨询者 clue 线索 human resource 人力资源physical resource 物力资源 financial resource 财力资源liquid asset 流动资产 liabilities 债务,负债 debt 债务 to hire 雇用to relocate 重组,重新部署 intangible 无形的 to manifest 表明,证明performance improvement 业绩提高,业绩改进Lesson 16to diversify 使多样化public ownership 公有制productivity 生产力malpractice 玩忽职守 reorganization 重组 merger 合并 to lease 批租to contract 制定合同,签订契约 scale 规模,X围 shareholding 股权asset 资产,财产 limited liability company mainstay 支柱to propel 推进 personnel arrangement 人事安排 income distribution 收入分配to embody 实现,体现,使具体化 to be conducive to 对......有帮助,有助于ensure preservation 保值 appreciation 升值 joint-stock 合资clear-cut equity structure 清晰的资产结构 equity transfer 资产转移stagnant 呆滞的 ambiguous interests 模糊的利益 supervision 监督restraint 限制Lesson 17cultivated land 可耕地 coinciding approximately with 大致与......相同arable area 可用于耕作的地域 surplus labor 剩余劳动力 to thrive 繁荣发展vitality 生机,活力 to outstrip 超过,超越 prominent 突出的,显眼的to omit 忽视,忽略 off-payroll 额外收入,隐形收入 to impede 妨碍lay-off 下岗,失业 hukou 户口 to tighten 加强,加紧excessive 过度的,过分的 social security 社会保障Lesson 18pack of 一群,一批 severe acute respiratory syndrome 严重急性呼吸综合症sign 迹象,征兆 capital influx 资本流入 giant 巨头〔本课最后一个单词〕investment liberalization 投资自由化 preferential policies 优惠政策banking 银行业 insurance 保险 wholesale 批发 retail 零售apparatus 仪器,设备 hotspot 热点,焦点 tariff 关税transnational mergers and acquisitions〔TMA〕跨国兼并收购 to plummet 暴跌intermediary agencies 中介机构 to promulgate 公布,颁布solely foreign-funded 外商独资的 joint ventures 合资企业cooperative corporation 合作企业 transnational corporation 跨国公司market-oriented 以市场为导向的 to radiate 辐射,扩散 to cancel 取消Lesson 19transformation 转型,转变 well-off 小康的,富裕的 promise 承诺,许诺to quadruple 增长三倍,达到四倍量 proficient 成熟的,精通的industrialization 工业化 complementarity 互补 to marginalize 使处于边缘economic aggregate 经济总量 integration 一体化,整合 euro zone 欧元区sluggish 缓慢的,迟缓的 superiority 杰出,优越 elasticity 弹性structural adjustment 结构调整 per-capita GDP 人均国内生产总值economic entity 经济体 annual growth rate 年增长率Lesson 20to cluster 集聚,丛生,类聚 proximate 最近的 tannery 制革厂quantifiable 可以计量的 spillover 溢出 metropolitan area 都市区economies of scale 规模经济 spatial configuration 空间结构agglomeration economies 集聚经济Lesson 21measure 量度标准 consumption 消费 to disaggregate 分解 literature 文献gender 性别 imputation 归咎 well-being 康乐,福利 to pursue 追求,追赶WHO〔World Health Organization〕世界卫生组织Lesson 22linear 线的,线性的 lateral 旁边的,侧面的 dome 圆顶 node 交点,交叉点foci 〔focus的复数〕 epitome 梗概,摘要 to partake 分担,分享,参与junction 连接,接合Lesson 23to stimulate 刺激 inter alia 在其他因素中的 sustainable manner 可持续的方式exponentially 指数的 high fertility 高生育率 high mortality 高死亡率vector 遗传媒介 prenatal 出生前的,天生的 maternal 母亲的deficiency 缺陷,缺乏environmental 环境的degradation 恶化,退化indigenous 当地的,本土的domain 领域poverty alleviation 缓解贫困reduction of poverty 贫困程度的降低 quality of life 生活质量client 客户,委托人 lending operation 借贷操作 public policy 公共政策facet 方面Lesson 24indicator 指标 to hamper 妨碍,限制 shrinking 收缩的,减少的biodiversity 生物多样性timber 木材,木料mammal species 哺乳类动物terrestrial 陆地的 aquatic 水生的,水栖的 scarcity 匮乏,短缺millennium 一千年 carbon dioxide 二氧化碳 anthropogenic 人类造成的hazard 冒险,危险 stock 贮备 emission 释放,散发。
income的用法总结大全
income的用法总结大全income这个单词你知道是什么意思吗?income的用法是怎样的呢，快来了解一下吧，今天给大家带来了income的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。
income的用法总结大全income的意思n. 收入，进款,进来的动作,进入income用法income可以用作名词income的基本意思是“收入,所得,收益”,指个人或商店等单位的进款,不指具体某一项的收入。
既可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。
income在句中可用作定语。
income用作名词的用法例句His income is well below the average.他的收入大大低于平均水平。
My monthly income was just over 200 pounds.我每月的收入是200多磅。
He needs a high income to support such a large family.他需要有高收入才能供养得起这样一个大家庭。
income用法例句1、Tourism is up, jobs are up, individual income is up.旅游火了，工作机会多了，个人收入涨了。
2、Somalia, pop. 7.9 million, income per head about ?1.60 a week.索马里，人口790万，人均收入大约每周1.60英镑。
3、She suggests you first assess your income and outgoings.她建议你先估算一下自己的收入和开销。
词汇精选：income的用法和辨析一、详细释义：n.收入;收益;所得例句：His income allows of no extravagance in his way of living.他的收入不允许他生活奢侈。
例句：Over a third of their income comes from comedy videos.他们收入的1/3 来自于喜剧片。
《全球产业转移》英文版
Global Shifts1Barry EichengreenUniversity of California, BerkeleyApril 2011Shifts happen. We are currently witnessing a major shift in the balance of economic, financial and political power from the advanced countries to emerging markets – from West to East, or from the West to the Rest. This is, of course, not the first time that we have observed this kind of global shift. The rise of the West from the 15th century and its concomitant, the decline of China, was itself an earlier instance, if mirror image, of this kind of shift. (See Figure 1.) The industrial revolution, which gave rise to what is sometimes called “The Great Divergence” (the growing divergence in manufacturing capability and in capacity to project power between the first countries to industrialize, principally in Europe, and other regions) marked another global shift. It is no coincidence that the first industrial nation, Great Britain, came to control fully a quarter of the world’s population and land mass by the end of the 19th century.2 There was the shift in economic power from the pioneer industrializer, Britain, to followers like Germany that contributed to the economic and geopolitical tensions helping to set the stage for World War I. There is Charles Kindleberger’s thesis that that Great Depression of the 1930s was a consequence of the global shift in power from Britain to the United States, one that left an exhausted Britain incapable of managing the world economy and an inexperienced United States unwilling to do so.3 There is the shift after World War II toward the two great superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, and the dominance of the U.S. over the Western world (Figure 2). There is then the relative decline of the United States owing to catch-up growth, first in Europe, next in Japan, and finally in East Asia and elsewhere, which gradually closed the per-capita-income gap. The current shift toward emerging markets like China and India (Figures 3 and 4) is usefully seen in this light.This paper examines these earlier shifts in economic and political power and asks what light they shed on the implications of today’s global shift. I inquire into the sources of the shift, describe the tensions to which it gave rise, and ask how those tensions were managed. The answer to this last question, in two words, is “not well.” Global shifts have almost always fanned economic conflict, created problems for economic management, and heightened diplomatic tensions. Sometimes they have erupted into military conflict. While the same need not be true this time, there is reason to worry that the current global shift is a source of economic and political risks. It is past due time to start thinking about both the nature of those risks and mechanisms for managing them.The causes and consequences of changes in economic fortune, both relative and absolute, probably constitute the central question of all of economic history, if not all of economics. One paper can do justice to neither the topic nor the literature. Rather than attempting to be comprehensive, I focus on a number of specific cases, those mentioned in the opening paragraph. While this requires me to touch on aspects of nearly a millennium of human history, my focus is mainly on the last two centuries, the period since the establishment of the Bank of Finland, the1 Prepared for the Bank of Finland’s 200th anniversary symposium, Helsinki, May 5-6, 2011.2 And to “rule the waves.”3 As originally advanced in Kindleberger (1973).event providing the occasion for this symposium. Coverage of these episodes is also necessarily selective and designed to highlight the themes sounded above.1.The Rise of the WestEconomic historians are unanimously of the view that Ming China was the leading economic power in 1400. No other country constructed the equivalent of the Great Wall or the Grand Canal. No other state or empire had a standing army with a million troops. China was known for its technological prowess and precocity – for its mastery of gunpower, printing, paper-making, and compasses. It was known for the long-distance commercial voyages of the great admiral Zheng He whicht served commercial purposes (many of his ships had private cabins for merchants) and also sought to extract tribute from other lands bordering the Indian Ocean.Two factors then combined to set on foot a global shift. First, the Ming Dynasty turned inward. Zheng He’s fleet was dismantled. Limits were placed on the size of newly-constructed ships. By the end of the 15th century, subjects of the Chinese empire were forbidden to construct ocean-going ships or to leave the country. The overland route west, the Silk Road, was all but closed to traffic. The Chinese met early European incursions by limiting contact to a handful of treaty ports.Why the Mings turned inward is disputed. One view is that curtailing contact with the outside world was a low-cost way of dealing with piracy and the Uighurs. Another is that from the middle of the 15th century the Mings had bigger problems close at hand, like their border dispute with what is modern-day Vietnam. Still another is that this was the ill-advised decision of a clutch of conservative officials concerned about the impact on China of foreign influence.But there is little disputing the consequences. China’s inward turn created space for other powers. Lack of contact with foreign ideas, the absence of foreign competition, and the smothering effects of tradition set China up for a long period of economic stagnation.The coincident factor was improved Western sailing, navigation and military technology. The key innovation was the caravel, a sailing ship developed by the Portuguese and then the Spanish that combined lateen (triangular) rigging, making it very maneuverable and able to sail up rivers, with square sails that made it very fast and able to cross oceans. Lateen sails came from the Arab lands, square ones from Northern Europe; the Iberians were strategically placed between the two influences. New navigational techniques developed by Arab, Indian and Jewish astronomers but systematized by the Portuguese allowed European ships to go anywhere. Finally, the Portuguese were quicker than others to adapt the use of canon to ocean-going vessels.Why Portugal, one might ask? As with the Internet, public-sector R&D played a role. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal founded a maritime academy that fostered many of these innovations. He established an observatory at Sagres to construct accurate tables on the sun’s declination.4The early voyages down the west coast of Africa were sponsored by the4From 1500 or so there was a growing accumulation of navigational data in a variety of countries (Spain, France, England), all of which saw the publication of practical pamphlets and guides on the subject.Portuguese crown (just as Columbus’ pioneering trans-Atlantic voyage was underwritten by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain). The result was the Age of Exploration (sometimes referred, in less politically-correct terms, as the Age of Discovery), in which the Portuguese and Spanish found their way around Cape Horn to Asia and then across the Atlantic to the Americas.5While the Portuguese had a head start, the Spanish had a larger economy. The two quickly came into conflict over trading posts, trade rights, and other commercial prerogatives. There was an effort to divide the spoils – to create separate spheres of influence not unlike the Western and Soviet blocs during the Cold War or the possibility, sometimes mooted today, of Chinese and U.S. spheres of influence in Asia and the West. The first such effort, the Treaty of Tordesillas signed by Spain and Portugal in 1494, divided the newly discovered territories of Africa and the Western Hemisphere. The dividing line ran north-south along a meridian roughly down the middle of the Atlantic before bisecting what became modern-day Brazil. This was followed in 1524 by the Treaty of Zaragoza, which similarly divided Asia and the Pacific along a north-south meridian running roughly through the middles of Japan and Australia.6An unintended consequence of this spheres-of-influence strategy may be to permit the regional hegemon to grow fat and lazy. So it is said of Spain and Portugal following the conclusion of the two treaties.7This made room for hungry upstarts: England and theNetherlands. The Iberians were followed into the Indian Ocean by first the Dutch and then the English: the Dutch ended up controlling trading rights with much of modern-day Indonesia, the English with India. In the Western Hemisphere the Iberians were flanked to the north by the Dutch and, more importantly, English and French, who built their commercial empires on the basis of shipping and finance but in addition had manufactures (woolens) to export.The upstarts also relied on strong institutions – national champions that enjoyed public-sector support. In 1602 the Dutch States General established the world’s first joint-stockcompany, the Dutch East India Company, granting it not just a monopoly of trade with Asia but also the power to establish fortified trading posts, negotiate treaties, and wage defensive wars.8 The company established a centralized hub in Batavia (now Jakarta), organized nearly 5,000 voyages, and paid its shareholders an annual dividend approaching 20 per cent for twocenturies.9 5 Why Europe, more generally, one might ask? Was the Renaissance conducive to the systematization ofknowledge? Did the Black Death, by raising land-labor ratios, create surplus agricultural production that could be traded and higher living standards? These questions presumably deserve more than a footnote. At virtually the same time Queen Elizabeth granted a royal charter to the (English) East Asia Company, which like its Dutch competitor acquired monopoly rights and, eventually, a 6 The prod for this treaty was the conflict between the two countries over Malacca and the surrounding “spice islands” (the source of the region’s valuable spices). Portugal arrived first, establishing a fort at Malacca in 1511. Spain then arrived in the Moluccas from the east in 1521 as part of Magellan’s famous attempt to circumnavigate the globe, and Charles V sent another expedition to colonize the islands. There followed a year of fighting between the two countries. In 1524 the two kingdoms agreed to resolve the issue by drawing another meridian that would divide the world into two equal-sized hemispheres. To get it right, each crown appointed three astronomers, three pilots, and three mathematicians. 7 See Kindleberger (1994) and Landes (1998). 8 This, recall, was the age of mercantilism, when states sought to monopolize the trade of a region so as to generate monopoly profits which could then be used to strengthen the state’s finances and its ability to wage war. 9 Now there’s a risk premium for you.modern board of directors.10 Using Surat in India as a transit point between the Spice Islands and Europe, the East Asia Company was responsible for Britain establishing its foothold in India. These two trading concerns, as joint-stock companies and public-private partnerships, were important institutional innovations. They were the agents of the power shift from Southern to Northern Europe and of Europe’s growing influence and control over much of Southern Asia.This situation – two aspirants infringing on the turf of two established powers, and the Europeans all seeking to establish exclusive access to the minerals, precious metals, and high-value crop-lands of other regions (spice- and sugar-growing land in particular) – was a recipe for conflict among the imperialists and between the Europeans and the indigenous peoples with whom they made contact.11 In addition to nimble sailing ships and canon, the Europeans had on their side metallurgy (which furnished them with efficient swords and daggers) and infectious disease (which desimated previously isolated indigenous populations). In turn the imperialists were weakened by almost continuous internecine conflict. The rising Northern European powers fought for space and influence with both their Iberian predecessors and one another. When the English arrived in the Bandas and Moluccas, islands where cloves and nutmeg were grown, the Dutch drove them out by force.12 The Dutch fought with Sultan Agung, who headed a powerful state in central Java, over the establishment of Batang. They took Ceylon from Portugal along with most of that country’s Indian forts and trading stations. Similar stories could be told about the Western Hemisphere. Cooperation would have meant more surplus for the Europeans and indigenous peoples alike. But it was not to be.The Dutch and English, having come into conflict over foreign policy and commercial interests (it is not clear that there was a clear separation between the two matters in this period), skirmished in Europe as well. The Dutch also attracted the enmity of France, which sided with England in its mid-17th century conflict with the United Provinces and then used import tariffs to protect its infant sugar and cloth industries from Dutch competition.13 In the 18th century the French and English clashed over control of North America in the French and Indian Wars.14 Military means were used repeatedly to bolster trade and create mercantilist preserves free of foreign competition. One worries that it could happen again.2.The Great DivergenceThe industrial revolution transformed the world economy by launching per capita incomes on a sustained upward path unlike anything seen previously. It also constituted a global shift par excellence. It widened the gap in economic and military capabilities between European countries whose ambitions had been restrained by a fragile balance of power. It also transformed the conduct of warfare. Within Europe, Germany’s comparative advantage in the production of steel and, by implication, the construction of railways gave it a decisive advantage over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71. In the colonies, the invention of the Gatling gun, another10 A Royal African Company was later formed to take charge of trade in slaves, ivory and gold in Africa.11 The scramble for scarce resources and associated possibility for conflict will resonate, presumably, with Chinese officials concerned about their country’s dependence on imported raw materials.12 Helped importantly by their native allies.13 This, from the mid-17th century, being the age of high mercantilism.14 Leading to the Seven Years’ War in Europe and indirectly, it is often said, to the French Revolutionary Wars.byproduct of the industrial revolution, gave the Europeans a powerful advantage in their effort to secure colonial control of additional portions of Africa and Asia.15Thus, it is no coincidence that the industrial revolution was followed by the new imperialism of the second half of the 19th century: by the partition of Africa by the European powers and their further colonial expansion into Asia. Crude Marxian accounts sometimes explain this new wave of colonialism and imperialism as a function of the voracious appetite of 19th century industrial economies for raw materials and the desire of governments to secure exclusive access to the same.16 But modern economic histories cast doubt on the notion that empire paid: any benefits to the imperialists, including those associated with favored access to raw materials, were swamped by military and other costs.17What industrialization did was greatly enhance the ability of industrial nations to project power and control other lands.18 With the railway and the steamship (practical for ocean-going voyages in the second half of the 19th century, not incidentally coincident with the new imperialism), it became possible to deploy military force more quickly. Machined canonry (now breech rather than muzzle loaded) and rifles (notably the caplock rifled musket) were for the 19th century what steel swords and daggers had been for the 16th and 17th. These innovations were decisive, for example, in the First Opium War of 1839-42.19 With the Great Divergence in per capita incomes, it became possible for the industrial powers to raise larger and better equipped standing armies. European control of the interior of Africa or India might have been paper thin, but it would have been unimaginable in the absence of industrialization. Like 21st century Europeans who prefer to take part of their higher living standards in the form of increased leisure time, their 19th century predecessors sought to take a part in the form of colonial conquest.This desire was a source of frustration to countries late to the great global game, Germany in particular. With the growth of its industry, and its comparative advantage in military-relevant heavy industry in particular, Germany became as capable as any European power at mobilizing and projecting force. But the process of industrialization reached critical mass later than in Britain or France.20 German unification had to wait for Bismarck to incorporate the southern states. Thus, by the time Germany emerged as an industrial and military power of the first rank, the process of colonial partition was largely complete.Germany therefore had to content itself with a few remaining scraps in West Africa, East Africa and the Pacific. It pushed against French and Spanish control in North Africa, precipitating the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905 by insisting that France adopt an open door policy for its protectorate, to little avail. It was left to advance its expansionist aims in and around Europe, notably attempting to expand its influence over the declining Ottoman Empire by completing the Berlin-Baghdad Railway, something that in turn became a geopolitical15 The descendant of the hand-cranked Gatling gun was the automatic Maxim gun, invented in 1884.16 An interpretation that has obvious implications for China’s actions in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world. There is also the more sophisticated variant of the hypothesis due to Eric Williams (Williams (1966).17 For the balance sheet see Davis and Huttenback (1986).18 David Landes in his 1998 book and earlier writings makes this argument most forcefully.19 See for example Hacker (1977).20 The classic account being Clapham (1936).flashpoint.21 Some accounts describe Germany’s ambitions in terms of the need of an industrial economy to secure a reliable supply of energy and raw materials (oil in the case of the Ottoman Empire), something that will resonate with observers of China today. Most, however, understand it more in terms of naked imperial ambition.22 Be this as it may, the result was the tensions and tangled alliances that set the stage for World War I.Finance was enlisted not just in the construction of the Berlin-Baghdad Railway but more widely in the effort to advance geopolitical goals. Then like now, that influence might be more subtle than overt. Modern observers alarmed by the rise of sovereign wealth funds wonder whether those funds’ governmental masters are encouraging them to invest in ways that are geopolitically expedient as well as economically remunerative. Before World War I, they saw governments, like those of France and Germany, encouraging private lending to Czarist Russia or the Ottoman Sultan with the goal of alliance building. Hints were dropped that the government would take it as a favor if an investment bank underwrote bond issues on behalf of such borrowers on favorable terms.23 Sometimes governments might intervene directly to encourage or halt issuance on behalf of foreign governments. Between 1897 and 1901, for example, the French government intervened with the Crédit Lyonnais, discouraging it from issuing bonds on behalf of the Russian government until the Russian and French general staffs had agreed on the particular strategic railways to whose construction the proceeds would be put.Employing finance for military and strategic purposes meant that it was not always allocated in ways that maximized returns. The fact that the French and German governments regularly intervened in the operations of the Paris and Berlin markets, whereas the British government employed a more hands-off attitude, helps to explain why the rate of return on French and German lending was generally lower than comparable returns on British overseas investment.24 While financial might creates strategic opportunities for governments, in other words, exploiting those opportunities also has costs.25With governments intervening in private financial affairs before the fact, they also felt some compulsion to come to the aid of the bondholders if and when things went wrong. Gunboats might then be dispatched to collect payments from defaulting debtors. Just how But while Mitchener and Weidenmier (2005) argue for the importance of these “supersanctions,” they identify just 6 episodes of direct military intervention out of 43 default episodes spanning the 19th century. Other authors argue that when governments intervened militarily in response to default, they were in fact using financial events as a pretext for intervention desired on other grounds. They suggest that other mechanisms – ex ante monitoring by investment banks with reputations to protect and ex post exclusion from the bond market by a cohesive cartel of issuers – were more important for enforcing contracts.2621 See Jastrow (1917).22 Something to which today’s China, which prefers to keep a relatively low-key profile internationally, has not obviously fallen prey.23 For accounts of the practice see Feis (1930).24 This point is argued and documented in Fishlow (1986).25 Something for the managers of sovereign wealth funds to bear in mind.26 See inter alia Mauro, Sussman and Yafeh (2006) and Flandreau and Flores (2007).3. The Rise of the United StatesThe other global shift at this time was the rise of the United States. From an economic speck at the outset of the 19th century, the U.S. by 1914 had grown into the world’s largest economy and leading exporter. But while economic change was rapid, political adjustments lagged behind. The North American colonies had been settled by Europeans who had sought to distance themselves from the Old World. George Washington in his farewell address had emphasized the desirability of “as little political connection as possible” with foreign nations (while at the same time acknowledging the value of “extending” commercial relations).Isolationist instincts, in other words, ran deep. Even the Monroe Doctrine, which warned the European powers against attempting to advance their colonial ambitions in the country’s Latin American backyard, can be interpreted in isolationist terms: it promised as a quid pro quo that the U.S. would not participate in wars among the European powers. The notable exception was U.S. occupation of the Philippines resulting from the Spanish-American War. That the precipitating event that led the U.S. to disregard its long-standing tradition of non-interventionism was an incident on an island, Cuba, a scant 90 miles from the rising power’s shores is perhaps worth recalling (Taiwan being only 81 miles from the Chinese mainland).27 In defeating the Spanish, the U.S. in fact took control not just of the Philippines but also Guam and Puerto Rico. Whether this was a momentary fall from grace or an emerging economic power for the first time displaying geopolitical ambitions is disputed.28But there is no question that the U.S. was, by this time, seeking to more actively assert its economic interests. Before long it was seeking to alter the structure of international markets so that they worked to its advantage (or at least didn’t disadvantage it to the same extent). A long-standing bone of contention was that the trade credit required by U.S. exporters and importers was almost entirely denominated in sterling and sourced in London. This put U.S. producers and merchants at a competitive disadvantage; not only did they have to pay two commissions, one to their local bank and the other to its London correspondent, but they also bore the exchange risk. One of several rationales that combined in 1913 to cause the establishment of the FederalReserve System (overcoming another deep-seated American aversion, this one to concentrated financial power) was the desire to create a market in securitized trade credits (“tradeacceptances”) denominated in dollars and sourced domestically.29Almost immediately the Fed took steps to develop this market, passing the necessaryregulations while discounting acceptances and purchasing them outright. As a result of this initiative (and as a byproduct of disruptions to the London market caused by World War I), in a scant ten years the acceptance market in New York matched its rival in London in both size and liquidity.30 27 Cuba not having achieved independence in the second decade of the 19th century, it was effectively exempted from the Monroe Doctrine. The dollar became as a true international currency; by the mid-1920s central banks 28 On the first view, see Bemis (1962); proponents of the second include Kennedy (1987), Mead (1987) and Nye (1990). 29 As emphasized by Broz (1997). 30 The relevant document is provided by Eichengreen and Flandreau (2010).around the world held as large a fraction of the foreign exchange reserves in dollars as in sterling.31The U.S. competed with Britain throughout the 1920s in seeking to bring more countries into its financial orbit. As governments prepared to return to the gold standard, the Fed, in the person of Benjamin Strong, influential governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, encouraged them to contract stabilization loans in New York rather than London.32 Receiving a stabilization loan was the first step in establishing ongoing relations with a financial center. But while he governor himself may have been strongly internationalist in orientation, the U.S. otherwise reverted to its previous stance of quasi-isolationism following the war. The Congress famously refused to approve President Wilson’s request to join the League of Nations. Not wishing to become entangled in the reparations dispute, the U.S. did not join the Bank for International Settlements in 1930 (although it did provide finance for its early operation). The country’s diplomats did little to slow the progress of German rearmament or otherwise to do anything to prevent the war clouds from gathering over Europe.U.S. tariff policy was inappropriate for what was now the world’s leading trading nation, a country with an interest in the maintenance of an open trading system that should have led by example. Here the greater villain was probably the Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 rather than the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930, but neither helped.33 The mistake was to allow trade policy to be politicized. Herbert Hoover ran for the presidency in 1928 on a platform that promised to raise tariffs on imports of farm products, agricultural prices having been depressed for much of the decade. Once the tariff bill got to the Congress, there was nothing to prevent members from adding all manner of protection for manufactures so as to build as wide a coalition as possible.34Yet to say that the United States disregarded the case for international economic cooperation would not be accurate. The Fed famously kept interest rates low in order to encourage capital to flow toward Britain and aid that country’s efforts to return to gold in 1924-5. It made a credit line available to the Bank of England.35 It hosted a meeting of central bankers on Long Island in 1927, where other countries holding sterling as reserves committed not to taking gold from the British. In the summer of 1931, with the spread of the financial crisis, President Hoover offered a moratorium on inter-allied war debt payments in order to facilitate a moratorium on German reparations.31 This from a starting point in 1914 where the dollar accounted for a negligible proportion of global reserves (Eichengreen and Flandreau 2009). Elsewhere I have suggested what the U.S. accomplished in ten years – moving from a point where its currency played no international role to one where it was the leading invoicing, investment and reserve currency – may also be possible for China (Eichengreen 2011).32 Chandler (1958) and Clarke (1967) document his efforts.33 With the U.S. not a member of the League of Nations, the League’s efforts to negotiate a tariff truce in the 1920s were to little avail.34 See Schattschneider (1935). The Fordney-McCumber Tariff had similarly been intended to raised depressed farm-gate prices but had also been expanded to provide protection for manufactures by the time it was passed by the Congress. When efforts turned to rolling back tariffs in the 1930s, a change in institutions, in the form of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, made a substantial difference.35 One that, in the event, was not drawn.。
表示居民的单词
表示居民的单词【释义】1resident居民，住户；（旅馆的）住宿者；<美>住院医生；<美>寄宿制学校学生；<史>（英国政府派驻半独立国家的）特派代表；驻外特工；留鸟，无迁徙习性的蝴蝶（或其他动物）；（在某地）居住的，居留的；常驻的；属于（某个群体）的；（鸟、蝴蝶等）非迁徙性的；（计算机程序、文件等在存储器中）驻留的2inhabitant（某地的）居民，栖息动物3inmate（监狱或精神病院里的）居住者；<古>（房屋的）同住者【短语】1城乡居民人均收入per capita income of urban and rural residents;per capita income for both urban and rural residents;per capita urban and rural income2居民消费价格指数Consumer Price Index;CPI;Verbraucherpreisindex;General Consumer Price Index3城镇居民urban residents;urban resident;Rural population;townsfolk4居民收入incomes;Resident income;residents'Income;household s income5居民住房housing;residential construction6居民医保medical insurance for urban residents7城镇居民人均可支配收入The per capita urban disposable income;the per capita disposable income of urban residents8居民消费率the ratio of consumption to GDP;household consumption rate9非居民个人non-resident individual【例句】1该地居民紧密抱团，狭隘排外。
经济类英文词汇
关于经济的英语单词rural economics 农村经济liberal economy 自由经济mixed economy 混合经济political economy 政治经济学protectionism 保护主义autarchy 闭关自守economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济capitalist economy 资本主义经济collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济controlled economy 管制经济primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门public sector 公共部门,公共成分economic channels 经济渠道economic balance 经济平衡economic fluctuation 经济波动economic depression 经济衰退economic stability 经济稳定economic policy 经济政策economic recovery 经济复原understanding 约定concentration 集中holding company 控股公司trust 托拉斯cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势economic situation 经济形势infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平purchasing power, buying power 购买力scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气underdevelopment 不发达underdeveloped 不发达的developing 发展中的国民生产总值 GNP (Gross National Product)人均国民生产总值 per capita GNP产值 output value鼓励 give incentive to投入 input宏观控制 exercise macro-control优化经济结构 optimize the economic structure 输入活力 bring vigor into改善经济环境 improve economic environment整顿经济秩序 rectify economic order有效地控制通货膨胀 effectively control inflation非公有成分 non-public sectors主要成分 dominant sector实在的 tangible全体会议 plenary session解放生产力 liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces 引入歧途 lead one to a blind alley举措 move实事求是 seek truth from facts引进、输入 importation和平演变 peaceful evolution试一下 have a go (at sth.)精华、精粹、实质 quintessence家庭联产责任承包制 family-contract responsibility system搞活企业 invigorate enterprises商品经济 commodity economy基石 cornerstone零售 retail发电量 electric energy production有色金属 nonferrous metals人均收入 per capita income使负担 be saddled with营业发达的公司 going concerns被兼并或挤掉 annexed or forced out of business善于接受的 receptive增额、增值、增长 increment发展过快 excessive growth抽样调查 data from the sample survey扣除物价上涨部分 price increase are deducted(excluded) 实际增长率 actual growth rate国际收支 international balance of payments流通制度 circulation system总工资 total wages分配形式 forms of distribution风险资金 risk funds管理不善 poor management 一个中心、两个基本点one central task and two basic points以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路（2）党的领导（3）人民民主专政（4）马列主义毛泽东思想、坚持改革开放the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinalprinciples - adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people'sdemocratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought - and persisting inreform and opening.改革是“社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展”。
中国社会保障英文关键词(keywords on social security)
社会保障制度: Social security system社会保障体系: Social security system商业保险：Commercial insurance慈善事业：Charity补充保障：Supplemental Security养老保险: Old age insurance社会排斥：Social exclusion社会对抗: Social resistance医疗保障: Health security医疗卫生：Medical treatment and public health医疗保险: Health insurance公费医疗: Public medical services社会救助: Social assistance社会福利: Social welfare services社会服务: Social services失业保险: Unemployment insurance工伤保险: Work injury insurance生育保险：Maternity insurance军人保障：Military personnel security军人保险: Military personnel insurance军人抚恤: Military Personnel preferential treatment军人安置: Military Personnel placement老年人福利：Welfare for the elderly残疾人福利：welfare for the disabled妇女福利：Women welfare儿童福利：Child welfare职业福利：Occupational welfare其他保障：Other security专项救助：Special Assistance社会救济：Social relief护理保险：Long-term care insurance社会保险项目: Social insurance programs 住房福利：Housing welfare services住房公积金：Housing provident fund教育福利: Education welfare services灾害救济：Disaster relief最低生活保障制度：The minimum living standard guarantee system社会统筹：Social pooling 个人账户：Individual accounts单位：Work unit机关：State organs事业单位：Public institutions企业：enterprise五保(供养)制度: The five guarantees system国家—单位保障制：State-work unit security system国家-社会保障制：State-social security system国有企业改革: the reform of state-owned enterprises覆盖面：Coverage劳动合同制度: Labor contract system市场经济体制: The market economy system待业保险: Job-waiting subsidy计划经济: The planned economy分配: Distribution收入分配: Income distribution劳资双方: employee and employer改革开放: Reform and opening-up经济社会转型期: Economic and social transition period下岗：Lay-off下岗职工: Laid-off workers社会化：Socialization多元化：Diversification合同制工人: Contract workers离退休人员：Retirees农民工: Migrant workers城镇户口: Urban hukou公益事业：Public welfare programs文化大革命: Cultural Revolution扶贫开发poverty alleviation and development传统社会救济traditional social relief灾害救助disaster assistance医疗救助medical assistance教育救助education assistance住房救助housing assistance法律援助lawsuit assistance贫困线poverty line贫困陷阱poverty trap流浪乞讨人员救助assistance for vagrants and beggars in cities福利依赖welfare dependency安全网safety net三无人员Three-No’s包办就业arranged employment格局framework铁饭碗permanent employment自由流动权The rights of free flow队办企业Brigade-owned enterprises转移transfer试点pilot机构改革institutional reform政府代表government representatives企业代表employers’ representatives职工代表employees＇representatives 社会机构Social institutions统筹调剂pooling and co-coordinating保值增值Value maintenance and appreciation非主管部门department-not-in-charge主管部门department-in-charge定型stereotypes户籍制度the household registration system进城务工人员inter-provincial migrants人均纯收入net income per capita民生People's livelihood修正案the revised ordinance国家机关government organizations事业单位public institutions劳动保险制度the labor insurance system 财政拨款financial allocation生产收益Production Gain孤寡老人an elderly person of no family农业生产合作社agricultural production cooperation 五保“five guarantees”军官military officer集体经济the collective economy“文化大革命” “cultural revolution”老化aging终身制life-long tenure国营企业state-owned enterprise劳动保险金Labor insurance funds社会事务Social Affairs内部事务internal affairs阶级斗争class struggle思想路线指导the ideological guideline年老体弱Old and frail离休honorary retirement政策法规Policies and Regulations城镇劳动者urban workers土地联产c承包责任制the land contract responsibility system组织基础Organizational foundation配套措施supplementary measures劳动就业体制labor employment system 财政税收体制fiscal and taxation system 社会化socialization铁饭碗permanent employment局限性limitation单位保障work unit insurance责任分担responsibility-sharing单一层次Single-Level计划生育政策family planning policy土地保障land security计划生育政策family planning policy社会保险机构Social security institution标准工资standard wage退休待遇retirement benefits大队brigade生产队production team公益金public welfare fund社区（乡镇、村）Community (township and village)县级机构county-level organization中央层面the central level附件attachment探索试点the exploratory pilot计发办法payment method一次性lump-sum老人the people retired before the reform 中人the people worked before the reform and retired after the reform.新人the people worked after the reform 试点方案Pilot Project省级调剂制度Provincial adjustment system 属地化localization职业年金制度occupational pension system亚洲金融危机Asian Financial Crisis管理事务administration affairs养老金增长机制pension growth mechanism制度创新institutional innovations资料来源date source农业生产经营Agricultural production and operation漏洞巨大great vulnerability劳动合同制度the labor contrast system 正规就业劳动者formally employed workers 非正规就业劳动者informally employed workers灵活就业casual employment自我雇佣self-employment私营企业主private entrepreneurs雇员制employee system住房保障制度Housing security system民生保障制度Livelihood security system 住有所居residents have houses to live低收入家庭/低收入群体Low-income families/groups住房体制改革Housing System Reform道路Gradual path实物in-kind全民保障Security for all people住房非商品化Non-commercial housing分配体制Distribution system 公有住房public housing购房补贴housing subsidies货币cash经济适用房affordable house商品房commercial house公积金制度Housing Provident Fund system廉租房Low-rent house小康生活水平Comfortable standard of living住房券Housing vouchers/coupons经济体制改革Economic system reform社会主义有计划商品经济Socialist planned commodity economy无偿分配Free distribution再生产reproduction维修费、管理费、折旧费Maintenance fees, management fees, depreciation charges 基本思路Basic ideas住房建设投资housing construction Investment住房分配体housing distribution system国家贷款资金State loan城市配套资金City supplemental funds城市住房基金Urban Housing Fund单位住房基金work Unit housing funds其他房改资金Other housing reform funds 高收入户High-income households利润率profit rate住房公积金缴纳率Housing provident fund contribution rate按月补贴Monthly subsidy一次性补贴Lump-sum subsidy明补Public subsidies社会的安定团结social stability and unity财政预算资金the fiscal budget funds多渠道Multi-channel因地制宜under the local conditions行政事业性收费Administrative fees基础设施建设费用Infrastructure costs房地产市场the real estate market硬指标Fixed target社会建设Social construction民生发展目标Livelihood development goals农民工合法权益the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers完全产权the full property rights缴存余额Deposit balance三位一体Trinity政府主导的公共房屋Government-led public houses市场主导的商品房屋Market-led commercial houses市场规律the market rules公共土地资源the public land resources, 财政资源the financial resources补充保障体系the supplementary security system渐进式改革gradual reform子系统subsystem民政福利Civil Welfare职工福利employee welfare价格补贴price support(subsidy)生活保障living security儿童照顾child-care补救性模式Residual model住房福利housing welfare教育福利education welfare社会福利事业social welfare cause人民团体people's organizations老弱、病残、孤寡成员the elderly, sick, widows and orphans优待: preferential treatments义务兵役制: compulsory military service system 老年人抚养比old-age Dependency Ratio 文化福利cultural welfare农村集体经济rural collective economy土地承包责任制household contract responsibility system劳保labour protection利益共同体interests-shared Community 路径依赖Path－Dependence企业年金enterprise Annuity商业保险Commercial Insurance退休养老金待遇Treatment of pensions基本养老保险制度Basic old-age insurance system职业福利Occupational Welfare企业补充养老保险Enterprise Supplementary old-age insurance非营利性的事业单位Non-profit public institutions社会统筹和个人账户相结合combination of Social pooling and individual accounts 完全积累Fully funded法人受托机构Corporate trustee账户管理人Account Manager托管人Custodian委托代理Commissioned agent企业所得税Corporate Income Tax等价交换原则The principle of equivalent exchange费率payment Rates保险条款Insurance Terms企业财产保险Enterprise Property Insurance集体所有制企业Collectively-owned enterprises固定资产Fixed assets 赔付率Loss ratio。
自考05844国际商务英语(真题-翻译)
1有形贸易 visible trade visible trade 2无形贸易 invisible tradeinvisible trade3证券投资 Portfolio Investment portfolio investment 4大额存单 Certificate of depositcertificate of deposit 5管理合同 management contract management contract 6价值链 value chainvalue chain7承包生产 contract manufacturing contract manufacturing 8交钥匙工程 turnkey project turnkey project 9国民收入 national income national income 10人均收入 per capita income per capita income 11基础设施 infra structureinfra structure1213收入分布 income distribution income distribution 14债权国 creditor countrycreditor country15经济一体化 economic integration economic integration 16自由贸易区 free trade area free trade area 17关税税率 tariff rates tariff rates 18关税同盟 custom union custom union 19关税联盟 customs union customs union 20共同市场 common market common market 21主权国家 sovereign state sovereign state 22政治实体 political entity political entity 23行政机构 executive bodyexecutive body24欧盟委员会 European commission European commission 25部长理事会 council of ministers council of ministers 26多极化 multi-polarization multi-polarization27双部长会议 dual-Ministerial meeting dual-Ministerial meeting 28分委员会 Sub-committeeSub-committee 2930技术进步 technical improvements technical improvements 31自然资源 natural resources natural resources 32初级产品 primary commodities primary commodities 33绝对利益 absolute advantage absolute advantage 34比较利益 comparative advantage comparative advantage 35进口关税 import duty import duty 36出口关税 export dutyexport duty 37混税,复合关税 compound dutycompound duty3839税率表,税则 tariff schedule tariff schedule 40关税壁垒 tariff barriertariff barrier41非关税壁垒 non-tariff barrier non-tariff barrier 42运输工具 means of transport means of transport43古迹 places of historical interest places of historical interest 44货仓 cargo compartment cargo compartment 45关税区 customs area customs area 46从价税 advalorem dutiesadvalorem duties独立国家联合体 commonwealth of independent 国际经济环境 international economic environment 最惠国待遇 most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment47贸易术语 trade terms trade terms48贸易惯例 trading practices trading practices49商品交易会 trade fairs trade fairs50长途电话 trunk call trunk call51有效期 validity period validity period52还盘 counter offer counter offer53销售合同 sales contract sales contract54销售确认书 sales (purchase) confirmation sales (purchase) confirmation55缔约方/合约各方 contracting parties contracting parties56不可抗力 force majeure force majeure57货号 article number article number58棉布 cotton piece goods cotton piece goods59棉纱 cotton yarns cotton yarns60对销贸易 counter trade counter trade61欧洲支付联盟 European payment union European payment union62竞争性贬值 competitive devaluation competitive devaluation63加工贸易 processing trade processing trade64清算系统 clearing system clearing system65实际头寸 net positions net positions66贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accounts trade credit accounts67反向购买 counter purchase counter purchase68回购交易 buyback buyback69租赁贸易 leasing trade leasing trade70财务状况 financial standing financial standing71资信可靠情况 credit worthiness credit worthiness72分阶段付款 periodic payments periodic payments73预付现金 cash in advance cash in advance74汇票 draft / bill of exchange draft/bill of exchange75远期汇票 usance draft usance draft76跟单汇票 documentary draft documentary draft77提单 bill of landing bill of landing78货物所有权 title to goods title to goods79保险单 insurance policy insurance policy80跟单托收 documentary collection documentary collection81付款交单 documents against payment (D/P)documents against payment (D/P) 82承兑交单 documents against acceptance (D/A)documents against acceptance (D/A) 83光票 clean draft clean draft84开证银行opening bank opening bank85往来行 correspondence bank correspondence bank86通知行 advising bank advising bank87保兑行 confirming bank confirming bank88分批装运 partial shipment partial shipment89保兑信用证 confirmed letter of credit confirmed letter of credit90价格条款 price term price term91光票信用证 clean credit clean credit92非贸易结算 non-trade settlement non-trade settlement93可撤销信用证 revocable credit revocable credit94不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit irrevocable credit95双重保障 double assurance double assurance96即期信用证 sight credit sight credit97远期信用证 usance credit usance credit98面值 face value face value99可转让信用证 transferable credit transferable credit100不可转让信用证 non-transferable credit non-transferable credit101无汇票信用证 non-draft credit non-draft credit102推迟付款 deferred payment deferred payment103循环信用证 revolving credit revolving credit104唛头 shipping marks shipping marks105被通知人 notify party notify party106货运收据 cargo receipt cargo receipt107发运港 port of shipment port of shipment108海关发票 custom invoice custom invoice109领事发票 consular invoice consular invoice110装船通知 shipping advice shipping advice111产品自然领域 natural product provinces natural product provinces112公共承运人 common carrier common carrier113契约承运人 contract carrier contract carrier114自有承运人 private carrier private carrier115中间产品 intermediate product intermediate product116制成品 finished products finished products117最大诚信原则 utmost good faith utmost good faith118货物原产地港口 port of origin port of origin119交货费用 forwarding charges forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因 proximate cause of the loss120121汇率 exchange rate exchange rate122金本位制 gold standard gold standard123平价 par value par value124储备货币 reversed currency reversed currency125清洁浮动 clean float (free float-自由浮动)clean float 清洁浮动 (free float 自由浮动) 126肮脏浮动 dirt float (managed float-管理浮动)dirt float 肮脏浮动 (managed float 管理浮动) 127(汇率)直接标价 direct quote direct quote128(汇率)间接标价 indirect quote indirect quote129买入价 buying rate buying rate130卖出价 selling rate selling rate131中间价 medial rate medial rate132大萧条 Great Depression great depression133特别提款权 special drawing right special drawing right134国际收支赤字 BOP deficit BOP deficit135国际收支盈余 favorable balance of payment favorable balance of payment136贴现率 discount rate discount rate137外汇管制 foreign exchange control foreign exchange control138游资 idle funds (hot money)idle funds (hot money)139世界银行集团 word bank group word bank group140资本市场 capital market capital market141优惠期 grace period grace period142私营经济 private sector private sector143股权投资 equity investment equity investment144经济结构调整 economic restructuring economic restructuring145投票权 voting power voting power146黄金份额 gold tranche gold tranche147备用(信贷)安排 standby arrangement standby arrangement148客户流动 customer mobility customer mobility149免税期 tax holiday tax holiday150合资企业 joint venture joint venture151绿地战略 the greenfield strategy the greenfield strategy152战略联合 the strategic alliance the strategic alliance153知识产权 intellectual property intellectual property154常务委员会 standing committee standing committee155证券交易所 stock exchange stock exchange156长期资本 long-term capital long-term capital157二级资本市场 secondary capital market secondary capital market158交易场地 market floor (trading floor)market floor (trading floor)159挂牌证券交易市场 listed market listed market160所得税 income tax income tax161平衡帐目 balance the books balance the books 公共部门借贷需求 the public sector borrowing requirement162163金边证券 gilt-edged stocks / securities gilt-edged stocks/securities164事业机构投资商 institutional investors institutional investors165期权 options options166套期保值 hedge hedge167具体事场 particular market area particular market area168普惠制 generalized system of preferences generalized system of preferences 169关税减让 tariff concession tariff concession170制度力量 institutional strength institutional strength171反贴补措施 counter-veiling measures counter-veiling measures172反倾销 anti-dumping anti-dumping173国民待遇 national treatment national treatment174关税配额 tariff quota tariff quota175充分就业 full employment full employment176公平贸易 fair trade fair trade177贸易条款 term of trade term of trade178免责条款 escape clauses escape clauses179行动纲领 action programme action programme180联合国大会 united nations general assembly united nations general assembly 181较不发达国家 less-developed countries less-developed countries182无差别待遇 non-discrimination principle non-discrimination principle183差别待遇 differential treatment differential treatment184贸易条件 terms of trade terms of trade185186特惠税 preferential customs tariffs preferential customs tariffs 187技术转让 transfer of technology transfer of technology188金融市场 financial market financial market189中期贷款 extended fund facility extended fund facility190双边谈判 bilateral negotiation bilateral negotiation191特约条款 special clause special clause192董事会 board of directors board of directors193生产方式 production approach production approach194可保利益 insurable interest insurable interest195缓冲库存贷款 buffer stock financing facility buffer stock financing facility 196跨国公司母公司 parent MNC parent MNC197记帐交易 open credit open credit198滚装滚卸范畴运输 roll-on and roll-off traffic roll-on and roll-off traffic199规模经济 economies of scale economies of scale200有价保单 valued policy valued policy201从量税 specific duty specific duty202业务范围 business line business line203基础设施 capital infrastructure capital infrastructure204布雷顿森林会议 the Bretton woods convention the Bretton woods convention 205保证金 margin margin206统一关税制度 uniform tariff system uniform tariff system207208209210211212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224电子数据交换EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)国内生产总值GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国民生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)购买力平价PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)增值税VAT (value added tax)国际经济新秩序 new international economic order石油输出国组织OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN (Association of SouthEast Asian Nations)北美自由贸易协定NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)多边投资担保机构MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)经济及社会理事会ECOSOC (economic social council)国际开发协会IDA (International Development Association)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)零库存 just-in-time delivery (JIT)自动出口限制VER (Voluntary Export Restriction)投资交易所RIE (Recognized Investment Exchange)国际复兴开发银行IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)国际金融公司IFC (International Finance Corporation)。
用人力资本学说解释里昂惕夫之谜
用人力资本学说解释“里昂惕夫之谜”一、里昂惕夫之谜根据传统的要素禀赋理论，战后美国出口的应是资本密集型产品，进口劳动密集型产品；但美国经济学家华西里·列昂惕夫采用投入产出法对战后美国对外贸易发展状况进行分析后，却发现，美国美国进口的是资本密集型产品，出口的是劳动密集型产品。
这与赫--俄模型刚好相反。
由于赫--俄模型已经被西方经济学界广泛接受，因此里昂惕夫的结论被称为"里昂惕夫迷"或"里昂惕夫反论"。
二、人力资本学说人力资本是体现在人身上的技能和生产知识的存量。
人力资本投资的收益或报酬在于体高一个人的技能和获利能力，在于提高市场经济和非市场经济中经济决策的效率。
现代西方经济学家认为劳动技能是社会投资于教育和培训的结果，技术熟练的劳动者可以象有形资本重复地取得收益那样不断地取得收入，因而把劳动技能称作人力资本。
将劳动技能资本化的方法是，将技术熟练的劳动者与非技术熟练的劳动者之间的收入差距，以利息率加以折算。
按此法计算出来的人力资本与有形资本相加，构成一国的资本总额。
人力资本说（Human Capital Theory）的主要代表人物有克拉维斯（Irving Kravis）、凯南（Peter Kenen）、基辛（Kessing）等人。
他们认为，一个国家或某一个人为其未来的长远发展所进行的投资，并不仅仅局限于表现为企业、厂房、机器、设备、技术发明等物质形态，同时在很大程度上也表现为在教育、训练、医疗、保健、卫生、社区服务等各种人力资源开发（Development of Human Resources）上的投入。
前者为物质形态的实物资本（Physical Capital），后者可以概括为人力资本（Human Capital）。
三、用人力资本学说对里昂惕夫之谜的解释由于美国研究与开发风气盛行，教育与职业训练制度完善，因此美国比较外国拥有更多的技术熟练的劳动者或人力资本。
英语经济词汇
proactive fiscal policy（积极的财政政策）moderately loose monetary policy 适度宽松的货币政策stimulus package 经济刺激政策evitalization scheme for 10 major industries 十大产业振兴规划risk control 风险控制macro-regulation 宏观调控人民币“跨境结算” cross-border settlement加大货币发行量quantitative easingfixed-asset investment 固定资产投资unsalable products 积压产品Unmarketable、poorselling等词也可以用来表示“滞销”each link in distribution 每个流通环节buying spree 收购潮heavy loss 巨大损失oversupply of vegetables 蔬菜供应量加大战略性支柱产业strategic pillar industrypillar industry（支柱产业）Leading industry 主导产业basic industry 基础产业产业结构调整industrial restructuring产业生态系统industry eco-systememerging market 新兴市场emerging technology 新兴技术Emerging industry 新兴工业renminbi clearing bank 人民币清算行Clearing bank 清算银行offshore yuan center 人民币离岸中心QFII全称为Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors是“合格的境外机构投资者”的简称QE 全称为Quantitative Easing是“量化宽松货币政策”的简称反补贴税countervailing dutiesboosting food supplies and other necessities增加食品和其它必需品的供应increasing subsidies for low-income families提高对低收入家庭的补贴taking more targeted policies to maintain market order出台更多有针对性的政策维护市场秩序）现金补贴cash subsidy信贷紧缩credit squeeze有抵押债务secured debt外债余额outstanding external debt暂停偿债debt standstillnonperforming loans不良贷款overdue loans（逾期贷款）mortgage loans（按揭贷款）added value（附加值）commercial exploitation（商业炒作）商业间谍活动industrial espionagefloating exchange rates（浮动汇率制）emerging economies（新兴经济体）industrialized nations （工业化国家）exchange rate fluctuations（汇率波动）bilateral trade（双边贸易总额）reserve currency（储备货币）foreign exchange reserve（外汇储备）Subprime Crisis（次贷危机）dollar assets（美元资产）monetary policy（货币政策）稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy货币操纵国currency manipulatordollar trap就是指“美元陷阱”measure of money supply 货币供应量primary sector（第一产业）industrial sector（第二产业）tertiary /service sector（第三产业）one-off consumption就是指“一次性消费”one-off payment 一次性付款purchasing on a sudden impulse 冲动购买/即兴购买industry insider 业内人士luxury goods buyers 奢侈品买家potential consumers 潜在消费者恐慌购买panic buying强迫购物forced shopping消费热潮spending spreegold bug黄金投资者金本位”就是gold standardstrong momentum 强劲势头middle income trap就是指“中等收入陷阱”wide income inequality 收入差距增大high environmental costs 较高的环境代价inadequate domestic spending 国内消费不足sustainable pattern 可持续发展模式dollar dominance 美元的主导地位micro-credit company就是“小额贷款公司”private capital 民间资本financial market 金融市场credit market 信贷市场red chip就是“红筹股”junk bond 垃圾股bank run就是“银行挤兑”liquidity crunch资金紧缩demand for withdrawals取款需求credit order 信用秩序bank panic 银行恐慌systemic banking crisis 系统性银行危机从而引起economic recession 经济衰退migrant buyers就是指“外地购房者financial crisis（经济危机）绩效工资merit pay工资协商制度negotiation system on wagesstate-owned monopolies（国有垄断企业）cap and trade（限额交易、总量管制和交易Pegged Exchange Rate（盯住汇率制）公积金上限threshold of housing fundprepaid deposit（预付定金）money laundering（洗钱）tax evasion（偷税漏税）bribery（行贿受贿）issuers of prepaid cards（购物卡发行方）anonymous cards（不记名购物卡card scalpers（卡贩子、购物卡黄牛）灰色收入off-the-books income地下钱庄illegal bankfinancial fraud（金融诈骗）Minimum living allowances（最低生活保障）“subsistence allowance”也指“最低生活保障”low-income groups（低收入群体）basic subsistence costs（基本生活费用支出）expenditure-income ratio（消费支出比例）gap in work wages（工资收入差距）income divide/ income disparity 收入差距consumer price index（CPI，消费物价指数）cut back on meals and clothes（节衣缩食）housing loan repayments（房贷）housing space per capita（人均居住面积）收入分配income distributionwage arrears（拖欠工资）two-fold increase in pay指的就是工资“翻番” 纳税等级tax brackets晒工资wages online exposurefunded debt（长期债券、固定债务）还未偿还债务outstanding debt未到期的债务unmatured debtloan defaulter 拖欠贷款者Mortgage抵押贷款lending quota就是指“贷款额度”credit expansion（信贷扩张）deposit-reserve ratio（存款准备金率）export quota（出口配额）购买力平价purchasing power parity通胀恐慌inflation fearsuppress rising commodity prices就是“抑制物价上涨”的意思divorce settlement（离婚协议书）insurance premium(人寿保险费)cargo premium（货物保险费）at a premium是非常珍贵的mass market cars大众市场的车型了license-plate lottery（车牌摇号）car rental（汽车租赁）green car（新能源汽车）零排放车辆zero-emission vehicle跨界车crossover vehicle非公路用车off-highway vehicleby fair means or foul（不择手段，千方百计）price cheating就是“价格欺诈pricing inconsistency（价格不一致）misleading price tags（误导性的价签）curb inflation（抑制通货膨胀）academic cheating（学术造假）价格违法行为price violation价格垄断price-fixingfake resume（虚假简历）relaxed inner controls（内部管理松散）academic rank（职称）hidden rule（潜规则）package tour/group tour/organized tour（跟团旅游）individual tourist/ free walker（自由行游客）文化旅游业cultural tourism“自驾游”（self-driving travel/tour）self-organized expedition就是“自助游”分时度假timeshareecotourism生态旅游rural tourism “乡村旅游”eco-farming（生态农业）parallel import水货小众市场niche markettake-home income即“实得工资gross income（全额工资）financial crisis（经济危机）shrink（缩水）price hikes（物价上涨）housing spending（家庭支出）living standard（生活标准）economic stagnation（经济疲软vicious cycle（恶性循环）inflationary pressure（通胀压力）传销pyramid scheme信用评级下调credit downgrade实得工资take-home income虚拟超市virtual supermarket高档车premium car欺骗消费者play foul with buyers大众旅游mass tourism灰市gray market预付费卡prepaid cards恩格尔系数Engle coefficient次级债务subordinate debt饥饿营销hunger marketing恶意营销smear campaign亚洲“单一货币”single currency滞销蔬菜unsalable vegetables黄金投资者gold bugmembership fee（会员费）windfall（意外横财）Credit rating（信用评级）debtor（债务人）NASDAQ（纳斯达克）、DOW（道琼斯综合指数）Standard and Poor’s Composite Index（标准普尔综合指数）nose-dive（暴跌）信用评级integrity rating信用扩张credit expansionhi-tech marketing strategy（高科技营销策略）网络虚拟财产online virtualassetsreal economy（实体经济）fictitious economy（虚拟经济）real bargain（便宜货）virtual money虚拟钱币ceiling price表示“最高价”a farm production ceiling意思是“农业生产的最高产量” default（违约）cut deficit/deficit reduction（削减赤字）spending cuts（削减开支）debt crisis（债务危机）package agreement cap on liability（一揽子协议赔偿金上限）divorce calculator离婚计算器”online gadget（网络小工具）civil partnerships（民事伴侣关系late-life divorce（熟年离婚）prenuptial agreement（婚前协议）division of property（财产分割）custody and visitation of children（子女监护与探视）spousal support（配偶赡养费）child support（子女抚养费）。
incomeproducing：产生收入
CapitaCommercial Trust – Frequently Asked Questions•What is CapitaCommercial Trust?CapitaCommercial Trust or (“CCT”) is Singapore’s first commercial real estate investment trust (REIT). Its aim is to invest in commercial properties which are income producing.CCT will invest in and own seven commercial properties in Singapore comprising: - Capital Tower- 6 Battery Road- Starhub Centre- Robinson Point- Bugis Village- Golden Shoe Car Park- Market Street Car Park•What was the criteria for choosing these seven properties?The seven properties are commercial properties, or properties that are predominantly used as commercial properties, located in Singapore which are 100% owned by the Group.•What is a REIT?REIT stands for “Real Estate Investment Trust”.A REIT invests and owns property assets. From these assets, it will derive rentalincome. After paying certain property and administrative expenses, the REIT will pay out all, or substantially all, surplus income to unitholders.•How will CCT be set up?Subject to shareholders’ and regulatory approvals, this involves 3 steps:i) CapitaLand will transfer the seven properties to a real estate investmenttrust (REIT) called CapitaCommercial Trust (“CCT”)ii) CCT units will then be distributed FREE to CapitaLand shareholdersiii) CCT will be listed on the Singapore Stock Exchange via Introduction•By owning CCT units, what are the benefits to CapitaLand shareholders?CapitaLand aims to deliver more value to shareholders. Distributing FREE units in a real estate investment trust to shareholders will deliver to them a more tax efficient structure for holding investment properties. The benefits are as follow:i) High ‘dividend’ payout – Shareholders will receive a higher proportion of taxableincome from the seven properties than was the case under CapitaLand ownership: at least 90% of CCT earnings (and 95% for period from Distribution in specie to FY2005) will be distributed to unitholders.ii) Stable and attractive distributions (earnings) - CCT income will come from rental collected from the seven properties with quality tenants and long leases.iii) Tax transparency for Singapore tax residents and other qualifying unitholders -Unitholders who are Singapore citizens or permanent residents tax resident in Singapore will receive their income distributions without having tax deducted at source. Distributions will be taxed at the level of the Qualifying Unitholders at their applicable income tax rates.•How and when will income distribution be paid to unitholders?Any income distribution (in S$) will be paid from any income received by CapitaCommercial Trust after deducting all relevant costs on the Trust Level (debt interest payments, management fees etc) and the Property level (operating expenses etc.), i.e. taxable income.Taxable Income (if any) is distributed half-yearly for the periods ending 31 Dec and 30 June each year.The first distribution will be from the period of the date of Distribution in specie to 31 Dec 2004.For the period from the date of the Distribution in specie to financial year ending 31 Dec 2005, CCT will distribute 95% of its taxable income to Unitholders. Thereafter, CCT will distribute at least 90% of its taxable income, with the actual level of distribution to be determined at the Manager’s discretion.•Why is CCT only distributing 95% of its income, when other REITs give 100%?This provides CapitaLand with additional financial flexibility and greater cashflow management for working capital purposes.•Why is CapitaLand retaining 40% of CCT and not distributing all 100% to shareholders?•How are the interests of CapitaLand and unitholders aligned?In deciding how much of CCT to distribute, CapitaLand aimed to give shareholders as much of CCT as possible, whilst retaining a sufficiently important stake to:- Demonstrate their confidence in CCT after listing;- Align their interests as Manager of CCT with the interests of unitholders•How is CCT different from CapitaMall Trust (CMT)?Although both are REITs, CCT is Singapore’s first commercial real estate investment trust which will invest in seven commercial properties in Singapore. CMT invests in retail properties (ie. shopping malls).Also, CCT will be distributed free to CL shareholders while CMT was launched through an IPO.•How many CCT units will CapitaLand shareholders be receiving?Shareholders will receive 200 free CCT units for every 1,000 CapitaLand shares.•What will happen if shareholders receive odd lots of CCT units? (less than 1000 shares)CapitaLand is applying to the SGX to set up a temporary odd-lot trading counter. If shareholders receive less than a full lot, they can adjust their holdings to the desired level by buying more shares to round up to 1,000.•Do CapitaLand shareholders have to put in more money to own CCT units?CCT units will initially be distributed free to CapitaLand shareholders. When CCT is listed in the stock exchange, additional units may be purchased.•How can CapitaLand shareholders obtain more details of CCT?More details in the form of the Introductory Document explaining the establishment of CCT will be sent to CapitaLand shareholders shortly.It will provide shareholders with more details on CCT including the rationale for its establishment, as well as recommendations.•When will the Introductory Document be sent to CapitaLand shareholders?It will be sent to CapitaLand shareholders sometime in March 2004.•Will there be an Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) for CapitaLand shareholders to approve the formation of CCT?Yes, an EGM is expected to be held in April 2004. CapitaLand shareholders will be informed.•Can CapitaLand shareholders vote in the Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM)?CapitaLand shareholders can vote in the EGM.•What are the key dates in the establishment of CCT?Despatch of Introductory Document – March 2004CapitaLand Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) – April 2004Commencement of trading of CCT on SGX-ST – May 2004•Why do CapitaLand shareholders have to wait until May 2004 before CCT units are distributed to them and traded on the SGX?The waiting period is for CapitaLand to obtain the necessary shareholder and regulatory clearances for the transaction.•Can CPF funds be used to buy CCT after it is listed on the SGX?Yes, CCT is included under the CPF investment scheme. Once the units are listed in the Singapore Stock Exchange, investors could use their CPF Ordinary Account to purchase CCT units.TAXATION ISSUES•What is the tax treatment of the income distributions in Singapore?Unitholders who are Singapore citizens or permanent residents tax resident in Singapore will receive their income distributions without having tax deducted at source.Distributions will be taxed at the level of the Qualifying Unitholders (See question below) at their applicable income tax rates. This tax transparency offers Unitholders the benefit of pre-tax distributions.Distributions made to all other Unitholders will be subject to tax deducted at source at the prevailing corporate tax rate, which is currently 22.0%•What is tax transparency and which investors enjoy tax transparency?Tax transparency means that income tax is not imposed on CCT’s income in the hands of the trustee. For example, if 90% of the taxable income of the CCT is distributed to investors, that 90% portion of the taxable income would not be taxed in the hand of the trustee. Instead, you, as an investor, will pay tax on the distribution you received at your own marginal rate based on your tax bracket.Only qualifying Singapore tax residents have no tax deducted at source. Tax will be deducted at source from distribution made to non-qualifying unitholders. See table below:-Enjoy tax transparency (received pre-tax distribution)Taxed deducted at source (receivednet of taxdistribution)Singapore Citizens who are TaxResidents¸Permanent Residents who are TaxResidents¸CPF/SRS Funds¸Companies Incorporated and TaxResidents in Singapore¸Singapore branches of foreigncompanies that have obtainedspecific approval from IRAS toreceive distribution withoutdeduction of tax¸Non-corporate entities created orconstituted in Singapore, e.g.Statutory Board/ Non ProfitOrganizations, Town Councils¸Nominees/Sub accounts¸Joint Holders¸Other Holders, e.g. foreign entities¸•Would tax be imposed on capital gains when disposing of CCT units?It would depend on whether the gains are considered to be trading gains derived by the investor. If they are considered to be trading gains, the investor would be subject to Singapore income tax.•Would tax be imposed on CCT if it disposes of its properties?It would depend on whether the gains are considered to be derived by CCT from a trade or business of dealing in properties. If they are so considered, CCT would be subject to tax on the gains from the disposal at the Trust level, and investors can claim a credit for the tax paid by the trustee on the gains when the gains are distributed to them.CCT’s intention is to hold the properties for long term investment purposes.IMPORTANT NOTICEThe value of units in CapitaCommercial Trust (“CCT”) and the income derived from them may fall as well as rise. Units are not obligations of, deposits in, or guaranteed by, CapitaCommercial Trust Management Limited (as manager of CCT) (the “Manager”), CapitaLand Limited or any of their respective affiliates and an investment in the units are subject to investment risks, including the possible loss of principal amount invested.CCT unitholders have no right to request the Manager to redeem or purchase their units for so long as the units are listed on Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited (“SGX-ST”). It is intended that unitholders may only deal in their units through trading on the SGX-ST. The listing of the units on the SGX-ST does not guarantee a liquid market for the units.This presentation contains forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause the actual results, performance or achievements of CCT or the Manager, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are also based on numerous assumptions regarding the Manager's present and future business strategies and the environment in which CCT or the Manager will operate in the future. As these statements reflect the Manager's current views concerning future events, these statements necessarily involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Actual future performance could differ materially from these forward-looking statements. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, and you should read the introductory document to be issued in connection with the listing of CCT on the SGX-ST (“Introductory Document”) carefully before taking any action in respect of the units in CCT.The forecast and projected yields stated in this presentation are calculated based on the notional/illustrative price or price range stated herein. Such yields will vary accordingly for investors who purchase the units in the secondary market at a market price higher or lower than the illustrated price or price range. Potential investors should read the Introductory Document carefully for details of the forecasts and projections, consider the assumptions used and the investment risks involved and make their own assessment of the future performance of CCT before deciding whether to purchase units in CCT in the secondary market.These presentation slides are not an offer of securities for sale in the United States. Securities may not be sold in the United States unless they are registered or are exempt from registration. The Company does not intend to register any portion of this offering in the United States or to conduct a public offering in the United States. Any public offering of securities to be made in the United States will be made by means of a prospectus that will contain detailed information about the Company and its management, as well as financial statements. Copies of these presentation slides are not being, and should not be, distributed in or sent into the United States. It may be unlawful to distribute these materials in certain jurisdictions.。
指标解释
主 要 统 计 指 标 解 释一、城镇住户城镇家庭人口 指居住在一起，经济上合在一起共同生活的家庭成员。
凡计算为家庭人口的成员其全部收支都包括在本家庭中。
城镇就业面 指就业人口占家庭人口的百分比。
城镇就业者负担人数 指家庭人口与就业人口之比。
城镇家庭总收入 指家庭成员得到的工薪收入、经营净收入、财产性收入、转移性收入之和，不包括出售财物收入和借贷收入。
城镇家庭可支配收入 指家庭成员得到可用于最终消费支出和其它非义务性支出以及储蓄的总和，即居民家庭可以用来自由支配的收入。
它是家庭总收入扣除交纳的所得税、个人交纳的社会保障支出以及记账补贴后的收入。
计算公式为：可支配收入=家庭总收入-交纳所得税-个人交纳的社会保障支出-记账补贴城镇家庭总支出 指除借贷支出以外的全部家庭支出。
包括消费性支出、购房建房支出、转移性支出、财产性支出、社会保障支出。
城镇家庭消费性支出 指家庭用于日常生活的支出，包括食品、衣着、家庭设备用品及服务、医疗保健、交通和通信、娱乐教育文化服务、居住、杂项商品和服务等八大类支出。
城镇家庭服务性消费支出 指家庭用于支付社会提供的各种非商品性服务费用。
城镇家庭收入分组方法 是将所有调查户按户人均可支配收入由低到高排队，按10%，10%，20%，20%，20%，10%，10%的比例依次分成：最低收入户、低收入户、中等偏下收入户、中等收入户、中等偏上收入户、高收入户、最高收入户等七组。
恩格尔系数 指食物支出金额在消费性总支出金额中所占的比例。
计算公式为：%100⨯=消费性总支出金额食品支出金额恩格尔系数二、农村住户农村住户 指农村常住户。
农村常住户指长期(一年以上)居住在乡镇(不包括城关镇)行政管理区域内的住户，以及长期居住在城关镇所辖行政村范围内的农村住户。
户口不在本地而在本地居住一年及以上的住户也包括在本地农村常住户范围内；有本地户口，但举家外出谋生一年以上的住户，无论是否保留承包耕地都不包括在本地农村住户范围内。
china daily十八届三中全会热词
为期四天的十八届三中全会将对全面深化改革（comprehensively deepening reform）作总体部署。
中共中央政治局常委、全国政协主席俞正声在会前表示，这一轮改革范围之广，力度之大，都将是空前的。
全面深化改革可能涉及的领域有：投融资体制改革（reform of the investment and financing circulation system）、行政体制改革（reform of the administrative system）、财税制度改革（reform of fiscal revenue and tax distribution system）、金融体制改革（reform of the financial system）、农业工作改革（agricultural reform）、民生领域改革（reform concerning people’s livelihood）、外贸体制改革（reform of foreign trade system）、城镇化改革（urbanization reform）、产业政策改革（reform of industry policies）以及服务业改革（reform of the service industry）。
其中，简政放权（government streamlining）、收入分配制度改革（reform of income distribution system），以及户口制度改革（reform of the household registration system）等均受到各界的广泛关注。
同时，外媒报道多数预测金融体制改革（reform of the financial system）将是本次全会的重要议题。
"383 plan"就是最近大家都在讨论的“383”方案，是指包含“三位一体改革思路、八个重点改革领域、三个关联性改革组合”的中国新一轮改革路线图（reform roadmap）。
china daily 经济学词汇
传销pyramid schemedivorce settlement（离婚协议书）insurance premium(人寿保险费)cargo premium（货物保险费）at a premium是非常珍贵的mass market cars大众市场的车型了license-plate lottery（车牌摇号）car rental（汽车租赁）green car（新能源汽车）零排放车辆zero-emission vehicle跨界车crossover vehicle非公路用车off-highway vehicleby fair means or foul（不择手段，千方百计）price cheating就是“价格欺诈pricing inconsistency（价格不一致）misleading price tags（误导性的价签）curb inflation（抑制通货膨胀）academic cheating（学术造假）价格违法行为price violation价格垄断price-fixingfake resume（虚假简历）relaxed inner controls（内部管理松散）academic rank（职称）hidden rule（潜规则）package tour/group tour/organized tour （跟团旅游）individual tourist/ free walker（自由行游客）文化旅游业cultural tourism“自驾游”（self-driving travel/tour）self-organized expedition就是“自助游”分时度假timeshareecotourism生态旅游rural tourism “乡村旅游”eco-farming（生态农业）parallel import水货小众市场niche markettake-home income即“实得工资gross income（全额工资）financial crisis（经济危机）shrink（缩水）price hikes（物价上涨）housing spending（家庭支出）living standard（生活标准）economic stagnation（经济疲软vicious cycle（恶性循环）inflationary pressure（通胀压力）信用评级下调credit downgrade实得工资take-home income虚拟超市virtual supermarket高档车premium car欺骗消费者play foul with buyers大众旅游mass tourism灰市gray market预付费卡prepaid cards恩格尔系数Engle coefficient次级债务subordinate debt饥饿营销hunger marketing恶意营销smear campaign亚洲“单一货币”single currency滞销蔬菜unsalable vegetables黄金投资者gold bugmembership fee （会员费）windfall（意外横财）Credit rating（信用评级）debtor（债务人）NASDAQ（纳斯达克）、DOW（道琼斯综合指数）Standard and Poor’s Composite Index （标准普尔综合指数）nose-dive（暴跌）信用评级integrity rating信用扩张credit expansionhi-tech marketing strategy（高科技营销策略）网络虚拟财产online virtual assetsreal economy（实体经济）fictitious economy（虚拟经济）real bargain（便宜货）virtual money虚拟钱币ceiling price表示“最高价”a farm production ceiling意思是“农业生产的最高产量”default（违约）cut deficit/deficit reduction（削减赤字）spending cuts（削减开支）debt crisis（债务危机）package agreement cap on liability（一揽子协议赔偿金上限）divorce calculator离婚计算器”online gadget（网络小工具）civil partnerships（民事伴侣关系late-life divorce（熟年离婚）prenuptial agreement（婚前协议）division of property（财产分割）custody and visitation of children（子女监护与探视）spousal support（配偶赡养费）child support（子女抚养费）financial crisis（经济危机）绩效工资merit pay工资协商制度negotiation system on wagesstate-owned monopolies（国有垄断企业）cap and trade（限额交易、总量管制和交易Pegged Exchange Rate（盯住汇率制）公积金上限threshold of housing fund prepaid deposit（预付定金）money laundering（洗钱）tax evasion（偷税漏税）bribery（行贿受贿）issuers of prepaid cards（购物卡发行方）anonymous cards（不记名购物卡card scalpers（卡贩子、购物卡黄牛）灰色收入off-the-books income地下钱庄illegal bankfinancial fraud（金融诈骗）Minimum living allowances（最低生活保障）“subsistence allowance”也指“最低生活保障”low-income groups（低收入群体）basic subsistence costs（基本生活费用支出）expenditure-income ratio（消费支出比例）gap in work wages（工资收入差距）income divide/ income disparity 收入差距consumer price index（CPI，消费物价指数）cut back on meals and clothes（节衣缩食）housing loan repayments（房贷）housing space per capita（人均居住面积）收入分配income distributionwage arrears（拖欠工资）two-fold increase in pay指的就是工资“翻番”纳税等级tax brackets晒工资wages online exposurefunded debt（长期债券、固定债务）还未偿还债务outstanding debt未到期的债务unmatured debtloan defaulter 拖欠贷款者Mortgage抵押贷款lending quota就是指“贷款额度”credit expansion（信贷扩张）deposit-reserve ratio（存款准备金率）export quota（出口配额）购买力平价purchasing power parity通胀恐慌inflation fearsuppress rising commodity prices就是“抑制物价上涨”的意思boosting food supplies and other necessities增加食品和其它必需品的供应increasing subsidies for low-income families提高对低收入家庭的补贴taking more targeted policies to maintain market order出台更多有针对性的政策维护市场秩序）现金补贴cash subsidy 信贷紧缩credit squeeze有抵押债务secured debt外债余额outstanding external debt暂停偿债debt standstill nonperforming loans不良贷款overdue loans（逾期贷款）mortgage loans（按揭贷款）added value（附加值）commercial exploitation（商业炒作）商业间谍活动industrial espionagefloating exchange rates（浮动汇率制）emerging economies（新兴经济体）industrialized nations （工业化国家）exchange rate fluctuations（汇率波动）bilateral trade（双边贸易总额）reserve currency（储备货币）foreign exchange reserve（外汇储备）Subprime Crisis（次贷危机）dollar assets（美元资产）monetary policy（货币政策）稳健的货币政策prudent monetary policy货币操纵国currency manipulator dollar trap就是指“美元陷阱”measure of money supply 货币供应量primary sector（第一产业）industrial sector（第二产业）tertiary /service sector（第三产业）proactive fiscal policy（积极的财政政策）moderately loose monetary policy 适度宽松的货币政策stimulus package 经济刺激政策evitalization scheme for 10 major industries 十大产业振兴规划risk control 风险控制macro-regulation 宏观调控人民币“跨境结算” cross-border settlement加大货币发行量quantitative easing fixed-asset investment 固定资产投资unsalable products 积压产品Unmarketable、poorselling等词也可以用来表示“滞销”each link in distribution 每个流通环节buying spree 收购潮heavy loss 巨大损失oversupply of vegetables 蔬菜供应量加大战略性支柱产业strategic pillar industrypillar industry（支柱产业）eading industry 主导产业basic industry 基础产业产业结构调整industrial restructuring 产业生态系统industry eco-system emerging market 新兴市场emerging technology 新兴技术Emerging industry 新兴工业renminbi clearing bank 人民币清算行Clearing bank 清算银行offshore yuan center 人民币离岸中心QFII全称为Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors是“合格的境外机构投资者”的简称QE 全称为Quantitative Easing是“量化宽松货币政策”的简称反补贴税countervailing dutiesone-off consumption就是指“一次性消费”one-off payment 一次性付款purchasing on a sudden impulse 冲动购买/即兴购买industry insider 业内人士luxury goods buyers 奢侈品买家potential consumers 潜在消费者恐慌购买panic buying强迫购物forced shopping消费热潮spending spreegold bug黄金投资者金本位”就是gold standardstrong momentum 强劲势头middle income trap就是指“中等收入陷阱”wide income inequality 收入差距增大high environmental costs 较高的环境代价inadequate domestic spending 国内消费不足sustainable pattern 可持续发展模式dollar dominance 美元的主导地位micro-credit company就是“小额贷款公司”private capital 民间资本financial market 金融市场credit market 信贷市场red chip就是“红筹股”junk bond 垃圾股bank run就是“银行挤兑”liquidity crunch资金紧缩demand for withdrawals取款需求credit order 信用秩序bank panic 银行恐慌systemic banking crisis 系统性银行危机从而引起economic recession 经济衰退migrant buyers就是指“外地购房者Property-purchasing limitations就是“限购”second- and third-tier cities 二、三线城市first-tier cities 一线城市blueprint homes或blueprint housing就是“图纸房”simple blueprints of the project 简单的户型图capital in the presale 预售款forward-delivery housing 期房advance fees 预付款direct-sale store就是指“直营店factory shop 厂家直销店chain store 连锁店flagship store 旗舰店franchised store 特许经营店pro shop 专业店exclusive shop 专卖店outlet store 工厂店outstanding external debt未偿付外债，即“外债余额external debt即“外债”short term external debt 短期外债trade credit 贸易信贷trade finance 贸易融资dark pool就是“暗池交易”angel investment 天使投资alternative trading systems 替代交易系统institutional investor 机构投资者off-market liquidity 场外资金consolidated tape 证券买卖汇总记录带over-the-counter transactions 场外交易fall on debut新股破发initial offer price 发行价IPO（Initial Public Offering，首次公开募股)would-be buyers/drivers 潜在购车者self-owned brand 自主品牌intellectual property 知识产权brand awareness 品牌意识brand effect 品牌效应brand familiarity 品牌知名度product placement 植入式广告cooling measures in the property market 房地产市场降温措施higher down payment requirements for first-time buyers提高首次购房者的首付比例nationwide suspension of loan lending for third home purchases 全面叫停第三套房贷International Comparison Program 国际比较项目，简称ICP purchasing power parity就是“购买力平价”，简写为PPP低通货膨胀low inflation急剧通货膨胀galloping inflation恶性通货膨胀hyperinflation需求拉动通胀demand-pull inflation成本推动通胀cost-push inflation固有型通货膨胀built-in inflation trade imbalance就是“贸易失衡”trade surplus（贸易顺差）trade deficit（贸易逆差）trade balance贸易差额global economic imbalances（全球经济失衡currency policies（货币政策）trade protectionism（贸易保护主义）financial regulatory reform（金融监管改革）global settlement currency就是“国际结算货币”invoicing currency（计价货币）freely convertible currency（可自由兑换货币）hard currency（硬货币weak currency（软货币）speculative demands就是指“投机性需求”rigid demand（刚性需求）elastic demand（弹性需求）abnormal demand（反常需求、异常需求）speculation and profiteering（投机倒把）pricing regime定价机制household wealth就是指“家庭财富”household debt（家庭负债property-for-residency scheme（购房移民计划）Capital Investment Entrant Scheme（资本投资者入境计划property bubble（地产泡沫）commercial residential houses（商品房）budget homes 廉价房rent-to-buy program（先租后买项目）wage formation mechanism指的是“工资形成机制”low-end labor market即“低端劳动力市场”migrant worker（农民工）labor shortage（用工荒）time-honored brand老字号net bargainer就是指“网络议价师factory prices（出厂价）bargain basement（减价商品部）bargain hunter（减价品搜寻者，专买便宜货的人）bargain book（特价图书，廉价图书）net capital的意思是“净资本”working/circulating capital（流动资金）fixed capital（固定资本）human capital（人力资本）physical capital（物质资本）trade rows就是“贸易纠纷”anti-dumping duties（反倾销税）anti-subsidies investigation（反补贴调查）special protectionist tariffs（特保关税）export control（出口管制）super online banking system“超级网银interbank transfers（跨行转账interbank balance inquiries（跨行余额查询）home banking（家居银行）local government-backed investment units就是我们说的“地方融资平台financing vehicles（融资工具）MTN（medium term note，中期票据corporate bonds（企业债券）carbon exchange centers就是指“碳交易中心carbon emissions（碳排放energy consumption（能耗）administrative measures（行政措施market-based means（市场手段）housing vacancy rate就是指“住房空置率investors-owners（投资业主）field testing（现场测试house inspector就是“验房师”standards regulated by the government （政府制定的标准tail-raising factor就是指“翘尾因素”，也称为carryover effects（滞后影响）PMI，purchase management index（采购经理人指数）PPI，producer price index（工业品出场价格指数）luxury goods market（奢侈品市场）stress test指的是“压力测试”stress tolerance（抗压能力）group-buying就是指“团购”bulk discounts（大幅优惠ultra-discounted tickets（超低价优惠券）到discount coupon（打折券）、rebate coupon（现金券/抵金券）cents-off coupons，那就只是“象征性优惠”bogus company的意思是“皮包公司a bogus document（伪造的文件）bogus bills（假钞）assigned stores（指定商店）forced shopping（强迫购物）local interbank withdrawal(本地跨行取款)remote deposit（异地存款）withdrawal slip（取款单automated teller machine 简称ATM individual income tax threshold（个税起征点）double dip就是指“二次探底”也称为double dip recession（双谷衰退）weather insurance就是指“天气保险endowment insurance（养老保险）indemnificatory apartment的意思是“保障性住房price-fixed housing（限价房）public rental housing（公共租赁住房/公租房）rebuild shanty areas（对棚户区进行改造）trial sites（试点）transgression（不良记录信息）preferential interest rate（优惠利率）favorable first-home loans（首套房优惠贷款）credit registry（贷款记录）market capitalization（市值总额）urban competitiveness就是“城市竞争力”的意思economic growth rate（经济增长速度）livable city（宜居城市）muted growth（缓慢增长）模式collective contract即“集体合同labor disputes（劳资纠纷）cheap labor surplus（廉价劳动力过剩）trade sanction（贸易制裁）hi-tech export control（高科技出口管制one-off revaluation就是“一次性重估调整”service outsourcing industry就是“服务外包行业”信息技术外包服务”（Information Technology Outsourcing，简称ITO）业务流程外包服务”（Business Process Outsourcing，简称BPO）dual-currency card就是指“双币卡”third-party payment platform（第三方支付平台）POS point of sales 销售点终端机counting fee就是指“点钞费payment /clearing system（支付体系）Non-cash payment instruments（非现金支付工具debit card（借记卡）credit card（信用卡）private investment就是指“民间投资”Monopoly industry垄断行业refugee money（外逃资本）hoarding and profiteering 囤积居奇business misconduct（商业不正当行为）tiered pricing for electricity（阶梯电价）save energy and cut emissions（节能减排）high energy-consuming industry（高耗能产业）auto replacement（汽车以旧换新）energy efficient products（节能产品congestion fee就是指“交通拥堵费”单双号限行：odd-and-even license plate rule错时上下班：staggered rush hour plan 公交专用车道：bus lane快速公交专用车道: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)vehicle and vessel tax就是“车船使用税tax refund（退税，税收返还）individual income tax（个人所得税value-added tax（增值税mobile payment就是指“移动支付”illegal business dealing（非法经营）insider trading（内幕交易）corporate bribery（单位行贿）回扣（kickback）手续费（commission fee）contract violation就是指“合同违约”back pay（拖欠薪水）labor arbitration（劳动仲裁）liquidated damages（违约金）late payment（逾期付款）incomplete/unfinished building（烂尾楼）non-owner-occupier 非自住业主price difference（差价）seckilling “秒杀”central enterprise就是“中央企业”，简称“央企”merger（兼并）、consolidation（合并）和regrouping（重组）social security tax就是指“社会保障税”social security fee（社会保险费）social security fund（社保基金）windfall tax（暴利税）inheritance tax（遗产税）financial services park “金融服务区business park（工商业园区）high-tech park（高新技术园区）demonstration park（示范园区）residential land就是“居住用地”well-being issue（民生问题）houses with limited property rights（小产权房）dodgy service center冒牌服务中心guarantee period保修期正规服务中心genuine service center正式服务中心official service center授权服务中心authorized service center revaluation of the renminbi（对人民币汇率重新评估）rate fine-tuning（汇率微调currency appreciation（货币升值）appreciate sharply（升值过猛）huge job losses（大量就业岗位消失）second board（创业板）free sightseeing e-coupon就是指“免费景区电子门票”malfeasant/unfair competition（不正当竞争）warrantee period（保质期）business mis conduct “商业不正当行为one-stop service（一站式服务）economic development model “经济发展模式industrial restructuring（产业结构调整）on-site recruiting “现场招聘”asset bubble “资产泡沫bubble economy（泡沫经济）stock market bubble（股市泡沫abor shortage “劳动力短缺labor surplus/redundance（劳动力过剩surplus rural workers（农村剩余劳动力）left-behind children 留守儿童labor intensive industry 劳动密集型产业knowledge intensive（知识密集型technology-intensive（技术密集型discount rate “贴现率”courier firm “快递公司”房地产市场real estatemarket/property market房地产市场过热overheated property sector房价property price/housing price普通购房者private homebuyer房产中介real estate agent首付down payment分期付款payment by installment月供monthly installment payment 廉租房low-rent housing经济适用房affordable housing闲置地产vacant property现房complete apartment期房forward delivery housing商品房commercial residential building政策性住房policy-related house按揭购房buy a house on mortgage 二手房second-hand houseprice-rigging 操纵价格monopoly profit 垄断利润anti-competition behavior 反竞争行为speculation and hoarding 囤积居奇price collusion合谋定价digital film 数字电影circular-screen movie 环幕电影idle land闲置土地idle money 闲散资金，游资vacant property 闲置地产land hoarding 囤地institutional financing 机构融资microcredit programs 小额信贷项目recoverable garbage 可回收垃圾e-waste就是“电子垃圾”或“电子废弃物”brand copycats山寨trademark infringement 商标侵权行为quality goods 正品business class就是“商务舱”economy class / tourist class（经济舱first class 头等舱high-end travelers 高端乘客premium economy class 豪华经济舱tablet PC就是平板电脑touch screen 触摸屏Netbook 上网本family-run management就是指“家族式管理private enterprises 民营企业core family核心家庭retaliatory price rebound就是“报复性反弹”retaliatory duty/tariff 报复性关税low-rent housing廉租房affordable housing经济适用房social security housing社会保障房interest rate hike cycle就是指“加息周期”imported inflation输入型通胀property bubble资产泡沫speculative demands投机性需求inflation fear通胀恐慌local government-backed investment units地方融资平台inflation expectations通胀预期hard landing指“硬着陆soft landing软着陆。
人均收入英语作文
人均收入英语作文Title: Exploring Per Capita Income: Understanding its Significance and Implications。
Per capita income, often referred to as income per person or per capita GDP, is a vital economic indicatorthat provides insights into the economic well-being and standard of living of a country's citizens. It is calculated by dividing the total national income of a country by its population. In this essay, we will delveinto the significance of per capita income, its determinants, and its implications for individuals and policymakers.Firstly, per capita income serves as a measure of the average income earned by individuals in a given country. It reflects the economic productivity of a nation and its ability to generate wealth for its citizens. Countries with higher per capita incomes generally offer better employment opportunities, higher wages, and improved access toessential services such as healthcare and education. Conversely, lower per capita income often indicates economic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and limited access to resources.Several factors influence per capita income, including the level of economic development, productivity, investment, and distribution of wealth within a country. Developed countries tend to have higher per capita incomes due totheir advanced infrastructure, technological innovation,and diversified economies. On the other hand, developing countries may struggle to achieve comparable levels of per capita income due to factors such as inadequate infrastructure, limited access to education and healthcare, and reliance on primary industries.Additionally, government policies play a crucial rolein shaping per capita income. Policies that promote investment in human capital, infrastructure development,and innovation can contribute to higher productivity levels and ultimately increase per capita income. Moreover, initiatives aimed at reducing income inequality andpromoting social welfare can help improve the standard of living for all citizens and narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.Furthermore, per capita income has significant implications for individuals, households, and policymakers. For individuals, higher per capita income translates into greater purchasing power, improved quality of life, and increased opportunities for personal and professional growth. It enables individuals to afford better healthcare, education, housing, and leisure activities, thereby enhancing their overall well-being and satisfaction.Households also benefit from higher per capita income as it allows them to meet their basic needs and invest in their future. Families with higher incomes can provide better nutrition, education, and healthcare for their children, setting them on a path towards upward mobility and socioeconomic advancement. Moreover, increased household income contributes to higher levels of consumer spending, which stimulates economic growth and creates employment opportunities.From a policymaker's perspective, per capita income serves as a crucial benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of economic policies and identifying areasfor improvement. Governments often set targets for increasing per capita income as part of their broader development agendas. By implementing policies that foster economic growth, enhance productivity, and promote social inclusion, policymakers can work towards raising per capita income and improving the overall standard of living for their citizens.In conclusion, per capita income is a fundamental indicator of economic prosperity and individual well-being. It reflects the average income earned by individuals in a country and provides insights into the overall standard of living. By understanding the determinants and implications of per capita income, policymakers can formulate effective strategies to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and enhance the quality of life for all citizens.。
关于经济的英语单词
关于经济的英语单词rural economics 农村经济 liberal economy 自由经济 mixed economy 混合经济 political economy 政治经济学 protectionism 保护主义 autarchy 闭关自守economist 经济学家socialist economy 社会主义经济 capitalist economy 资本主义经济 collective economy 集体经济 planned economy 计划经济 controlled economy 管制经济 primary sector 初级成分private sector 私营成分,私营部门 public sector 公共部门,公共成分 economic channels 经济渠道 economic balance 经济平衡 economic fluctuation 经济波动 economic depression 经济衰退 economic stability 经济稳定 economic policy 经济政策 economic recovery 经济复原 understanding 约定 concentration 集中holding company 控股公司 trust 托拉斯 cartel 卡特尔rate of growth 增长economic trend 经济趋势 economic situation 经济形势 infrastructure 基本建设standard of living 生活标准,生活水平 purchasing power, buying power 购买力 scarcity 短缺stagnation 停滞,萧条,不景气 underdevelopment 不发达 underdeveloped 不发达的 developing 发展中的国民生产总值 GNP (Gross National Product)人均国民生产总值 per capita GNP产值 output value鼓励 give incentive to投入 input宏观控制 exercise macro-control优化经济结构 optimize the economic structure输入活力 bring vigor into改善经济环境 improve economic environment整顿经济秩序 rectify economic order有效地控制通货膨胀 effectively control inflation非公有成分 non-public sectors主要成分 dominant sector实在的 tangible全体会议 plenary session解放生产力 liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces引入歧途 lead one to a blind alley举措 move实事求是 seek truth from facts引进、输入 importation和平演变 peaceful evolution试一下 have a go (at sth.)精华、精粹、实质 quintessence家庭联产责任承包制 family-contract responsibility system搞活企业 invigorate enterprises商品经济 commodity economy基石 cornerstone零售 retail发电量 electric energy production有色金属 nonferrous metals人均收入 per capita income使负担 be saddled with营业发达的公司 going concerns被兼并或挤掉 annexed or forced out of business善于接受的 receptive增额、增值、增长 increment发展过快 excessive growth抽样调查 data from the sample survey扣除物价上涨部分 price increase are deducted(excluded)实际增长率 actual growth rate国际收支 international balance of payments流通制度 circulation system总工资 total wages分配形式 forms of distribution风险资金 risk funds管理不善 poor management一个中心、两个基本点one central task and two basic points以经济建设为中心，坚持四项基本原则（1）社会主义道路（2）党的领导（3）人民民主专政（4）马列主义毛泽东思想、坚持改革开放the central task refers to economic construction and two basic points are the four cardinal principles - adherence to the socialist road, to Communist Party leadership, to the people's democratic dictatorship and to Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought - and persisting in reform and opening.改革是“社会主义制度的自我完善和自我发展”。
最低工资保障的劳动力市场影响
研究领域：政治经济学劳动力市场买方垄断、剥削与最低工资保障内容提要：本文分析在非充分竞争劳动力市场条件下实行最低工资标准的各种影响。
论文认为在我国劳动力市场不健全、买方垄断大量存在的现实条件下，实行最低工资保障制度具有重要意义：它有助于提高劳动者的工资，改善收入分配状况，对失业增加和企业效益不会产生很大的负面影响。
但是最低工资保障的设计要合理，要充分考虑可能产生的消极影响，最低工资保障不能替代市场，无论是标准的制定，还是最终消除劳动力市场的买方垄断，都要依靠市场机制。
关键词：最低工资劳动力市场买方垄断剥削Abstract: The paper analyzes the impact of minimum wage on the non-competitive labor market. It states that under the condition of monopsony in China’s labor market, the adoption of minimum wage has great significance. It will be benefic ial for the worker’s income increase. Tremendous negative effect on employment and firm’s profit is not likely to happen. However the minimum wage system should be well designed, considering fully the adverse impact on the labor market. The minimum wage cannot displace the market mechanism, for both the standard’s set up and the elimination of monopsony will depend on the market mechanism.Key words: Minimum Wage Labor Market Monopsony Exploitation一、问题的提出近年我国各地纷纷制定了当地的最低工资标准，我国《劳动法》第五章明确规定，国家实行最低工资保障制度，用人单位支付劳动者的工资不得低于当地最低工资标准。
income的用法总结大全
income的用法总结大全income这个单词你知道是什么意思吗?income的用法是怎样的呢，快来了解一下吧，今天给大家带来了income的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。
income的用法总结大全income的意思n. 收入，进款,进来的动作,进入income用法income可以用作名词income的基本意思是“收入,所得,收益”,指个人或商店等单位的进款,不指具体某一项的收入。
既可用作可数名词,也可用作不可数名词。
income在句中可用作定语。
income用作名词的用法例句His income is well below the average.他的收入大大低于平均水平。
My monthly income was just over 200 pounds.我每月的收入是200多磅。
He needs a high income to support such a large family.他需要有高收入才能供养得起这样一个大家庭。
income用法例句1、Tourism is up, jobs are up, individual income is up.旅游火了，工作机会多了，个人收入涨了。
2、Somalia, pop. 7.9 million, income per head about ?1.60 a week.索马里，人口790万，人均收入大约每周1.60英镑。
3、She suggests you first assess your income and outgoings.她建议你先估算一下自己的收入和开销。
词汇精选：income的用法和辨析一、详细释义：n.收入;收益;所得例句：His income allows of no extravagance in his way of living.他的收入不允许他生活奢侈。
例句：Over a third of their income comes from comedy videos.他们收入的1/3 来自于喜剧片。
中国下调经济增长目标意在转变增长模式双语
By lowering China's growth target to 7.5% this year, Premier Wen Jiabao has signaled发出信号 that an era of supercharged expansion高速扩张 may be coming to an end, a shift with profound implications深远影响 for countries like Australia and Brazil that have prospered from red-hot Chinese demand对··火热需求 for commodities.通过将今年中国的经济增长目标降至7.5%，中国国务院总理温家宝发出了一个信号，即中国经济高速扩张的时期可能即将结束。
这一转变或许将给澳大利亚和巴西等因中国对大宗商品的火热需求而繁荣起来的国家带来深远影响。
The adjustment suggests that China's leaders have reached a comfort level with slower growth, and that they don't intend to stimulate the economy through state-led 政府主导investment, as they have in the past. Instead, they plan to let a long-touted宣传已久的shift away from export-led出口导向型 expansion 经济增长模式take its course自然地发展，持续到自然结束.经济增长目标下调意味着中国领导人已经对较为缓慢的经济增长感到安心，不打算像过去那样通过政府主导的投资来刺激经济，而是计划让出口导向型经济增长模式顺其自然地发生转变。
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Available online at Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–16961876–6102 © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2011.03.288IACEED2010Income Distribution, Human Capital and EnvironmentalQuality: Empirical Study in ChinaYang Jun a,b*, Yang Zhong-kui a , Sheng Peng-fei aaSchool of Economics and Business Administration , Chongqing University,Chongqing,400044,China b Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing,100732,ChinaAbstractThis paper has structured the simultaneous equations including the environmental quality determined equation and the income distribution determined equation, which are then applied Chinese provincial panel data to from 1996 to 2008. F rom the econometrical result, it is concluded that there is a significantly negative relationship between environmental quality and the imbalance of income distribution in China at the present; the improvement of human capital can reduce the detrimental effects from the differences in income distribution and better the environmental quality in China.© 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of RIUDSKey Words: Income Distribution, Human Capital, Environmental Quality, EKC (Environment Kuznets Curve);1. IntroductionSince the reformation of 1978, the economy has been growing rapidly with the annual GDP growth rate reaching a peak level of 9.8% in China. However, this impressive economic performance has al so placed traumatic levels of stress on environment and natural resources. What is more, China’s environmental problems are currently exploding in size and complexity. An investigation of World Bank revealed that about eight to twelve percent of Chinese GDP is consumed with paying huge costs of environmental crisis and that thirty of the most polluted cities in the world were located in China. Not surprisingly, the GINI coefficient has reached 0.48 in China, which is far above the international red line (0.4).*Corresponding author. Tel.: +86-23-65106484; Fax: +86-23-65106484.E-mail address: yangjun@1690Yang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–1696The current studies suggest that income distribution is one of the key factors which can significantly affect environmental quality. Therefore, in order to understand and solve the emerging environmental problems in the fast-growing economy in China, it is important to study the relationship between income distribution and environment quality, specifically the individual characteristics in China. At the same time, this paper has also provided a representative case for developing countries regarding the study of the relationship between income distribution and environmental quality.2.Literature ReviewThe study of the relationship between economic development and environmental problems was proposed during the negotiation of NATFA (North A merican Free Trade Area) and the early study was made by Grossman and Krueger (1991) [1]. Grossman and Krueger (1991) concluded that the pollution level would increase as GDP Per Capita rises in less developed regions, but decrease in the highly-developed regions. Later, Panayotou (1993) [2] proposed the Environmental Kunzites Curve (EKC) to illustrate how environmental quality would be deteriorated in accordance with an increase in GDP Per Capita, and improved when income level rises to a certain degree. At present, there is a consensus in academia that EKC exists in the current economy, but the relative inflexion point, which is the bottom of the curve of EKC, will not appear spontaneously. Therefore, it is valuable to discuss factors which can accelerate or slow the coming of the inflexion point of EKC, and income distribution is one of the most important factors which can affect the inflexion significantly.Firstly, this paper reviews such literatures which consider that an imbalance in income distribution is detrimental to the improvement of environmental quality. Boyce (1994) [3] publishes the pioneering study in this scope and concludes that the rich would have always had more social power and prefer to consume more high-polluting goods but bear less responsibility for the corresponding pollution cost, since the imbalanced distribution of social power has always resulted from an unequal income distribution, therefore, the greater the income distribution differential, the worse the environmental quality. Martinez-Alier ˄1995˅[4] has classified environmental goods into two categories: the environment-luxury which is low in demand income elasticity and the environment-necessary which is higher, He concludes that as the income distribution gap rise, the following would likely occur: 1) the demand of the environment-luxury goods would increase, 2) the supply would also increase because the poor tend to sell cheap, and 3) the imbalance of income distribution is detrimental to the improvement of environmental quality. From the perspective of the go-between theory in democratic voting, Magnani (2000) [5] proposes that, since the demand of the environment-goods is more flexible, therefore, as the income per capita rises, the structure of goods shall be changed to be environment-friendly, and environmental quality shall be improved. However, if the inco me distribution gap continues to increase, the relative income of the go-between shall be decreased and they would pay less to environment-friendly goods and the inflexion of EKC shall be delayed. Marsiliani and Thomas (2002) [6] adopt both the static and inter-temporal models to find that a larger income distribution gap reduces the ability of the go-between and the equilibrium of the political economy shall pay less attention to environmental protection. Torras and Boyce (1998) [7], Boyce et al. (1999) [8], Maganani (2000) [5], Gawande et al. (2001) [9], and Bimonte (2002) [10] adopt the GINI index coefficient to measure the gap in income distribution and confirm that a greater gap in income distribution would deteriorate environmental quality. Bimonte (2002) [10] also finds that the balance of income distribution would accelerate the coming of the inflexion of EKC.Next, we consider the literature which maintains that the effect of a bigger gap in income distribution upon environmental quality is uncertain. Scruggs (1998) [11] questions the assertions of Boyce (1994) [3] firstly, he considers that income distribution has nothing to do with environmental policy upon real democratic politics, but he also considers that based on the social paradigm propose d by Hofrichter andYang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–16961691Reif (1990) the relation between income distribution and environment quality should be reversed when the income per capita reaches a certain level. Therefore, he concludes that there is an uncertain relationship between income distribution and environment quality which would be affected by factors such as different preferences regarding environmental quality, relative policy and so on. F rom the discussion on the relation between pollutant emissions and income distribution, Ravallion et a l. (2000) [12] believes that there is a reciprocal relationship between income distribution and environmental quality and the relation would be weaken over the long-term. Heerink et al. (2001) [13] makes an empirical study about the relation between individual income level and environmental quality and his conclusions contradict the arguments of Boyce (1994), and the study suggests that the imbalance of income distribution would be inclined to improve the regional environmental quality. Scruggs (1998) [11] applies the data of GEMS (Global environmental monitoring system) and seventeen OECD countries’ data to the econometrical model and found that there would be an uncertain relation between GINI coefficient and environmental quality. Mattieu and Andre (2008) [14] reach the similar conclusions by the panel data of developing countries from 1988 to 2003. However, Heerink et al. (2001) [13] concludes that the imbalance in income distribution may help improve environmental quality.In summary, the consensus regarding the relationship between income distribution and environmental quality has not been reached among academia, and many factors such as income distribution and human capital can significantly affect the relationship. Brasington and Hite (2005) [15] and Jalan (2007) [16] consider that the public would pay increasing attention to environmental protection in conjunction with the rise of human capital; on the other hand, Costantini and Monni (2008) [17], Serkan Gurluk (2009) [18] reach the conclusions that environmental quality would be improved by the technology advancement brought about by the increasing of human capital. According to the above literature review, there are few studies on the relation between income distribution and environmental quality fro m the perspective of human capital. Therefore, this paper structures the model containing income distribution, environmental quality and human capital, and discusses whether human capital can affect the relation between environmental quality and income distribution significantly, and then applies Chinese panel data to the model in order to provide the empirical evidence for the real cause of the current pollution and the appropriate solution in China.3. Model, Data and Method3.1. StructureIt is known that there are many factors which can affect environmental quality significantly, such as: human capital, technology advancement, industry structure, urbanization and so on. Therefore, based on the classical econometrical model proposed by Grossman and Krueger (1995) [19], this paper incorporates income distribution, human capital, technology advancement, industry structure and urbanization into the model to describe how income distribution exactly affects environmental quality. The environmental quality determined equation is as follows:it it it it it it it it it i it UB Str RD HC ID I I I C EQ H T T T T E D D D 432133221 (1)1692 Yang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–1696The existing studies suggest that there is a nonlinear relation between income distribution and economic growth, and education expense is one of the important factors which can affect income distribution remarkably. Therefore, this paper structures the model to describe the income distribution determined equation as follows:it it it it it i it Edu HC I I B ID [O O J J 21221 (2)In the equation (1) and (2), i stand for the i province, t for the year, EQ for the environmental quality, ID describes income distribution, HC is the human capital, RD is the technology advancement, Str is the industry structure, UB is the rate of urbanization and Edu is variable of education expense, C and B are special sectional effects respectively.According to equation (1) and (2), this paper has structured the simultaneous equations which can precisely reflect the relation between income distribution and environmental quality, and then incorporate the variable of human capital to find a potential way to improve EKC.3.2. DataSerial data is always applied to the existing literature on the relationship between income distribution and environmental quality in China. However, there exist not only serial features but also sectional features in the form of EKC; therefore the sole serial or sectional data cannot provide an accurate result. Accordingly, this paper adopts panel data which contains Chinese provin cial data from 1996 to 2008 to make an empirical study. Due to the change of administrative districts, this paper removes the data of Chongqing in 1996, and the final data includes 31 sections and 13 series and 402 samples. All the data are from < Chinese Statistical Yearbook >, < Chinese Statistical Yearbook on Environment >, < China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook >, < China Yearbook of Rural Household Survey > and the website of National Bureau of Statistics of People’s Republic of China.As for income distribution, it is popular to adopt GINI coefficients to measure the gap of income distribution. Based on the non-equal calculation method proposed by Thomaset al (2003) [20], this paper adopts the formulation as equation (4) to calculate both urban and rural GINI coefficients.¦¦ N i j i j j i i p y y P 2111G P (3) ¦ ¦ 1111)1(2y G N i i i N i i i V W W (4)In equation (3) and (4), G is for the GINI coefficient, μ stands for the expected value of the total income, N for the total population of the group divided, y i for the average income and p i for the proportion of the population of the i group in the whole, W i for the proportion of the whole population grouped in the whole and V i is the accumulation of y i from 1 to i.As for the GINI coefficient of the total number of residents, we cannot get the very value from the existing investigation. Therefore, this paper adopts the method proposed by Sundrum (1999) [21] to calculate GINI coefficient for the total number of residents as equation (5)PP P P P P P 1221222111G p p G p G p (5)Yang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–16961693 In equation (5), G1 and G2 are for urban and rural GINI coefficients respectively, P1 and P2 are for the proportion of urban population and rural population in the w hole, μ and μ1and μ2 are for the value of the income per capita of the whole, urban and rural residents. Population proportion and income per capitause the year-end statistics in order to keep the consistence of statistic time.As for environmental quality, there are many pollutants which are measured differently. Therefore, it is difficult to find a comprehensive index to describe environmental quality. According to the existing research, this paper adopts industry wastewater and industry waste gas to reflect regional environmental quality, and structures the index of environmental quality (EQ) by the natural logarithm of the value of industry wastewater and industry waste gas.As for human capital, this paper adopts the index of education-year per capita proposed by Barro andLee (2000) [22], and calculates the index by the method of adding all the relative education-year by the weights which are that primary education is charged for six years, junior education for nine year, high school for twelve years and university education for sixteen years.Since the absolute indexes of the output and input are always restricted by regional development, this paper takes the natural logarithm of the values of the relative indexes such as GDP per capita. As for theindex of technology advancement, this paper takes the value of the proportion of the R & D fees in GDPto make the measurement, and the index of industry structure (Str) is measured by the proportion of the second industry’s output-value in GDP, and the index of the rate of urbanization by the value of the proportion of agricultural population in the whole, and the index of education input by the proportion of education expense in the overall financial expenditures.3.3.MethodSince there are endogeneity among variables in the model specifications and heteros cedasticity among different provincial estimating equations, this paper adopts the three-stage least square method to estimatethe simultaneous equations which can accommodate the relation among equations into the estimation and generate the most accurate result. It is discovered that only the variables of EQ and ID are endogenous,and in accordance with order and rank conditions of the model reorganization, we can conclude that the model is over-identified and the coefficients are estimable.4.E conometrical Res ult4.1.The Discussion on the Result of Environmental quality Determined EquationFirstly, this paper analyses the relationship between environmental quality and income per capita. The empirical study suggests that the cubic term of the income per capita cannot pass the significance test which denies that there is the “N” curve of the relation ship between environmental quality and income per capita, according to Chinese provincial data. After removing the variable of the cubic term of income per capita, we find that the coefficients are 6.7967(2.76) for I and -0.3706(-2.81) for I2 in the regression equation (ĉ), and 3.2475(1.61) for I and -0.2007(-1.86) for I2 in regression equation (Ċ), which all passthe significance test at the 10% level. We observe that the variable of income per capita displays inverted“U” relationships with the emissions of ind ustrial wastewater and industrial waste gas which remarkably confirms the theory of Environment Kuznets Curve. As for the income distribution, the coefficients estimated are -17.2927(-5.77) in regression equation (ĉ) and -9.7857(-3.98) in regression equation (Ċ) which all pass the significance test at the 1% level, which reveals that the larger gap of income distribution has restricted the emissions of pollutants, which provides the evidence for the relative academia subject.1694Yang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–1696Regarding the effects of human capital on environmental quality, the econometric result suggests that the coefficients are -0.1142(-1.06) and -0.4451(-5.06), which confirm that human capital is negative correlative with environmental quality. Therefore, it is concluded that increasing h uman capital can reduce the emissions of pollutants and improve environmental quality.Table 1. The Econometrical Result of the Simultaneous EquationsEnvironmental quality Determined Equation Industrial Wastewater Emission˄EQ wit˅Regression EquationĉIndustrial Waste Gas Emission˄EQ ait˅Regression EquationĊI it 6.7967***˄2.76˅ 3.2475*˄1.61˅I it2 -0.3706***˄-2.81˅-0.2007*˄-1.86˅ID it-17.2927***˄-5.77˅-9.7857***˄-3.98˅HC it-0.1142˄-1.06˅-0.4451***˄-5.06˅RD it-2.3399*˄-1.75˅-2.5298*˄-1.74˅Str it 5.5698***˄7.84˅8.7550***˄14.58˅Ub it0.4331*˄1.91˅0.4721***˄2.46˅Constant -15.1228˄-1.38˅ 1.2731˄0.14˅Chi2200.14 559.09R20.43 0.47Equationit itI it0.2272**˄2.04˅0.2273**˄2.04˅I it2 -0.0125**˄-2.08˅-0.0125**˄-2.08˅HC it-0.0234***˄-5.97˅-0.0234***˄-5.97˅Edu it-0.7711***˄-7.10˅-0.7711***˄-7.10˅Constant -0.3488˄-0.68˅-0.3488˄-0.68˅Chi2 125.28 125.28R20.29 0.29Obs 402 402The model is significant at 1% level; the value in the b racket is the value of the Z test; ***, **, * denote significance at 1%, 5% and 10% levels.As for other variables, the econometric results are consistent with the expectation and all coefficients have passed the significance test at the 10% level. The coefficients of RD are -2.3399(-1.75) in regression equation (ĉ) and -2.5298(-1.74) in regression equation (Ċ) which confirm the assertion of Grossman and Krueger (1995) [19] that technology advancement can improve environmental quality. The coefficients of the variable of Str are 5.5698(7.84) in regression equation (ĉ) and 8.7550(14.58) in regression equationYang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–16961695 (Ċ) which all pass the significance test at the 1% level, confirming that industrialization can worsen the environment, as proposed by Heerink et al (2001) [13]. At last, the coefficients of urbanization are0.4331(1.91) in regression equation (ĉ) and 0.4721(2.46) in regression equation (Ċ), which reveals thatthe urbanization is also one of the important factors which can worsen environmental quality in China.4.2.The Discussion on Income Distribution Determined EquationIn the econometric model, the coefficients are 0.2772(2.04) for “I” and -0.0123(-2.08) for “I2” in regression equation (ĉ), and 0.2773(2.04) and -0.0123(-2.08) in regression equation (Ċ) which all passesthe significance test at 5% level. Therefore, this empirical study confirms the primary claim that there isthe inverted “U” relation between incom e distribution and economic growth.As for the variable of human capital and education input, the coefficients are -0.0234(-5.79) for HCand -0.7711(-7.10) in equation (ĉ) and (Ċ) which all pass the significance test at the 1% level, and sincethe coincidence of the econometric result exists in both regression equations, there are robust effects on income distribution derived from the human capital and education inputs. Therefore, the results reveal that increasing the human capital and education inputs can improve environment remarkably.5.ConclusionsThis paper structures the econometric model including income distribution determined equation and environmental quality determined equation, and applies provincial data from 1996 to 2008 to do the relative empirical study in China. At last, it is concluded that: 1) there is a negative relationship between income distribution and environmental quality, 2) the increase of human capital can improve environmental quality and reduce the gap of income distribution, and 3) the change of industrial structureand the enhancement of scientific research and the urbanization are also the important factors which can remarkably affect environmental quality.From the econometric result, we also find that the provinces where there is the greater gap of income distribution are always in western China, which typically has a lower level of economic development. Inorder to reduce the gap of income distribution and accelerate economic growth, a policy of local industrialization is always being promoted in China, which has the effect to worsening the regional environment. However, unlike the view point proposed by Scruggs (1998) [11] which considers that therich pay more attention to environmental quality; this paper considers it to be an inappropriate development paradigm which has worsen the regional environmental quality.The empirical study also reveals that the accumulation of human capital and increasing of educationinput are the most important factors which can reduce the gap of income distribution and improve environmental quality. Based on the endogenous economic growth theory, it is agreed that the accumulation of human capital is among the most powerful resources for economic growth. Therefore,this paper suggests the proposal that more investment in human capital is the key to solving the dilemma between the fast growing economy and worsening environmental quality as well as the ever widening gapof income distribution.AcknowledgementsThis paper is supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GrantNo. CDJSK10 02 10).1696Yang Jun et al. / Energy Procedia 5 (2011) 1689–1696References[1] Grossman, G.M.,Krueger,A.B. Environmental impacts of a North American World Free Trade Agreement . N BER WorkingPaper. no;1991;3914.[2] Panayotou, T. Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development,Working Paper WP238 Technology and Employment Programme, Geneva: International Labor Office; 1993[3] Boyce, J.K. Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation. Ecological Economics;1994;11, 169-178.[4] Martinez-Alier, J. 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