A monoclinic ferroelectric phase in the Pb(Zr1_xTix)O3 solid solution

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Monolithic Catalysts for the Chemical Industry

and Charles M. Sorensen
Process Technologies, Corning Incorporated, MP-HQ-W2-21, Corning, New York 14831
Honeycomb-shaped monolithic catalysts are the standard catalyst shape in most environmental applications. In the processes of the chemical industry, however, their current use is very limited. In this paper, the current status of the monolith technology for applications in the chemical industry is reviewed. Application areas in which monolithic catalysts have superior performance characteristics are discussed. Especially pre- and postreactors as well as replacement concepts for slurry reactors are expected to have a very good near-term potential for application in commercial operations. In addition, it is expected that several adiabatic fixed-bed processes, especially those constrained by pressure drop or mass transfer, can benefit from the use of monolithic catalysts because of their excellent pressure drop to mass transfer ratio. A new and promising area for monoliths with a high thermal conductivity is their use in various gas-phase processes where multitubular reactors are employed.

铁电随机存储器(FRAM)的工作原理(EN)

Sept. 2007Ramtron International Corporation1850 Ramtron Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921(800) 545-FRAM, (719) 481-7000, Fax (719) 481-7058F-RAM Technology BriefOverviewEstablished semiconductor memory technologies are divided into two categories: 1. RAMs are Random Access Memories, which simply means that the access time for reads and writes are symmetric.2. Nonvolatile memories have traditionally been ROM (Read Only Memory) until the advent of floating gate technology, which produced electrically erasable memories such as Flash and EEPROM. These products allow for in-system programming but read and write access times are dissimilar. In fact, the write access times can be several orders of magnitude greater than the read access times.Ferroelectric Random Access Memory or F-RAM has attributes that make it the ideal nonvolatile memory. It is a true nonvolatile RAM. The write advantages and non-volatility make it quite suitable for storing data in the absence of power.Ferroelectric PropertyThe ferroelectric property is a phenomena observed in a class of materials known as Perovskites. Figure 1 shows a Perovskite crystal. The atom in the center has two equal and stable low energy states. These states determine the position of the atom. If a field is applied in the proper plane, the atom will move in the direction of the field.Applying an electric field across the crystal causes the low energy state or position to be in the direction of the field and, conversely, the high energy state in the opposite position. The applied field will, therefore, cause the atom to move from the high energy state to the low energy state. This transition produces energy in the form of charge generally referred to as switch charge (Qs). Therefore, applying an alternating electric field across the crystal will cause the atom to move from the top of the crystal to the bottom and back again. Each transition will produce charge, Qs.Figure 1. Ferroelectric (Perovskite) CrystalA common misconception is that ferroelectric crystals are ferromagnetic or have similar properties. The term “ferroelectric” refers to similarity of the graph of charge plotted as a function of voltage(Figure 2) to the hysteresis loop (BH curve) of ferromagnetic materials. Ferroelectric materials switch in an electric field and are not affected byThe ferroelectric material has two states, the atom at the top, which is referred to as up polarization, and the atom at the bottom, which is referred to as down polarization (Figure 3). Therefore, with a viable sensing scheme a binary memory can be produced.Figure 3. Crystal PolarizationFigure 4. Ferroelectric Capacitor Polarization The ferroelectric capacitor symbol indicates that the capacitance is variable and is not a traditional linear capacitor. If a ferroelectric capacitor is not switched when an electric field is applied (no change in polarization), it behaves like a linear capacitor. If it is switched, there is an additional charge induced, Figure 5. F-RAM Memory Cell B)Figure 6. Memory Cell Access Sequence Figure 6 shows the switched case. Had the polarization been up in this sequence, the capacitor would not switch and there would be no additional charge induced. The charge induced in the switched capacitor is at least two times greater than the charge available in the unswitched capacitor (Qu).。

pre-gastrulation developmental

pre-gastrulation developmentalWhat is Pre-gastrulation Developmental Phase?Pre-gastrulation developmental phase refers to the early stage in embryonic development before the formation of the gastrula. During this critical phase, various crucial events occur that lay the foundation for the subsequent formation of the three germ layers that give rise to the different tissues and organs in the developing embryo. In this article, we will explore the pre-gastrulation developmental phase in detail, discussing its key stages and the processes that take place during this time.1. Fertilization and Cleavage:The pre-gastrulation phase begins with fertilization, where a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote. Following fertilization, the zygote undergoes cleavage, a process of rapid cell divisions. These divisions result in the formation of blastomeres, smaller cells that make up the blastula.2. Blastula Formation:As cleavage continues, the blastomeres divide and rearrange, leading to the formation of a hollow ball-like structure called ablastula. The blastula consists of an outer layer of cells, known as the trophoblast, and an inner cell mass.3. Compaction and Morula Formation:During this stage, the blastomeres undergo a process called compaction, where they tightly adhere to each other, forming a compacted ball of cells called a morula. Compaction is crucial for the subsequent differentiation of embryonic cells.4. Blastocyst Formation:At this point, the morula undergoes further cell divisions and differentiation, resulting in the formation of a blastocyst. The blastocyst consists of two distinct cell populations: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the outer trophoblast layer. The ICM gives rise to the embryo, while the trophoblast layer contributes to the formation of extraembryonic structures such as the placenta.5. Implantation:The blastocyst moves towards the uterine lining and undergoes implantation, a process where it buries itself into the endometrium. This establishes a connection between the embryo and the maternal blood supply, allowing for nutrient and gas exchange.6. Formation of the Three Germ Layers:Following implantation, the pre-gastrulation phase progresses further as the blastocyst differentiates into the three germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This process is known as gastrulation. The ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system, skin, and other ectodermal tissues. The mesoderm gives rise to the skeletal system, muscles, heart, and blood vessels. The endoderm gives rise to the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and other endodermal tissues.7. Germ Layer Migration and Differentiation:During gastrulation, cells from each of the three germ layers undergo migration and differentiation to form specific tissues and organs. For example, ectodermal cells migrate to form the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord. Mesodermal cells differentiate to form muscles, bones, and internal organs. Endodermal cells give rise to the lining of the digestive and respiratory tracts.8. Organogenesis:As gastrulation progresses, the three germ layers continue todifferentiate and form the rudiments of various organs. This process, known as organogenesis, involves intricate cell interactions, proliferation, and remodeling to shape and develop organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys.In conclusion, the pre-gastrulation developmental phase is a crucial period in embryonic development. It involves key events such as fertilization, cleavage, blastula, and blastocyst formation, implantation, gastrulation, and organogenesis. These processes play a fundamental role in establishing the basic body plan of the developing embryo, paving the way for its subsequent growth and differentiation into a complex multicellular organism.。

硫酸铅基底表面性质对铁矾异相成核生长的影响

第 54 卷第 2 期2023 年 2 月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.54 No.2Feb. 2023硫酸铅基底表面性质对铁矾异相成核生长的影响史美清1, 2，田园1，艾忠滨3，张文超1, 2，柯勇1, 2，闵小波1, 2，王庆伟1, 2，颜旭1, 2(1. 中南大学冶金与环境学院，湖南长沙，410083；2. 中南大学国家重金属污染防治工程技术研究中心，湖南长沙，410083；3. 赛恩斯环保股份有限公司，湖南长沙，410000)摘要：选用不同表面特征(粗糙度、表面亲疏水性、比表面积和暴露晶面)的硫酸铅加入铁矾结晶体系中，通过分析反应过程中溶液电导率以及沉淀物形貌、物相、铁含量等性质的变化，考察硫酸铅表面性质对铁矾异相成核的影响规律。

研究结果表明：虽然硫酸铅的表面性质不同，但铁矾均会在其表面发生异相成核，而不同表面性质会显著影响铁矾的成核和生长速率；若硫酸铅表面粗糙且亲水性较强，则铁矾的异相成核速率可显著提高，这是因为该表面性质可降低铁矾异相成核的能垒；铁矾的生长速率主要受到硫酸铅表面溶解的影响，当硫酸铅比表面积较大、晶面溶解释放铁矾构晶离子(如Pb 2+和SO 2-4)较多时，其表面过饱和度较高，可以提高铁矾的生长速率。

关键词：铁矾；硫酸铅；异相成核；生长速率中图分类号：TF09 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1672-7207（2023）02-0456-09Effects of surface properties of anglesite substrates onheterogeneous nucleation and growth of jarositeSHI Meiqing 1, 2, TIAN Yuan 1, AI Zhongbin 3, ZHANG Wenchao 1, 2, KE Yong 1, 2,MIN Xiaobo 1, 2, WANG Qingwei 1, 2, YAN Xu 1, 2(1. School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China;2. Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, CentralSouth University, Changsha 410083, China;3. Science Environmental Protection Co. Ltd., Changsha 410000, China)收稿日期： 2022 −07 −28；修回日期： 2022 −10 −02基金项目(Foundation item)：湖南省高新技术产业科技创新引领计划项目(2020SK2006)；国家杰出青年科学基金资助项目(51825403)；湖南省科技创新计划项目创新平台与人才计划项目(2021RC3013)；国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFC1909201) (Project(2020SK2006) supported by Hunan Province High-tech Industry Science and Technology Innovation Leading Plan Project; Project(51825403) supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China; Project(2021RC3013) supported by Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Plan Project Innovation Platform and Talent Plan; Project(2020YFC1909201) supported by the National Key R&D Program of China)通信作者：颜旭，博士，副教授，从事冶炼铁渣无害化及资源化研究；E-mail ：*****************.cnDOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2023.02.006引用格式：史美清, 田园, 艾忠滨, 等. 硫酸铅基底表面性质对铁矾异相成核生长的影响[J]. 中南大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 54(2): 456−464.Citation: SHI Meiqing, TIAN Yuan, AI Zhongbin, et al. Effects of surface properties of anglesite substrates on heterogeneous nucleation and growth of jarosite[J]. Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology), 2023, 54(2): 456−464.第 2 期史美清，等：硫酸铅基底表面性质对铁矾异相成核生长的影响Abstract:Three kinds of anglesite with different surface properties (roughness, surface hydrophilicity, specific surface area and exposed crystal surface) were added to the iron-containing solution during the jarosite crystallization reaction. Through the analysis of conductivity of the solution and the morphology, phase, iron content of the precipitate obtained during the reaction process, the effect of surface properties of anglesite on heterogeneous nucleation and growth of jarosite was investigated. The results show that in spite of different surface properties of anglesite, all the jarosite is heterogeneously nucleated on anglesite, and the different surface properties can significantly affect the nucleation and growth rate of jarosite. When the surface of anglesite is rough and hydrophilic, the heterogeneous nucleation rate of jarosite can be significantly increased. Because the energy barrier for heterogeneous nucleation of jarosite can be reduced. The growth rate is mainly affected by the surface dissolution of anglesite. Anglesite has large specific surface area, and the crystal surface dissolves and releases more component of jarosite crystal (such as Pb2+and SO2-4), leading to a high local supersaturation, which can promote the growth rate of jarosite.Key words: jarosite; anglesite; heterogeneous nucleation; growth rate铁矾渣是湿法炼锌过程中铁矾法除铁所产生的沉淀渣，大多湿法炼锌企业采用焙烧—浸出—净化—电积工艺生产锌产品。

[2009]Role of growth factors and thrombopoietic agents in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C

Role of Growth Factors and Thrombopoietic Agents in the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis CHans L. Tillmann, MD, Keyur Patel, MD, and John G. McHutchison, MDCorresponding authorJohn G. McHutchison, MDDuke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, P.O. Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715-7969, USA.E-mail: mchut001@Current Gastroenterology Reports 2009, 11:5–14Current Medicine Group LLC ISSN 1522-8037Copyright © 2009 by Current Medicine Group LLCAdvanced liver disease and interferon-based treatment are both associated with varying degrees of cytopeniain patients with chronic hepatitis C. Growth factorsto increase hemoglobin and neutrophils are commonly used in clinical practice, despite the absence of data to indicate benefi ts in terms of sustained viral response. Thrombocytopenia is observed frequently, is multi-factorial in etiology, and may result in signifi cant limitations on interventional and therapeutic options.A small-molecule thrombopoietin mimetic, eltrombo-pag, has demonstrated a dose-response associated increase in platelet count in a phase 2 study, allow-ing initiation and completion of a 12-week course of peginterferon plus ribavirin in 36%, 53%, and 65% of patients receiving 30 mg, 50 mg, or 75 mg of eltrom-bopag daily, respectively, compared with 6% in the placebo arm. Phase 3 studies are currently evaluating whether initiating and maintaining antiviral therapy with eltrombopag will lead to an increase in sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C infection. IntroductionAccording to the most recent World Health Organization estimates, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects about 120 million to 130 million people [1], fewer than in ear-lier estimates of 170 million.Although most prospective studies have revealed a rather slow disease progression in the fi rst 20 years of infection, with cirrhosis rates between 0.4% and 8% [2], chronic hepatitis C is the leading indication for liver transplantation in most industrialized nations. Further complicating disease management is that symptoms of liver disease only develop late in the course of HCV infection. Cirrhosis is associated with a lower likelihood of sustained viral response (SVR) after antiviral therapy, but such response may lead to regression of disease and histologic improvement.Patients with cirrhosis frequently have lower hemo-globin levels, lower neutrophil counts, and lower platelet counts, all of which can limit their eligibility for treat-ment with the current standard of care—ribavirin plus pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) alfa-2a (Pegasys; Roche, Basel, Switzerland) or PEG-IFN alfa-2b (Peg-Intron; Schering-Plough, Kenilworth, NJ)—and the successful outcome of therapy based on thresholds for initiation of treatment and subsequent dose reductions (Table 1).The package inserts recommend that hemoglobin remain above 10 g/dL, platelets above 90,000/μL or 80,000/μL, and neutrophils above 1500/μL or 750/μL for PEG-IFN alfa-2a or PEG-IFN alfa-2b, respectively. Cir-rhotic patients also require frequent dosage adjustments during therapy (Table 1). However, dose reduction or a premature end to antiviral therapy leads to lower sus-tained response rates [3]. Thus, in theory, growth factors improving these hematologic parameters before or during therapy may increase the chances of achieving SVR. Growth Factors in Treating Hepatitis CGrowth factors are polypeptide hormones or other biologic factors that are produced by various cells of the body to control growth, division, and maturation of cells. Impor-tant in relation to HCV infection and its treatment are the hemopoietic growth factors that modulate the amount of erythrocytes (erythropoietin), neutrophils (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF]), white blood cells (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF]), and platelets (thrombopoietin, TPO). These factors occur naturally but can be synthesized recombinantly, as for erythropoietin (epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, or epoetin delta), or substituted using molecular biology or small-molecule techniques, as in the case of TPO.6 I LiverErythrocyte Growth FactorsAnemia is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients, and severe anemia appears to be more frequent in viral than in alcoholic hepatitis [4]. Though not all patients experience a reduction of neutrophils or platelets during combination interferon and ribavirin therapy, almost all experience some decline in hemoglobin concentration. The use of erythropoietin has been associated with improved quality of life during therapy [5] and has resulted in fewer ribavi-rin dose reductions [6].Growth factors promoting the production of erythro-cytes and thereby increasing the amount of red cells and hemoglobin are licensed as recombinant erythropoietins. Because ribavirin leads to predictable dose-dependent hemolysis, using erythropoietin to prevent or treat anemia (thus preventing ribavirin dose reduction and improving the success of ribavirin-based therapies) appears attrac-tive. This use remains “off-label” but has become common practice in many centers.Few studies, however, have investigated whether the addition of an erythropoietin leads to higher SVR. One recent study found a nonsignifi cant difference in SVR: 19% for PEG-IFN alfa-2b (1.5 μg/kg/wk) plus 13.3 mg/kg/d of weight-based ribavirin (WBRVN; 800–1400 mg/d) versus 29% for PEG-IFN alfa-2b plus WBRVN plus erythropoietin (40,000 U/wk). However, in this study PEG-IFN alfa-2b (1.5 μg/kg/wk) plus WBRVN (15.2 mg/kg/d) plus erythropoietin (1000–1600 mg/d) led to an SVR of 49% [7]. In addition, the difference in SVR of 19% versus 29% is in the range of incremental virologic response seen for genotype 1 patients when PEG-IFN is compared with standard interferons. How-ever, suffi ciently powered prospective trials showing a statistically signifi cant benefi t in achieving higher SVR rates by adding erythropoietin to the same regimen are lacking [8]. Two smaller studies showed no increase in SVR with the use of growth factor.Granulocyte Growth FactorsGranulocyte growth factors include G-CSF, which stimu-lates neutrophil production [9], and GM-CSF, which also stimulates macrophages and monocytes [10]. There is no evidence for preferential selection of G-CSF over GM-CSF.In advanced liver disease, leukopenia and neutropenia are relatively frequent. However, as for erythropoietin, there are currently no clear data indicating that G-CSF increases the virologic response to combination therapy or prevents serious infectious complications due to neutro-penia in these patients.Platelet Growth FactorsThrombocytopenia in hepatitis CThrombocytopenia is defi ned as a platelet count below 150,000/μL. Low platelet counts correlate with more advanced stages of liver disease. This correlation is well established and is so strong that the platelet count is an important component of some noninvasive predictors of advanced liver disease, such as the AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) score, Forns index, and others, as reviewed by Gressner et al. [11]. Levels of leukocytes and erythro-cytes show less correlation or no correlation with the stage of disease. One study reported a 64% prevalence of throm-bocytopenia (< 150,000/μL) in cirrhotic patients, whereasleukopenia was found in only 5% in this population [12].Growth Factors and Thrombopoietic Agents in Chronic Hepatitis C I Tillmann et al.I 7Although data on the prevalence of platelet counts below 50,000/μL are rare, one study found a prevalence of 38% for platelet counts less than 100,000/μL, in keeping with previous observations in which the prevalence ranged from 14% to 55% [12].Thrombocytopenia in chronic HCV infection can be due to a variety of factors (Table 2), including decreased production, increased destruction, or increased pooling in the spleen. Increased pooling is due to hypersplenism and was one of the fi rst mechanisms proposed for the patho-genesis of thrombocytopenia in liver disease. However, thrombocytopenia is more prevalent than hypersplenism [12], suggesting that other mechanisms are also involved.There is evidence for more pronounced thrombo-cytopenia in chronic HCV infection than in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection [13], and there is evidence for a direct effect of HCV on thrombocytopenia, given the increase in platelet counts in some thrombocytopenic patients following successful treatment with interferon [14]. Immune-mediated platelet destruction has also been proposed, with dominance of immune complexes bound to the platelet surface rather than platelet-specifi c anti-bodies [15]. Such platelet-associated immunoglobulin G (PAIgG) has been found in up to 88% of HCV-infected patients, signifi cantly more than in HBV-infected patients [13]. PAIgG levels were seen to increase with progressive liver disease and correlate inversely with platelet counts in chronic HCV infection. Immune thrombocytopenic purpura is also observed in these patients. Thrombocy-topenia also may be due to decreased megakaryocytes or to impairment of platelet production by existing mega-karyocytes, likely because of low thrombopoietin levels in advanced liver disease.The only current option to cure HCV infection (and thereby to halt or even reverse HCV-induced liver disease) is interferon-based therapy, which almost universally reduces peripheral platelet counts. The decline in platelet counts during antiviral therapy has been shown to be less when interferon is combined with ribavirin than when therapy uses interferon alone [16,17]. This fi nding is probably due to ribavirin-induced hemolysis and decreased hemoglobin, followed by an increase in erythropoietin [18], which has a modest thrombopoietic effect [19,20]. However, as PEG-IFNs have a more pronounced platelet-reducing effect than standard interferon, current regimens frequently require dose reductions, especially in patients with advanced fi bro-sis [21], who are in the greatest need of therapy.Of all the cytopenias in cirrhotic patients, thrombo-cytopenia has the greatest impact on patient management. Invasive procedures in cirrhotic patients usually do not need to be postponed because of neutropenia or anemia, but postponement for thrombocytopenia is frequent. Medical options for these patients have been limited to platelet transfusions before planned procedures.A study evaluating bleeding complications after liver biopsies found a signifi cantly higher frequency of bleed-ing with platelet counts of 60,000/μL or fewer compared with values higher than 60,000/μL [22]. Thus, invasive procedures are usually postponed until platelet levels are greater than 50,000/μL [23].The liver plays an important role in hemostasis and syn-thesizes most of the clotting factors and their inhibitors. For a long time, it was considered that coagulation is severely impaired in cirrhotic patients, but it has been shown that the impairment of procoagulant factors is counterbalanced by impairment of anticoagulant factors [24]. However, if thrombocytopenia is taken into account, there is evidence for impaired clotting function in vitro [25].Furthermore, in vitro studies cannot predict the results of bleeding when replenishing of clotting factors is impaired in the setting of cirrhosis. In vitro studies also do not consider the hyperfi brinolysis present in cirrhotic patients, which inversely correlates with the platelet count [26]. Formed clots are lysed by tissue plasminogen acti-vator (tPA), but in cirrhosis, tPA is insuffi ciently cleared from the circulation [27].The main inhibitor of tPA is tPA inhibitor-1 (PIA), which is also contained in platelets. Hyperfi brinolysis has been linked to the risk of variceal bleeding and is further aggravated by bacteremia. Finally, the platelets present in cirrhotic patients are not only fewer, but also dysfunctional, with reduced aggregation ability [28].ThrombopoietinThe term thrombopoietin was introduced into the medical literature more than 50 years ago to describe a yet-unknown platelet-increasing factor in blood. Erythro-poietin, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were identifi ed in the mid 1980s, but TPO was discovered only in 1994 by several independent research groups. This discovery followed the identifi cation of c-Mpl as a receptor for cells of the mega-karyocyte lineage [29].TPO is a 332–amino acid protein, which binds to the c-Mpl receptor on megakaryocytes. It is constitutively expressed and believed to be cleared by binding to its recep-tor on platelets and bone marrow cells, being internalized8 I Liverand subsequently degraded [29]. Platelets probably are of greater importance and function as a negative feedback regulator: Low platelets cause low clearance, and the result-ing high TPO levels lead to increased platelet production, whereas high platelets cause high clearance, and the result-ing low TPO levels lead to decreased platelet production.Quantitative TPO receptor (c-MPL) expression also regulates platelet production. TPO is produced by albu-min-producing hepatocytes [30], which may explain its correlation with albumin and prothrombin time in some (but not all) studies.Platelet transfusion is the standard of care to tempo-rarily increase platelet counts before any intervention, but platelet transfusions are inappropriate for long-term management (eg, a 24-week to 48-week course of inter-feron therapy). Such transfusions are costly, platelets are in short supply, and refractoriness may develop. Fur-thermore, alloimmunization can develop and could lead to rejection of a liver transplant. Thus, other options to improve and maintain platelet counts are needed. Interventional treatment options for thrombocytopenia Splenectomy can reverse thrombocytopenia to some extent, sometimes allowing antiviral therapy for HCV in patients otherwise not eligible for interferon therapy. Sple-nectomy is associated with impaired immunity, however. Partial splenectomy by partial embolization may circum-vent the associated immune defi cit while producing a rise in platelet counts and subsequently allowing antiviral therapy. Both these procedures carry signifi cant serious risks in the setting of advanced cirrhosis and so are not regularly recommended. Even with such approaches, patients frequently have moderate to severe thrombocy-topenia (< 50,000/μL) [31]; dose reduction of interferon is suggested for these patients by the American Gastroen-terological Association guidelines [32]. Platelets have been reported to remain above 25,000/μL with this approach, enabling continuation of treatment and potentially achiev-ing SVR in some instances [31].Reducing sinusoidal portal pressure through spleno-renal shunting or the less invasive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has also been associated with an increased platelet count in some patients, but the opposite has been observed in others. Thus, less invasive measures are needed, and stimulation of megakaryocytes appears to be a promising strategy.Medical treatment options for thrombocytopeniaThe ideal treatment for thrombocytopenia would be an orally available drug that is effective in all patients, is without adverse effects, and is cost-effective. Recombinant thrombopoietinsSoon after the sequence identifi cation of TPO, recom-binant technology allowed production of recombinant TPO. Clinical studies were performed using a full-length, recombinant human TPO (rHuTPO) and a truncated, pegylated TPO (PEG-rHuTPO), also described as PEG-rHuMGDF (pegylated recombinant human megakaryocyte growth and development factor). Both these compounds demonstrated substantial effi cacy in early clinical trials. However, clinical development of recombinant TPO was stopped when antibodies against TPO developed during treatment with PEG-rHuTPO, which persisted and neutralized natural TPO, resulting in persistent thrombocytopenia. Antibody development has been reported only in association with the PEG-rHuMGDF [33]. Development of rHuTPO was halted as well, despite adequate tolerability in 470 treated patients [34].A recent follow-up of patients treated with PEG-rHuMGDF supports the importance of maintaining therapy in the setting of cancer-associated chemother-apy, as improved survival could be demonstrated for patients in whom PEG-rHuMGDF allowed uninter-rupted treatment [35].As cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-3 work in synergy with TPO, promegapoietin (PMP), a family of chimeric proteins containing parts of both IL-3 and TPO, was developed [36]. These agents required parenteral admin-istration. Data looked promising in vitro and in vivo in nonprimates, but the program has not been developed. However, there seems to be some recent interest [37]. Thrombopoietic cytokinesIL-1, IL-3, IL-6, IL-11, and GM-CSF are involved in megakaryocyte development. Despite some effi cacy [38], only IL-11 has shown signifi cant clinical benefi t. Clinical development of other thrombopoietic cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-3, and IL-6) has been limited because of toxic-ity and only modest activity [34,39,40].IL-11 (oprelvekin) (Neumega; Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Philadelphia) is licensed for prevention or minimization of platelet transfusion in myelosuppressive but not myelo-ablative therapy. IL-11 is associated with adverse events. Thrombopoietin mimeticsAutoimmune reaction toward recombinant TPO and adverse effects of thrombopoietic cytokines have led to interest in alternatives to stimulate thrombopoiesis. Currently several TPO mimetics are in preclinical and clinical development (Table 3). They can be divided into TPO peptide mimetics and TPO receptor agonists (c-MPL agonists), both requiring parenteral administration, and the TPO nonpeptide mimetics, which have the advantage of oral administration. In addition, the TPO nonpeptide mimetics have a unique mechanism of TPO-receptor acti-vation, which seems additive to TPO. Therefore they may be effective in clinical settings (eg, myeloablative thera-pies) with low platelets despite high TPO levels [41].Growth Factors and Thrombopoietic Agents in Chronic Hepatitis C I Tillmann et al.I 9 Of the TPO peptide mimetics, the most advanced isromiplostim (formerly AMG 531), recently approved forthe treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) [42,43••]. Romiplostim is a thrombopoiesis-stimu-lating protein, consisting of two Fc carrier domains andfour peptide receptor binding domains (peptibody). Itbinds to and activates the human TPO receptor despitehaving no sequence homology with human TPO. It isuncertain whether this compound will be developed forthrombocytopenia associated with liver disease.GW395058 is a pegylated 28–amino acid derivativeshown to increase platelets in animals [44]. It requiresparenteral administration. It was developed in the late1980s but did not enter clinical development.Similar to GW395058, which is a pegylated TPOmimetic peptide, is peg-TPOmp, a novel, pegylated,peptide-based TPO receptor agonist. Interestingly, itsapplication in a phase 1 study increased TPO levels 1.4 to3.2 times above baseline values [45].The TPO nonpeptide mimetics are appealing becauseof their oral bioavailability. The most advanced in clini-cal development is eltrombopag (formerly SB-497115), asmall, orally active nonpeptide molecule (Fig. 1). Totrom-bopag (formerly SB-559448) is a similar compound that iscurrently in phase 1 development.Eltrombopag is a small molecule optimized for medicalapplicability, discovered using a high-throughput screen-ing assay. Eltrombopag is a potent TPO receptor agonistin cell proliferation and human bone marrow megakaryo-cyte differentiation studies. The effective concentrationrequired to obtain 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) is30 to 100 nM, with full maximal TPO effi cacy. In con-trast to rHuTPO, it does not lead to platelet activation. Eltrombopag is the fi rst example of a small, nonpeptidyl molecule applicable for oral treatment that can induce the selective activation of a cytokine receptor.In healthy volunteers receiving 10-day dosing, platelets rise at day 5, peak at day 15, and return to normal within 12 days after the last dose. The maximal increase was about 1.5 times with daily oral doses of 50 mg or 75 mg. Doses of 30 mg, 50 mg, and 75 mg were chosen to be taken forward into clinical trials for ITP.When those doses were given to patients with ITP, there was a dose-response relationship leading to a plate-let count increase by day 15 in more than 80% of those receiving 50 mg or 75 mg of eltrombopag. The median count by day 43 was 16,000 platelets/μL for placebo, 26,000 platelets/μL for the 30-mg dose of eltrombopag, 128,000 for the 50-mg dose, and 183,000 for the 75-mg dose. Given that TPO clearance is assumed to be due to TPO binding to platelets, a decrease in TPO in relation to platelet increase was expected, but no such change was observed in the setting of eltrombopag in ITP [46••].Eltrombopag was approved by an advisory panel of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for short-term treatment in ITP. The trade name in the United States will be Promacta; it will be marketed as Revolade in Europe (both presumably by GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, and Brentford, Middlesex, UK).A number of additional drugs are in various phases of development for ITP as TPO nonpeptide mimetics. One is LGD-4665 from Ligand Pharmaceuticals (San Diego, CA); this is also an oral drug intended to increase platelets and currently is in phase 2 trials for ITP (NCT00621894). Another oral TPO agonist, AKR-501, is currently in phase 2 development for ITP (NCT00441090, NCT00625443). TPO receptor agonistic “antibodies”Some receptors can be activated by antibodies binding to them; this concept is used in the case of Fab59, VB22B sc(Fv)2, and MA01G4G344, all of which are still in preclinical development. Fab59 is a modifi ed part of an anti-tetanus antibody, in which the tetanus-specifi c heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HC-CDR3) was substituted with a C-Mpl binding 14–amino acid sequence (IEGPTLRQWLAARA) fl anked with two addi-tional amino acids on each side plus a light chain CDR2 (LC-CDR2) substituted with the same amino acid. This Fab59 seemed equipotent to natural TPO [47].Minibody VB22B sc(Fv)2 consists of two heavy chains and two light chains equivalent to an antibody but consisting of the variable parts only. This minibody was shown to be active in cynomolgus monkeys [48].MA01G4G344, an engineered antibody containing IgG3 and IgG4 parts in addition to an IgG1 variable part, has been shown to be active in vitro [49].Other thrombopoietic substancesPRTX-100 is a staphylococcal protein A from Protalex Inc. (New Hope, PA) (NCT00571467). R935788 is an oral Syk kinase inhibitor from Rigel Pharmaceuticals (South San Francisco, CA), with potential immunomodulating and anti-infl ammatory activities (NCT00706342). Sym001 from Symphogen (Lyngby, Denmark) (NCT00718692) is a recombinant polyclonal antibody consisting of 25 different anti-Rhesus D antibodies (anti-D) for the treat-ment of ITP. Given their different modes of action, these three substances seem less likely to play a role in HCV-associated thrombocytopenia even if they reach clinical development, fi nal approval, and registration. Thrombopoietic drugs to enable antiviral therapy Interferon’s mechanism for reducing platelets seems unre-lated to inhibition of TPO production [50], but rather involves impaired maturation of megakaryocytes [51]. Thus, stimulation of megakaryocytes or their maturation can be expected to increase platelets.IL-11 (oprelvekin) has been reported to help maintain platelets during interferon monotherapy in a patient who did not require IL-11 on subsequent interferon/ribavirin10 ILiverGrowth Factors and Thrombopoietic Agents in Chronic Hepatitis C I Tillmann et al.I1112 ILivertherapy [52]. Of nine patients treated with IL-11 for 10 days, eight showed a signifi cant increase in platelet count, but fl uid retention was observed [53]. IL-11 monotherapy has also been explored in hepatitis C to improve histo-logic outcome [54] and was recently used in patients with both ITP and HCV infection [55]. In that study, plate-lets increased while ALT and HCV tended to decrease. Adverse effects were quite notable, however, especially peripheral edema (which was thought to be manageable).Eltrombopag has been investigated in a cohort of HCV-infected patients with thrombocytopenia [56••]. In that multinational, phase 2 study, 74 patients with plate-let counts below 70,000/μL were randomized to receive 30, 50, or 75 mg of eltrombopag or placebo daily for 4 weeks. The primary end point was a platelet count higher than 100,000/μL at week 4. If patients achieved appropri-ate platelet counts within the fi rst 4 weeks of treatment, they were eligible for antiviral treatment with adjunct eltrombopag dosing. According to international labeling, the predefi ned platelet count needed to initiate interferon therapy was 70,000/μL or more for PEG-IFN alfa-2a and 100,000/μL or more for PEG-IFN alfa-2b. The choice of interferon was at the discretion of the local investigator.No placebo-treated patients reached the primary end point of 100,000 platelets/μL, compared with 9 of 12 (75%) of patients receiving 30 mg/d of eltrom-bopag, 15 of 19 (79%) receiving 50 mg/d, and 20 of 21 (95%) of those receiving 75 mg/d. The differences were highly signifi cant compared with placebo. The improve-ment of platelet counts allowed treatment initiation in 4 of 18 (22%) in the placebo group, and in 10 (71%) of 14 patients receiving 30 mg/d of eltrombopag, 14 of 19 (74%) receiving 50 mg/d, and 21 of 23 (91%) receiving 75 mg/d. Of the patients initiating interferon therapy, thetreatment could be maintained throughout the 12 weeks in only 1 of 4 (25%) in the placebo group but in 5 of 10 (50%) receiving 30 mg/d of eltrombopag, 10 of 14 (71%) receiving 50 mg/d, and 15 of 21 (71%) receiving 75 mg/d. Using intention-to-treat analysis, 12-week therapy could be maintained in 6% of patients receiving placebo but in 36%, 53%, and 65% of those receiving 30, 50, and 75 mg of eltrombopag, respectively, underlining a dose-response relation for eltrombopag.Eltrombopag is currently in phase 3 clinical develop-ment to enable interferon therapy in thrombocytopenic patients needing therapy for chronic hepatitis C. The two phase 3 studies will differ in the use of PEG-IFN alfa-2b (NCT00529568) or PEG-IFN alfa-2a (NCT00516321). In both studies, thrombocytopenic patients with be pre-treated with eltrombopag until platelets have increased to permit initiation of treatment with PEG-IFN and ribavirin; patients will then be randomized to continue on either placebo or eltrombopag. Final results are expected in 2011. The primary end point for both studies will be the evaluation of the clinically important end point of improved SVR rate in patients receiving eltrombopag.The most common adverse effects reported with eltrombopag were headache, dry mouth, abdominal pain, and nausea, which were not signifi cantly different from placebo [56••]. This profi le mimics the experience in the ITP population, in which no increase of adverse events was observed with the use of eltrombopag [46••].Potential complications of thrombopoietic therapyThere is no clear evidence for adverse events in relation to romiplostim or eltrombopag, the compounds now in clini-cal development, but the development of antibody against PEG-rHuMGDF was unexpected. The most obvious risk could be development of thrombosis, which has not been observed in clinical development so far, except in 1 of 88 patients receiving eltrombopag for ITP [56••]. The risk of thrombosis may be higher in advanced liver disease patients with low portal fl ow because of portal hypertension and an imbalance between clotting factors and inhibitors leading to a hypercoagulable state. This risk will be evaluated in the ongoing phase 2 and phase 3 clinical trials.Rebound worsening of thrombocytopenia due to increased TPO clearance with increased levels of plate-lets may be less likely, given that no signifi cant change in TPO levels was seen with an eltrombopag-induced increase of platelets.In short-term animal models, a reversible increase in bone marrow reticulin formation and bone marrow fi bro-sis was observed [57]. Such effects cannot yet be ruled out in humans, indicating some caution in regard to long-term use of eltrombopag in humans.Other potential adverse events include stimulation of tumor or leukemia growth factors, stem cell depletion,interaction with other chemokines, and antibody forma-Figure 1. Chemical structure of eltrombopag.(Adapted from National Center for Biotechnology Information [58].)。

Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Silica Spheres

Instruments
Electron microscopes Zeiss E M 9 and Philips E M 100 B and partiee size analyzer Zeiss TGZ 3 were used.
Procedures
Throughout the investigation, ammonia was used as the catalyst causing the formation of spherical particles. In many cases, it was applied by adding saturated alcoholic solutions of ammonia to the reaction vessel. In other cases, particularly when high ammonia concentrations were desired, saturated ammonium hydroxide solution was used and the water content was taken into account.
CONTROLLED GROWTH OF MONODISPERSE SILICA SPHERES particles. In an attempt to duplicate these findings, many of our experiments resulted in gel formation and only in a few cases did the electron mierographs show particles of ellipsoidal shape and a size range near 0.08 t~. Then, a systematic study of the reaction parameters was made and after some drastic changes of the experimental conditions, quasi-monodisperse suspensions of silica spheres of sizes up to 2 ~ were finally obtained within less than an hour and the reaction no longer required extremely pure reactants. EXPERIMENTAL

化学专业英语马永祥兰州大学--翻译

1. The Elements and The Periodic Table元素和周期表The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The numbers of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. The total mass of an atom is determined very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. This total is called the mass of the number, A. The number of neutrons in an atom, the neutron number, is given by the quantity A-Z.refer to sb. [sth.] as 称某人（物）为be determined by 由…确定原子核中质子的数目称为原子序数，或者质子数，以Z表示。

电中性原子中电子的数目也等于原子序数Z。

经测定，原子的总质量与原子核中质子与中子的总数差不多。

（几乎相同）（或者说原子的总质量几乎可以由原子核中质子与中子的总数确定。

）这个总数叫质量数，以A表示。

因此，原子中的质子的数目，质子数，可以定量地由A-Z给出。

即原子中质子数=A-ZThe term element refers to a pure substance with atoms all kinds of a single kind. To the chemist the “kind” of an atom is specified by its atomic number, since this is the property that determines its chemical behavior. At present all the atoms from Z=1 to Z=107 are known; there are 107 chemical elements. Each chemical element has been given a name and a distinctive symbol. For most elements the symbol is simply the abbreviated form of the English name consisting of one or two letters,for example:元素这个术语指的是仅仅由同一种类的原子组成的物质。

辣椒细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的AFLP分析英文

A FL P A n a lys is o f C y top la sm ic M a le 2s te rile L in e a n d Its M a i n ta i n e r L i n e o f P ep p e rLUO Xia ng 2d o n g1,2,DA I L ia n g 2fa n g1,2,CH EN J i n 2fen g23,WAN G S h u 2b i n31.C o ll ege o f Ho rti cu l tu re,N an ji ng Ag ri cu lt u ra lU n i vers it y,N an ji ng 210095;2.Co ll eg e o fL i fe Sc i ence s,J i an gxi No r m al Un i ve rs i ty,N ancha ng 330022;3.Vege tab l e R es ea rch I n s ti tu t e ,J i an gs u Academ y o f Ag ricu lt u ra l Sc i ence s ,N an j ing 210014Ab s t ra ct [O bject i ve]The a i m o f t h is study wa s t o ana l yze the cyt o p l a s m i c m a l e s teri le l i n e 21A and its m ainta i ne r li n e 21B o f p ep pe rs by AF L P,an d l ay t he fo unda ti on fo r further s tudies o n m o l ecu l a r m echan is m o f t he cyt op l a sm i c m ale s te ril ity i n p epp ers .[M ethod ]C yt op l a sm i c m a l e s teril it y (CMS)li ne 21A and its m a i n t a i ne r li ne 21B w ere a nalyzed by AFLP t o o bta i n the s p ecific am p li fied fra gm en ts o f cyt op lasm i c m a l e s teri le li ne 21A,wh i le the sp ecifi c amp li fi ed fragm en ts w ere recove red o r sequ enced,and ana l yzed by BLAS Tn and TBLASTX i n GenB a nk o f NCB I .[Result ]A sp eci fi c fragm en t AA /CAG 169w as ob tained from cytop l am i c m al e ste rili ty (C M S )li ne 21A.Pa rti a l DNA s equen ce of AA /CAG 169w as t he se ries repe ated s equen ce i n AFLP m a rker seq uence related t o the sex and grow t h tra i t s o f Pen aeu s m ono do n.The re su l ts o f BLASTX and TBLASTX showed t ha t the tran s l a ti o n p r o duct s o f t h is sp eci fi c fragm ent had a hi g he r si m il a rity to So l anum dem is sum pu t a ti ve gag 2po l p ro tei n ,So l anum dem i s sum p u t a ti ve retro tra nspo so n p r o te i n and So l a num d em is sum p uta ti ve re tro tran spo so n gag p ro t e i n re s p ec ti vel y.[C on clu si on]The functi o n o f this spec i fic fragem ent AA /CAG 169is mo re li ke l y t o be cl o s el y rel a ted t o re tr o transp o son,wh i ch i nd i cate s tha t the sp eci a l fragm en t is po ss i b l y re l a t e d t o the s te ril ity trait .Key w o rds Pep pe r;cy t op l a s m i c m ale 2s t e ri lti y (C M S);AFLP ana l y sisR e ce i ve d:J a nua ry 11,2010 Accep t e d:Fe b rua ry 23,2010Suppo rted by Na ti o nal 863Prog ram i n t h e 11th Five 2ye a r P l an ni n g Pe ri o d (2006AA1001082322);Na ti ona l Na tural Science Fo unda ti o n (36;3);S T y j f x O ff f (G 5);Y G F f x N U y (3)32jf @j A s one of vege tab l e c rop s with the l a rge s t cu lti va ti on a re ai n C hi na ,p epp e r (Ca ps i cum a nnuu m L .)is a wo rl d w ide ki nd of vege ta bl e s and p roc e ssing condi m e nts .Acco rdi ng t o the sta tis ti c s,a nnua l c ultiva ti o n a rea of peppe rs i n C hi na ha s re ac he d abo ve 1400tho usa nd h m 2,whi ch m a ke s gre a t con 2tri buti o n to annua l a ve ra ge ba lance supply of vege ta bl e s inChina [1].W ith obvi o us adva nta ge s in p re 2m a turity,hi gh yi e ld a nd fru itw e i ght,peppe r hybri d s a re pop ul a r w it h m any fa r m 2e rs .It is expe nsive t o bree d hyb ri d see ds by a rti fic i a l em a scula ti on a nd po lli na ti on .I t is l a bou r 2sa vi ng t o ob t a i n hy 2bri d se ed s F 1by cytop l a sm i c m a le ste ril e li ne of peppe rs,which ca n e nsure the p urity o f se e ds and p ro t e c t the ri ghts of bree de rs,a nd is a lso the m o st e ffi c ient wa y t o re duce se e dco st a t p re se nt [2]o r the m a j o r direc ti o n fo r curre nt p epp e r bree ding .Thus,be side s e nha ncem en t o f the i de nti f i ca ti o n a nd b re ed i ng of c yt opl a s m i c m a l e ste ril e li ne o f peppe rs,stud 2i e s shoul d be ca rried out a t di ffe ren t l eve ls from b i o l ogy,which w ill p r o vi de a theo re tica l ba sis f o r furthe r effi c i e nt o r w i de u tili za ti on .R ul e s of inhe ritance in m o r p hol ogy,cyt o l ogy,POD isozy m e a nd m a l e 2ste ril e cha ra c t e rs ha ve be en a lrea dy dis 2cu ssed t ho roughl y i n studi e s o n t he m e cha nis m of cyt op l a sm i cm a le ste ril e li ne of peppe rs [3-4].Howe ve r,the re is little report on the m o l e cul a r m e chan is m of ste rility i n pe ppe rs,e spe c i a ll y se que nce fra g m e nts re la ted to cyt op l a s m ic m a l e s te ril ity of peppe rs .The re fo re ,ge nom ic DNA fr om c ytop l a s m i c m a le ste ril e l ine 21A a nd its m a i n ta i ne r l ine 21B o f peppe rwa s com 2pa ra ti ve l y ana lyze d by AFLP t o ob ta i n t he spe cifi c am p l ifi e d fragm en ts re l a ted to CM S i n this s tudy,wh i ch l a id a fo unda 2ti on fo r fu rthe r studi e s on mo l e cula r m e cha nis m of the cyt o 2pla sm ic m a l e ste rilit y in p epp e rs,a nd pro vide d a refe re nce fo r be tte r utili za ti o n of cyt op l a s m ic m a le ste rility i n peppe rs .M a te ria ls a n d M e th o d sMa te ria l sThe cyt op l a s m ic m a l e ste ril e line 21A w ith comp l e t e l y s ta 2ble ste rility tra its a nd its m a inta i ne r l ine 21B of peppe rs we re from Ve ge table Re se a rch I ns titute ,J i a ng su Aca dem y of Agri 2c ult u ra l Sc i e nce s .S ee dli ngs of 21A a nd 21B we re bred on the coo l ing bed i n e a rl y J a nua ry,w hil e i n l a te Ma rch,100p l a nts of 21A a nd 21B we re re spe c tive l y p l a nte d with conve nti ona l fie l d m a na gem e nt i n p l a s ti c gre e nho use s of Ve ge tab l e R e 2sea rch I ns titute ,J i a ng su Aca dem y of Ag ri cultura l S c i e nc e s .Me thod sA FL P R e fe rence d by Vo s [5]a nd LOU Q un 2feng [6],re stri c 2ti on fragm e nts a nd do uble 2stra nd DNA we re j o i nte d t oge the r w ith T 4li ga se through EcoR I and M se I doubl e di ge sti o n,w hil e re stri c ti o n e ndo nuc l e a se a nd T 4l iga se w e re a ll p urc ha se d from S ha ngha i S angon B i o l ogi c a l Engi ne e ri ng Te chno l o gy &S e rvi ce s Co .,Ltd .5μl d i ge sti o n p roduc t wa s used a s the tem p l a te f o r p re 2am p li fi ca ti on,w hil e the p ri m e rs of p re 2am p li fi 2c a ti on we re E +1a nd M +1.5μl p roduct of p re 2am p l ifi ca ti on wa s a na l yzed by 1%aga ro se ge l e l e c tropho re sis to e sti m a te the e ffi c iency of p re 2amp li fi c a ti on .Acco rding t o the te sti ng fo r p r o duc ts o f p re 2am p li fi c a ti on,the pro duc ts w e re dil ute d 10-30fo l d,a nd t he n u se d a s the tem pla te fo r se l e cti ve amp li fi c a 2ti on .F i na ll y,p roducts o f se lec tive amp li fica ti o n w e re sepa ra 2ted by 6%dena tured po l ya c ryl am i de ge l e lec tr opho re sis a nd dye d by s i lve r sta i ni ng .Re c yc ling o r c lon ing a nd se que nc e a na lys is of sp ec i f ic b and s D i ffe ren ti a l ba nds of cyt op l a sm i c m a le ste ril e li ne a nd its m a i nta ine r li ne we re re co ve re d a nd cut off a ccura te l y by the z f μ22S f 5f f 5μ2f 2Ag ri cu lt u ra l Science &Techno l o gy,2010,11(2):69-71C op yri gh t κ2010,I n f o r m a ti on Ins titute of HAAS.A l l right s re s erved.Agricultura lB i o techno l o gy0801200900781cience and e ch no l o g P ro ec t rom J i a ng i P ro vi nc i a l i ce o Educa ti on J J 0819o un g r ow thu nd o J i ang i o r m o l n i ve rs it 298.C o rre spo n di n g au tho r .E m ail :chen n au.e ste rili e d sca l pe l t o p ut i nto c en tri uga l tube s w ith 200l re d is till e d w a t e r .am p l e s w e re p l a ce d i n t o bo ili ng w a te r o r 1m i n a nd then cen tri uge d o r 10m i n w ith 12000rpm.l supe rna tan tw a s use d a s the temp l a t e o r com bina ti on t o the correspo nd i ng pri m e rs aga i n w it h the sam e am plifi ca ti o n .Afte r the m olec ul a r we i ght o f amp li fied p r o duc ts wa s ve ri fi e d,and t he n li ga ted t o pGE M Tea sy ve ctor .Com pe te nt E .co li JM 109wa s transfe rre d by the li ga ted p roduc ts fo r b l ue 2wh i te se l e c ti on.S ing l e 2co l ony p l a sm i d wa s e xtrac te d f o r e ndo nuc l e a se re a c 2ti on,and the n se nt to S ha ngha i I nvi troge n B i ote chno l o gy Co .,Ltd fo r DNA se que nc ing .The who l e sequence of j o i nts we re rem oved a fte r c l oning a nd se que nc i ng,a nd then subm i tted t o NCB I da ta ba se fo r BLAS T .R e s u lts a n d A n a lys isA FL P sp ec if i c f ra gm e n t s c ree n ing of g enom e from cyto 2p lasm ic m a le s te rile line 21A a nd its m a in ta in e r li n e 21BGenom ic DNA from cyt op l a sm ic m a l e ste ril e li ne 21A a nd its m a i nta ine r line 21B w e re am plifi e d w it h 32pa i rs o f AFLP pri m e r com bi na ti ons,a nd the re sults showe d tha t bands in AFLP m ap we re ri c h w ith 60bands i n ea ch l a ne.O nl y amp li 2fi e d p roduc ts from o ne pa i r of pri m e r had di ffe rence be t w e e n cyt op l a s m i c m a l e s te ri le li ne and its m a inta i ne r li ne i n 32p a irs of AFLP p ri m e rs,wh i ch indica te d tha t the re wa s l ittl e diffe r 2e nc e in ge nom i c DNA be t we en c yt op l a s m i c m a l e ste ril e li ne 21A a nd its m a i n ta i ne r li ne 21B.Genom ic DNA from cyt op l a sm ic m a l e ste ril e li ne 21A a nd its m a inta i ne r l ine 21B we re am p li fi e d a ga i n w ith p ri m e r com bi 2na ti on EcoR 2AA /M se I 2CAG scree ned by poly mo rphic pri m e r pa irs .The re wa s one spe c i fi c band w ith 200bp in cyt op l a sm i c m a le ste ril e li ne 21A (F ig .1),w hil e no ba nd wa s f o und i n its m a inta i ne r li ne 21B.Aft e r the repe a te d te st,the fra g m e ntswe re demo nstra te d to be sta bl e ,re li a bl e and a sp ec i fic fra g 2m e nt re la ted t o m a l e 2ste rile c ha rac ters.A:Am p li fi cati o n p rodu cts o f p ri m e r EAA /M C AG,and the arr ow show s the d i ffe ren ti a l fragm e nts;B :S i ng l e c l o ne i d entifi ca ti on o f d i ffere ntial fragm e nts .F i g.1　Am p l i fi ca ti o n of AFLP d i ffe ren ti a l fragm e nts o f ge nom i cDNA from s t e ril e l ine 21A and its m ai n tai n er l ine 21BRe c yc ling o r c lon ing a nd se qu enc i n g of A FL P d i ffe re n ti a l f ra gm e ntsF rom F i g .1-B ,re com bi nan tp la s m id PCR p roduc ts we re i den ti c a lw ith the si z e of ta rge t fra g m ents,which show ed tha t ta rge t fra g m e nts ha d a lre ady be en succ e ssfu l ly T 2A cl one d .Afte r ve cto r se que nce a nd AFLP p ri m e r com bi na ti o n AA /CAG sequence we re rem ove d,the se que nc i ng sequence w a s 169bp i n ful l length (F i g .2).Thu s,the spe c i fi c f ragm e nt i n c ytop la s m i c m a l e ste ril e li ne 21A wa s m a rked a s AA /CAG 169t o ana l yze co nvenientl y.The und erli ned pa rt s are AA /CAG se quence s of AFLP p ri m e r com b i na ti o n ,wh il e the do uble 2u nde rli ned pa rts are AF LP j o i nt s .F i g.2　Sp eci fi c fragm en t sequ ences o f s teri le li ne 21ABLA S Tn a na lys is of AA /CAG 169s equ en ce in sp ec ific f ra g 2m en tsAcco rdi ng t o BL AS T re sults,pa rti a l sequence s of AA /CAG 169(l oc a ted in 122-158bp ,AGA ATTGGT A C G 2CAGTC T AT G ATG AGT CC T G AGT A AC ,w ith 37bp i n tota l)had a h i ghe r si m il a ri ty t o seve ra l sequence s o f t he re l a te d AFLP m a rke r se que nc e s with the sex and grow th tra its in P ena eu s mo nodon (AFE549M 27.1).Furthe r ana l ys is re 2ve a led tha t 37bp se que nce s we re four se ri e s re pea ted se 2que nce s of t he re l a te d AFLP m a rke r se que nc e s w it h the se x a nd grow th tra its in Pe nae us m ono don (F i g .3),so the spe 2c i fi c fra g m ent AA /CAG 169w a s cl o se l y re l a te d t o its ste rilit y .BLA S TX a na lys is of AA /CAG 169s equ en ce in sp ec ific f ra g 2m en tsA A /CAG 169se que nc e wa s subm itt e d to GeneB a nk,a nd a na l yze d by BLASTX o f NCB I a nd p rote in da ta ba se s fo r ho 2mo l ogy sea rching .The re sults sugge sted tha t am ino a c i d se 2que nce deduce d by this fra g m ent had a hi ghe r s i m ila rit y t o pa rtia l se que nce s of So l a nu m dem i s sum p uta tive ga g 2po lp ro 2t e i n a nd So l a num dem issu m puta ti ve re tr o tra nsposon p r o te in re sp ec ti ve ly (F i g .4).T BL AS TX a na l ysis i ndica te d tha t am i no a c i d se que nce deduce d by this fragm en t ha d a lso a hi ghe r y q f S 2,S S ,2F i g.3　A li gnm en t of t he pa rti al seque nce s of AA /C AG 169andthe re l a t e d AFLP m arke r se quence s with the s ex andgrow th t raits i n Penaeu s m o no done nco de d by gag (g roup 2sp ec ifi c a ntige n )ge ne i n the struc 2tura l ce n t e r of p lan t re tr o tra nspo so n,a nd the n be cam e se v 2e ra l kind s of l e ukocyte p ro te i n s a fte r pos t 2tre a t m e nt .Gag 2po l p r o te i n wa s e ncoded by po l 2ga g i n com m on,a nd the n be 2,f 2z y T f ,f f f f 2G 6y y 07Ag ri cultura l Sc i ence &Tech no l o gy Vo l .11,No.2,2010si m il a rit t o pa rti a l se uence s o o l anum dem is sum pu t a ti ve gag po l p rote i n o lanu m dem issum puta ti ve re tro tra nspo so n pro te i n a nd o l a num dem issu m puta ti ve re tr o tra nsposon ga g pro te i n .Howe ve r gag p ro te i n wa s a m ulti p r o te in p re curso rc am e re ve rse tra nsc ri p t a se inte gra se a nd pro te a se a te r en m e di ge sti on.he re ore the unc ti o n o this spe c i ic ra ge m e n t AA /CA 19wa s m o re like l to be c l o se l re la te d t o re tro tra nspo son .F ig.4　B LASTX a nalys i s o f t he w ho le sequ ence o f C M S 21A 169D is c u s s io n sM e chanism of m a l e s te ril ity ge ne s ha s bee n w i de l y stud 2i ed a t hom e a nd a broa d,a nd it is ge ne ra lly conside red tha t the o ccu rrence of plant CMS i s c l ose ly re l a te d t o the struc ture a nd exp re s si o n of m i tocho ndria l ge nom e ,whil e the frequent re com bi na ti on o f intra 2m o l e cul a r a nd i nte r 2mo l e cula r m i tochon 2dri a l genom e is m o l e cul a r ba sis f o r the occu rre nce o f C M S.F rom a l a rge amo un t of m it o chondri a l DNA fragm e nts i n the i denti fi e d CM S ,the y a re a ll gene ra ll y ch i m e ri c ge ne s from pa rtia l sequence s o f se ve ra l i den ti fi e d ge ne s afte r m ulti 2re 2com bi na ti on a nd the un i de nti fi e d re a di ng fram e (urf),such a ska l e nap us [7],m a ize [8]a nd ri ce [9].The t o ta l ge nom i c DNA e xtrac te d by C T AB i s cons titute d by nuc lea r DNA,m t D NA a nd cpDNA,so the spec ifi c fra g m ent AA /CAG 169of ste ril e li ne 21A po ssibl y com e s fr om nuc l e a r DNA,and is a lso p rop e rl y from m t DNA o r cpDNA.The ope n re ad i ng fram e of the sp ec i fic fra g m e nt A A /CAG 169se que nce is found w ith the on l ine t oo l of O RF F i nde r in NCB I .Com bi ne d w it h BLAS T X and T BLASTX a na l ysis,the op en rea di ng fram e of the sp ec i fic fra g m e nt AA /CAG 169se que nce is pri m a ril y i denti fi e d to be -1encodi ng f ram e fo r 53am i no a c i ds.W he re a s,the true i de nti f i ca ti o n of t h i s re a di ng fram e is still unknown,a nd its re l a ti onshi p w i th ste ril e chi m e ri c ge ne s nee ds furthe r studi e s .BL AS Tn in this study re ve a ls tha t the spe c i fi c fra g m e nt AA /CAG 169is li ke l y t o be c l o se l y re l a te d t o ste rili ty .Howe ve r,BLAS T X and T BL AS T X a ll show tha t AA /CAG 169sequence is po ssibl y re l a te d t o re tro tra nspo son,which i ndica te s tha t c yt op l a s m i c m a l e ste rility o f peppe rs m a y be c l o se l y re l a te d t o re tr o tra nspo son .The si m il a r re sults a rea lso repo rted i n cyt op l a s m ic m a le ste rilit y of ca rro ts [10],whi c hl a ys a founda ti on fo r furthe r s t udie s on m o l ec ul a r m e cha nis mof cyt opla s m ic m a l e ste rilit y in peppe rs .R e fe re n c e s[1]F ANG R (方荣),CHEN XJ (陈学军),M I A O NS (缪南生),et a l.Adva nce s i n gene ti c r e sou rces and mo l ecular breed i ng o f pepp er (Cap s i cum spp.)(辣椒(Cap s i cum spp.)遗传资源与分子育种进展)[J ].Acta Ag ri cult u rae J i angxi (江西农业学报),2004,16(3):55-61.[2]WANG SB (王述彬),ZHAO HL (赵华仑),L I U J B (刘金兵),et a l.He t e r o s is util i za ti o n o f C MS li ne s i n ho t (swee t )p eppe rs and t e ch 2ni q ues fo r i ts hybri d seed p roducti o n (辣(甜)椒胞质雄性不育系杂种优势利用及其制种技术)[J ].J i ang su J ou rnal o f Ag ri cultura l Sci 2ences (江苏农业学报),2002,18(3):143-146.[3]DA ILF (戴亮芳),LUO XD (罗向东),WA N G S B (王述彬),et a l.I so zym e s anal y ses o f cyt op l a s m i c m a l e s teri l e (C M S )l i ne i n pep 2p er (C ap s i cum annuum L.)(辣椒细胞质雄性不育系的3种同工酶分析)[J ].Ac t a Bo tan i ca B o reali -Occi den t a li a Si nica (西北植物学报),2007,27(9):1772-1776.[4]LUO X D ,DAI LF ,WANG SB ,et a l .Ma l e g am ete deve l o pm entand ea rl y t ape t a l degene rati on in cyt op l a s m i c m a l e ste ril e pepp er (Cap s i cum annuum L.)i n ve st i g ated by m e i o ti c,ana t o m i ca l and ultras tructu r a l ana l yse s[J ].Pl an t B reed i ng,2006,125:395-399.[5]V O S P,H O GER R ,BLEEKER M.AF LP:a n ew techni qu e f o rDNA fi ngerp ri n ti ng [J ].Nucl e i c Ac i ds R es,1995,23:4407-4414.[6]LOU QF (娄群峰),CHEN J F (陈劲枫),JAHN M,et al .I den ti fica 2ti o n of AF LP and SC AR mo l ecu l ar m a rke rs li nked t o gyno eci ou s l o 2ci in Cucum i s s ati vus L.(黄瓜全雌性基因连锁的AF LP 和SCAR 分子标记)[J ].Acta Ho rti cult u rae Si n i ca (园艺学报),2005,32(2):256-261.[7]Y ANG J H,ZH AN G M F,Y U JQ.M it ochond ri a l n ad2gene is co 2tran scri p ted w i th CMS 2as soci a ted o rf B ge ne i n cyt op l a s m i c m al e 2s teri l e s tem m us t a rd (B ra s si ca j uncea)[J ].Mo l ecu l a rB i o l o gy Re 2po rts,2009,36:345-351.[8]GALLAGHER LJ ,B ETZ SK,CHASE CD.M it ochond ri a l R NA edi 2ti n g trunca t e s a ch i m eri c op en reading fram e as sociated w i th S m ale 2s t e ril it y i n m a i ze[J ].C urr Gene t,2002,42:179-184.[9]ZHANG H,L I SQ ,YIP,e t al .A Hon gli an C MS li ne of rice dis p l aysabe rran t F 0of F 0F 12ATPas e [J ].P l ant C e l l R epo rts,2007,26:1065-1071.[10]NAK AJ I MA Y,Y A MA MO TO T,MUR ANAK A T,et a l .Gene ti c var 2i ati o n o f p etal o i d m al e 2ste ri l e cyt op l a s m o f ca rro ts reveal ed by se 2que nce 2t agged s i tes (STS s )[J ].Theo r App l Gene t ,1999,99:837-843.R es p o n s i b le ed ito r:C H EN Xiu 2c h en R es p o n s i b le t ra n s la to r:L I J in g 2w e i R es p o n s i b le p ro o fread er:W U Xiao 2y an辣椒细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系的AFL P 分析(摘要)罗向东1,2,戴亮芳1,2,陈劲枫23,王述彬3　(1.南京农业大学园艺学院,江苏南京210095;2.江西师范大学生命科学学院,江西南昌330022;3.江苏省农业科学院蔬菜研究所,江苏南京210014)[目的]对辣椒细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系进行AFLP 分析,为进一步深入研究辣椒细胞质雄性不育的分子机制奠定基础。

骨源性细胞因子在激素性股骨头坏死发生发展中的研究进展

-综述•骨源性细胞因子在激素性股骨头坏死发生发展中的研究进展蒋捷,黄林科，胡峰△(广西医科大学第二附属医院，广西南宁530007)［摘要］股骨头坏死是骨外科常见的难治性疾病,其机制仍有待研究。

目前为止,医源性糖皮质激素是非创伤性股骨头坏死的主要原因。

激素的长期使用可导致股骨头骨细胞凋亡、血液循环障碍所致缺血缺氧，最终导致股骨头塌陷。

激素性股骨头坏死的发生发展与骨组织中细胞直接接触和其间接分泌的细胞因子调控相关。

本文综述了骨组织中成骨细胞分泌的核因子k B受体结合配体，骨保护素,骨碱性磷酸酶，骨细胞表达硬化素，破骨细胞分泌骨形态发生蛋白2等因子在SONFH的研究进展，骨源性细胞因子在SONFH中扮演重要作用。

［关键词］骨源性细胞因子;激素性股骨头坏死;临床分型;病理表现;综述［中图分类号］R681［文献标识码］A［文章编号］961-5639(2621)61-482-04doi:16.3969/E R w x961-5639.402000025Resevrch prggress of bone derived cytokines in developmenS of steaid induced osteynecrgsis of the femorai hecdJIANG Jia,HUANG Lia-Ue,HU Feng'(Department of OrtUopebic trauma,the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guanypi Medical University?Nanning Citp,Guangpi Zhuang Autonomous Repiox530007,China)J Abstrach]Avascular necrosis of the femoral heah is a common refracton disease in ortUopebic shraeru/whose mechanism remains to be studied.So far,iatngenic glucocorncoids are the main cause of nox-EaumaWe necrosis of the femoral heah.Long term treatment of glucocorncoids leafs to osteocyte apoptosis of femoral heah,ischemia and hypoxia caused bp blood cinulaWon OisorUer,and eventuaLy leafs to coXapse of femoral heah.The occurrence and Oevelopment of steroid induced osteonecrosis of the femoral heah are related to the direct contact of cells in bone tissue and the repulaLox of cypdines secreted indirectly.We reviewed the research progress of Nuclear factor kaypa B receptor binding ligand,RANKL,OsPoproPpeEn；OPG and Bone aldaLne phosphamse；BAP secreted bp osteoblasts, eceeeohnt(SOST)peoducedbsoeheocsheeatdBotemoepeogetehncpeohent-2BMP-2eeceehedbsoeheoceaehenteheeondntducedoeheote-eeoeneoeheeeemoeaeeead0Botedeeneedeshoenteepeasatnmpoehatheoeenteheeondntdueedoeheoteeeoeneoeheeeemoeaeeead0J Key woras]Bone PeEved cytodines;2proid induced necrosis of the femoral heah；Clinical classification;PatUologicai manifestation；Reenew股骨头坏死(OWewecrwis of femoral heah,ONFH)是骨外科常见的难治性疾病,严重影响患者的生活质量。

2006-@@Cultivated microalgae and the carotenoid fucoxanthin from=FX=抗癌-齿状藻-金藻

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology22(2006)97–103Cultivated microalgae and the carotenoid fucoxanthin fromOdontella aurita as potent anti-proliferative agentsin bronchopulmonary and epithelial cell linesDimitri Moreau a,∗,Christophe Tomasoni a,Catherine Jacquot a,Raymond Kaas b,Roland Le Guedes b,Jean-Paul Cadoret b,Arnaud Muller-Feuga b,Ioanna Kontiza c,Constantinos Vagias c,Vassilios Roussis c,Christos Roussakis aa Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Marine,ISOMer,Facult´e de Pharmacie de Nantes,1rue Gaston Veil,BP92208,44322Nantes Cedex03,Franceb Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologie des Algues,IFREMER,rue de l’ˆıle d’Yeu,BP1105,44311Nantes Cedex03,Francec University of Athens,Department of Pharmacy,Division of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products,Panepistimiopolis Zografou,Athens15771,GreeceReceived10November2005;accepted9January2006Available online6March2006AbstractThe antiproliferative activities of several extracts from cultivated microalgae in France have been studied against bronchopulmonary and epithelial cell lines,respectively(A549,NSCLC-N6and SRA01/04).The algal extracts,of Diatomae(Odontella aurita,Chaetoseros sp.),as well as of Haptophyceae:Isochrisys aff.galbana,appeared as the most active among all the assayed species,expressing a broad spectrum of in vitro antiproliferative activity of well-differentiated pathologic cells such as NSCLC-N6by terminal differentiation.Bio-guided fractionation of the above referred extracts,led us to the isolation,of the carotenoid fucoxanthin.Fucoxanthin has been structurally determined,through modern spectral means and has been studied separately for its activities.©2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Keywords:Odontella aurita;Antiproliferative activities;Bronchopulmonary carcinoma;Secondary cataract;Apoptosis;Fucoxanthin1.IntroductionMarine microalgae comprise the largest group of living organisms in the oceans,constituting an estimated10,000 species.Algae are at the base of entire aquatic food chain.There-fore,it is not surprising that the microalgae,which compose the phytoplankton,play a vital role in the rearing of aquatic animals like molluscs;shrimps andﬁsh.Moreover,there are numerous applications for molecules from these phototropic microorganisms in human and animal food,health and cosme-tology(Muller-Feuga,2000).In recent years,there has been a growing interest in functional foods,that is,foods able to provide additional physiological beneﬁts for human health,other than the basic nutritional and∗Corresponding author.Tel.:+33251125672;fax:+33251125690.E-mail address:dimitri.moreau@univ-nantes.fr(D.Moreau).energetic requirements(Bidlack,1994).Often,functional foods are traditional foods enriched with an ingredient able to pro-vide or promote a speciﬁc beneﬁcial action for human health. These are called functional ingredients.These ingredients are preferred to have a natural origin,such as plants or perhaps algae and/or microalgae.These types of marine sources are receiving increasing attention mainly for their content in,for example,polyunsaturated fatty acids and,␤-carotene and other pigments(antioxidants),sulphated polysaccharides and sterols (antimicrobials).One of the main interests in our laboratories is to assess the suitability obtained from extracts and pure compounds from cul-tivated microalgae,like the ones which they have been studied, as food antioxidants and preventative agents against secondary cataracte and cancer.In this work,a preliminary screening of ten marine and fresh water species from different orders(Diatomophyceae, Rhodophyceae,Haptophyceae,Cryptophyceae,Prasinophyceae1382-6689/$–see front matter©2006Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.etap.2006.01.00498 D.Moreau et al./Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology22(2006)97–103Table1Detail of the different strains studied,with the source and the optimal condition of growingOrder Species Source Medium pH T(◦C) Diatomophyceae Odontella aurita IFREMER Conway7.520 Chaetoceros ap1010/11Conway7.520Porphyridium purpureum SAG111/79Hemerick720 Rhodophyceae Rhodella violacea SAG115/79Conway724 Galdieria sulphuraria a074W Galdi245 Chlorophyceae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a PG27MMG/TAP724 Haptophyceae Isochrysis afﬁnis galbana IFREMER Conway720 Cryptophyceae Rhodomonas salina ccap978/24Conway722 Prasinophyceae Tetraselmis suecica ccmp904Conway720 Dinophyceae Heterocapsa triquetra IFREMER ESP7.822 G.sulphuraria source:Institut f¨u r biologie,Freie Universit¨a t,Berlin.a Fresh water microalgae.and Dinophyceae)were investigated as natural source of antipro-liferative agents in vitro against asynchronous cells of human non-small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma line(NSCLC-N6) (Roussakis et al.,1991),human lung epithelial cell line(A549)and against a proliferative human lens epithelial cell line(SRA 01/04).Bio-guided fractionation of the extracts,which appeared as the most active,led us to the isolation of the carotenoid fucox-anthin,which has been also thoroughly assayed.In all cases,theTable2Composition of the different media used for algal cultureProducts MediumHemerick Conway Galdi MMG/TAP ESP NaNO3(g L−1) 1.70.10.07 (NH4)2SO4(g L−1) 1.5NH4Cl(g L−1)0.4K2HPO4,3H2O(g L−1)0.1750.106KH2PO4(g L−1)0.1750.30.053NaH2PO4,H2O(g L−1)0.02Na2C3H7O6P,5H2O(g L−1)0.01 Na2SiO3,5H2O(g L−1)0.1FeEDTA0.050.014Na2EDTA,2H2O(g L−1)0.0490.0450.008 CaCl2,2H2O(g L−1) 1.470.020.05KCl(g L−1)0.75MgSO4,7H2O(g L−1)12.30.30.1MgSO4,H2O(g L−1)0.00082 NaCl(g L−1)29.0Tris(g L−1)0.1Co(NO3)2,6H2O(␮g L−1)0.08CoCl2,6H2O(␮g L−1)20.080 2.927CoSO4,7H2O(␮g L−1)0.09124 CuSO4,5H2O(␮g L−1)0.0820.0160 2.855Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2,6H2O(␮g L−1)3510 FeCl3,6H2O(␮g L−1) 1.3245 FeSO4,7H2O(␮g L−1)9.073H3BO3 2.033.6572020.735700 MnCL2,4H2O(␮g L−1) 1.80.3636409.2Mo7O24(NH4)6,4H2O(␮g L−1)209.0260 2.0NaVO3,4H2O(␮g L−1)80O5SV,5H2O(␮g L−1)0.043ZnCl2(␮g L−1)21ZnSO4,7H2O(␮g L−1)0.2130.444011000 Vitamin B12(␮g L−1)102 Thiamin(␮g L−1)200100 Biotin(␮g L−1)1QSP L(␮g L−1)FW MW FW FW MW Mineral nutrient and their concentration(1×).D.Moreau et al./Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology22(2006)97–10399 Table3IC50for all assayed microalgal extracts,with different solvents,against three cell linesSpecies Cell linesSRA A549NSCLC-N6EtOH CH2Cl2H2O EtOH CH2Cl2H2O EtOH CH2Cl2H2OO.aurita18.4±1.418.2±0.49.1±1.3––20.6±0.555.8±3.736.9±1.542.6±5.8 Chaetoceros sp.15.5±0.513.5±0.97.8±0.3–41.5±3.861.1±8.6–13.5±2.4–P.purpureum––0.5±0.1––13.9±0.4–– 6.3±0.5 R.violacea–26.7±2.550.8±2.6––––––G.sulphuraria41.3±3.810±0.6<0.366±0.05–37.3±2.59.1±1.3–18.7±2.5 4.8±0.5 C.reinhardtii––11.1±0.3––16±2.2–36.6±0.624.6±2 I.afﬁnis galbana20.7±3.425.4±1.726.2±1.424.6±1.340.7±2.6–21.6±4.314.5±1.817.3±2.8 R.salina28.1±1.58.2±1.5–––––––T.suecica–12.3±2.5–––––45.3±10.117.6±5 H.triquetra19.7±1.436.8±1.58.2±1.6–––21.4±2.4–13.8±0.3 The results are expressed in␮g/ml.studied organisms were isolated from natural population and cultured in controlled manner in laboratory(Muller-Feuga et al.,2003).In the literature,there are several reports on the fatty acid, lipid,amino-acids and sugar composition of almost all microal-gae used in mariculture(V olkman et al.,1989;Servel et al.,1989; Brown,1991),because mostly of the importance of these data, for determining the nutritional value of the microalgae as food for animals in mariculture.Especially for the diatom Odontella aurita,the isolation and structure elucidation of a new sterol sul-fate has been published(Toume and Ishibashi,2002).No studies have been reported,to our knowledge,on any other chemical constituents of the assayed microalgae.2.Materials and methods2.1.Microalgal materials,culture conditions and chemicalsStudied species were isolated from their natural environment and were cul-tured in our laboratory.All parameters of culture(different sources of strains, culture media,pH,growing temperature conditions)are presented in details in Table1.Details on the composition of several media used are presented in Table2.Unialgal cultures were carried out in batch conditions in10l glass bot-tles,under constant light and aeration(air/CO2mixture,99:1).Every4days the medium was supplemented with1×nutrient(Table2),until the cell concentra-tion achieved the stationary phase.Water in all cases was sterile and distilled and solvents were analytical grade Cyclohexane(Lab-scan),EtOAc(Lab-scan),MeOH...Acetone,DMSO,etc.2.2.Preparation of algal extractsAll algae were recovered from culture,in the stationary phase,by centrifuga-tion at low speed and low temperature(4◦C).The algal residue was freeze dried before extraction and then it was then re-suspended in ethanol100%(400ml/g of dried weight),dichloromethane(400ml/g of dried weight)and water,respec-tively,so that three extracts of different polarities to be prepared.All extracts wereﬁltered,and evaporated under vacuum at low temperature(<45◦C).All organic extracts were dissolved with dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)and diluted in water at1mg/ml,before testing on cancer cell line.Theﬁnal concentration of DMSO used to dissolve extracts did not exceed0.2%and had no effect on the proliferation of the cells(results not shown).Aqueous extracts were directly diluted in water at1mg/ml.2.3.Strains and media,cell lines ad cultureThe NSCLC-N6-L16cell line(Roussakis et al.,1991),derived from a human non-small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma(moderately differentiated,rarely keratinizing,classiﬁed as T2N0M0),and A549obtained from ATCC collection reference CCL6185(Giard et al.,1973),were used for all experiments.Both cell lines were cultured in RPMI1640medium with5%fetal calf serum,to which were added100IU penicillin ml−1,100␮g streptomycin ml−1and2mM glutamine,at37◦C in an air/carbon dioxide(95:5v/v)atmosphere.In these conditions,cell doubling time was48h.Cells used in all experiments never exceeded35passages.Human Lens Epithelial cell line,SRA01/04,which was established by transfection with large T-antigen of SV40(Ibaraki et al.,1998)was cultured in antibiotic-free Dulbecco’s modiﬁed Eagle’s medium(DMEM)(Biochrom KG) supplemented with4%foetal calf serum and incubated in the same conditions described for L16and A549.2.4.Cytotoxicity determinations:continuous drug exposureExperiments were performed in96wells microtiter plates(105cells ml−1 for NSCLC-N6,2×104cells ml−1for A549and3×104cells ml−1for SRA). Cell growth was estimated by a colorimetric assay based on the conservation of tetrazolium dye(MTT)to a blue formazan product by live mitochondria (Mosmann,1983).Eight repeats were performed for each concentration.Control growth was estimated from eight determinations.Optical density at570nm Fig.1.Chemical structure of fucoxanthin.100 D.Moreau et al./Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology22(2006)97–103corresponding to solubilized formazan was read for each well on a Titertek Multiskan MKII.2.5.Cytotoxicity determinations:discontinuous drug exposureCells were incubated for72h in96wells microtiter at the concen-tration of5×104cells ml−1for NSCLC-N6,104cells ml−1for A549and 1.5×104cells ml−1for SRA in the culture conditions described above,and in the presence or absence of the drug.After72h medium was removed,cells were washed with phosphate-buffered saline to eliminate drug traces,and then100␮l fresh medium containing no drug were placed in each wells.Cell growth was evaluated by the colorimetric assay of Mosmann using MTT(Mosmann,1983).2.6.Extractions and solvent fractionationDue to the results of cytotoxic assays,the dichloromethane extract of O. aurita was primary selected for the bio-guided fractionation and the isolation and determination of the active compounds.Then total dichloromethane extract wasﬁrst subjected to silica gel column chromatography(CC),using mixtures of CH2Cl2/acetone/EtOH(from CH2Cl2100%to EtOH100%),to affordﬁve frs.:fr.1has been eluted with CH2Cl2,fr.2with100%CH2Cl2,fr.3with CH2Cl2/acetone(70:30),fr.4with CH2Cl2/acetone(50:50),andﬁnally fr.5with 100%EtOH.After testing on NSCLC-N6cell lines,the only active fraction(fr.3) was further puriﬁed after has been subjected to vacuum column chromatography on silica gel(VLC,60H,Merck).Fifteen fractions were obtained(named frs.3.1–3.15),using100ml of mixtures of cyclohexane/EtOAc/MeOH of increasing polarity.After a new test of the puriﬁed extract,the identiﬁcation of active compound was done through modern spectral means.The[M]+ion of compound3.10atm.m/z658,in combination with the 13C NMR data required a C42H58O6molecular formula.Characteristic were the overlapping peaks atδ6.09–6.69ppm consisted with conjugated double bonds intergrading for nine protons.Obvious were four singlets at1.92,1.97, 1.79,1.97resulting from four vinylic methyls,as well as a multiplet peak at5.36due to an oxidized methine.Moreover characteristic was at the13C NMR spectrum the presence of an allene moiety[δc117.5(C-6 ),202.4(C-7 ), 103.5(C-8 ).These evidences lead to the assumption that compound3.10was (3S,5R,6S,3 S,5 R,6 R)-fucoxanthine,also according to international literature (Haugan et al.,1992).2.7.Detection of apoptotic cells in fucoxanthinThe detections of apoptotic cells were performed for all three cell lines under the same conditions.Cells were incubated in the presence of15␮g/ml fucoxan-thin for72h;for the studied of DNA fragmentation,the DNA was extract with a classical phenol/chloroform protocol.Then an electrophoresis was performed on agarose gel for all the DNA extracts.For the observation of apoptotic cells, they were stained with10␮g/ml of acridin orange for15min in the dark.The results were observed using aﬂuorescence microscope,Olympus AX70®,with exciterﬁlter BP450-480.3.Results and discussion3.1.Inhibitory effect of algal extracts on cell linesFor each one of the tested extracts,the concentration required to reduce cell growth by50%(IC50)was determined and results are shown in Table3for all cell lines.Almost a73%of the assayed extracts showed moderate to strong activity against SRA cell line,while only53%and30%exhibited activity against NSCLC-N6and A549cell lines,respectively.3.2.Chemical composition of active compound fromO.auritaThe concentration of frs.3and3.10required to reduce L16 cell growth by50%was determined as previously described,and their IC50were found8.5and7␮g ml−1,respectively,after72h of treatment.Through the NMR spectra as well through inter-national literature it has been identiﬁed that fr.3.10was pure fucoxanthin Fig.1.The thin layer chromatography of Chaeto-ceros sp.and I.aff.galbana dichloromethane extracts show a wide quantity of fucoxanthin as for O.aurita,certainly respon-sible of the activities observed.3.3.Growth inhibition by continuous and discontinuousdrug exposureFig.2illustrated the growth kinetics of NSCLC-N6cells in the presence(from5to20␮g ml−1)and absence(control)of the fucoxanthin.The inhibitory effect of fucoxanthin wasdose-Fig.2.Effect of the carotenoid fucoxanthin on the cell growth of NSCLC-N6 (a);A549(b)and SRA(c)cell-lines:growth kinetics versus time after continuous exposure to drug at different concentrations.The proliferation is reduced for the three cell line in a dose dependant manner and we can observe a plateau after 24h of treatment.D.Moreau et al./Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology22(2006)97–103101Fig.3.Effect of fucoxanthin on the cell growth of the NSCLC-N6(a),A549 (b),SRA(c)cell lines:growth kinetics versus time after discontinuous exposure to drug at different concentrations.The cell growth is apparently blocked after 72h of treatment for the three cell lines at different concentration. dependent and only observed with a continuous drug exposure. The proﬁle obtained was typical of cytostatic activity.Fig.3 depicted the growth pattern of NSCLC-N6cell line in a drug free medium with populations pre-treated for72h in the pres-ence(10–25␮g ml−1)and absence(control)of fucoxanthin. This results show that the effect of fucoxanthin is irreversible and conﬁrm its cytostatic activity against NSCLC-N6cell-line since10␮g/ml.3.4.Induction of apoptosisFig.4has been showed that the treatment by fucoxanthin induces a DNA fragmentation typical of apoptotic cells.It can be seen a typical fragment around185bp(Au et al.,1997). The electrophoresis showed also,the same DNA ladder for the bronchopulmonary cell lines treated by fucoxanthin.The Fig.4.Agarose gel electrophoresis of the DNA extract from witness and treated cells with15␮g/ml ne(1):DNA marker(SmartLadder®,euro-gentec),lanes(2,3)NSCLC-N6,lanes(4,5)A549.exposure of the cells to fucoxanthin for72h,clearly induced morphological change such as rounding up,reduction of cell volume,chromatin condensation,nuclei fragmentation and for-mation of apoptotic bodies for the two bronchopulmonary cells lines(Figs.4and5).For SRA no apoptosis induction has been observed.Indeed,the greatest interests of microalgae,is that they can be produced in controlled condition with a low cost,and that they are adapted to a wide variety of environments favour to an exceptional biochemical production.In this study,a screening of new antiproliferative compounds from10different species of microalgae,has been taken place.So,a preliminary study of their crude extracts wasﬁrst necessary to evaluate the presence of new potent cytotoxic and/or cytostatic compounds.Then,the results have been demonstrated,the real extraordinary potential of the microalgae for the discovery of active extracts.Through this screening,it has been already permitted to identify more than10 extracts active on three cell lines and two different pathologies.After the identiﬁcation,through the bioguided fractionation, of the carotenoid fucoxanthin as the responsible agent of the activity observed by the dichloromethane extracts of the diatoms microalgae,it has been also investigated the cytostatic activ-ity of this molecule.The expressed antiproliferative effect of this compound,has been studied by characterizing the kinetics of cell growth induced by continuous and acontinuous treat-ment and observing the induced apoptosis.Through all these parameters observed,can be suggested that fucoxanthin could trigger the terminal differentiation of cancerous cells in vitro. It has been already reported that fucoxanthin induces apoptosis in human leukemia,prostate and colon cancer cells(Kotake-Nara et al.,2001;Hosokawa et al.,1999,2004).Furthermore, it has been previously also demonstrated,an inhibitory effect of fucoxanthin on N-myc expression and on cell cycle progres-sion for human neuroblastoma cell line(Okuzumi et al.,1990). But it is theﬁrst time that it has been demonstrated an arrest in102 D.Moreau et al./Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 22(2006)97–103Fig.5.Observation of cells stained with acridin orange.Morphological comparison by ﬂuorescence microscopy of treated cells by fucoxanthin and control cells (a,b)NSCLC-N6;(c,d)A549.G0/G1phase of the GOTO cells by fucoxanthin as well as that induces apoptosis in lung cancer and in human lens epithelial cells.The structures of carotenoids are of great interest,in the reduction of growth as well as in apoptosis induction,against cancer cells.Many studies have been also reported the antiox-idant activity of fucoxanthin (Nomura et al.,1997;Murakami et al.,2000).In contrast,the pro-oxidant action of carotenoids is shown to induce apoptosis through the production of reac-tive oxygen species (Palozza et al.,2003).This suggests that carotenoids act either as an antioxidant or as a pro-oxidant,in dependence on their environment.In conclusion,the studied microalgae appeared to be efﬁ-cient and safe antiproliferative agents.Interestingly,the species O.aurita ,Chaetoceros sp.and I.aff.galbana are proved as rich sources of the carotenoid fucoxanthin.This molecule exhibited cytostatic activity and this effect could have important implica-tions for the application of mixtures of this kind of microalgae in food manufacturing and the formulation of ocular implant products used in cataract treatment.ReferencesAu,J.L.-S.,Panchal,N.,Li,D.,Gan,Y .,1997.Apoptosis:a new pharmaco-dynamic endpoint.Pharmaceut.Res.14,1659–1671.Bidlack,W.R.,1994.Functional foods:designer foods,pharmafoods,nutraceuticals.In:Goldberg,I.(Ed.),Trends in Food Science and Tech-nology,vol.6.Chapman and Hall,pp.66–67.Brown,M.R.,1991.The amino-acid and sugar composition of 16species ofmicroalgae used in mariculture.J.Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol.145,79–99.Giard,D.J.,Aaronson,S.A.,Todaro,G.J.,Arnstein,P.,Kersey,J.H.,et al.,1973.In vitro cultivation of human tumors:establishment of cell lines derived from a series of solid tumors.J.Natl.Cancer Inst.51,1417–1423.Haugan,A.,Englert,G.,Glinz,E.,Liaaen-Jensen,S.,1992.Acta Chem.Scand.46,389–395.Hosokawa,M.,Wanezaki,S.,Miyauchi,K.,Kurihara,H.,Kohno,H.,et al.,1999.Apoptosis-inducing effect of fucoxanthin on human leukemia cell HL-60.Food Sci.Technol.Res.5,243–246.Hosokawa,M.,Kudo,M.,Maeda,H.,Kohno,H.,Tanaka,T.,Miyashita,K.,2004.Fucoxanthin induces apoptosis and enhances the antiproliferative effect of the PPAR[gamma]ligand,troglitazone,on colon cancer cells.Biochim.et Biophys.Acta (BBA)-Gen.Sub.1675,113–119.Ibaraki,N.,Chen,S.C.,Lin,L.,Okamoto,H.,Pipas,J.M.,Reddy,V .,1998.Human lens epithelial cell line.Exp.Eye Res.67,577–585.Kotake-Nara,E.,Kushiro,M.,Zhang,H.,Sugawara,T.,Miyashita,K.,Nagao,A.,2001.Carotenoids affect proliferation of human prostate cancer cells.J.Nutr.131,3303–3306.Mosmann,T.,1983.Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival:application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assay.J.Immunol.Methods 65,55–63.Muller-Feuga,A.,2000.The role of microalgae in aquaculture:situation and trends.J.Appl.Phycol.12,527–534.Muller-Feuga,A.,Le Guedes,R.,Pruvost,J.,2003.Beneﬁts and limitations of modeling for optimization of Porphyridium cruentum cultures in an annular photobioreactor.J.Biotechnol.103,153–163.Murakami,A.,Nakashima,M.,Koshiba,T.,Maoka,T.,Nishino,H.,et al.,2000.Modifying effects of carotenoids on superoxide and nitric oxide generation from stimulated leukocytes.Cancer Lett.149,115–123.Nomura,T.,Kikuchi,M.,Kubodera,A.,Kawakami,Y .,1997.Proton-donative antioxidant activity of fucoxanthin with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int.42,361–370.Okuzumi,J.,Nishino,H.,Murakoshi,M.,Iwashima,A.,Tanaka,Y .,et al.,1990.Inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin,a natural carotenoid,on N-myc expression and cell cycle progression in human malignant tumor cells.Cancer Lett.55,75–81.D.Moreau et al./Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology22(2006)97–103103Palozza,P.,Serini,S.,Torsello,A.,Di Nicuolo,F.,Piccioni,E.,et al.,2003.Carotene regulates NF-B DNA-binding activity by a redox mechanism in human leukemia and colon adenocarcinoma cells.J.Nutr.133,381–388.Roussakis,C.,Gratas,C.,Audouin,A.F.,Le Boterff,J.,Dabouis,C.,et al.,1991.Study of in vitro drug sensitivity on a newly established cell line from a primary bronchial epidermoid carcinoma of human origin (NSCLCN6).Anticancer Res.11,2239–2244.Servel,M.-O.,Claire,C.,Derrien,A.,Coiffard,L.,De Roeck-Holtzhauer,Y., 1989.Fatty acid composition of some marine microalgae.Phytochemistry 36,691–693.Toume,K.,Ishibashi,M.,2002.5[alpha],8[alpha]-Epidioxysterol sulfate froma diatom Odontella aurita.Phytochemistry61,359–360.V olkman,J.K.,Jeffrey,S.W.,Nichols,P.D.,Rogers,G.I.,Garland,C.D.,1989.Fatty acid and lipid composition of10species of microalgae used in mariculture.J.Exp.Mar.Biol.Ecol.128,219–240.。

光学材料复习概要

光学玻璃的色散
n2 ()
1
B1 2 2 C1
B2 2 2 C2
B3 2 2 C3
对于大多数无色光学玻璃而言，色散来源于紫外与红外波段的两个吸收带
Sellmeier 模型
n2 () A0 A1 2 A2 2 A3 4 A4 6 A5 8
Cauthy模型
光学玻璃的折射率与成分之间的关系
密度：对原子价相同的的氧化物来说，其阳离子半径越大，玻璃分子体积就越大，密度越小。
分子折射度：原子价相同的阳离子其半径越大（原子核对外层电子吸引力越弱）则离子极化率越高。
离子极化率还受其周围离子极化的影响，当阳离子半径增加时不仅其本身极化率上升也提高了氧离子的极化率，因而促使玻璃分子折射度迅速上升。
激光玻璃：稀土离子
激活离子一般是发光谱带窄，色纯度高，转换效率高，荧光寿命跨度大，具有四能级（或三能级系统）的稀土元素或离子。
基质玻璃是具有优良光学性能、机械性能以及热性能的硅酸盐玻璃，硼酸盐及硼硅酸盐玻璃，磷酸盐玻璃和氟磷酸盐玻璃。
Nd 3+离子的4F3/2→4I11/2的跃迁：1.064μm，室温
哑下标尽可能地靠近
T' ij
aik a Tjl kl
奇数阶的张量在具有反演中心i的晶体中是不存在的
晶体中具有物理意义的二阶张量都是对称张量：如应变张量不是位移对位置的偏导eij,而是其中的对称部分。
张量的定义
张量的示性面：二阶张量的示性面是椭球或双曲面，其中椭球上任意一点的径矢与法矢分别表示该二阶张量所跨居的作用矢量及感生矢量。
在硅酸盐玻璃中逐渐增加氧化硼的含量，其性质变化曲线往往会出现极大或极小值，称为“硼反常”，合理地应用这一反常现象可以改善玻璃的某些物理化学性质，制得化学稳定性好，热膨胀系数小，折射率高而色散小的玻璃。

lecture 3

Chemistry English
Lecture 3
专业英语词汇词素（词根）
• 1. haplo, mono, uni ：单，一，独 haploid 单倍体 monoxide一氧化碳 monoatomic单原子的 • 2. bi, di, dipl, twi, du: 二，双，两，偶 bicolor 双色, dichromatic 双色的, diplobacillus 双杆菌 dikaryon 双核体 twin ：孪生 dual 双重的 • 3. tri :三，丙 triangle三角 triacylglycerol三酰甘油 tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环 • 4. quadri, quadru, quart, tetr, tetra：四, quadrilateral四边的 quadrivalent四价的 tetrode 四极管 tetracyclin strepto- 链 sulf- 硫 sulfa- 磺胺（磺胺类药物词头） sulfo- ①硫[代]②磺基 sulph- 硫[代] sulpho- ①硫[代]②磺基 thio- 硫 trans- 反（式）；转 valyl- 缬氨酰（基） vinyl- 乙烯基
• 31.Entropy Changes 熵变 32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变 33. Acid-Bases 酸碱 34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解 35. The Proton in Water 水合质子 36. The pH Scales pH值 37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases酸和碱 38. Proton-Transfer Reaction 质子转移反应 39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对 40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度 41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱 42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解 43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液 44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应 45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量

细胞生物学名词英汉对照(翟中和)

细胞生物学名词英汉对照1. 细胞(cell)2. 细胞质(cell plasma)3. 原生质(protoplasm)4. 原生质体(potoplast)5. 细胞生物学(cell biology)6. 细胞学说(cell theory)7. 原生质理论（protoplasm theory）8. 细胞遗传学(cytogenetics)9. 细胞生理学(cytophysiology)10.细胞化学(cytochemistry)11. 分子生物学(molecular biology)12. 分子细胞生物学(molecular biology of the cell)13. 支原体(mycoplasma)14. 结构域(domain)∶15. 模板组装(template assembly)16. 酶效应组装(enzymatic assembly)17. 自体组装(self assembly)18. 引发体(primosome)19. 剪接体(splicesome)20 原核细胞(prokaryotic cell)21. 古细菌(archaebacteria)22. 真细菌(Bacteria, eubacteria)23. 中膜体(mesosome)24. 真核细胞(eucaryotic cell)25. 生物膜结构体系(biomembrane system)26. 遗传信息表达结构系统(genetic expression system)27. 细胞骨架系统(cytoskeletonic system)28. 细胞社会学(cell sociology)细胞质膜与跨膜运输1. 膜(membrane)2. 细胞膜(cell membrane)3. 胞质膜(cytoplasmic membrane)4. 细胞质膜(plasma membrane)5. 生物膜(biomembrane,or biological membrane)6. 膜骨架(membrane skeleton)7. 血影蛋白(spectrin)8. 血型糖蛋白(glycophorin )9. 带3蛋白(band 3 protein)10. 锚定蛋白(ankyrin) 11. 带4.1蛋白(band 4.1 protein)12. 内收蛋白(adducin)13. 磷脂(phospholipids)14. 胆固醇(cholesterol)15. 脂质体(liposome)16. 整合蛋白(integral protein)17. 外周蛋白(peripheral protein)18. 脂锚定蛋白(lipid-anchored)19. 片层结构模型(Lamella structure model)20. 单位膜模型(unit membrane model)21. 流动镶嵌模型(fluid mosaic model)22. 孔蛋白(porin)23. 冰冻断裂(freeze fracture)24. 膜蛋白放射性标记法(radioactive labeling procedure)25. 相变(phase transition)26. 侧向扩散(lateral diffusion)27. 翻转扩散(transverse diffusion)28. 细胞融合(cell fusion)29. 成斑(patching)、成帽(capping)反应30. 光脱色荧光恢复技术(fluorescence recovery after photobleaching FRAP)31. 电子自旋共振谱技术(electron spin-resonance spectroscopy,ESR)32. 细胞运输(cellular transport)33. 胞内运输(intracellular transport)34. 转细胞运输(transcellular transport)35. 膜运输蛋白(membrane transport protein)36. 离子载体(ionophore)37. 短杆菌肽A(gramicidin A)38. 缬氨霉素(valinomycin)39. 扩散(diffusion)40.渗透(osmosis)41. 简单扩散(simple diffusion)42. 促进扩散(facilitated diffusion)43. 通道蛋白(channel protein)44. 电位-门控通道(voltage-gated channels)45. 配体-门控通道(ligand gated channel)46. 胁迫门控通道(stretch-gated channel)47. 载体蛋白(carrier protein)48. 水通道蛋白(aquaporin)49. 运输ATPase(transport ATPase)50. 协同运输(cotransport)51. 磷酸化运输(phosphorylating transport)细胞通讯1. 细胞通讯(cell communication)2. 信号传导(cell signalling)3. 信号转导(signal transduction)4. 信号分子(signaling molecules)5. 激素(hormone)6. 内分泌信号(endocrine signaling)。

The composition of the Earth

1. Introduction An accurate and precise model of the chemical and isotopic composition of the Earth can yield much information regarding its accretion processes, and global-scale differentiation processes, including: core segregation, possible mineral fractionation in a primordial magma ocean and crust-mantle differentiation. With such a model we can also constrain compositional estimates for present-day reservoirs in the Silicate Earth and thus provide insights into their evolution. (The terms Silicate Earth and Primitive Mantle are synonymous.) There are three main approaches which have been used to model the composition of the Earth: ( 1) using the seismic profile of the core and mantle and their interpretation; (2) comparing the compositional systematics of primitive meteorites and the solar photosphere to constrain the solar nebula composition and from this estimate the composition of the inner rocky planets; and ( 3 ) using chemical and petrological models of peridotite-basalt melting relations (i.e. the pyrolite model). The seismic velocity structure of the Earth, in combination with mineral physics data for phases at the appropriate pressures and temperatures, provide important information about the average density and from this the bulk composition of the crust, mantle and core. These data yield basic insights into the gross compositional characteristics of these regions, but cannot be used to constrain the minor- and trace-element composition of the Earth. Compositional models based on primitive meteorites relates elemental abundances in the bulk Earth to those observed in chondritic meteorites in general, but particularly the CI carbonaceous chondrites, the most primitive of the chondritic meteorites. These meteorites are free of chondrules, possess the highest abundances of the moderately-volatile and volatile elements rela-

生物专业英语翻译

第一课Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。

细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。

细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。

细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。

The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。

先共析铁素体的英文

先共析铁素体的英文Ferrite is a type of iron-containing material that is commonly found in steels and other alloys. It is acrystalline phase that is stable at room temperature and is known for its magnetic properties. Ferrite is formed when iron atoms are arranged in a specific crystal structure known as a body-centered cubic lattice. This lattice structure allows for the alignment of magnetic momentswithin the material, giving ferrite its magnetic properties.The formation of ferrite in steels is a crucial process that can significantly impact the mechanical and magnetic properties of the material. Ferrite can be formed through various methods, such as solid-state transformation or through the addition of specific alloying elements. The presence of ferrite in steels can affect their strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance. Understanding the factors that influence the formation of ferrite in steelsis essential for controlling the properties of the material.One common method for analyzing ferrite in steels is through the use of microscopy techniques, such as optical or electron microscopy. These techniques allow for the visualization of the ferrite phase within the material, as well as the determination of its distribution and morphology. By studying the microstructure of steels, researchers can gain insights into the formation and behavior of ferrite in different alloy compositions and processing conditions.In addition to microscopy techniques, other analytical methods can be used to characterize ferrite in steels. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful tool for identifying the crystal structure of ferrite and quantifying its content in a sample. Magnetic measurements, such as vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), can also provide information about the magnetic properties of ferrite in steels. By combining different analytical techniques, researchers can obtain a comprehensive understanding of the ferrite phase in steels.The control of ferrite content in steels is essentialfor achieving the desired mechanical and magnetic properties in the material. By adjusting the composition of the steel, the processing conditions, and the heat treatment parameters, engineers can tailor the amount of ferrite in the material to meet specific requirements. For example, the addition of alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, or chromium can promote the formation of ferrite in steels, leading to improved corrosion resistance or magnetic properties.In conclusion, the analysis and control of ferrite in steels are critical aspects of materials science and engineering. By studying the formation, microstructure, and properties of ferrite in steels, researchers can develop steels with tailored properties for various applications. Understanding the factors that influence the formation of ferrite, as well as utilizing advanced analytical techniques, can help in optimizing the performance of steels in different environments and industries.。

GC-O 法在食品风味分析中的应用

GC-O 法在食品风味分析中的应用张青，王锡昌*，刘源(上海海洋大学食品学院，上海 201306)摘要：气相色谱-嗅觉测量法(gas chromatography-olfactometry ，GC-O)是一种从复杂的混合物中选择和评价气味活性物质的有效方法。

本文简单介绍了它的发展、原理、四类强度分析方法及其在食品风味分析中的应用。

关键词：气相色谱-嗅觉测量；气味活性物质；风味；应用Applications of Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O) in Food Flavor AnalysisZHANG Qing ，WANG Xi-chang*，LIU Yuan(College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China)Abstract ：Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) is an efficient tool to select and evaluate odor-active compounds from a complicated mixture. The development, principle and four analytical methods of intensity as well as its applications in food flavor were introduced in this paper.Key words ：gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O)；odor active compound ；flavor ；application中图分类号：TS207.3 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-6630(2009)03-0284-04收稿日期：2008-02-11基金项目：“十一五”国家科技支撑计划项目(2006BAD05A03)；农业部“948”项目(2006-G43)；上海市重点学科建设项目(T1102)；上海市教委科研创新项目(08YZ117)作者简介：张青(1984-)，女，硕士研究生，研究方向为食品营养与安全。

胰腺癌影像学表现英语读片讲义

d. Palliative Surgical Treatment
Contn…
谢谢！！！
• CT features: 1 pancreatic parenchymal mass, as its main features. Tumor morphology for the oval, lobulated or irregular mass, irregular margin, and the boundary of pancreatic tissue is not clear.
• Sometimes the three parts are involved , called diffuse pancreatic cancer.
Clinical presentation
Weight loss Abdominal pain Jaundice Steatorrhoea Diabetes Mellitus Acute Pancreatitis Malignant Ascites Gastric Outlet Obstruction
• 2. Pancreatic contour, contour and size change is another important sign
Bile duct and pancrea duct dilation is an indirect sign
Diagnosis
Pancreatic Medium to high differentiation adenocarcinoma
pancreatic cystadenocarcinoma or tumor
when pancreatic cancer appeared liquefaction necrosis is larger, its need to differential.