Chapter two layout
Sonardyne-2024鲜版
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Core technology and patient situation
Sonardyne's core technology lies in the development of underwater acoustic positioning and communication systems, as well as advanced navigation and control systems for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)2024Fra bibliotek3/279
Cooperation with domestic and foreign
universities and research institutions
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Sonardyne collaborates closure with leading universities and research institutions around the world, including MIT, Stanford University, the University of Oxford, and the National Oceanography Centre in the UK
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Corporate culture and values
Sonardyne's corporate culture is characterized by a strong focus on innovation, quality, and customer service
The company values the importance of teamwork and collaboration, empowering employees to work together to solve problems and achieve common goals
【精品文档】文字说明,英文-范文模板 (14页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==文字说明,英文篇一：总体设计说明 (中英文对照)目录 Contents第一部分文字说明Part One Character Description Chapter 8 第九章 Chapter 9Special Design Description for Fire Fighting Protection 劳动安全卫生Labor Safety &Sanitation第二部分扩初设计图纸第一章Chapter 1 第二章Chapter 2 第三章 Chapter 3 第四章 Chapter 4 第五章 Chapter 5 第六章Chapter 6 第七章 Chapter 7 第八章建筑设计说明Architectural Design Description结构设计说明Structural Design Description给排水设计说明Mechanical Design Description 电气设计说明Electrical Design Description采暖通风设计说明HVAC Design Description节能设计说明Energy Saving Design Description环境保护Environment Protection消防设计专篇Part Two Preliminary Design Drawings建筑 Architecture结构 Structure给排水Mechanical电气Electric暖通HVAC第一章建筑设计说明Chapter 1 Architectural Design Description一、设计依据Design Criteria1、政府审批的XXXXXXXX有限公司建设食品研发中心项目建议书的批复, 上海市浦东新区人民政府文件xxxxx号2、XXXXXXX食品有限公司建设食品研发中心新建项目的环评报告批复，上海市浦东新区环境保护局-沪环xxxxxx。
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO（土木工程概论英文课件）
civil-engineering-CHAPTER-TWO（土木工程概论英文课件）CHAPTER TWOPREPARATION FOR BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER The first step to be a civil engineer is generally to study civil engineering in a university or college, or major in主修civil engineering or other related programs. In most countries, the certificate （a document attesting to the truth of certain stated facts）of Registered Engineer注册工程师is only given to those who have accepted higher education in accredited （given official approval to act）programs. In this chapter, the reader will acquire the information about the typical（of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing）content of these programs.2 .1 What Kinds of Knowledge Are Necessary for a civil Engineer?Engineering education in universities domestic and abroad includes general education and special engineering education. At first, science and mathematics should be mentioned in general education. Engineering is a system of the applying of science and technology, so scientific principles set the foundation of engineering. This is the most important difference between modern civil engineering and ancient construction activities, although construction has always depended to some extent on scientific principles. Since the Industrial Revolution 工业革命, and even as far back as早在，远在the Renaissance（the revival of learning and culture）, civil engineering has always been a branch of technologic science. For these reasons, science and mathematics become the common base of engineering educationincluding civil engineering education.Owing to the accumulation of several centuries, modern science has accumulated. a massive（containing a great quantity of matter）body of literature and knowledge.However, the beginner need not sit under apple tree to discover the laws of universal gravitation as Isaac Newton did in legend（a story about mythical）. Neither does he have to exhaust （wear out completely）his brain for the principle of transform between energy and the mass. Based on the work of numerous pioneers, new students can now enter into the paradise of science easily. Nowadays, engineering is a synthetic system not only depending on traditional mechanics, but also closely relating to advanced science. You can find the courses such as Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Material Science, Environmental Science, and perhaps more, in your civil engineering program.One characteristic of modern science is that it can be described exactly and beautifully by mathematics. So the engineer should grasp this powerful tool to solve the problems they will meet in engineering analysis, design, planning and control. In this aspect, engineering students should learn advanced mathematics高等数学including analyticgeometry解析几何；分析几何学（the use of algebra代数学to study geometric properties）;, differential and integral calculus 微积分, progression, differential equation微分方程（an equation containing differentials of a function）. In addition, study of linear algebra线性代数, matrix, probability, numerical methods数值方法；计算方法is usually required by Civil Engineering Program. Using all of this knowledge, an engineer is able to predict preciselyimportant things about the project. For example, an engineercan tell whether a house or a bridge is safe or dangerous when earthquake occurs, or when it is hit by a hurricane. How can the skilled engineer do it? The engineer does this by using abstract models from physical objects（物理对象visible entity）, which can be described and predicted by mathematics. Mathematics数学运算provides engineers with a solid foundation in their engineering activities. Furthermore, by strict training through verification确认，查证；核实（additional proof that something that was believed (some fact or hypothesis or theory) is correct）, deduction推论（something that is inferred）and calculation in the study of mathematics, one will accustom oneself to logicality, strictness, and more rationality; important qualities for a good engineer.An engineer not only just takes the responsibility or the technology and production activities of a project but also has the duty to the society. Does your engineering project benefit your people and society or harm them? A qualified engineer should be conscientiously aware of this point at all times and for this reason universities also organize social science and humanities education for their students. Students enrolling in engineering programs should accept the education in this aspect. Philosophy, ethics, history, literature, aesthetics（the branch of philosophy dealing with beauty and taste (emphasizing the evaluative criteria that are applied to art), as well economics, management （the act of managing something）and foreign language are a useful and necessary tool.The necessary knowledge for professional occupation of civil engineering is composed of two parts; base knowledge for entire civil engineering and corresponding knowledge for a special aspect.Most civil engineering projects can be seen as varieties of structures. In order to ensure the safety of structures, civil engineers should understand their mechanical properties力学性能, such as forces, stresses （force that produces strain on a physical body）, displacements （move something from its natural environment）and deformations（the act of twisting or deforming the shape of something）of the structures, caused by the weight of the structure itself and facilities, winds on the structure, vehicles车辆, varying of temperatures, and perhaps earthquakes. Courses, usually named mechanics of materials材料力学, structural analysis结构分析, elasticity（the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretched or compressed）, are set for this purpose. Because civil engineering projects are laid on or under the ground, to know soil and rock properties well is necessary. Thus geo-engineering, soil mechanics and foundation studies are also base knowledge. Water and wind, those will act on or react with the structures, have common properties in the view of mechanics, and fluid mechanics流体力学（study of the mechanics of fluids）deals with the concerned theories. Furthermore, a knowledge of engineering chart drawing (a skill to express the design idea by pictures in common rules understood by engineers* technicians and workers), surveying(to measure the landform for construction), and electricity, machinery, construction management建筑工程管理and general technic, budget（a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose）, bidding投标；出价（the number of tricks a bridge player is willing to contract to make）the tendering are also required.绘制应力应变图Since civil engineering covers many fields of knowledge with many aspects which will be found in the rest chapters of thisbook, it is impossible to learn all of the knowledge in these areas. Almost all of the universities in the world to provide students with several options to enable them to specialize专门研究in the fields mentioned in Chapter One. Such a method is also being re-accepted by civil engineering education in China since 1998 although it was the way in the early history of higher civil engineering education before 1950s. For example, students can now choose options in building structures, bridge, tunnel, road pavement and construction, railway and so on, to know how to design, construct, and organize a civil engineering project. And the students are usually encouraged to choose more options for their future professional life.You can choose one of them as your direction2 2 What Can the University Education Provide for Students?COURSES: Basically, university offers students a variety of courses. The branches of knowledge mentioned above are involved in the courses and courses are usually divided into three types: requirement anything indispensable, approved electives批准选修, and free choice.The requirement and approval electives are both the courses that the students majored in must learn. There are some differences between the two types. Students can not miss any requirement course while have limited right to elect some of the approved electives. In that case那样的话a university usually tells students the minimum which they should choose in the list of the approval electives. As for关于the free choice, universities normally ask for a necessary number of credits or class hours. Those who hope to graduate and be awarded the corresponding degree, have to meet the requirement of the university or the school.Universities should continually adjust teaching plans and course tables 课程表with the development of science and technology, to meet the needs of future engineers. So the contents of courses are changed from time to time.TEACHERS: As in middle and high schools,teachers in universities give lectures, check homework, organize panel discussion专题讨论会(discussion of a subject of public interest by a group of persons forming a panel usually before an audience) for special problems, guide the students to experiments and also check answers in test sheets at the end of semester.Simultaneously, most of them play the role of scientists and/or engineers. They publish research papers研究论文in journals, spend much time in laboratory to verify a new discovery, test a renewal material with the engineering purpose, or design and make a new tool for engineering purpose. Some of them are registered engineers注册土木工程师if their field is civil engineering, and even have their own design institutes. In famous universities, when you knock a door to ask your professor a question, you will be probably told that the professor who you are talking is a respectable academician of Academy of Sciences orEngineering. The groups of wisdoms, who are good at theories and practice experience, are the best gift the universities afford to the students. Unlike the teachers in middle and high schools, university professors rarely monitor your daily study, because they appreciate students should study on individual initiative.With the development of internet, the tele-course is becoming fashionable. A young student will be in a puzzle about the large number of teachers in one university, but will find, faceto face lecture and discussion is always charming, and direct communication not limited in speech. Communication is also by means of expression of teacher's eyes and gestures. The close distance between you, your classmates and the lecturer, will make for an excited atmosphere, it is why since Socrates苏格拉底（古希腊哲学家）(ancient Athenian philosopher; teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC), Confucius孔子（中国哲学家，教育家）(Chinese philosopher whose ideas and sayings were collected after his death and became the basis of a philosophical doctrine known a Confucianism (circa 551-478 BC), no matter how modern the society has become, and no matter what kind of high tech is introduced into the education process, the university always keeps its campus and excellent scholars学者们in a remarkable size.LABORATORY AND SITE PRACTICE BASE: For engineering colleges, the laboratories equipped with variety of test machines and measuring devices, and opened to students are indispensable. There are several types of experiments with special purpose, for demonstration, observation, validation确认；批准；生效(the act of validating; finding or testing the truth of something), practical training实习训练, exploration探究(a careful systematic search), or others. The basic experimental skill necessary for engineers can be learned in the laboratories. Most of test items测验项目are specified in the textbook, and detailed instruction is printed. In recent years, universities in China encourage students to design the experiments themselves, and do what they are interested in the related fields, to make students have the desire for innovation.It is cognized that a qualified engineer should possess rich experience obtained from engineering practice, so practicalexercise becomes one important part of the education plan of civil engineering program. Laboratory training is part of this practical training.Others are design work both in classroom and in workroom of consulting companies or design institutes, construction site work, geologic investigation地质勘察, surveying and measurement outside. In most cases Chinese universities, set practice bases at construction companies and design institutes. Usually students are requested to join the construction site work during the summer or winter vacation. A new procedure is tried in a few universities to ask students to search the projects being constructed and go there for their practical training. The procedure itself is taken as a practice. Most universities take the practical trainings to be requirement or approved electives.LIBRARY AND OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES: Self-study is a typical mode of university students. Successful students are always those who do not satisfy the contents of lectures and homework given by teachers. For themcomprehensive reading is undertaken outside indicated textbooks. Books, journals, reports and dissertations学位论文in the form of collection of printed pages打印页面which are stored in the book shelves are also read. Of course, the libraries in modern universities are reformed with the computer system and network, and the electronic libraries make it more convenient for students more convenience to borrow and read. The ability to search, find, and grasp information becomes more and more important in this age, and it is the task of the university education to let students have this ability.SPIRIT AND ATMOSPHERE: In the common sense, the universities are the place where there are freedom for thinking,equality in academy, and advocation of creation. Furthermore, the alternation of new students every year, make university campuses full of the energy of the younger generation.New student military trainingACTIVITIES OUT OF CLASS: there are different student organizations in the campus that help connect classroom to career, develop professionalism, increase technical proficiency, and refine ethical judgment. For example, the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE) of British welcomes the students enrolled in program of civil engineering to be student members; even ICE develops its members in Chinese universities.Recently American Society of Civil Engineering ( ASCE) joined this action too. There are many sports teams for soccer, basketball, badminton, swimming, track and field, which are organized inter-class, department and even college. Societies in literatures and arts, will afford students a total different area from those in the class.2.3 What Abilities Shall a Future Civil Engineer Possess?THE ABILITY TO APPLY THE KNOWLEDGE：Elementary knowledge is essential to a civil engineering student. In common, by four-year period study, the student should be proficient熟练的，精通的in mathematics through differential equations 微分方程, probability and statistics概率论与数理统计, calculus-based physics微积分学, and general chemistry普通化学; proficiency ln the material mechanics材料力学, fluidmechanics流体力学, structural analysis and geo-techknowledge? good command of theprimary skills for engineering survey, drawing, test, and calculation and design, and at least deeper understanding several major civil engineering areas.The emphasis should be shifted to the application of the knowledge after we understand the importance of the knowledge. 'To know' is mere the first step. For engineers, the more important thing is to apply his knowledge i.e. natural science, mathematics and elementary engineering knowledge recorded in the textbooks or papers in the form of rules, principles, formulae and data, to solve engineering problems.THE ABILITY TO CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS AND EXPLAN THE RESULTS: The ability to plan and conduct experiments and analyse the results are basic aspects of the engineer's abilities.The future engineer is required to conduct laboratory experiments and to critically analyze and interpret data. Though many problems can be solved efficiently and economically by computation in a fine mechanical model, it is not everything. When new material or new structural system is used in civil engineering project, there are new variables which are not reflected, covered in the ready-made model. It will be dangerous if engineers do not change their mathematical model in time. However, how to calibrate the model? The most practical way is to do an experiment. Similar things also encounter in built-up or 'older' constructions, because there are many unknown factors. For example, material used in the structure will weaken, be damaged and lose its function through the duration of a structure's life while the change cannot usually be fully expected at the beginning. And on the other hand, the surroundings, conditions and real loads can also change. Engineers and researchers make the same phenomena, in most case, to recur (happen or occur again) in the laboratory, so that they can reveal the mechanism which now should be understood for the purpose of the safety of the structure. Though according to the basetheory, research engineers are able to judge the results of the experiments, it is common that the observed phenomena or obtained data in the experiments conflict with the known knowledge. In this case, the conflict will bring new discovery and improve an engineer's work. Give a rational explanation to a seemingly strange phenomenon is a wonderful task. It needs to synthesize knowledge of many subjects and to create new knowledge which is not mentioned or recorded in the literature.THE ABILITY OF DESIGN: For engineers, the ability to design a system, a component- or a procedure of construction is basically required. Civil engineers are creating substantial entities every day and everywhere in the world. Before they make them，they should be 'described'. It is the description of the non-existed entity that is called 'design'. The design shows what the future project is, and how to make it in a language which can be understood by constructors. The engineering design is quite different from the design of a piece of artwork, though we sometimes hear the admiration for a building as 'a graceful sculpture'. However, an artist can make a sculpture horse supporting only by one hoof, it will be impossible at ten times the size because the weight increases in three power of the size. Here the key factors will be functionality, safety and low-cost. It means that only the design which meets this requirements is practicable. So the engineering design work should obey the codes, specifications and guidance which arebased on scientific principles and the summary of accumulated experience. On the other hand, as an enterprising engineer. he or she never satisfies the existed ways or technics, so to search a possible way under the limited conditions to realize the 'impossible' things in design will be a challengeable butcharming work forever.THE ABILITY TO COOPERATE WITH WORKING TEAM: An engineer never work alone. Each project is a system, so the design work involves many people' efforts. For a big size building structure, the structural engineers should work with other experts from different disciplines, such as architects, surveyors, mechanical engineers and electricians. In the past, a skilful engineer would play several roles in a project with small size, but nowadays the different jobs should be taken by qualified engineers possessing certificates. When you are in the position of chief engineer in the work team, you should be in more harmony with your fellows. in order to cooperate with others well, every engineer should know how to hear and understand others, to consider things in both sides, you and your fellows, and to make necessary concession after discussion or even quarrels.THE ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY:This is the ability which is an engineer should pay more attention to in the modern society. T o the engineer, as a designer, you should let your clients to accept your design, recognize that what you designed is the most suitable one in many possibilities; you should let the examiners and officers from government believe that your design accords with the low and specification so that the public and surroundings are safety? and you should let the contractors, manufacturers and construction companies understand your consideration and its rationality and feasibility. After being an engineer, you will find that you are frequently asked to attend meetings, to explain something for the project you designed, and you have to go to the construction site to hear new problems and tell the technician the answers. All of these need good communication unfortunately, until now our highschools and universities gave few chances to most of students to train their communication skills. Young engineering students now should take this seriously, and make great efforts to improve their communication ability.The basic element of communication is to speak. So try to look on your audience, no matter in seminars, in meetings or even in your friends' parties, make your voice loud, speak clearly and use plain but vivid vocabulary as possible.Besides speaking, the effective communication includes writing skill and expression of one's idea both in pictures and simple formulas. There are many skills you should learn, but the most important thing is to remember that the purpose of effective communication is for thoroughly understanding between you and your companion.Communication is not the same thing performing on a stage, where the key point should be exchange of information successfully. Good communication skill also includes hearing and considering companion's opinion. Discussion is also involved in the process of communication.2.4How Do You Match the Demands of the Program Education?Through four-year-period study to make yourselves acquire basic knowledge and training for being an engineer is one of the main targets that makes you enter into a university and enroll into a special engineering program.University is a new circumstance to freshmen students. For those who just left high school, and perhaps many of them are first time to sleep in dormitory of school, they should he familiar with the new life as early as possible.STUDY IN CLASSROOM: Needless to say, study is the mostimportant task. There are many things to 'study'. However, to study and understand the knowledge which are necessary for the education objectives as introduced previously in this chapter and specified by the program, education plan is the basic requirement.As a student, you have had the school experience more than ten years, so you know the study skill well; reading textbooks, attending the lectures, taking noteswhen listening, doing homework ............... .. those are almost the same as in high schools. But something changes.The engineering students usually do not have their fixed classroom. They should move from one building to another during the ten minute break between classes. Nobody shares one standard curriculum schedule with his classmates in the same program, especially in the junior and senior year. Students have the opportunity to choose what they 'prefer', and every one shall type the number of the course he wants to join in the next semester into the computer registered system, or after a long queue outside the administration office to fill in course register form. To Chinese students, the most difference from the traditional high school is perhaps that no teacher will strictly monitor your daily study life.Are you free? Certainly. But, just to certain extentSame as the other programs, the Civil Engineering Program requires necessary credits before you are approved to graduate from the university. Each course has its credits according to the class hours and the importance. After passing the examination, you can obtain the pointed credits. If the program asks its students to fulfill total 150 credits, you will never expect to be awarded the engineering bachelor degree in the case that youearned only 149 credits! Furthermore, as you have known, the courses you have to take are divided into three types, requirements, approval electives and free choice, but to each of the three types, the program education plan specifies a certain amount of credits you have to obtain. That is to say your freedom is not infinite.Sometimes, a student will be informed that he did not meet the requirement of the program because he does not pick enough credits in approval electives indicated by the program education plan. So, students had better to read program education plan and student manual carefully once enrolling in the program, and to follow it in the following days. What your tutor who is designated by the department for you, if any can do is to give you some suggestion or advice when you consider to choosesomething.To finish all the courses the program asks is important, and to get high points is encouraged. When you pursue advanced degree study, or apply for a good position1)i n your career life after graduation, high points are always helpful at the beginning. However, good students are not those who only know the description printed on the books or recite the formulae, but fail to explain practical phenomenon,to discover unknown things and to have strong motivation to create new knowledge himself. So university professors encourage students to consider problems in different views, and appreciate students to observe in their own eyes and to ask questions after thinking.JOIN ACTIVITIES IN CAMPUS OUT OF CLASS ACTIVELY: Since an engineer needs to learn effective communication with othersand smooth cooperation with work teams, and to be a good fellow and a success leader both in engineering and social activities, engineering students ought not to localize their 'study' only in academy or pure specialty. Fortunately, a university is such a school that provides with plenty of opportunities to those who would like to develop their multi-talents so that campus activities are called the 'amateurish classroom'. To join one or several activities which attract you in variety of campus activities, i.e. sports, drama and concerts, forums, competitions, clubs and reading party, will benefit your spirits and brain, enlarge your friend circle and get a way more comfortable to develop yourself. It is the university tradition to encourage students to join campus activities.PERSIST IN PHYSICAL EXERCISE: It is not a special requirement to civil engineering program students. Keeping in good health makes people to have confidence to live and work, to ensure the engineers energetically devote themselves into heavy work. By the way, though it is said not to work too heavy, in fact the work of civil engineers is really a heavy one, considering the duty engineer must take for the safety of human being and the society!Universities seek two main achievements in this aspect: to let the daily physical exercise become one of the personal customs of students and to train students to have some basic skills for physical exercise. Both of these are indispensable preparation for a qualified engineer.BE AWARE OF SOCIAL RESPOSSIBILITY:了解社会责任Why has society established a register engineer system, and why has this system been widely accepted by most of the industrial countries? The answer is that each engineering project that engineersinvolved in is not only a solution to a pure technical problem. At first, it will relate to the safety of life and estate. The failure of a building, collapse of a bridge or even a serious accident when undergoing construction may induce a real catastrophe to people, and make the loss of life and estate. So society asks that engineers who take the technical responsibility to the projects must be those who are qualified in knowledge and abilities. The procedure to cognize the candidate's qualification in engineering is the matter of register engineer system.With the development of natural and social science, people have more comprehensive understanding to human being and the relation with the world. In such a background, engineers should consider more and take larger responsibilities. The engineers are being required to understand the relation of his engineering projects with the society, and theinfluence of the projects on environment and continuous development. For example, if an industry building to be built will bring high benefits to investors, but also high risk to pollute the rivers and surrounding soils, what should the civil engineers do? The civil engineers shall be aware of the responsibility to cooperate with the experts in that field to solve the problem. In that case, a structural engineer may adjust the previous concept design if necessary.To be a responsible and conscientious engineer, the engineering student in the university should leave himself enough time to contact comprehensive knowledge about ethics, history and cultures of the different construction regions, beyond engineering subjects. The student needs to develop fine personality. A selfish person will be difficult to be a good engineer.。
文学翻译中译者的显身——以《孔乙己》三个英译本为例
谨以此论文献给我挚爱的父亲和美好的校园时光！————朱琼文学翻译中译者的显身——以《孔乙己》三个英译本为例摘要翻译作为一种跨文化交际活动，有着绵延几千年历史。
译者作为翻译实践的主体，有着不可替代的桥梁作用，肩负着传递源语信息、解释源语与目的语所承载的文化差异、促进不同民族之间的交流和理解的重任。
然而纵观中西方翻译史，传统翻译研究对译者的研究始终处于边缘。
随着翻译理论的深化和发展，译者逐渐进行着从“隐身”到“显身”，从“幕后”到“台前”的角色转变。
译者的显身显然与不同时代、不同国别的翻译理论家及翻译实践家的贡献密不可分。
本文以美国翻译理论家劳伦斯·韦努蒂在其著作《译者的隐身——一部翻译史》中的理论为引导，对鲁迅作品《孔乙己》的三个英译本，即埃德加·斯诺（EdgarSnow）1936年译本，威廉·莱尔（WilliamA.Lyell）1990年译本和茱莉亚·罗威尔（JuliaLovell，中文名蓝诗玲）2009年译本进行个案分析，从译者的文本选择和翻译策略等角度详细论证译者的显身在鲁迅作品外译中的体现。
劳伦斯·韦努蒂倡导异化翻译理论，提出译者通过采用异化的翻译，不仅可以体现不同语言和文化的差异性，而且使译者的地位在翻译活动中得到凸显。
韦努蒂受解构主义和施莱尔马赫翻译理论的影响，并在当代后殖民主义背景下进一步发展了施莱尔马赫的理论。
他的异化翻译理论对于提高译者的地位、提高翻译文学在英语世界中的地位都起到了不可磨灭的推动作用，同时也为人们评论、赏析译作开辟了一条新的路径。
本文通过比较三个不同时期、不同国别的鲁迅小说《孔乙己》的英译本，试图实现三个层面的研究价值，第一，从中外文学交流史的大范畴中，通过分析和评价鲁迅作品在英语世界的译介，使人们对鲁迅思想和作品在世界文学和文化中的经典地位有更清醒的认识，为现代中国学的学科建设增加研究素材。
第二，在中国文化内部，置身于鲁迅思想及其作品在主流文化中逐渐式微的大背景下，通过重读鲁迅作品并对其经典作品的英译进行深入分析，试图反省和干预中国当代主流文化。
职场英语Chapter 5 a
responsibility
[ris͵pɔnsə'biliti] n. 责任(感) 职责; 任务; 负担
moment
['məumənt] n. 瞬间, 片刻, 时刻
so many 那么多的 And so many books on sale! 有这么多书出售！ So many toy on sale here. 这里卖的玩具很多。
content 词性及解释
[ˈk ɒntɛnt] n. 内容, 满足, 意义, 要旨
[kənˈt nt] a. 满足的, 满意的 ɛ
agenda
[ə'dӡendə] n. 议事日程, 待办事项(表) 记事册[本] 【神】实际所为(以别于信仰事项) place [put] sth. on the agenda 把某事提到日程上来
preparation
[͵prepə'rei∫ən] n. 准备, 预备
Scene 2
move on to
转换(话题)
opinion
[ə'pinjən] n. 意见, 看法, 主张 What's your opinion of Mr Li? 你对李先生的看法如何?
conduct ['kɔndʌkt,-dəkt] 词性及解释
concrete ['kɔnkri:t] adj. 实际的， 具体的 特定的 固结成的； 混凝土制的， 水泥的 a concrete noun 具体名词 concrete facts 具体事实 make a concrete analysis of concrete problems 对具体问题作具体分析
语域理论视域下《干校六记》两个英译本对比分析
摘要《干校六记》是由中国著名散文家、剧作家和翻译家杨绛所写的一部以文化大革命为背景的回忆性散文集。
这本书主要记述了杨绛及其丈夫钱钟书去干校接受劳动改造时的所见所闻，所感所悟，给人们了解文化大革命这一历史以及在这一历史阶段下知识分子的生活状况和精神世界提供了一份真实有效的参考资料。
无论是其艺术表现，还是其忠实于“文化大革命”这段历史的内容，都有很大的研究价值。
《干校六记》一经发表，陆续被翻译成日语、英语和法语版本，在文学界引起广泛关注。
其中英语版本有三个。
基于译者的不同国籍、语言和文化背景，本文选取葛浩文和章楚的英译本来进行对比研究。
两位译者都有着丰富的翻译经验。
前者是专门研究汉语文化且多年来一直致力于中国文学英译的翻译家，后者是多年从事联合国公文翻译的中国译员。
两译者对原文风格的理解与诠释不甚相同。
两个英译本体现了《干校六记》中描写的这段文革历史是如何在译者的笔下向西方传播的。
本研究将在语域理论的指导下进行。
语域理论是系统功能语言学的基础理论之一。
语域指的是由语场、语旨和语式三个情景语境变量决定的语言变异。
情景语境三要素则分别体现为语言语义层的经验功能、人际功能和语篇功能。
相应地，这些功能又分别体现为词汇语法层的及物性、语气和主位等系统和结构。
本文在语域理论的框架下对《干校六记》的葛浩文译本和章楚译本进行对比分析，目的并非是比较两个译本的优劣，而是探讨从语域视角看，两个译本各有何特点，哪一个译本更大程度的实现了与原文的语域对等。
通过定性和定量相结合的研究方法对原文和两个英译本的概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能的分析发现，葛浩文译本在语域的三个情景变量——语场、语旨、语式的表达上都更加贴近原文。
而章楚译本也在一定程度上与原文语域相符，但相比之下，葛浩文译本略胜一筹。
关键词：语域理论，话语范围，话语方式，话语基调，三大元功能CONTENTS原创性声明 (ii)DECLARATION (iii)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (iv)ABSTRACT (v)摘要 (vii)CONTENTS (viii)Chapter One INTRODUCTION (1)1.1Research Background (1)1.2Research Objective (3)1.3Research Methodology (3)1.4Research Significance (4)1.5The Layout of the Thesis (4)Chapter Two LITERATURE REVIEW (6)2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register Theory (6)2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroad (6)2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at home (7)2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English Versions (10)2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroad (10)2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at home (10)Chapter Three THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (13)3.1Brief Introduction to Register Theory (13)3.2The Relations between Meta-functions of Language and Register Parameters.143.2.1Field and experiential function (14)3.2.2Tenor and interpersonal function (16)3.2.3Mode and textual function (18)Chapter Four A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE TWO ENGLISH VERSIONS OF GAN XIAO LIU JI FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF REGISTER THEORY..214.1The Analysis of Field (21)4.1.1Lexical choice (22)4.1.2Transitivity analysis of the source text and the target texts (28)4.2The Analysis of Tenor (39)4.2.1Mood system (40)4.2.2Modality system (46)4.3The Analysis of Mode (55)4.3.1Thematic and information structure (55)4.3.2Cohesion system (64)Chapter Five CONCLUSION (72)5.1Major Findings (72)5.2Limitations (77)REFERENCES (78)Chapter OneINTRODUCTION1.1Research BackgroundGan Xiao Liu Ji is written by Yang Jiang who is an outstanding writer, playwright and translator in China,after her return from the cadre school to Beijing. Gan Xiao Liu Ji is composed of six chapters which records that Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu were forced to devolve to the cadre school from November 1969to March1972.In the Cultural Revolution,the cadre school(that is,the“May7”cadre school)is nominally a cadre school with labor and study as its main task,but in fact,it is a reform-through-labor farm that punishes revolutionary cadres and persecutes intellectuals.This event itself belongs to the absurd life in turbulent times, which contains the destruction and torture of cadres and intellectuals from the body to the spirit by far-left politics.However,the work does not straightforwardly describe the main content of life in the cadre school——to carry out endless political movements and struggles but takes the initiative to get away from political events, describing the trifles of life,comradeship and spousal love.Gan Xiao Liu Ji was serialized in China-Hong Kong Wide Angle magazine in1981,a single edition was published by SDX Joint Publishing Company in July of the same year.Soon after the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it was translated into Japanese by Japanese sinologist Nakajima,published by installments in Water Yan magazine in Japan in1982,and published in separate booklets.The three English versions were respectively translated by American sinologist Howard Goldblatt,Chinese scholar Djang Chu who was living in the United States and Australian scholar Geremie Barme.And the two French versions were published in Paris.In The History of Contemporary Chinese Literature,Hong Zicheng made comments on Gan Xiao Liu Ji,“Yang Jiang’s words are simple and implicit.Her tone is gentle.And She keeps a moderate distance to historical events and makes a calm examination of them.She focuses on the episodes of the events of the great age.In the account of her own experiences and feelings,shecan also see the times.”Gan Xiao Liu Ji is regarded as one of the most remarkable proses which describe the Cultural Revolution artistically.Based on the translators’different nationalities and linguistic backgrounds,this thesis makes a comparative study of two English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu.Both Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu have rich experience in translation.While the former is a translator of Chinese literature with high status in the world,the latter is a Chinese translator who has been working in the United Nations for many years.Howard Goldblatt’s English version was evaluated as“the most prominent English translation of Chinese literature in the20th century”by the Times Literary Supplement.The two translators Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu represent the East and the West cultures.There are many differences in their educational backgrounds,views and values,their translation motivations and translation strategies so that the styles of their English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji are distinct.But each has its own virtues.It should be more appropriate to use these two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji to examine the translation events from the perspective of the register theory.Register theory originates from Malinowski’s thought of ter,Halliday, the founder of Systemic Functional Linguistics,put forward his thoughts of context and register,and incorporated register analysis into the theoretical system of the Systemic Functional Linguistics.Register refers to language variation determined by three situational context variables:field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse,which are respectively called field,tenor and mode for short.Field refers to what happens in the world,including the topic,participant,time,place,etc.Tenor refers to the relationship between participants,including the status and role of participants.Mode refers to the role of language in communication,including communication channels(spoken/written),media,rhetorical way,etc.For the Systemic Functional Linguistics,the change of any situational factor will give rise to different language variation and different types of register.The differences between registers determine the grammatical and lexical selection.The three elements of situational context are respectively associated with three strands of meanings,or “discourse semantics”,in the text.These three strands are known as“metafunctions”,which are the experiential function,the interpersonal function and the textual function. Specifically,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode respectively stimulate the experiential meaning,the interpersonal meaning and the textual meaning in the semantic system.In other words,the discourse of field,the discourse of tenor and the discourse of mode are realized by the experiential function, the interpersonal function and the textual function of language in the discourse, respectively.Correspondingly,these three functions are embodied in the system and structure of the lexico-grammatical level,such as transitivity,mood and thematic structures(Halliday,1985,1994).1.2Research ObjectiveThe purpose of this thesis is not to find out the pros and cons of the two English versions,but to explore the characteristics of the two versions from the perspective of register and which version achieves register equivalence to a greater extent. Meanwhile,this thesis discusses the contents and methods of register analysis, specifically,from the perspective of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,which discusses the method of register analysis of the English translation of Gan Xiao Liu Ji, as well as the direction and standard of evaluation of the translation.1.3Research MethodologyThe analytical method used in this study is a combination of quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis.First of all,the lexico-grammatical analysis of the source text and the two target texts is carried out,that is,the functional grammatical analysis is carried out in the unit of clauses at the semantic layer.Through the analysis of the transitivity system,mood system and modality system,theme system and information system of the source text and the target texts,it will be clear that what forms of expression are chosen and what meanings are expressed in the three texts,that is, experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning.And then to compare the meanings conveyed by the three texts can reveal whether the two target texts are“equivalent”or“deviated”from the source text.Then based on the analysis of experiential meaning,interpersonal meaning and textual meaning of the source text and the two translated texts,the thesis will analyze the situational context of the three texts,that is,field of discourse,tenor of discourse and mode of discourse.In other words,the content,the participants and their relationships which are expressed in the text outside the language,and the linguistic medium,channel,rhetorical devices in which the original author chooses to express social meaning in the communication are analyzed.Finally,according to the analysis of the register of the source text and the two target texts,and the final judgment is made on whether the register of the two translated texts are equivalent to that of the source text or not.1.4Research SignificanceIn this study,the Systemic Functional Linguistics is used to study translation practice.The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the English versions of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from the perspective of the register theory,and to obtain the register analysis methods of translation studies including Gan Xiao Liu Ji, and to evaluate the criteria and principles of the translation.In practice,this thesis has reference significance for translation practice,discourse analyses and translation studies related to Gan Xiao Liu Ji.In general,the register theory links the context and the various levels of the language system,which is conducive to comprehensively interpreting the circular process between the context and the language in the process of translation.Register theory provides a theoretical platform for comparison between the source text and the source context,the target text and the target context of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.1.5The Layout of the ThesisAccording to the nature and content of the study,this thesis is divided into five parts.Chapter one is a brief introduction to the background,object,significance and framework of the study.Chapter two is a literature review,summarizing the previous studies on theregister theory,translation practice based on the register theory,as well as the source text and two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Chapter three is the theoretical framework on which this research relies,that is, the description of the register theory.Chapter four is of great significance in the thesis,which is the author’s comparative analysis of the two English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji using the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis under the register theory.Chapter five is the conclusion made from the above analysis and the limitations of this study.Chapter TwoLITERATURE REVIEW2.1Previous Studies on Translation Based on Register TheoryThis part focuses on the studies at home and abroad of register theory and the combination of register theory and translation practice.2.1.1Previous studies on translation based on register theory abroadThere are many scholars studying translation from the perspective of register analysis abroad.Catford(1965)tried to establish a new theory of translation by analyzing the discourse involved in translation based on Halliday’s theory of Scale and Category Grammar.He also discussed the language variants in translation and introduced dialect,register,language type and way of language,and then put forward the concept of translation shift and classified the shift in translation.Ure(1971) initially defined the concept of the register from the perspective of lexical grammar, trying to distinguish the categories of register according to lexical categories.As far as Gregory(1988)concerned,in the translation studies,the research of the translatability can not leave the register equivalence alone.From the perspective of language use, Bell(1991)analyzed the three elements of the discourse:field,tenor and mode.He believes that social factors are closely related to the discourse,and the translator should analyze the original text based on the three parameters——field,tenor and mode before translating.As a translation theorist,Mona Baker(1992)investigated discourse analysis from a functional perspective.In her exploration of translation,she put emphasis mainly on the textual function of texts.Hatim and Mason(1990,1997) paid special attention to the meaning of context analysis.They studied the context from three aspects:communicative process,pragmatic behavior and symbolic communication.Among them,communicative process refers to the content of discourse theme,participants and their relationship,means of discourse and so on, which is actually the content of Halliday’s register analysis.House(1997,1981)putforward a systematic model of translation quality assessment based on register analysis.Steiner(1997)began to study translation from the perspective of the register in1997.Based on register analysis,Steiner(1998)explored the methods of analysis and evaluation of translation and put forward some new interpretations of some translation problems.Munday(2001)introduced and analyzed the main translation theories up to the end of the20th century.Among them,he analyzed and commented on the translation studies of House,Baker,Hatim and Mason whose studies were based on Halliday’s discourse analysis and register analysis.Matthiessen(2001) studied the translation in context,arguing that context is the greatest environment for translation and the value of the translation can be determined by using the field,the tenor and the mode.However,they only analyze the situational variables involved in the source text and lack systematic analysis of the target text.In recent years,the rise of Corpus Linguistics has provided a new tool for translation studies based on register theory. For example,Kruger(2012)focused on the register of the translated texts and found that there was relatively few register variation in the target text compared with the source text.Kreinkühle(2014)explored register shifts in scientific and technical translation.Neumann(2014)discussed the analysis of cross-linguistic register in translation studies at the theoretical and methodological level.These studies have achieved good results to a certain extent which provide a reference basis and direction for register research and make a certain contribution to the development of register theory.As for the related research of combining register theory and translation practice,it has gradually increased in recent years.However, more systematic methods that are used to analyse translation from the perspective of register theory need to be further improved,and the operational level of elaboration and examples need to be explored.2.1.2Previous studies on translation based on register theory at homeThe introduction of register theory into China was first done by Zhang Delu.He (1987)explained the status of this theory in the systemic functional grammar,thecharacteristics and functions of register.Guo(1989)also discussed the register theory in terms of the lexical level of language and language style.He introduced this theory into the Chinese to English translation and developed the application of this theory. Hu(2005)conducted the study on the equivalence of register in translation study.The equivalence in both the source and target text can be realized in both the form and content.Wu(2002)proposed how to grasp the register at the same time of “agreement”,and then achieve“fitness”in translation.Specifically,the target text is not only faithful to the content of the source text,but also faithful to the style of the source text.Tang(2002)elaborated on a combination of traditional stylistics with modern approaches to the analysis of language varieties and registers at various levels of comprehension of translation.Wang and Chai(2009)intended to integrate the concept of“register”in the Systemic Functional Linguistics into“transformation”, and put forward the concept of“register transformation”to expand the connotation of “transformation”at the level of pure language and connect the study of culture, context and text in the analysis of corresponding texts.Wang(2009)put forward the concepts of semantic drift and intertextual interference and analyzed the semantic drift and intertextual interference of polysemy.By comparing the Olympic slogan of China,the slogan of Asian Games in China and the slogan of Asian Games in Korea, Wang discussed how to evaluate the risk of translation choices in the context of semantic evolution to avoid possible negative intertextuality.Cao(2007)believes that in the process of translation,the translator’s grasp of the register of the original text helps the translator to understand the stylistic characteristics of the original text,so it is necessary to rebuild the register of the translated text corresponding to that of the original text.Then he(2016)chose specific examples in the translation of children’s literature to analyze and explore how the translator reproduces the register of the original text and what the suppositional social role of the translator acts in the context of the target text.While agreeing with Halliday’s thought of register,Gao(2013) found that register not only has the characteristics of situational context,but also has the characteristics of language.He(2014)applied the register analysis to the translation study and put forward the three-level model of register analysis oftranslation study.Then he(2015)proposed that the register has two sides,which provides the basis for the new concept of register reconstruction.Chen(Chen,Wang, &Zhang,2014)combined with the specific examples of Yang Xianyi’s and Hawkes’translation of Hong Lou Meng,exploring the correspondence of the register(field, register,tenor)of address translation in literary works,to ensure that the target text is faithful not only to the conceptual meaning of the original address,but also to the typological meaning of the potential structure of the text determined by the functional domain,in order to achieve its communicative and rhetorical functions.Liu(2016) compared the register space of English and Chinese with a qualitative method, concluding that the register level of Chinese is narrower than that of English.The root of the narrowing of register level in Chinese probably has a close relationship with the May4th Movement.From the perspective of register theory,Jing(Jing,&Duan,2017) discussed the equivalence of culture-loaded words in translation shift.Huang(Huang, &Sun,2017)conducted the research on the causes and methods of the register transformation in textual translation based on the register theory.And they put forward the strategy and type of three-step register transformation.Also,in recent years,many graduate students have written master’s degree theses in register and translation.These studies analyze different texts from the perspective of the register which have certain value and significance and provide different degrees of reference for further research.However,these studies are still in the introductory stage or primary stage in terms of research methods and perspectives.Most of these studies analyze different corpus based on the concept of three variables of situational context in the Systemic Functional Linguistics.The combination of register theory and analysis is not very close,that is,some analyses of translation are not built on lexical grammar which embodies the three language meta-functions,but on personal subjective impressions so that most of the analyses are interpreted at the linguistic level of words, sentences and so on.Some research is not deep and specific enough.2.2Previous Studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and Its English VersionsThis part combs the research thread of the source text and the two target texts of Gan Xiao Liu Ji at home and abroad.2.2.1Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions abroadHowever,according to the literature the author holds,few scholars are studying the translating characteristics of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,let alone studying that from the perspective of the register.The story itself is more welcome abroad.2.2.2Previous studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its English versions at homeGan Xiao Liu Ji is an outstanding work in the setting of the Cultural Revolution. It describes what the author Yang Jiang and her husband Qian Zhongshu saw,felt and realized in the special period of the Cultural Revolution,which not only shows people their difficult experiences,but also directly provides people with real and valuable materials for understanding this history.Yang Jiang has always enjoyed a high reputation in the Chinese literary world,and her literary attainments are quite high. The style of her article is unique,especially prose.Therefore,most of the domestic studies on Gan Xiao Liu Ji focus on its plain and simple writing style and its historical or cultural significance.Zhang(1994)believes that Yang Jiang’s placid narration is to convey her inner feelings and depict her painful soul with moderation.Her self-soothing and self-deprecating words express the irony of this historical event.Li (2009)combed the process of publishing Gan Xiao Liu Ji and its increasing popularity in the literary circles at home and abroad and praised Yang Jiang’s plain and simple writing style and her pure and unfiltered aesthetic realm.Wu(1991) considers that it is narrow to put Gan Xiao Liu Ji into the type of“optimism”prose because there is the protest in calmness and sympathy.Thus,the author called it “indefinite-form prose”.Wei(2012)interpreted Gan Xiao Liu Ji from Yang Jiang’s female perspective and intellectual standpoint.Under the method of10“society-literature,”Zhu(2019)tried to utilize the theory of cultural memory to show how the memory of intellectuals was edited by the literature of that period in the Gan Xiao Liu Ji.These studies are based on Yang Jiang’s writing style and the deep implication conveyed in her writing,which slightly involves in the language level,but not in-depth.Since the publication of Gan Xiao Liu Ji,it has aroused widespread concern in Chinese academic circles.However,there is not much research on the English translation of the book.Chen(2010)explored the translation strategies adopted in the three English versions to reflect the salient meaning of reduplicative words and the translation model embodied by these translation strategies.Zhang(2010)pointed out that interpretation on the part of the translators could work out well only when it complied with the intention of the source texts and the authors by quoting examples of amplification from the two English versions(respectively translated by Goldblatt and Djang Chu)of Yang Jiang’s Gan Xiao Liu Ji.Deng(2011)tried to analyze the two English versions respectively translated by Djang Chu and Geremie Barme from three aspects:the translator’s interpretation of the source text,the translator’s translation strategy and translation style,in order to explain the embodiment of the translator’s subjectivity in the target text.Xu(2016)studied the translation process of Goldblatt’s English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji based on83letters between Goldblatt and editors, publishers,authors,scholars and readers in the period of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji, which were collected by the Archives of Chinese Literature Translation at the University of Oklahoma.Besides,this topic has aroused many graduate students’attention in recent years. On the basis of the German scholar Albrecht Neubert’s viewpoint on the theory of translation competence,Wu(2017)made a comparative study of two English versions of Gan Xiao Liu Ji which were respectively translated by Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu from aesthetic,thematic,linguistic,cultural,textual and transformational aspects combined with the characteristics of the source text.Based on the theory of adaptation,Wang(2018)discussed the adaptation made in the process of translating Gan Xiao Liu Ji by Howard Goldblatt,the corresponding translation methods and thefactors that affect the author’s choice of adaptation from four aspects:contextual relationship,structural object,the dynamics of adaptation and the degree of consciousness in the process of adaptation.Han(2018),from the perspective of social semiotics,studied the difficulties encountered in the process of the translation of the language meaning,and the compensation strategy adopted by Howard Goldblatt to minimize the loss of meaning in the translation process.There are not many pieces of research on the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji in China.Moreover,the above researches on the translation phenomena in the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji is not thorough and comprehensive,and there are few examples revealing the characteristics of the translated texts.However,the above researches are of great significance to the study of the English versions of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji,which can enlighten future scholars.The author finds that no one has studied the translated texts of the Gan Xiao Liu Ji from the perspective of the register theory of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,and the results of the comparative study of Howard Goldblatt and Djang Chu are rare.Most domestic scholars tend to study Howard Goldblat’s English translation and his translation ability and style.Chapter ThreeTHEORETICAL FRAMEWORK3.1Brief Introduction to Register TheoryThe research of register analysis originated from Malinowski’s related researches.He put forward the concept of situational context in1923,he thought that language activities of human always occur in a specific context,and the use of language should consider the context in which it is located(Malinowski,1923). However,to succeed in verbal communication,especially when communicative activities occur between people who speak different languages,the role of culture can not be ignored,so Malinowski proposed the concept of cultural context in1935 (Malinowski,1935).The initial development of register analysis benefits from Firth. He incorporated Malinowski’s thought of situational context into his linguistic theory. In his opinion,linguistics is the study of meaning of language which is the function of language in context(Firth,1935).The concept of the register was first put forward by Reid when he studied bilingual phenomena in1956(Reid,1956).In the early1960s, Halliday,the funder of the Systemic Functional Linguistics,inheriting and developing the concept of situational context raised by Malinowski and relation theory of meaning presented by Firth,held that language varies with its function,and this linguistic variant distinguished by function was register.In1964,Halliday summarized that the situational context consists of three elements or variables,namely, field of discourse,mode of discourse and style of discourse.In1978,for the sake of avoiding ambiguity,Halliday transformed“style of discourse”into“tenor of discourse”(Halliday,1978).And these three situational variables are called the field, tenor and mode for short.Meanwhile,Halliday found that these three situational variables were related to the three metafunctions of language(experiential, interpersonal and textual function).He believed that a particular register was a given type of situation,which acted on the semantic system and selected and activated a specific semantic network.The meaning potential determined by this process is the。
福尔摩斯与赛马读后感英语第二章
福尔摩斯与赛马读后感英语第二章Chapter Two of "Sherlock Holmes and the Racehorse" continues the thrilling tale of the famous detective as he solves yet another mysterious case. In this chapter, Holmes and Watson are tasked with investigating the disappearance of a prized racehorse named Silver Blaze. The owner of the horse, Colonel Ross, is deeply distressed by the loss and turns to Holmes for help.The chapter begins with Holmes and Watson traveling to the scene of the crime, a remote stable in the countryside where Silver Blaze was last seen. As they examine the evidence, Holmes deduces that the horse was stolen by someone who had intimate knowledge of the stable and the horse's habits. He notices subtle clues, such as the way the horse's stall was left open and a broken piece of horsehair found nearby.Holmes employs his signature deductive reasoning to piece together the events leading up to the disappearance of Silver Blaze. He interviews witnesses, studies the layout of the stable, and analyzes the behavior of the other horses in the stable. Through his keen observations and logical thinking, Holmes is able to narrow down the list of suspects and eventually solve the case.One of the key themes explored in this chapter is the importance of attention to detail and careful observation. Holmes consistently emphasizes the need to pay attention to even the smallest details, as they can often hold the key to solving a mystery. His ability to notice subtle clues that others overlook is what sets him apart as a brilliant detective.Another theme that emerges in this chapter is the idea of trust and loyalty. Colonel Ross trusts Holmes to solve the case and is willing to provide him with any information or resources he needs. Similarly, Watson's unwavering loyalty to Holmes is evident throughout the chapter as he assists him in his investigation and acts as a sounding board for his theories.Overall, Chapter Two of "Sherlock Holmes and the Racehorse" is a captivating and engaging read that showcases Holmes' brilliance as a detective and his unique approach to solving mysteries. The chapter is filled with suspense, intrigue, and clever insights that keep the reader guessing until the very end. I look forward to reading the rest of the book to see how Holmes ultimately cracks the case of the missing racehorse.。
两层房子英语作文怎么写
In the tranquil outskirts of a bustling city,there stands a twostory house that has been the subject of many a passerbys admiration.This house,with its unique blend of traditional charm and modern amenities,is a testament to the architectural ingenuity that can be found in contemporary residential designs.The story of this twostory home is one of thoughtful planning,creative design,and a deep appreciation for the comforts of home.The house is nestled in a picturesque neighborhood,surrounded by lush greenery that offers a serene backdrop to its occupants.Its exterior is a harmonious blend of brick and wood,with large windows that invite natural light to pour in,illuminating the warm and inviting interior.The front yard is meticulously maintained,with a wellmanicured lawn and a few strategically placed flower beds that burst with color throughout the seasons.Upon entering the house,one is greeted by a spacious living room that serves as the heart of the home.The room is adorned with comfortable furniture,a cozy fireplace,and a large flatscreen television that is perfect for family movie nights.The living room opens up to a modern, openconcept kitchen,where stainless steel appliances and sleek countertops create an atmosphere of efficiency and style.The dining area, with its large table that can easily accommodate a family gathering,is just a few steps away from the kitchen,making meal times a breeze.The first floor also houses a home office,a perfect sanctuary for those who work from home.The room is designed to inspire productivity,with amplenatural light,organized storage,and a view of the tranquil garden outside.A guest bathroom,tastefully decorated with modern fixtures and a touch of elegance,completes the first floors layout.Ascending the stairs to the second floor,one is met with a cozy loft area that overlooks the living room below.This space,with its comfortable seating and warm lighting,is ideal for reading or simply enjoying a quiet moment away from the hustle and bustle of daily life.The second floor also boasts several bedrooms,each with its own unique charm and ample space for relaxation and rest.The master bedroom,with its large windows and private balcony,offers breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape.The ensuite bathroom is a spalike retreat,complete with a soaking tub,a walkin shower,and a double vanity.The other bedrooms,each with their own distinct style,are designed to cater to the needs of family members or guests,offering a comfortable and private space for rest and rejuvenation.One of the standout features of this twostory house is the outdoor living space.A spacious deck,complete with comfortable outdoor furniture and a builtin barbecue,is perfect for hosting summer gatherings or enjoying a quiet evening under the stars.The backyard,with its lush lawn and carefully tended garden,provides a peaceful retreat for homeowners to enjoy natures beauty.The house is not just a place to live it is a reflection of the familys values and lifestyle.It is a place where memories are made,where laughter fillsthe air,and where love and warmth are always present.The twostory design allows for a perfect balance between communal and private spaces, ensuring that each family member has a place to call their own while still being able to enjoy the company of others.In conclusion,this twostory house is a beautiful example of how thoughtful design and careful planning can create a home that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing.It is a place where the comforts of modern living are seamlessly integrated with the charm of traditional architecture,resulting in a residence that is truly one of a kind.Whether its the inviting living room,the efficient kitchen,or the peaceful outdoor spaces,this house has something to offer for everyone,making it a dream home for many.。
论《大清新刑律》【最新法学论文】
第二节《大清新刑律》制定的过程
Key words: New Criminal Code of Qing Dynasty; Law Amendments in the Late Qing Dynasty; Argument between Rites and Law; SHENG, Jiaben; Reform
1
目录
导 论 .................................................................. 1 第一章《大清新刑律》制定的背景及其过程................................... 2
第一节《大清新刑律》制定的背景 ........................................ 2 第二节《大清新刑律》制定的过程 ........................................ 2
一、以《大清现行刑律》取代《大清律例》 ............................. 2 二、颁布《大清新刑律》 ............................................. 4 第二章《大清新刑律》的主要内容........................................................................................ 7 第一节《大清新刑律》与《大清现行刑律》比较内容上的变化 ................ 7 第二节 修律中的“礼法之争” ........................................... 9 第三章《大清新刑律》与近代刑法的基本原则................................ 13 第一节 罪刑法定原则 ................................................. 13 一、罪刑法定主义的起源与发展 ...................................... 13 二、罪刑法定主义原则的内容 ........................................ 13 三、罪刑法定主义在《大清新刑律》中的首次确立 ...................... 15 第二节 罪刑相适应原则 ............................................... 16 一、罪刑相适应原则在《大清新刑律》中的立法体现 .................... 16 二、《大清新刑律》总则中罪刑相适应的主要体现 ....................... 19 第三节 人道主义原则 ................................................. 20 一、刑罚人道主义原则 .............................................. 20 二、刑罚人道主义原则在《大清新刑律》中的体现 ...................... 21 第四章《大清新刑律》的影响及其对当代中国法律改革的启示 .................. 23 第一节《大清新刑律》的影响 ........................................... 23 第二节《大清新刑律》对当代中国法律改革的启示 ......................... 23 参考文献 ............................................................... 25
analog_layout
2-12.1IntroductionIn doing layouts for digital circuits,the speed and the area are the two most important issues.In contrast,in doing layout for analog circuits,everything should be considered simultaneously.In addition to the speed and the area, other equally critical considerations should be taken into account.For example,for amplifier design,good matching in devices is necessary to minimize theoffset voltage,and good shielding is required to protect critical nodes from being disturbed.Without proper layout,the mismatches and the coupled noise would be quite large and would significantly degrade the performance of the amplifiers.In this chapter,general guidelines in doing layout for analog integrated circuits will bepresented and discussed.Focus will be placed not only on the absolute values of components but also on their matching and being protected from noise coupling.2.2MatchingThere are many reasons why mismatches exist in integrated-circuit devices,the major ofwhich are listed as follows.•Mask production and alignment •Lateral diffusion (Fig. 2.1a)•Over-etching / undercut (Fig. 2.1b)•Boundary conditions (Fig. 2.1b)•Non-uniformityAccordingly,the following layout guidelines can be made to obtain good matching in terms ofthe absolute values of the devices themselves and the ratio between any two devices.Chapter 2ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONSCHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-2•Build large components out of many identical small units•Consider boundary conditions for all components and use dummy if necessary •Use common-centroid symmetry •Use stacked layout for large devicesIn the next few sections,specific layout issues for integrated-circuit devices,namely resistors,capacitors, and MOS transistors, will be presented.2.3Resistor Layout2.3.1StructuresIntegrated resistors can be implemented using different materials.Table 2.1lists typical sheetresistance,tolerance,and temperature coefficients for the mostly-used materials,namely polysilicon,diffusion, and well.ConductorsSheet Resistance Tolerance Temperature Coefficient Polysilicon 20 - 50Ω/sq (non-silicide)1 - 5Ω/sq (silicide)Absolute: +/- 10 %Matching: 2 %500 - 1500 ppm/o C Diffusion 15 - 30Ω/sq (for n+)40 - 200Ω/sq (for p+)Absolute: +/- 2 - 10 %Matching: 0.1 - 0.5 %500 - 1500 ppm/o C Well1 - 5 K Ω/sq (for n+)Absolute: +/- 30 %Matching: +/- 5%~ 3000 ppm/o CTable 2.1Properties for different types of resistorsFig. 2.1Effects of lateral diffusion (a) and over-etching or undercut (b)etched layerdiffusion layerlateral diffusionover-etching/undercutSiO 2protection layer(a)(b)CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-32.3.2Absolute ValuesFor small resistors, straight segments can be used, and the resistance value can be obtained as(2.1)(2.2)where L,W,t,R sh ,and ρare the length,width,thickness,sheet resistance,and sheet resistivity of the segment, respectively.For resistors with large values,serpentine structures as shown in Fig.2.2should be used.Inthis case,each corner can be approximated as 0.50to 0.55squares,and each contact can be estimated to contribute 0.14squares.As an example,the structure in the figure should be approximately counted as (6x 4+5+5x 2x 0.55+2x 0.14)=34.78squares.Round corners contribute more resistance and can be estimated more accurately than squared corners.Typically,the variation in the sheet resistance is very small,and L >>W.From Eq.2.1,theerror in the absolute resistance value can be obtained as(2.3)For a given process,∆W is fixed,and as a result,the resistance error can be minimized bymaximizing the width W .R R sh L W -----ρt --L W-----==ρ1q µN D-------------= Fig. 2.2A serpentine structure to achieve a large resistance4 squaresR ∆R -------L ∆L ------W ∆W --------R sh ∆R sh----------+–W ∆W --------–≈=CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-42.3.3Matching RatioTo obtain good matching ratio between two resistors,all the techniques mentioned above canand should be used,including common-centroid,boundary conditions,and shields.With proper layout,resistors with 0.1%mismatches can be achieved.Figure 2.3illustrates an example of a layout for two matched resistors.Note that both common-centroid symmetry and dummy cells are used there.2.4Capacitor Layout2.4.1StructuresIn integrated circuits,capacitors can be readily obtained using parallel plates from any twodifferent layers.Table 2.2lists the typical capacitance per unit area together with their tolerance for different structures in a 0.8-µm MOSIS CMOS process.Fig. 2.3An example of a layout for two matched resistorsC H A P T E R 2: A N A L O G L A Y O U T C O N S IDE R A T I O N S 2-5I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o n o t e t h a t M O S c a p a c i t o r s u s i n g t h e g a t e o x i d e t h i c k n e s s c a n b e u s e d t o a c h i e v e l a r g e c a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t a r e a .H o w e v e r ,t h e s e c a p a c i t o r s i n g e n e r a l a r e h i g h l y d e p e n d e n t o nS t r u c t u r eT y p e V a l u e T o l e r a n c eG a t e O x i d e P l a t eA r e a (f F /µm 2)2.150.15P o l y t o S u b s t r a t e O v e r F i e l d O x i d eA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0580.004F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.043M e t a l -1 t o P o l y -S iA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0550.004F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.049M e t a l -1 t o S u b s t r a t eA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0310.001F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.044M e t a l -2 t o S u b s t r a t eA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0150.001F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.035M e t a l -2 t o P o l y -S iA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0220.001F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.040M e t a l -2 t o M e t a l -1A r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0350.002F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.046M e t a l -3 t o S u b s t r a t eA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0100.001F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.033M e t a l -3 t o P o l y -S iA r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0120.001F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.034M e t a l -3 t o M e t a l -1A r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0160.001F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.039M e t a l -3 t o M e t a l -2A r e a (f F /µm 2)0.0350.002F r i n g i n g p e r e d g e (f F /µm )0.049T a b l e 2.2P r o p e r t i e s o f d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f c a p a c i t o r sC H A P T E R 2: A N A L O G L A Y O U T C O N S IDE R A T I O N S 2-6t h e i r b i a s v o l t a g e s a n d a p p r o p r i a t e b i a s s h o u l d b e p r o v i d e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d ,w h i c h c o u l d b e q u i t e c o m p l i c a t e d a n d t r o u b l e s o m e .A l s o n o t e t h a t t h e f r i n g i n g c a p a c i t a n c e c a n b e q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t a n d s h o u l d b e i n c l u d e d w h e n a c c u r a t e c a p a c i t a n c e v a l u e s a r e r e q u i r e d .M o r e p o p u l a r s t r u c t u r e s w i t h m u c h l a r g e r c a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t a r e a c a n b e o b t a i n e d u s i n g t h ep o l y s i l i c o n l a y e r a s o n e o r b o t h o f t h e c a p a c i t o r p l a t e s .T a b l e 2.3s h o w s t y p i c a l c a p a c i t a n c e v a l u e s ,t o l e r a n c e s , t e m p e r a t u r e a n d v o l t a g e c o e f fic i e n t s f o r s e v e r a l o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s .2.4.2A b s o l u t e V a l u e sF o r a c a p a c i t o r w i t h p a r a l l e l p l a t e s , t h e c a p a c i t a n c e v a l u e i s g i v e n b y(2.4)w h e r e A ,W ,L ,t o x ,a n d εo x a r e t h e p l a t e a r e a ,t h e w i d t h ,t h e l e n g t h ,t h e d i e l e c t r i c t h i c k n e s s ,a n d t h e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e c a p a c i t o r , r e s p e c t i v e l y .T o a c h i e v e l a r g e c a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t a r e a i n o r d e r t o s a v e t h e t o t a l a r e a ,i t i s c o m m o n t o u s e s e v e r a l s a n d w i c h e d -t y p e c a p a c i t o r s a n d c o n n e c t t h e m i n p a r a l l e l ,a s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g .2.4.N o t e t h a t t h e t o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e i s t h e s u m o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l c a p a c i t a n c e s .A p o t e n t i a l p r o b l e m i s t h a t p a r a s i t i c c a p a c i t a n c e f r o m t h e p o l y t o t h e s u b s t r a t e C p s i n e v i t a b l y e x i s t s a n d m a y a f f e c t t h e c i r c u i tp e r f o r m a n c e .A s c o m p a r i s o n ,t y p i c a l t o t a l c a p a c i t a n c e p e r u n i t a r e a t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e p a r a s i t i c c a p a c i t a n c e f o r s e v e r a l s t r u c t u r e s a r e s h o w n i n T a b l e 2.4.F r o m E q . 2.4, t h e e r r o r i n t h e a b s o l u t e c a p a c i t a n c e v a l u e c a n b e o b t a i n e d a sS t r u c t u r e C a p a c i t a n c e /A r e a T o l e r a n c e T e m p e r a t u r eC o e f fic i e n tV o l t a g eC o e f fic i e n tp o l y - p o l y0.34 f F /µm 2(t o x = 1000 A )A b s o l u t e : +/- 10 %M a t c h i n g : +/- 0.2 - 0.5 %20 - 30 p p m /o C10 - 100 p p m /o Cp o l y - n +/p +0.69 f F /µm 2(t o x = 500 A )A b s o l u t e : +/- 5 %M a t c h i n g : +/- 0.2 %20 - 30 p p m /o C10 - 200 p p m /o Cp o l y - m e t a l 0.03 f F /µm 2(t o x = 1µm )A b s o l u t e : +/- 40 %M a t c h i n g : +/- 5%~ s m a l l~ s m a l lT a b l e 2.3P r o p e r t i e s o f c a p a c i t o r s u s i n g p o l y s i l i c o nC εo x t o x------A C o x W L ==C H A P T E R 2: A N A L O G L A Y O U T C O N S IDE R A T I O N S 2-7(2.5)T y p i c a l l y ,t h e e r r o r d u e t o o v e r -e t c h i n g i s t h e s a m e f o r b o t h s i d e s ,i .e .∆W =∆L =δ,a n d i tf o l l o w s t h a t(2.6)T h i s g o e s t o s h o w t h a t t h e c a p a c i t a n c e e r r o r d u e t o t h e o v e r -e t c h i n g i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e r a t i oo f t h e p e r i m e t e r t o t h e a r e a o f t h e c a p a c i t o r .A s a r e s u l t ,t h e c a p a c i t o r e r r o r i s m i n i m i z e d i f t h e d i m e n s i o n s a r e c h o s e n t o m i n i m i z e t h e p e r i m e t e r w h i l e k e e p i n g t h e a r e a t h e s a m e .T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t a s q u a r e d s t r u c t u r e w o u l d y i e l d am i n i m u m e r r o r f o r a g i v e n c a p a c i t o r .S t r u c t u r eD e s i g n e d C a p a c i t a n c e P a r a s i t i c C a p a c i t a n c e R a t i oM 3-M 231 a F /µm 224 a F /µm 20.77M 3-M 2-M 161 a F /µm 262 a F /µm 21.02M 3-M 2-M 1-p o l y123 a F /µm 286 a F /µm 20.70T a b l e 2.4D e s i g n e d a n d p a r a s i t i c c a p a c i t a n c e v a l u e s f o r s a n d w i c h e d -t y p e c a p a c i t o r sF i g . 2.4S a n d w i c h e d -t y p e c a p a c i t o r t o r e d u c e t h e c a p a c i t o r a r e as u b s t r a t eC 32M 3M 2p o l yM 1C 32C 1pC p s C p sC Txyxyxy C ∆C -------L ∆L ------W ∆W--------+=e r r o r C ∆C -------δW L +()A-----------------------δP 2A -------P A ---∼===C H A P T E R 2: A N A L O G L A Y O U T C O N S I D E R A T I O N S 2-82.4.3M a t c h i n g R a t i oJ u s t l i k e r e s i s t o r s o r a n y o t h e r d e v i c e s ,i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t w o c a p a c i t o r s w i t h a g o o d m a t c h i n g r a t i o ,a l l t h e t e c h n i q u e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e s h o u l d b e u s e d w h e n e v e r p o s s i b l e ,i n c l u d i n g t h e u s e o f c o m m o n -c e n t r o i d a n d d u m m y d e v i c e s . F i g u r e 2.5 i l l u s t r a t e s s u c h a l a y o u t .F o r t w o c a p a c i t o r s w i t h t h e r a t i o b e i n g a n i n t e g e r ,t h e b e s t m a t c h i n g i s a c h i e v e d i f e a c h c a n b e b u i l t u s i n g a n i n t e g r a l n u m b e r o f i d e n t i c a l u n i t c e l l s .M o r e o v e r ,f r o m E q .2.6,g o o d m a t c h i n g f o r t w o c a p a c i t o r s c a n b e a c h i e v e d i f t h e i r r a t i o s o f p e r i m e t e r t o a r e a a r e d e s i g n e d t o b e t h e s a m e , e v e n w h e n t h e y a r e o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s , t h a t i s(2.7)F o r t h e l a y o u t o f t w o c a p a c i t o r s w i t h t h e r a t i o b e i n g a n o n -i n t e g e r ,c o n s i d e r F i g .2.6.G i v e n a s q u a r e d c a p a c i t o r C 1w i t h e a c h s i d e b e i n g x 1,t o a c h i e v e a m a t c h e d r e c t a n g u l a r c a p a c i t o r C 2w i t h ar a t i o o f C 2/C 1=K ,t h e t w o d i m e n s i o n s x 2a n d y 2o f t h e r e c t a n g u l a r c a p a c i t o r C 2s h o u l d s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o nF i g . 2.5I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t w o c a p a c i t o r s t o b e m a t c h e d w i t h t h e r a t i o b e i n g a n i n t e g e rC 1C 2C 1C 2C 1C 2C 1C 2C 1C 2C 1C 2C 1C 2C 1C 2P 1A 1-----P 2A 2-----=CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-9 (2.8)In addition,from Eq.2.7,for good matching,the ratios of perimeter to area of the twocapacitors should be the same.(2.9)As a result,(2.10)and(2.11)2.5Transistor Layout2.5.1Single TransistorIn addition to all the layout techniques mentioned above,the following guidelines can be usedspecifically for MOS transistors.•Minimize parasitic series resistance by using as many small contacts as possible •Use multiple small contacts as opposed to a single large contact to reduce thecurvature of the metal surface and thus to reduce the risk of micro-fractureFig. 2.6Illustration of two capacitors to be matched with a non-integer ratiox 1x 1y 2x 2C 1C 2A 2P 1A 1P 2K C 2C 1-----A 2A 1-----x 2y 2x 12---------===K P 2P 1----A 2A 1-----x 2y 2+()2x 1--------------------===y 2x 1K K K 1–()+−[]Kx 1111K---–+−==x 2Kx 12y 2---------x 1111K⁄–+−---------------------------------==CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-10•Use stacked structures to realize large transistorsAn example of how a stacked transistor can be laid out is shown in Fig. 2.7.If a stack is divided in an odd number of fingers,the source is on one side,and the drain is onthe other side of the stack.On the other hand,if the number of fingers is even,either the drain or the source is on both sides of the stack, and the other one is inside of the stack.Using stacked transistors,not only is the total area minimized but the diffusion capacitorsfrom the drain and the source to the substrate are greatly reduced as well.If a stack with an odd number of fingers n odd is used,both the drain-to-substrate and source-to-substrate capacitors are reduced by a factor of(2.12)If an even number of fingers n even is used,the reduction factors of the inside diffusioncapacitor and the outside diffusion capacitor are given by(2.13)Fig. 2.7An example of a layout for a stacked transistorC db ′C db ---------C sb ′C sb --------n odd 1+2n odd-----------------==C d out ,′C d out ,-------------n even 2+2n even-------------------=CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-11 (2.14)Another advantage of using stacked transistors is that the polysilicon gate is interdigated andthus the gate series resistance is reduced.It can be proved that the gate resistance as a function of the number of fingers can be estimated as,(2.15)where R sh is the poly sheet resistance,W/L is the device aspect ratio,n is the number of the gatefingers,and K is 3or 12depending on whether the gate fingers are contacting at one end or both ends,respectively.2.5.2Matched TransistorsUsing all the layout techniques and guidelines mentioned so far,in particular theinterdigitating technique with a common-centroid symmetry,good matching for two transistors can be achieved.Figure 2.8illustrates an example of a layout of a differential pair with common-centroid symmetry.2.6General Guidelines for Noise MinimizationThe following are useful guidelines to minimize noise coupling in doing layout for analog andmixed-signal integrated circuits.•Maximize the separation between the analog and digital bias lines.•Use multiple supply and ground connections and I/O pins when possible.If this isnot possible, the connection should be made as closely to the pad as possible.•Use guard rings for isolation•Use wells for isolation, shielding, and as bypass capacitor for supply voltages •Use metal lines with constant bias between interconnection lines •Use metal plate with constant bias below the connect lines •Fill up unused space with contacts to substrate and wells•Always connect the bottom plate of capacitors to the non-critical nodes becausemore noise is coupled to the bottom plate through the substrate.C d in ,′C d in ,-----------12--=R G 1Kn2---------R shWL -----=CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS 2-122.7Floor PlanSimilar to laying out for devices,laying out for the whole circuit requires careful floorplanand the same techniques can be applied to minimize mismatches and coupled noise.More specifically, the following guidelines should be observed.•Maximize the spacing between critical analog components and digital components •Minimize the connections to critical nodes•Minimize coupling or crossing between sensitive lines •Use shields whenever possibleFig. 2.8An example of a layout for a differential pair with common-centroid symmetryG 2G 1S 12D 2D 1S 12CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS2-13CHAPTER 2: ANALOG LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS2-142.8REFERENCESD. Johns, and K. Martin,Analog Integrated Circuit Design, New York, Wiley, 1997.M.Ismail and T.Fiez,Analog VLSI Signal and Information Processing,New York,Mc-Graw-Hill, 1994.J.Franca and Y.Tsividis,Design of Analog-Digital VLSI Circuits for Telecommunicationsand Signal Processing, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2nd ed., 1994.•。
框架结构毕业设计范例(优.选)
五、主要参考文献
[1]梁峰，张叙．框架结构施工图设计实例[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出 版社，2007
[2]杨杰．框架结构计算分析[M]．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2008 [3]混凝土结构设计规范（GB50010-2002）[S]．北京：中国建筑工业出 版社，2002 [4]建筑结构荷载规范（GB50009-2001）[S]．北京：中国建筑工业出版 社，2001 [5]房屋建筑制图统一标准（GB/T50000-2001）[S]．北京：中国建筑工 业出版社，2001 [6]总制图标准（GB/T54103-2001）[S]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2001 [7]建筑制图标准（GB/T50104-2001）[S]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2001 [8]建筑结构制图（GB/T50105-2001）[S]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2001 [9]建筑抗震规范（GB50011-2001）[S]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社， 2001 [10]PKPMCAD 系列说明书．PKPM 工程部 [11]戴自强等．钢筋混凝土房屋结构[M]．天津：天津大学出版社，2002 [12]王铁成．混凝土结构原理[M]．天津：天津大学出版社，2002 [13]姚谨英．建筑施工技术[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003 [14]姚谨英．建筑施工组织[M]．北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2003 [15]刘昭培，张韫美．结构力学[M]．天津：天津大学出版社，2000 [16]王小红，罗建阳．建筑结构 CAD—PKPM 软件应用[M]．北京：中
二、设计内容
该工程位于河北省石家庄市，为钢筋混凝土框架结构多层商业楼。建筑 物地上五层，地下一层。建筑面积约为 5857.2m2，建筑总高度为 19.05m。
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The body
• omitted
The Complimentary Close
The Complimentary Close
• Formal : Dear Sirs Yoursfaithfully,sincerely yours Gentlemen Yours truly/truly yours
The Attention Line 主送，请某 人必阅
• The attention line is used to direct the letter to a specific individual or section of the firm. • it generally follows the inside name and address. ATTN: Miss Cathy For the attention of the Sales Manager.
Chapter two
Layout
Seven basic componets
• • • • • • • letterhead date inside name and address salutation body complimentary close signature
The Letterhead
The Enclosure
• Below the two line-spacing of the signature, the writer may indicate one or more enclosures in the letter by following any one of these examples: • Enclosure Enclosures Enc. Encl. As stated (附件如内文）
• Cc Guangzhou Branch Office Copy to Alan Smith Chao Zhang c/c: Mr Wang
The Postscript
• It is below the carbon copy • P.S. Wish to meet you at the Canton Fair on April 20th
The Date
• For the day, either the cardinal numbers or ordinal numbers can be used. • Both 3 May or 3rd May are acceptable. • So the recommended forms are: October 25, 2011
The Letterhead
Including the essential particulars about the writer: (logo) and postal address, 2.phone and fax number, 3.e-mail address.
The Date
Examples : Example 1: (Blocked style)
Skyline Farm Machinery Manufacturing Company 56 Fuan Street, Tianjin, China Tel.: 0086-22-2236 5566
Stamp
PERSONAL MS. DAWN ROBERTS ASIAN FOOD-PROCESSING CO. LTD. 100 KING’S RD HANOI, VIETNAM BY AIR Linda Smith 12 King’s Avenue RECHMNOND Surrey TW6 ISJ Britain PERSONAL
2. Indented Format The indented format may follow the same layout as either the blocked or semi-blocked formats, but will differ in that the paragraphs will each be indented by four or five spaces. It is a traditional format, especially in Britain. 3. Semi-blocked Format Like blocked format, all letter parts begin at the left margin, except the dateline, complimentary closing, company signature and writer’s identification, which are set against the right-hand margin. They are placed in this position for filing and reference purposes. It is also named as a modified blocked format.
Dear Sirs,
Subject: OVERDUE TEA-CHEST DELIVERY We wrote to you on 1 June asking for the prompt delivery of our monthly supply of tea-chests, which was already 10 days overdue on that date. We have not yet received any delivery or explanation for the delay. We should appreciate that it is of utmost importance that we are not to let down our customers. If we cannot meet their requirements at the time we agreed upon, we would risk losing them to our competitors. We ask you, therefore, to deliver our tea-chests within a week. Failure to do so will force us to seek quotations urgently from other suppliers. We sincerely hope that we shall be able to continue doing business with you.
The Carbon Copy Notation 抄送
• When copies of the letter are sent to others, type" Cc" below the enclosure at the left margin. Notation for Cc would look like this in your letter:
• In formal business writings, use of a postscript should be avoided because it may suggest that the writer had planned his letter poorly before he wrote it!.
Informal: Sincerely yours Best regards
The signature and d Position
Very truly yours,
ALVERS, INC (signature) Harry Smith, Project Manager
Stamp
MR. GARRY MARSHALL 6345 GLENWOOD DRIVE ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87001 U.S.A.
Optional components
• • • • • • attention line 主送 subject line 事由 references 编档、参考案号 enclosures 附件 carbon copies postscripts
The Reference
• The references may inclide a file number, department code or the initial of the writer or the typist. • They may be placed immediately below the letterhead.
Letters for example
PHILIP TEA EXPORTS LTD. PO Box 36, Kaduna, Nigeria Phone: (035)523471 Telex:20717 Our Ref.:VA/ym/48576
June 6, 2008
Plybox Co. Ltd. PO Box 65, Jacksonville Florida 32203 For the attention of Mr. Robert Keats
the subject line 事由
• The subject is often inserted between the salutation and the body of the letter to draw the receivers' attention to the topic of the letter. • Re: Cotton Shirts Subject: Proposed delay of the shipment.
The inside name and address
The Salutation
The Salutation
• Its particular form depends on the writer's relation with the receiver. • For ordinary business puroses " Dear Sirs," or "gentlemen," " Dear Mr White" for receiver is known.