A correlation between Earth's inclinations and the times of the cold events recorded in Dev
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读专题14气候变化与珊瑚礁
2023年高考英语外刊时文精读精练 (14)Climate change and coral reefs气候变化与珊瑚礁主题语境：人与自然主题语境内容：自然生态【外刊原文】（斜体单词为超纲词汇，认识即可；下划线单词为课标词汇，需熟记。
）Human beings have been altering habitats—sometimes deliberately andsometimes accidentall y—at least since the end of the last Ice Age. Now, though, that change is happening on a grand scale. Global warming is a growing factor. Fortunately, the human wisdom that is destroying nature can also be brought to bear on trying to save it.Some interventions to save ecosystems are hard to imagine andsucceed. Consider a project to reintroducesomething similar to a mammoth(猛犸象)to Siberiaby gene-editing Asian elephants. Their feeding habits could restore the grassland habitat that was around before mammoths died out, increasing the sunlight reflected into space and helping keep carbon compounds(碳化合物)trapped in the soil. But other projects have a bigger chance of making an impact quickly. As we report, one example involves coral reefs.These are the rainforests of the ocean. They exist on vast scales: half a trillion corals line the Pacific from Indonesia to French Polynesia, roughly the same as the number of trees that fill the Amazon. They are equally important harbor of biodiversity. Rainforests cover18% of the land’s s urface and offer a home to more than half its vertebrate(脊椎动物的)species. Reefs occupy0.1% of the oceans and host a quarter of marine(海洋的)species.And corals are useful to people, too. Without the protection which reefs afford from crashing waves, low-lying islands such as the Maldives would have flooded long ago, and a billion people would lose food or income. One team of economists has estimated that coral’s global ecosystem services are worth up to $10trn a year. reefs are, however, under threat from rising sea temperatures. Heat causes the algae（海藻） with which corals co-exist, and on which they depend for food and colour, to generate toxins（毒素）that lead to those algae’s expulsion（排出）. This is known as “bleaching（白化）”, and can cause a coral’s death.As temperatures continue to rise, research groups around the world are coming up with plansof action. Their ideas include identifying naturally heat-resistant（耐热的）corals and moving themaround the world; crossbreeding（杂交）such corals to create strains that are yet-more heat-resistant; employing genetic editing to add heat resistance artificially; transplantingheat-resistant symbiotic（共生的）algae; and even repairing with the bacteria and other micro-organismswith which corals co-exist—to see if that will help.The assisted evolution of corals does not meet with universal enthusiasm. Without carbon reduction and decline in coral-killing pollution, even resistant corals will not survive the century. Some doubt whetherhumans will get its act together in time to make much difference. Few of these techniques are ready for action in the wild. Some, such as gene editing, are so controversial that it is doubtful they will be approved any time soon. scale is also an issue.But there are grounds for optimism. Carbon targets are being set and ocean pollution is being dealt with. Countries that share responsibilities for reefs are starting to act together. Scientific methods can also be found. Natural currents can be used to facilitate mass breeding. Sites of the greatest ecological and economical importance can be identified to maximise benefits.This mix of natural activity and human intervention could serve as a blueprint （蓝图）for other ecosystems. Those who think that all habitats should be kept original may not approve. But when entire ecosystems are facing destruction, the cost of doing nothing is too great to bear. For coral reefs, at least, if any are to survive at all, it will be those that humans have re-engineered to handle the future.【课标词汇精讲】1.alter （通常指轻微地）改动，修改；改变，（使）变化We've had to alter some of our plans.我们不得不对一些计划作出改动。
高英课文原文
Pub Talk and the King' s EnglishHenry Fairlie1 Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities. And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.2 The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meanders or leaps and sparkles or just glows. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has "something to say." Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.3 Perhaps it is because of my up-bringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other's lives. They are companions, not intimates. The fact that their marriages may be on the rooks, or that their love affairs have been broken or even that they got out of bed on the wrong side is simply not a concern. They are like the musketeers of Dumas who, although they lived side by side with each other, did not delve into,each other's lives or the recesses of their thoughts and feelings.4 It was on such an occasion the other evening, as the conversation moved desultorily here and there, from the most commonplace to thoughts of Jupiter, without any focus and with no need for one, that suddenly the alchemy of conversation took place, and all at once there was a focus. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it--she clearly had not come into the bar to say it, it was not something that was pressing on her mind--but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.5 "Someone told me the Other day that the phrase, 'the King's English' was a term of criticism, that it means language which one should not properly use."6 The glow of the conversation burst into flames. There were affirmations and protests and denials, and of course the promise, made in all such conversation, that we would look it up on the morning. That would settle it; but conversation does not need to be settled; it could still go ignorantly on.7 It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of "the King's English," which produced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of convicts. We had traveled in five minutes to Australia. Of course, there would be resistance to the King's English in such a society. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for "English as it should be spoken."8 Look at the language barrier between the Saxon churls and their Norman conquerors. The conversation had swung from Australian convicts of the 19th century tothe English peasants of the 12th century. Who was right, who was wrong, did not matter. The conversation was on wings.9 Someone took one of the best-known of examples, which is still always worth the reconsidering. When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of the animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo-Saxon words. It is a pig in its sty ; it is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultry (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). Even if our menus were not wirtten in French out of snobbery, the English we used in them would still be Norman English. What all this tells us is of a deep class rift in the culture of England after the Norman conquest.10 The Saxon peasants who tilled the land and reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin.11 As we listen today to the arguments about bilingual education, we ought to think ourselves back into the shoes of the Saxon peasant. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language. There must have been a great deal of cultural humiliation felt by the English when they revolted under Saxon leaders like Hereward the Wake. "The King's English"--if the termhad existed then--had become French. And here in America now, 900 years later, we are still the heirs to it.12 So the next morning, the conversation over, one looked it up. The phrase came into use some time in the 16th century. "Queen's English" is found in Nash's "Strange Newes of the Intercepting Certaine Letters" in 1593, and in 1602, Dekker wrote of someone, "thou clipst the Kinge's English." Is the phrase in Shakespeare? That would be the confirmation that it was in general use. He uses it once, when Mistress Quickly in "The Merry Wives of Windsor" says of her master coming home in a rage, "... here will be an old abusing of God's patience and the King's English," and it rings true.13 One could have expected that it would be about then that the phrase would be coined. After five centuries of growth, o1f tussling with the French of the Normans and the Angevins and the Plantagenets and at last absorbing it, the conquered in the end conquering the conqueror. English had come royally into its own.14 There was a King's (or Queen' s) English to be proud of. The Elizabethans blew on it as on a dandelion clock, and its seeds multiplied, and floated to the ends of the earth. "The King's English" was no longer a form of what would now be regarded as racial discrimination.15 Yet there had been something in the remark of the Australian. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes. One feels that even Mistress Quickly--a servant--is saying that Dr. Caius--her master--will losehis control and speak with the vigor of ordinary folk. If the King's English is "English as it should be spoken," the claim is often mocked by the underlings, when they say with a jeer "English as it should be spoke." The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.16 There is always a great danger, as Carlyle put it, that "words will harden into things for us." Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King's English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict , and made immune to change from below.17 I have an unending love affair with dictionaries-Auden once said that all a writer needs is a pen, plenty of paper and "the best dictionaries he can afford"--but I agree with the person who said that dictionaries are instruments of common sense. The King's English is a model—a rich and instructive one--but it ought not to be an ultimatum.18 So we may return to my beginning. Even with the most educated and the most literate, the King's English slips and slides in conversation. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing, or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print. When E. M. Forster writes of " the sinister corridor of our age," we sit up at the vividness of the phrase, the force and even terror in the image. But if E. M. Forster sat inour living room and said, "We are all following each other down the sinister corridor of our age," we would be justified in asking him to leave.19 Great authors are constantly being asked by foolish people to talk as they write. Other people may celebrate the lofty conversations in which the great minds are supposed to have indulged in the great salons of 18th century Paris, but one suspects that the great minds were gossiping and judging the quality of the food and the wine. Henault, then the great president of the First Chamber of the Paris Parlement, complained bitterly of the "terrible sauces " at the salons of Mme. Deffand, and went on to observe that the only difference between her cook and the supreme chef, Brinvilliers , lay in their intentions.20 The one place not to have dictionaries is in a sit ting room or at a dining table. Look the thing up the next morning, but not in the middle of the conversation. Other wise one will bind the conversation, one will not let it flow freely here and there. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at one the meaning of "the King's English." We would never hay gone to Australia, or leaped back in time to the Norman Conquest.21 And there would have been nothing to think about the next morning. Perhaps above all, one would not have been engaged by interest in the musketeer who raised the subject, wondering more about her. The bother about teaching chimpanzees how to talk is that they will probably try to talk sense and so ruin all conversation.Inaugural Address(January 20, 1961)John F. Kennedy1 We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribednearly a century and three-quarters ago.2 The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe, the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state but from the hand of God.3 We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.4 Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or i11, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.5 This much we pledge--and more.6 To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of co-operative ventures. Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.7 To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom, and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.8 To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required, not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.9 To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convert our good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.10 To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support: to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective, to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak, and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.11 Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.12 We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.13 But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.14 So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.15 Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.16 Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.17 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths and encourage the arts and commerce.18 Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to "undo the heavy burdens...(and) let the oppressed go free".19 And if a beachhead of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.20 All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days. Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.21 In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course. Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty. The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.22 Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle, though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation," a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.23 Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in the historic effort?24 In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from thisresponsibility; I welcome it. I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it, and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.25 And so, my fellow Americans ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.26 My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.27 Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us here the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you. With a good conscienceour only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.(from A Treasury of the World's Great Speeches, 1965)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------NOTES1. inaugural address: since 1937, Inauguration Day has been changed to Jan. 20. On this day every four years the newly elected president of the United States faces the people for the first time, takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address.2. solemn oath: the presidential oath, traditionally administered by the Chief Justice, is prescribed in Article II, section 1 of the Constitution of the United States. The oath runs as follows: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. "3. The belief that the rights of man.., hand of God: refers to a passage in the American Declaration of Independence: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. "4. command of Isaiah: one of the greatest Hebrew prophets whose writings are extant (late 8th century B. C. ) ; venerated by rabbis as 2nd only to Moses. The Book of Isaiah, a book in the Old Testament of the Bible of the Christian, is believed to be a work of two authors of different periods; chapters 1--39 relate to the history of the Israelites; chapters 40--66 foretell the coming of the Messiah. The quotation in the text is taken from chapter 58, verse 6: "Is not this the fast that I have chosen? to loose the bands of wickedness, to undo the heavy burdens, and to let the oppressed go free, and that ye break every yoke?"Love is a FallacyMax Shulman1 Charles Lamb, as merry and enterprising a fellow as you will meet in a month of Sundays, unfettered the informal essay with his memorable Old China and Dream's Children. There follows an informal essay that ventures even beyond Lamb's frontier, indeed, "informal" may not be quite the right word to describe this essay; "limp" or " flaccid" or possibly "spongy" are perhaps more appropriate.2 Vague though its category, it is without doubt an essay. It develops an argument; it cites instances; it reaches a conclusion. Could Carlyle do more? Could Ruskin ?3 Read, then, the following essay which undertakes to demonstrate that logic, far from being a dry, pedantic discipline, is a living, breathing thing, full of beauty, passion, and trauma --Author's Note4 Cool was I and logical. Keen, calculating, perspicacious , acuteand astute--I was all of these. My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as a chemist's scales, as penetrating as a scalpel. And--think of it! --I was only eighteen.5 It is not often that one so young has such a giant intellect. Take, for example, Petey Butch, my roommate at the University of Minnesota. Same age, same background, but dumb as an ox. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.Emotional type. Unstable. Impressionable. Worst of all, a faddist. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason. To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it--this, to me, is the acme of mindlessness. Not, however, to Petey.6 One afternoon I found Petey lying on his bed with an expression of such distress on his face that I immediately diagnosed appendicitis. "Don't move," I said. "Don't take a laxative. I'll get a doctor."7 "Raccoon," he mumbled thickly.8 "Raccoon?" I said, pausing in my flight.9 "1 want a raccoon coat," he wailed.10 I perceived that his trouble was not physical, but mental. "Why do you wanta raccoon coat?"11 "1 should have known it," he cried, pounding his temples. "1 should have known they'd come back when the Charleston came back. Like a fool I spent all my money for textbooks, and now I can't get a raccoon coat."12 "Can you mean." I said incredulously, "that people are actually wearing raccoon coats again?"13 "All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been?"14 "In the library," I said, naming a place not frequented by Big Men on Campus15 He leaped from the bed and paced the room, "I've got to have a raccoon coat," he said passionately. "I've got to!"16 "Petey, why? Look at it rationally. Raccoon coats are unsanitary. They shed. They smell bad. They weight too much. They're unsightly. They--"17 " You don't understand," he interrupted impatiently. "It's the thing to do. Don't you want to be in the swim?"18 "No," I said truthfully.19 "Well, I do," he declared. "I'd give anything for a raccoon coat. Anything!"20 My brain, that precision instrument, slipped into high gear. "Anything?" I asked, looking at him narrowly.21 "Anything," he affirmed in ringing tones.22 I stroked my chin thoughtfully. It so happened that I knew where to set my hands on a raccoon coat. My father had had one in his undergraduate days; it lay now in a trunk in the attic back home. It also happened that Petey had something I wanted. He didn't have it exactly, but at least he had first rights on it. I refer to his girl, Polly Espy.23 I had long covetedPolly Espy. Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature. She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions but I was not one to let my heart rule my head. I wanted Polly for a shrewdly calculated, entirely cerebralreason.24 I was a freshman in law school. In a few years I would be out in practice. I was well aware of the importance of the right kind of wife in furthering a lawyer's career. The successful lawyers I had observed were, almost without exception, married to beautiful, gracious, intelligent women. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.25 Beautiful she was. She was not yet of pin-up proportionsbut I felt sure that time would supply the lack She already had the makings.26 Gracious she was. By gracious I mean full of graces. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a poise that clearly indicated the best of breeding, At table her manners were exquisite. I had seen her at the Kozy Kampus Korner eating the specialty of the house--a sandwich that contained scraps of pot roast, gravy, chopped nuts, and a dipper of sauerkraut--without even getting her fingers moist.27 Intelligent she was not. in fact, she veered in the opposite direction. But I believed that under my guidance she would smarten up. At any rate, it was worth a try. It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.28 "Petey," I said, "are you in love with Polly Espy?"29 "1 think she's a keen kid," he replied, "but I don't know if you'd call it love. Why?"30 "Do you," I asked, "have any kind of formal arrangement with her? I mean are you going steady or anything like that?"31 "No. We see each other quite a bit, but we both have other dates. Why?"32 "Is there," I asked, "any other man for whom she has a particular fondness?"33 "Not that I know of. Why?"34 I nodded with satisfaction. "In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?"35 "1 guess so. What are you getting at?"36 "Nothing, nothing," I said innocently, and took my suitcase out of the closet.37 "Where are you going?" asked Petey.38 "Home for the weekend." I threw a few things into the bag.39 "Listen," he said, clutching my arm eagerly, "while you're home, you couldn't get some money from your old man, could you, and lend it to me so I can buy a raccoon coat?"40 "1 may do better than that," I said with a mysterious wink and closed my bag and left.41 "Look," I said to Petey when I got back Monday morning. I threw open the suitcase and revealed the huge, hairy, gamy object that my father had worn in his Stutz Bearcat in 1925.42 " Holy Toledo!" said Petey reverently. He plunged his hands into the raccoon coat and then his face. "Holy Toledo!" he repeated fifteen or twenty times.43 "Would you like it?" I asked.44 "Oh yes!" he cried, clutching the greasy peltto him. Then a canny look came into his eyes. "What do you want for it?"45 "Your girl," I said, mincing no words.46 "Polly?" he said in a horrified whisper. "You want Polly?"47 "That's right."48 He flung the coat from him. "Never," he said stoutly.49 I shrugged. "Okay. If you don't want to be in the swim, I guess it's your business."50 I sat down in a chair and pretended to read a book, but out of the corner of my eye I kept watching Petey. He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely. Then he looked back at the coat, with even more longing in his face. Then he turned away, but with not so much resolution this time. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning . Finally he didn't turn away at all; he just stood and stared with mad lust at the coat.51 "It isn't as though I was in love with Polly," he said thickly. "Or going steady or anything like that."52 "That's right," I murmured.53 "What's Polly to me, or me to Polly?"54 "Not a thing," said I.55 "It's just been a casual kick --just a few laughs, that's all."56 "Try on the coat," said I.57 He complied. The coat bunched high over his ears and dropped all the way down to his shoe tops. He looked like a mound of dead raccoons. "Fits fine," he said happily.58 I rose from my chair. "Is it a deal?" I asked, extending my hand.59 He swallowed. "It's a deal," he said and shook my hand.60 I had my first date with Polly the following evening. This was in the nature of a survey; I wanted to find out just how much work I had to do to get her mind up to the standard I required. I took her first to dinner. "Gee, that was a delish （=delicious）dinner," she said as we left the restaurant. Then I took her to a movie. "Gee, that was a marvy (=marvelous) movie," she said as we left the theater. And then I took her home. "Gee, I had a sensaysh (=sensational) time," she said as she bade me good night.61 I went back to my room with a heavy heart. I had gravely underestimated the size of my task. This girl's lack of information was terrifying. Nor would it be enough merely to supply her with information First she had to be taught to think. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions, and at first I was tempted to give her back to Petey. But then I got to thinking about her abundant physical charms and about the way she entered a room and the way she handled a knife and fork, and I decided to make an effort.62 I went about it, as in all things, systematically. I gave her a course in logic. It happened that I, as a law student, was taking a course in logic myself, so I had all the。
新教材外研版高中英语必修第二册 Unit6 Earth first 精品教学课件
The effects of the melting ice could be felt as far away as the Indian Ocean as the warm weather sets off 19 global tipping points(临界点), according to the new Arctic Resilience Report. Those tipping points happen when a natural system quickly changes, leading to great effects on nearby ecosystems that might never be reversed(彻底转变)．
2．According to the passage, which one is WRONG about the film Jaws? A．A woman died as a result of a shark’s attack. B．It was popular with huge audiences. C．It changed people’s longheld idea of shark as a dangerous animal. D．It won a great reputation in the field of film. 3．Why did the number of large sharks fall quickly? A．Because of the climate change. B．Because of people’s killing and finning. C．Because of lacking of enough food. D．Because of the pollution of the ocean.
Unit 1 Science and Scientists 词汇英汉互译和教材词块金句背教版(201
Unit 1science and scientists59. leadership ['liːdəʃɪp] n. ____________60. trace [treɪs] v. ____________n. ____________61. outstanding [aʊt'stændɪŋ] adj. ____________62. gifted ['ɡɪftɪd] adj. ____________63. come down ____________64. abstract ['æbstrækt] adj. _________n. ________65. steady ['stedi] adj. ____________66. concept ['kɒnsept] n. ____________67. astronomer [ə'strɒnəmə(r)] n. ____________68. astronomy [ə'strɒnəmi] n. ____________69. telescope ['telɪskəʊp] n. ____________70. besides [bɪ'saɪdz] prep. _______adv. _________71. brilliant ['brɪljənt] adj. ____________72. furthermore [ˌfɜːðə'mɔː(r)] adv. ____________73. above all ____________74. fault [fɔːlt] n. ____________75. shift [ʃɪft] v. ____________n. ____________76. vivid ['vɪvɪd]: adj. ____________II.汉译英1. ____________n. 霍乱2. ____________adj. 极为恶劣的; 十分严重的; 严厉的3. ____________n. 腹泻4. ____________n. 脱水5. ____________adj. 懊恼的; 沮丧的; 失意的6. ________________ 最终地; 彻底地7. ____________adj. 相互矛盾的; 对立的; 不一致的8. ____________n. 感染；传染9. ____________v. 使感染; 传染10. ___________n 微生物; 细菌; 病菌11. ___________v. 认购(股份); 定期订购; 定期缴纳(会费)12. ________________同意; 赞同13. ___________n. 证据; 证明; 检验14. ___________adj. 数量多的; 多种多样的15. ___________n. 泵; 抽水机; 打气筒16. ________________水泵17. ___________n. 一家人; 家庭; 同住一套(所)房子的人18. __________v. 怀疑; 疑有; 不信任n. 犯罪嫌疑人; 可疑对象19. __________v. 把…归咎于...; 责怪; 指责n. 责备; 指责20. __________n. 把手; 拉手; 柄 v. 处理; 搬动; 操纵(车辆/动物/工具等)21. __________n. 介入; 出面; 干涉22. __________n. 联系; 纽带v. 把...连接起来; 相关联23. __________adj. 未煮的; 生的; 未经处理的; 原始的24. __________adj. 干净的; 纯的; 纯粹的25. __________adj. 大量的; 价值巨大的; 重大的26. __________v. 减少; 减小; 降低n. 减少; 降低: 减少量27. ________________ 幸亏; 由于28. ___________n. (复数)统计数字; 统计资料; 统计学29. ___________v. 使改观; 使改变形态; 改变; 转变30. ___________n. 流行病学31. ___________n. 显微镜32. ___________n. 思想; 思维; 见解33. ___________n. 蛋白质34. ___________n. 细胞; 小房间; 单间牢房35. ___________n. 病毒36. ___________n. 发现; 调查结果; (法律)判决37. ___________adj. 最初的; 开始的; 第一的38. ___________n. 疫苗39. ___________n. 框架; 结构40. ________________ 理论框架41. ___________adj. 可靠的; 固体的; 坚实的n. 固体42. ___________v. 投射; 投掷; 向...投以(视线/笑容等)43. ___________n. 阴影; 影子; 背光处1.frustrate vt.使懊丧；使懊恼；使沮丧→__________adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的→__________adj.令人懊恼的；令人沮丧的→__________n．懊丧；懊恼；沮丧2.infect vt.使感染；传染→__________ n．感染；传染→__________adj.传染性的，感染的，有感染力的3.contradict v.反驳;相矛盾;相反→__________adj.相互矛盾的；对立的；不一致的→__________n.矛盾；对立；不一致4.prove vt.证明→__________n．证据；证明；检验5.intervene vt.介入；出面；干涉→__________n．介入；出面；干涉6.subscribe v. 认购(股份); 定期订购; 定期缴纳(会费)→__________n.订阅费，订购款，订阅，订购；定期捐款；会员费→__________n.订阅人，订购者，订户；定期捐款者，定期捐助者7.suspect v. 怀疑; 疑有; 不信任→__________adj.怀疑的→__________n.怀疑8.pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的→__________n.纯洁；纯净；纯粹→_________vt.使纯净；使洁净→__________n.净化(作用)；提纯9.substance n.物质；物品；主旨；要点；实质→__________adj. 大量的; 价值巨大的; 重大的→__________adv.非常；大大地；基本上；大体上；总的来说10.transform vt.v. 使改观; 使改变形态; 改变; 转变→_____________n.变化，改观，转变，改革→_____________adj.变革的；改革的11.virus n.病毒→__________adj.病毒的；病毒性的；病毒引起的12.theory n.理论→__________adj. 理论上的13.solid adj.可靠的; 固体的; 坚实的→__________n.固态;可靠性;坚固性14.initial adj.最初的；开始的；第一的→________ adv.开始；最初15.patriotic adj. 爱国的→__________adv.爱国地;忧国地→__________n.爱国主义→__________n.爱国者16.defend vt.保卫；防守；辩解→__________n．防御；防务→__________adj.防御的；保护的；保卫的；戒备的；怀有戒心的17.assist vt.帮助；协助→__________n.帮助；协助→__________n.助手；助理18.lead v.领导；导致；通向→__________n．领导者→__________n．领导；领导地位；领导才能→__________adj.最重要的；一流的→__________adj.误导的;引入歧途的19.steady adj.稳定的；平稳的；稳步的→__________adj.不稳定的→________adv.稳定地；坚固地20.vivid adj.生动的；鲜明的；丰富的→________adv.生动地Keys:1.frustrated;frustrating;frustration2.infection;infectious3.contradictory;contradiction4.proof5.intervention6.subscription;subscriber7.suspicious;suspicion8.purity;purify;purification9.substantial;substantially 10.transformation;transformative 11.virus 12.theoretical 13.solidity14.initially 15.patriotically;patriotism;patriotic 16.defence/defense;defensive 17.assistance;assistant18.leader;leadership;leading;misleading 19.unsteady；steadily 20.vividly1.raise a question★提出问题2.from a new angle 从新的角度3.creative imagination 创造性的想象力4.(be) related to★与……有关5.take a photo / picture★拍照6.in the future★在将来;今后7.scientific research 科学研究8.draw / arrive at / come to / reach a conclusion★得出结论9.collect data★收集资料ed to be ★过去是11.in time 经过一段时间之后;迟早;及时12.rise to become a famous doctor 成为名医13.attend to★照料;处理;接待14.give birth (to sb) ★生孩子;生下(某人)15.the desire to do sth★做某事的渴望16.once and for all 最终地;彻底地17.in general★大体上;一般地18.cause a disease 引起疾病19.subscribe to 同意;赞同20.be determined / make up one's mind to do sth ★决心做某事21.begin by doing sth 首先做某事22.water pump 水泵23.such as ★例如24.be to blame (for sth)★ (对某事)负有责任25.what is more 更为重要的是;更有甚者26.It seems (that) ...★似乎……;看样子……27.have sth done★让(他人)为你做(某事)28.as a result (of)★作为(……的)结果;由于……29.be able / unable to do sth★能够做某事/不能够做某事30.stop in one’s tracks (尤指因惊吓而)突然停下31.a link between ... and ...★…和…之间的联系32.raw waste 未经处理的废弃物33.be likely to do sth★可能做某事34.get cholera 感染上霍乱35.pure / boiled water 纯净水/开水36.tireless efforts 不懈努力37.substantial decrease 大幅降低38.thanks to★幸亏;由于39.consider ... (to be) sth★认为……是……40.It is believed (that) ... 人们认为……;据信……41.write out 填写42.suspect sb of (doing) sth 怀疑某人(做)某事43.be linked to / with ★与……有关联/联系44.serve dinner 供应晚饭45.fight the common cold 抵抗普通感冒46.rather than / instead of★而不是;代替47.make sense★有意义;讲得通48.resistance to medicine 抗药能力49.work on★致力于;从事于50.side effects (药物的)副作用51.make substantial advances in 在……领域取得重大进展52.make sure 确保;弄清楚e sth as sth 把某物用作某物54.initial stage / period 初期55.depend upon / on ★信赖;依靠;取决于56.carry out / conduct / do research ★进行研究57.in the first place 一开始;起初58.theoretical framework 理论框架59.calm down ★(使)平静下来;(使)镇静下来60.get down to doing sth ★开始做某事;开始认真对待某61.in the end ★最后;终于62.focus on / upon★集中(注意力、精力等)于63.at times ★有时;间或64.in a whisper ★低声地65.for a while 一会儿66.move around / about 四处走动;经常搬动67.cast / throw a shadow ★投下影子68.in fact/effect/reality/practice★实际上;事实上69.as soon as / the moment / instant (that)★一……就……70.make a great scientist 成为伟大的科学家71.the father of China's aerospace 中国航天之父72.have an impact / effect / influence on★对……有影响73.be described as 被描述为….74.an extremely well-respected man 极受尊敬的人75.attend school上学76.make / take a decision★作出决定77.switch to 转换;转向;转变78.air force 空军79.protect and defend the country 保卫国家80.rocket propulsion 火箭推进力81.overcome difficulties★克服困难82.receive a hero's welcome 受到英雄般的欢迎83.in charge of★主管;掌管84.discourage sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事85.take on 接受(工作):呈现:雇用:承担(责任);与……较量86.under sb's leadership 在某人的领导下87.trace sth (back) to sth ★把某物追溯到某物上88.earn the name of 获得……的(美)名89.be saddened by 对……感到难过/伤心90.be familiar with★熟悉……e down with患(病);染上(小病)92.achieve / gain / acquire / win fame获得名声93.the origin of the universe 宇宙起源94.the steady state theory 稳态理论95.the big bang theory 大爆炸理论96.stand up / rise to one's feet★站起身来97.point out 指出;指明98.make a mistake★犯错误99.be willing to do sth★乐意/愿意做某事100.be afraid / scared / frightened to do sth★害怕做某事101.dream of / about (doing) sth 梦想(做)某事102.a fight / struggle against★与……的斗争103.above all★最重要的是;尤其是104.because of / due to ★由于;因为105.personal interest 个人爱好106.even though / if ★尽管;即使107.apart / aside from ★s 除……外(尚有);除……外(别无108.personal qualities★个人品质109.make up★组成;构成;编造110.statistical analysis 统计分析111.settle the conflict 解决冲突112.think outside the box 跳出框框思考;不拘一格地思考113.a vivid imagination★丰富的想象力114.start out as 起初(是);最初(是)115.be gifted with 天生具有……116.benefit from★从……中受益;得益于117.solve / settle / resolve / overcome a problem 解决问题118.give sb advice★给某人建议119.have the ability to do sth★有能力做某事e up with★想出;想到121.at first / in the beginning★起初;起先122.serve as ★充当;担当123.suffer from ★遭受;患……病124.refuse to do sth★拒绝做某事125.turn into★ (使)变成;(使)成为126.be proud of 为……而自豪127.be part of sth★是某事物的一部分(局部)128.human nature 人性129.be curious about ★对……感到好奇★在某人看来V1. To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. 一 Albert Einstein & LeopoldInfeld(P1)提出新问题，发现新可能，从新角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。
全新版大学英语综合教程5(第二版)unit17课后答案
VocabularyI.1. allot2. go through fire and water3. reside4. sobbed5. made no mention of6. sacrifice7. came upon8. rhythm9. volume 10. something of aII.1. I stayed on as an assistant professor.2. I hold it to my ear because I want to hear time tick away.3. The salary is not wonderful, but the duties are light.4. The moral of the lesson is not to talk to strangers.5. Yes, but it cannot hold a candle to Huangshan.III.1. The nasty smell from the kitchen made her stomach churn.2. When she sank into drunkenness, she was able to forget her sorrow.3. In the 1500 meters, Martin and Parker came first and third respectively.4. The two hills Shunner Fell from the north and Lovely Seat from the south flank the famous Butter Tubs Pass.5. Levi, in gratitude to Joshua, gave a party for him.Iv. 1. ambition-----ambition-----regardless of 2. discourse---by way of 3. is engraved---inward V. 1. have come upon/across 2. had come out 3. come on/up 4. came across 5. comes down to 6. came around/to 7. comes to 8. came through 9. came up with 10. comes upUsage1. the Wilsons2. Mark Twain3. Annie Johnsons4. another Winston Churchill5. a Mrs. Burton6. a Budweiser7. A Monet8. an old FordComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze 1. Text-related 1. go through fire and water 2. salary 3. give---no peace 4. sink into 5. ambition 6. By way of 7. expressive 8. churned 9. engraved 10. not hold a candle to 11. inward2. Theme-related1. Success2. literacy3. significantly4. promoting5. appropriate6. too7. later8. repetition9. invented 10. lessII. TranslationAlthough my grandmother was illiterate, she had a good stock of myths and legends. When I was young I gave her no peace, constantly asking her to tell me stories. After she had finished her housework, she would lift me onto her lap and tell stories, all the while rocking me in rhythm. Having noticed my interest in stories, my parents lost no time in initiating me into reading. They bought many storybooks with illustrations, and whenever free, they would read these stories to me over and over again. By and by I had a vocabulary large enough to read on my own.VocabularyI. 1.1) appetite2) destructive3) agency4) processed5) saturated6) utter7) hoisted8) referring to9) retrieve10) Unfortunately2.1)Peter was chasing the dog and Tom was riding the wooden horse in the garden.2)They all looked on except one young man. He took her to the hospital instantly.3)I laid charges against the company and won the case.4)If we want to stay competitive, first of all we need to modernize our factory.5)They got irrigation water from the dammed rivers.3.1)Except in the oases the desert is almost devoid of vegetation, although some stunted, thornyshrubs grow in the western Sahara.2)The fruits growing wild in the coastal forest are edible.3)The national security agency made recommendations for improving safety standards inairplanes / to improve safety standards in airplanes.4)The Beatles enjoyed success on a scale unparalleled by any previous pop group.5)The emergence of language was a defining factor in the evolution of modern humans.4.1)Excluding other factors such as quality and price, products which are attractively packagedare bound to attract more consumers, particularly children and young people. Packaging has become an important way to boost / of boosting the sales of products.2)In the eyes of some businessmen, consumers' health comes second to profits. They sellchicken infected with salmonella and crabs with traces of antibiotics.3)It can be hard to go vegetarian. The important thing is to make changes you feel comfortablewith, at your own pace. While stopping consuming any products for which animals are bred and slaughtered may be ideal, even a slight reduction in meat consumption is a step in the right direction.5.1) get over2) got to3) get through4) get over5) get by6) get away7) got in8) get …out9) get along10) get away withII. Collocation1.I asked her why she didn't make use of her talent and sing a pop song on the graduation day.2.Uncle Tom, the long-suffering slave in Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, died amiserable death.3.We still have to learn how to live a harmonious life, not only with other people but also withthe environment.4.Breathing a deep breath, he ran up to take the penalty kick.5.I dreamed a bad dream last night in which I was running through the forest, and being chasedby a bear.6.My friend smiled a bitter smile when I asked her whether she'd found all the money she'dlost.7.Black people have a hard fight to fight before they win real equality.8.People with mood disorders often sleep a troubled sleep. They toss and turn, restlesslyoccupied with negative thoughts.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. Text-related(1) exclude(2) stubborn(3) devoid of(4) bow to(5) potent (6) drawbacks(7) contaminating(8) heightened(9) infected(10) come second to2. Theme-related(1) consumption(2) between(3) packed(4) evident(5) population(6) encouraging(7) grave(8) against(9) criticize(10) itselfII. TranslationStudy after study has uncovered the fact that there is a close correlation between food and a number of chronic diseases. For example, a decreased risk of certain chronic diseases is associated with an increased consumption of plant-based foods. Therefore, in the past decade, the American Dietetic Association has urged Americans to reduce their intake of animal fats, and to boost consumption of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Meanwhile, the United States Department of Agriculture has released a document containing the food guide pyramid, which encourages a minimum of three vegetable and two fruit servings per day. However, many Americans still don’t meet / listen to these recommendations.UNIT3VocabularyI. 1.1) invitation2) eloquent3) concede4) contradictory5) conceals6) guilty7) generalize8) get caught in9) for now10) as a last resort2.1)Non-smoking area. John’s very intolerant of people who smoke.2)She is an interesting character, and a bit of a mystery to me.3)Because it does not reveal their marital status.4)We are planning on trekking through the Malaysian Rainforest.5)He muttered something under his breath that I couldn’t understand.6)They may need to wear protective rubber gloves and clothing.7)The chairperson said sometimes unemployment tempted the youth into criminal activities.8)Though she never admitted it, the look on her face when I mentioned James’ name gave heraway.3.1)Throughout history, people have been intrigued by the question of whether there is intelligentlife elsewhere in the universe.2)The hill farmers' lot has never been easy and in recent years has been assailed by a series ofmajor crises.3)As with most people in his family, Grey is a great talker when he's in the mood to talk.4)Few people find it necessary to condemn white lies on the grounds that they are not real lies.5)All the evidence of your qualifications and skills that backs up the claims you make in yourrésumé should be included.4.1)In general, everything that irritates us about others can lead us to an understanding ofourselves. To disregard what the world thinks of us is not only arrogant but also utterly shameless.2)Eddie was adamant that his son should never indulge in vain wishes; he believed that it wasabsurd for his son to pursue a romantic but utterly impractical career in the future.3)Those considering an adventurous safari in Central Africa should be aware that there is anextremely small, but nonetheless present, risk of encountering bandits on the road. Thus they should decide for themselves whether such potential risks will be personally acceptable to them and their companions.5.1) go around / round2) Go for3) went off4) go on5) is going on6) go about7) go along8) go through9) go by10) go overII. Usage1.The manager was chatting with the chairman of the board about something that concerned thefuture of their cooperation and I could tell that he was being careful with his words.2.Tom didn't really like the food, but he was being polite and ate quite a bit.3.He kept tapping on his teacup with his spoon because he was getting impatient waiting forthe waiter to come around.4.By handing in papers off the Internet, students are being stupid because they run the risk ofbeing caught and expelled from school.5.He was being a coward by not being truthful to himself and others.6.Some of the nurses were very rude and told Edgar he was being a nuisance when hecomplained.7.Don't talk nonsense. I'm being serious.Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. Text-related(1) go along(2) honesty(3) straightforward(4) indulge in(5) What about(6) dodge(7) assert(8) absurd(9) resort(10) juggle2. Theme-related(1) asserting (2) go along(3) because(4) part(5) Mistakes(6) exceptions(7) end(8) resort(9) dying(10) freedomII. TranslationThe new president of our university disapproves of the idea that we should be allowed to tell lies under certain circumstances. He believes that if people get used to telling any kind of lie, they will indulge themselves and eventually be stuck with the bad habit. To tell or not to tell a lie can sometimes become a very sticky issue, but our president insists on the notion that nobody in the world of education should dodge the responsibility of attaching primary importance to honesty while teaching the young. I agree with him. What about you?UNIT4VocabularyI. 1.(1) for myself(2) concluded(3) infinite(4) internal(5) misery(6) mode(7) ventured(8) visible(9) observation(10) commended2.1)I lay in bed feeling thoroughly wretched.2)It is fragrant with the smell of apple blossom.3)They are fine specimens of the veteran revolutionaries.4)I’d like to enroll in the modern art course if it is not too late.5)The taste is slightly bitter, and it has a strange odor.3.1)The scheme does nothing to help families on low incomes and is sure to provoke /callforth/draw/ arouse criticism.2)Jenny is terribly uncertain as to whether Bob is the right boy for her.3)These goods bear no resemblance to those I saw printed in the advertisements.4)In China, where black hair and black eyes are the norm, her blond hair and blue eyes arerather conspicuous.5)We did not have time for a rehearsal before the performance because of the delay of ourflight.4.1)The new parliament member, an energetic politician and ardent advocate of the welfaresystem, said: "The investigation has revealed that there are still people who lead a wretched existence in our society. To leave them to their own devices is to deny them the basic human right, the right to a decent life."2)One day my professor entrusted me with a task of doing a certain experiment and meantimegave explicit instructions that I must read his new book beforehand. The book, however, did not commend itself to me. Could I go ahead without reading it? The perplexity haunted me for quite a while. Then I decided I could not look him in the face if I betrayed his trust. So I started reading his book in earnest before turning to the experiment.3)The day I left for college, my father gave me an alarm clock and an English learner’sdictionary. Both proved useful in my subsequent years of study. The latter helped to make me accurate in my writing while the former helped me to be punctual. However, I had to part with the clock with reluctance later when it was proved to be beyond repair.5.1) turned to2) turned…down3) turn up4) turned out5) turned…over6) turned on7) turned away8) turns out9) turned in10) turning inII. Confusable Words1) come2) Come; bring; bring3) take; taken4) went; went; going5) went; came6) take7) bring8) come9) brought10) went / cameComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. Text-related(1) Enrolling(2) specimen(3) leave him to his own devices(4) investigation(5) By and by(6) content with(7) entrusted(8) reluctance(9) infectious(10) observation(11) mode(12) grounded in2. Theme-related(1) known (2) only(3) doing(4) assistance(5) assignment(6) simply(7) But(8) turned(9) singled(10) becauseII. TranslationWhen I enrolled in Math 202, I anticipated difficulties because I was not well grounded in mathematics in high school. The course was taught by Professor Richardson, a fine specimen of an old-fashioned gentleman, very cordial to his students. However, when it came to academic matters, he was by no means an easy person. Before he started his lecture, he discoursed enthusiastically on the importance of working in an orderly fashion, of being thoroughly prepared before each class, and of not being content with what you have learned. His attitude towards work was infectious, and by and by I became an ardent math lover, too.UNIT5VocabularyI 1.1) percentage 2) zone3) warmth 4) diverse5) widen 6) looked around7) in the face of 8) in perspective9) temperate 10) theoretical2.1) Its profits shrank from $5 million to $ million in the last global financial crisis.2) They will have to adhere to the cultural norms of the organization in order to be successful with their database project.3) My hometown is/lies halfway in between Salk Lake City and Denver.4) I saw waves battering (against) the rocks at the bottom of the cliff.5) Flood waters washed away the only bridge connecting the village to the outside world.3.1) Your report on the new car park is fine, but why don't you beef it up with some figures?2) There is a wide variation among Internet providers in cost, features, software, reliability and customer service.3) Poverty is one of the reasons for the high incidence of crime in this neighborhood.4) I suggested we sing and dance for the elderly people in the nursing home, and all my roommates were in favor of my idea.5) Doctors who are compelled to work 36 hours at a stretch cannot possibly be fully efficient.4.1) Much of the loss of biodiversity currently being experienced is attributed to human activity. Natural extinction is being accelerated by human populations wiping out entire ecosystems for development and single crop farming. Destroying naturally diverse vegetation destroys the life sustained by that habitat. We already know the scary effects of deforestation on global warming, but do we stop to think about the thousands of animal and insect species that are dying off because of global warming?2)In August 2005, some scientists from esteemed scientific organizations predicted that a temperature increase of 2 °C above the pre-industrial level could trigger the melting of the Greenland ice sheet, which would have overwhelming consequences for sea levels and biodiversity. At the current level of climate change, this prediction could become a reality in 10-15 years.3)With huge amounts of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases in the atmosphereglobal surface temperature would rise to a great extent, thereby melting the north and south pole glaciers causing drought, and throwing agriculture into effects would be magnified if temperatures keep going up dramatically.5.1) think back to/on2) think … over3) thought of4) think of …as5) think up1) picked up2) picked out3) picked up4) picked on5) picks atII. Word Family1. 1) contaminated2) contaminate3) contamination4) uncontaminated2. 1) habitable2) habitation3) inhabit4) uninhabited5) uninhabitable6) inhabitedComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1.1)beef up2) coastal3)in favour of4) residents5)theoretical6) disastrous7)battered8) shrinking9)migrate10) washed away11)Scary12) humanity2.1) predicting2) accuracy3) basis4) collide5) atmosphere6) melts7) affected8) actions9) striving10) technologiesII. TranslationMost scientists no longer doubt that the world is warming up and that humanity has altered climate. They agree that the long-term effects of global warming will be disastrous for the planet and its inhabitants. What is more, climate change won’t be a smooth transition to a warmer world. Some regions will be greatly affected by abrupt climate changes. Enormous areas of densely populated land like coastal Florida would become uninhabitable. Hundreds of millions of residents would have to migrate to safer regions. Therefore, it is no surprise that global warming has made its way onto the agenda of world leaders.UNIT6VocabularyI. 1.1) the hard way2) solemn3) wrote out4) champion5) ownership6) privilege7) To be sure8) handicap9) surge10) cut the ground from under …feet2.1) The committee aims to achieve reconciliation between the two opposingparties.2) The management's refusal to increase the minimum monthly grant.3) Public places such as metro stations, theaters, and museums have beenmade more accessible to the disabled.4) His love for the countryside brought forth a series of remarkablewatercolors.5) It embodies the ideals of freedom and equality.3.1)The books are keyed to the interests of children.2)We will not stand by and let the small village schools get closed for lackof funds.3)Their response was in effect a refusal to our request though they didn'tturn it down explicitly.4) Generous to a fault, he paid for all the expenses5) We shall always feel we are deeply in your debt.4.1)Under the leadership of Sam Walton, Wal-Mart prospered at an amazing speed. Asked about the underlying reasons for the great success, he said, "To begin with, it's the two orientations that characterize the culture of this company: cooperative with regard to making decisions, and trusting in relation to fellow workers. Every employee has a strong sense of obligation to the company and boundless enthusiasm for the work."2)Most chapters of this book are dedicated to the effects of games on children. According to the author, in performing and observing actions, like the collision of two objects, babies can have first-hand experience of the relations implicit in the phenomena. And team sports can help to shape children's personality in a positive way, because they can learn how to cooperate with each other in the competition.3)Martin Luther King and Rosa Parker had a lot in common. They were black people as well as civil rights heroes. They led black people to combat discrimination and inequality and to try to gain control over their own destinies. Faced with great difficulties and failures, they hung on and never gave up because they held to the notion that all men are created equal. (destiny, in common, combat, notion, hang on)5. 1) set out2) set off3) set in4) set aside5) set up6) set about7) set off8) set up9) set up 10) set apartII. Words with Multiple Meanings1.According to the manager, what he wants is a simple yet effective sales plan.ually he was a serious man, yet this joke reduced him to hearty laughter / set him laughing heartily.3.The governor has put forward a series of policies to cut the state budget, but the effects of the new measures have yet to be seen.4.He is not yet 20, but his technical control, confidence, brilliance and intellectual depth display an outstanding maturity.5.John wouldn't let me see his essay, because he hasn't finished it yet.6.Maybe the reason scientists have yet to receive signals from extraterrestrial intelligence is that there isn't any extraterrestrial intelligence sending signals.7.She knew the sensible thing to do was to leave the place as soon as possible, yet she wanted to stay.8.Her selective yet comprehensive exhibition draws mainly from public collections, among them many of the United States' most distinguished libraries. Comprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. 1) personalities2) embody3) underlying4) collision5) leadership6) ownership7) ideals8) champion9) the hard way10) prospered2. 1) indication2) sensitive3) career 4) resign5) supply6) disciplined7) promoted 8) criticized9) surrender 10) respectedII. TranslationRobert Lee’s father’s life had been plagued by poor financial investments. He was jailed twice for unpaid debts and in the end was forced to flee the country. Lee’s mother was the dominant force in shaping Lee’s personality. Against the poignant failure of her husband, she was determined that the tragedy should not be repeated in the life of her children. Self-control, a sense of obligation and an indomitable spirit were the virtues she taught Lee. In 1825, with an aspiration to win back the family honor, Lee began studying at West Point Military Academy. This began a new chapter of his life. Over the four years, he consistently finished near the top of every course.UNIT7VocabularyI. 1.1) anonymous2) piling up3) advent4) sober up5) articulate6) dwindle7) not least of all8) vague9) busted10) rotting2. 1) Its theme was that philosophy has very close links with mathematics andartificial intelligence.2) He is illiterate; worse still, he has a criminal record and lives in a world oflies and deceit.3) They carried out first aid to save the patient from bleeding to death.4) They suggested that I go for broke, and be undeterred in pursuit of mydream.5) He thinks it highly unlikely that such good luck will come his way again.3.1) The advent of spring —symbol of renewal — has been a constant theme inEdward's writings.2) Why those nasty things were being said of her was just beyond hercomprehension, and as for myself I have never heard anything so offensive in all my life.3) Malcolm Padina, managing director of Informix Software Inc, has called for anew initiative to purge the market of software pirates / software pirates from the market.4) New evidence implicated Melancia in a financial scandal in February 2008.5) Pains were tearing at my chest as I was running a two-mile race. I felt myknees sinking lower and lower as if I were running across quicksand.4.1)Operating a vehicle while intoxicated is a serious offence in itself, but few cases hit the headlines unless they involve serious injury.2)Ten years ago, when Bruce R., a 57-year-old insurance broker from Southern California, was on the verge of suicide after having gambled away the trust of his family and a small remnant of business partners, little help was available. He was, at one point, advised by two doctors that he just needed to get his gambling "under control"—which is like telling a drug addict to take drugs more moderately.3) The company was facing great financial problems due to the devastating effects of nationwide economic depression. Naturally the CEO’s sudden resignation at such a difficult time led to great resentment from the board of directors. The only hope they had was that the banks would keep the firm from bankruptcy by accepting a reorganization plan.5. 1)fall under2)fall behind3)had fallen apart4)fall back on5)fall to6)had left off7)leave out8)Leaving aside9)be left alone10)left behindII. Usage1. a. figurative b. literal2. a. literal b. figurative3. a. figurative b. literal4. a. literal b. figurative5. a. figurative b. literal6. a. literal b. figurativeComprehensive ExercisesI. Cloze1. 1)legalize2) philosophy3) sober4) addicts5) spouses6) deceit7) dwindle8) pile up9)lured10)criminal11) revenue12)hit the headlines2. 1) indicate 2) compulsive3) addictions 4) financial5) combination6) blueprint7) retirees 8) explosion9) identified10) triggerII. TranslationGamblers’ family members always pay a steep price. They not only have to endure the pain of having their wealth wiped away overnight, but they are also frequently overwhelmed with feelings of depression and hopelessness.A nationwide survey found that over 2 million adults identified a spouse's gambling as a significant factor in a prior divorce. The number of divorces in a county in Mississippi has nearly tripled since the advent of casinos. The county has also witnessed increases in domestic violence since then.A considerable body of evidence showed that the expansion of legally sanctioned gambling destroys individuals, ruins families, increases crime, and ultimately costs society far more than the revenues government collects.。
人教版(2023) 选择性必修第二册 Unit 1 Science and Scientists
人教版（2023）选择性必修第二册Unit 1 Science and Scientists单元过关测（含答案）Unit 1过关检测一、单词填空（共20个，每个1分，共20分）1. It is assumed that the country will face ________(严重的) economic problems due to the natural disasters.2. His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would in turn ________(感染) other students.3. I am firmly convinced that these __________(证据) can prove that this man is closely connected with the crime.4. Exercising is essential to everybody because it makes you more awake and readyto __________(处理) whatever is ahead of you for the day.5. Is there proof that r_______ vegetables and fruit will contain the most nutrients because cooking can remove some nutrients6. In much of the animal world, night is set aside for sleep—p_______ and simple.7. It is unexpected that the police searched the s_______ but found no bombs on him.8. It is said that prices of vegetables have d__________ about 4% recently.9. In a world that warms up by 3 C, it found that _________(多样的) changes to the colour of the oceans would occur.10. After an _________(最初的) struggle, he found his symptoms were strangely decreased by his daily tiring journey.11. The widespread v_________ is getting more and more attention.12. Responsibility, understanding, communication, tolerance and love are not alternative in keeping a s________marriage.13. Sometimes it may helpful to use examples to explain a_______ concepts.14. Of the o_________ ladies listed in the statitics, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years15. I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone else’s __________.16. It was a vain attempet to ____________(转换) the responsibility for the murder to somebody else.17. Mary’s description of the party was so ________ that I felt as if I had been there.18. When the dog attacked me, I __________ myself with a stick.19. Hawking’s own work on the big bang theory was soon proven by a___________ with telescopes.20. An oak tree c_______its shadow over a tiny round pool.二、短语填空(共10题，每题2分，共20分)in charge of come down above all break out thanks to subscribribe to once and for all be likely to be linked to discourage … from…1. The problem can be solved ___________________, if you do that.2. All scientists _________________ to the view that the increase in the earth’s tempersture is rooted in the burning of fossil fuels.3. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, _____________engage in dangerous and risky behavior.4. _____________ the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market.5.Under certain circumstances , however, the bacteria can _______________ and cause a serious infection.6.I’ d like to buy a house---- modern, comfortable, and __________ in a quiet neighbourhood.7. He was ____________ the whole company while the boss was absent.8. At first, she thought she just _______________ with the flu.9.Exposure to ultraviolet light(紫外线) is closely _____________ skin cancer.10.Qian Xuesen did not let the fact at that time ___________him ________ taking on the great challenge.三、单句语法填空(每空1.5分，共30 分)1.I uspect it is very time we got down to ___________ (handle) this tough issue.2. It＇s no secret that China has always been a source of _____________( inspire) for designers.3. My child is thought to be __________ (gift )and that has brought some unexpected challenges to him and our family.4. When asked “ can Chinese possibly make missles ”, his reply was a ___________ (determine) “why not ”5. On 31 October 2023, the whole country ______________ (sad) by Qian’s death, and people honored and remembered him in different ways.6. To help maintain the balance of ecology, cientists are trying their best to save the species from going out of ________ ( exist).7. It is reported that the recent house price in many big cities ________________（decrease）by 10%.8. I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahl's writing and it gave me a new _______________ (appreciate) for his strange and delightful words.9. The information I got was rich and varied. or even ________________ (contradict).10. The volunteers all subscribe ___________ the view that helping others will benefit yourself as well.11. The man, _____________ (suspect) of stealing the jewels from the shop, was missing last night.12. The local government is ______________ (blame)for not informing the public of the case in time.13.I __________ (vivid) remember the day when we first met in the crowd.14. Today, we are just as closely linked __________ eacn other by the bonds of friendship as we were 20 years ago.15. They felt _______________ (frustrate) at the lack of progress despite his long-term effort.16. Those who lack resistance are more likely to ________________ (infect) with the virus when exposed to it.17. With abundant nutrition and sunlight, the creatures began to _________ (multiple) very rapidly.18. Please wait a minute and I will have my secretary ______________ (print) the document papers for you.19. Even though John Snow rose to became a famous doctor, he never lost his desire _____________ (defeat) cholera once and for all.20. Besides being brilliant, he was brave though sometimes careless in _________ he said or did. He was willing to say ______ others were afraid to say and to dream of _______ others were afraid to dream about.四、课文语法填空（每空1.5分，共30 分）（1）John Snow was a pioneer in the use of maps and statistics when 1. _____________ (study ) cholera. Snow began the investigation by marking on a map the exact places 2 _____________ all those who died had lived. There were multiple 3_____________ ( dead) near the water pump in Broad Street 4_______________ no one died in some households. The survivors 5. ______________ (give) free beer and had not drunk the pump water. Another woman away from the water pump had the water 6 __________ (deliver) to her house so that she as well as her daughter died of cholera. As a consequence 7 ______________ the evidence. Snow announced the water pump was 8 ___________ (blame ). His 9 _____________(intervene) of removing the pump handle stopped the disease in its tracks. Snow also showed a link between cholera and water companies, 10 ______________(make) them sell clean water. Therefore, the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.（2）Perhaps no other scientist has had a greater impact 1_______________China's aerospace science than Qian Xuesen. Born in Hangzhou in 1911, Qian attended school in Beijing and entered Shanghai Jiao Tong University to study Railway Mechanical Engineering. However,he switched his major to aviation 2___________ (advance) China's aerospace after the Songhu Battle broke out. After finishing his graduate studies in the United States, Qian became a pioneer in American jet and rocket technology and founded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory with several other people.Qian returned to China in 1955 after he 3 _________ (overcome) some difficulties and was put in charge of not only 4.____________ (develop) china's rocket science but also its space and missile programme. Under Qian's leadership, China made many 5 ________________ (breakthrough )in aerospace. Therefore he earned the name of “6.______________ father of China's aerospace. ”Qian was 7______________ (extreme) knowledgeable , especially in the area of frontier science research. 8_______________ might have made him so outstanding and creative was probably his extensive interests. His deep appreciation 9. _________ art often gave him inspiration in his scientific research. The whole country 10 ___________ (sad) by Qian's death in 2023 and people honoured and remembered him in different ways.单元过关答案单词1.severe2. infect3. proofs4. handle5. raw6. pure7. suspect8. decreased9. multiple 10. initial 11. virus 12. solid 13. abstract 14. outstanding 15. fault16. shift 17. vivid 18. defended 19. astronomers 20. cast短语1. once and for all2. subscribe to3. were likely to4. Thanks to5. break out6. above all7. in charge of8. came down9. linked to 10. discourage from单句语法填空1. handling2. inspiration3. gifted4. determined5. was saddened6. existence7. has decreased 8. appreciation 9. controdictory 10. to 11. suspected 12. to blame13. vividly 14. to 15. frustrated 16. be infected 17. multiply 18. print 19. to defeat20. what what what课文语法填空（一）1. studying 2. where 3. deaths 4. while 5. had been given 6. delivered 7. of8. to blame 9. inervention 10. making(二) 1. on 2. to advance 3.overcame 4. developing 5.breakthroughs 6. the7. extremely 8. What 9. for 10. was saddened。
研究生学术综合英语1-6课课文及翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself. 传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary topopular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the toolsof a speaker?s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession.As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to uselanguage accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
人教版高中英语选修6 Unit 4 Section Ⅰ
It also affects global weather patterns. The study was conducted by scientists at NOAA,the University of Washington,and the North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies.
晨读晚诵
自主预习
合作学习
随堂练习
理解诱思 1.What is the main idea of the text? 答案:The Arctic may be essentially ice-free during summer within
15 years because of global warming. 2.When will the first“ice-free” Arctic summer occur according to
As the climate changes,the Arctic is warming more than twice as fast as the rest of the planet. Arctic air temperatures were about 3.4 degrees above average in 2019,and were the secondwarmest since records began in 1900. Scientists also said the results of the study indicate that there is room for improvement in sea-ice models—and that the ice may disappear even more quickly than current models suggest. “Climate models may be collectively underestimating the rate of change,” the authors write in the study.
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译
学术英语（社科）Unit2二单元原文及翻译UNIT 2 Economist1.Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
2.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
专八英语阅读
英语专业八级考试TEM-8阅读理解练习册（1）(英语专业2012级)UNIT 1Text AEvery minute of every day, what ecologist生态学家James Carlton calls a global ―conveyor belt‖, redistributes ocean organisms生物.It’s planetwide biological disruption生物的破坏that scientists have barely begun to understand.Dr. Carlton —an oceanographer at Williams College in Williamstown,Mass.—explains that, at any given moment, ―There are several thousand marine species traveling… in the ballast water of ships.‖ These creatures move from coastal waters where they fit into the local web of life to places where some of them could tear that web apart. This is the larger dimension of the infamous无耻的，邪恶的invasion of fish-destroying, pipe-clogging zebra mussels有斑马纹的贻贝.Such voracious贪婪的invaders at least make their presence known. What concerns Carlton and his fellow marine ecologists is the lack of knowledge about the hundreds of alien invaders that quietly enter coastal waters around the world every day. Many of them probably just die out. Some benignly亲切地，仁慈地—or even beneficially — join the local scene. But some will make trouble.In one sense, this is an old story. Organisms have ridden ships for centuries. They have clung to hulls and come along with cargo. What’s new is the scale and speed of the migrations made possible by the massive volume of ship-ballast water压载水— taken in to provide ship stability—continuously moving around the world…Ships load up with ballast water and its inhabitants in coastal waters of one port and dump the ballast in another port that may be thousands of kilometers away. A single load can run to hundreds of gallons. Some larger ships take on as much as 40 million gallons. The creatures that come along tend to be in their larva free-floating stage. When discharged排出in alien waters they can mature into crabs, jellyfish水母, slugs鼻涕虫，蛞蝓, and many other forms.Since the problem involves coastal species, simply banning ballast dumps in coastal waters would, in theory, solve it. Coastal organisms in ballast water that is flushed into midocean would not survive. Such a ban has worked for North American Inland Waterway. But it would be hard to enforce it worldwide. Heating ballast water or straining it should also halt the species spread. But before any such worldwide regulations were imposed, scientists would need a clearer view of what is going on.The continuous shuffling洗牌of marine organisms has changed the biology of the sea on a global scale. It can have devastating effects as in the case of the American comb jellyfish that recently invaded the Black Sea. It has destroyed that sea’s anchovy鳀鱼fishery by eating anchovy eggs. It may soon spread to western and northern European waters.The maritime nations that created the biological ―conveyor belt‖ should support a coordinated international effort to find out what is going on and what should be done about it. (456 words)1.According to Dr. Carlton, ocean organism‟s are_______.A.being moved to new environmentsB.destroying the planetC.succumbing to the zebra musselD.developing alien characteristics2.Oceanographers海洋学家are concerned because_________.A.their knowledge of this phenomenon is limitedB.they believe the oceans are dyingC.they fear an invasion from outer-spaceD.they have identified thousands of alien webs3.According to marine ecologists, transplanted marinespecies____________.A.may upset the ecosystems of coastal watersB.are all compatible with one anotherC.can only survive in their home watersD.sometimes disrupt shipping lanes4.The identified cause of the problem is_______.A.the rapidity with which larvae matureB. a common practice of the shipping industryC. a centuries old speciesD.the world wide movement of ocean currents5.The article suggests that a solution to the problem__________.A.is unlikely to be identifiedB.must precede further researchC.is hypothetically假设地，假想地easyD.will limit global shippingText BNew …Endangered‟ List Targets Many US RiversIt is hard to think of a major natural resource or pollution issue in North America today that does not affect rivers.Farm chemical runoff残渣, industrial waste, urban storm sewers, sewage treatment, mining, logging, grazing放牧,military bases, residential and business development, hydropower水力发电,loss of wetlands. The list goes on.Legislation like the Clean Water Act and Wild and Scenic Rivers Act have provided some protection, but threats continue.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported yesterday that an assessment of 642,000 miles of rivers and streams showed 34 percent in less than good condition. In a major study of the Clean Water Act, the Natural Resources Defense Council last fall reported that poison runoff impairs损害more than 125,000 miles of rivers.More recently, the NRDC and Izaak Walton League warned that pollution and loss of wetlands—made worse by last year’s flooding—is degrading恶化the Mississippi River ecosystem.On Tuesday, the conservation group保护组织American Rivers issued its annual list of 10 ―endangered‖ and 20 ―threatened‖ rivers in 32 states, the District of Colombia, and Canada.At the top of the list is the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River, whereCanadian mining firms plan to build a 74-acre英亩reservoir水库，蓄水池as part of a gold mine less than three miles from Yellowstone National Park. The reservoir would hold the runoff from the sulfuric acid 硫酸used to extract gold from crushed rock.―In the event this tailings pond failed, the impact to th e greater Yellowstone ecosystem would be cataclysmic大变动的，灾难性的and the damage irreversible不可逆转的.‖ Sen. Max Baucus of Montana, chairman of the Environment and Public Works Committee, wrote to Noranda Minerals Inc., an owner of the ― New World Mine‖.Last fall, an EPA official expressed concern about the mine and its potential impact, especially the plastic-lined storage reservoir. ― I am unaware of any studies evaluating how a tailings pond尾矿池，残渣池could be maintained to ensure its structural integrity forev er,‖ said Stephen Hoffman, chief of the EPA’s Mining Waste Section. ―It is my opinion that underwater disposal of tailings at New World may present a potentially significant threat to human health and the environment.‖The results of an environmental-impact statement, now being drafted by the Forest Service and Montana Department of State Lands, could determine the mine’s future…In its recent proposal to reauthorize the Clean Water Act, the Clinton administration noted ―dramatically improved water quality since 1972,‖ when the act was passed. But it also reported that 30 percent of riverscontinue to be degraded, mainly by silt泥沙and nutrients from farm and urban runoff, combined sewer overflows, and municipal sewage城市污水. Bottom sediments沉积物are contaminated污染in more than 1,000 waterways, the administration reported in releasing its proposal in January. Between 60 and 80 percent of riparian corridors (riverbank lands) have been degraded.As with endangered species and their habitats in forests and deserts, the complexity of ecosystems is seen in rivers and the effects of development----beyond the obvious threats of industrial pollution, municipal waste, and in-stream diversions改道to slake消除the thirst of new communities in dry regions like the Southwes t…While there are many political hurdles障碍ahead, reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year holds promise for US rivers. Rep. Norm Mineta of California, who chairs the House Committee overseeing the bill, calls it ―probably the most important env ironmental legislation this Congress will enact.‖ (553 words)6.According to the passage, the Clean Water Act______.A.has been ineffectiveB.will definitely be renewedC.has never been evaluatedD.was enacted some 30 years ago7.“Endangered” rivers are _________.A.catalogued annuallyB.less polluted than ―threatened rivers‖C.caused by floodingD.adjacent to large cities8.The “cataclysmic” event referred to in paragraph eight would be__________.A. fortuitous偶然的，意外的B. adventitious外加的，偶然的C. catastrophicD. precarious不稳定的，危险的9. The owners of the New World Mine appear to be______.A. ecologically aware of the impact of miningB. determined to construct a safe tailings pondC. indifferent to the concerns voiced by the EPAD. willing to relocate operations10. The passage conveys the impression that_______.A. Canadians are disinterested in natural resourcesB. private and public environmental groups aboundC. river banks are erodingD. the majority of US rivers are in poor conditionText CA classic series of experiments to determine the effects ofoverpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scientific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist, John B. Calhoun and his associates. In each of these experiments, an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food, water, and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their mothers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments, Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats, a kind of social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding.The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density: They showed deviant异常的maternal behavior; they did not behave as mother rats normally do. In fact, many of the pups幼兽，幼崽, as rat babies are called, died as a result of poor maternal care. For example, mothers sometimes abandoned their pups,and, without their mothers' care, the pups died. Under normal conditions, a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However, the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities, mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically 病理上，病理学地diseased.The dominant males in the rat population were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore, these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However, dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male,female, and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space, they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely; they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive; they were much more active than is normal, chasing other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population, likeall the other parts, was affected by the overpopulation.The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Calhoun's experiments. In large urban areas such as New York City, London, Mexican City, and Cairo, there are abandoned children. There are cruel, powerful individuals, both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder, rape, and robbery also frequently occur in densely populated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation? Calhoun’s experiments suggest that it might be. In any case, social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.11. Paragraph l is organized according to__________.A. reasonsB. descriptionC. examplesD. definition12．Calhoun stabilized the rat population_________.A. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct13.W hich of the following inferences CANNOT be made from theinformation inPara. 1?A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowding.D. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.14. Which of the following behavior didn‟t happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behavior.D. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.15. The main idea of the paragraph three is that __________.A. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the otherratsC. dominant males attacked weaker ratsD. the strongest males are always able to adapt to bad conditionsText DThe first mention of slavery in the statutes法令，法规of the English colonies of North America does not occur until after 1660—some forty years after the importation of the first Black people. Lest we think that existed in fact before it did in law, Oscar and Mary Handlin assure us, that the status of B lack people down to the 1660’s was that of servants. A critique批判of the Handlins’ interpretation of why legal slavery did not appear until the 1660’s suggests that assumptions about the relation between slavery and racial prejudice should be reexamined, and that explanation for the different treatment of Black slaves in North and South America should be expanded.The Handlins explain the appearance of legal slavery by arguing that, during the 1660’s, the position of white servants was improving relative to that of black servants. Thus, the Handlins contend, Black and White servants, heretofore treated alike, each attained a different status. There are, however, important objections to this argument. First, the Handlins cannot adequately demonstrate that t he White servant’s position was improving, during and after the 1660’s; several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures indicate otherwise. Another flaw in the Handlins’ interpretation is their assumption that prior to the establishment of legal slavery there was no discrimination against Black people. It is true that before the 1660’s Black people were rarely called slaves. But this shouldnot overshadow evidence from the 1630’s on that points to racial discrimination without using the term slavery. Such discrimination sometimes stopped short of lifetime servitude or inherited status—the two attributes of true slavery—yet in other cases it included both. The Handlins’ argument excludes the real possibility that Black people in the English colonies were never treated as the equals of White people.The possibility has important ramifications后果，影响.If from the outset Black people were discriminated against, then legal slavery should be viewed as a reflection and an extension of racial prejudice rather than, as many historians including the Handlins have argued, the cause of prejudice. In addition, the existence of discrimination before the advent of legal slavery offers a further explanation for the harsher treatment of Black slaves in North than in South America. Freyre and Tannenbaum have rightly argued that the lack of certain traditions in North America—such as a Roman conception of slavery and a Roman Catholic emphasis on equality— explains why the treatment of Black slaves was more severe there than in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of South America. But this cannot be the whole explanation since it is merely negative, based only on a lack of something. A more compelling令人信服的explanation is that the early and sometimes extreme racial discrimination in the English colonies helped determine the particular nature of the slavery that followed. (462 words)16. Which of the following is the most logical inference to be drawn from the passage about the effects of “several acts of the Maryland and Virginia legislatures” (Para.2) passed during and after the 1660‟s?A. The acts negatively affected the pre-1660’s position of Black as wellas of White servants.B. The acts had the effect of impairing rather than improving theposition of White servants relative to what it had been before the 1660’s.C. The acts had a different effect on the position of white servants thandid many of the acts passed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies.D. The acts, at the very least, caused the position of White servants toremain no better than it had been before the 1660’s.17. With which of the following statements regarding the status ofBlack people in the English colonies of North America before the 1660‟s would the author be LEAST likely to agree?A. Although black people were not legally considered to be slaves,they were often called slaves.B. Although subject to some discrimination, black people had a higherlegal status than they did after the 1660’s.C. Although sometimes subject to lifetime servitude, black peoplewere not legally considered to be slaves.D. Although often not treated the same as White people, black people,like many white people, possessed the legal status of servants.18. According to the passage, the Handlins have argued which of thefollowing about the relationship between racial prejudice and the institution of legal slavery in the English colonies of North America?A. Racial prejudice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously.B. Racial prejudice most often the form of the imposition of inheritedstatus, one of the attributes of slavery.C. The source of racial prejudice was the institution of slavery.D. Because of the influence of the Roman Catholic Church, racialprejudice sometimes did not result in slavery.19. The passage suggests that the existence of a Roman conception ofslavery in Spanish and Portuguese colonies had the effect of _________.A. extending rather than causing racial prejudice in these coloniesB. hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies.C. mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for black people in these coloniesD. delaying the introduction of slavery into the English colonies20. The author considers the explanation put forward by Freyre andTannenbaum for the treatment accorded B lack slaves in the English colonies of North America to be _____________.A. ambitious but misguidedB. valid有根据的but limitedC. popular but suspectD. anachronistic过时的，时代错误的and controversialUNIT 2Text AThe sea lay like an unbroken mirror all around the pine-girt, lonely shores of Orr’s Island. Tall, kingly spruce s wore their regal王室的crowns of cones high in air, sparkling with diamonds of clear exuded gum流出的树胶; vast old hemlocks铁杉of primeval原始的growth stood darkling in their forest shadows, their branches hung with long hoary moss久远的青苔;while feathery larches羽毛般的落叶松,turned to brilliant gold by autumn frosts, lighted up the darker shadows of the evergreens. It was one of those hazy朦胧的, calm, dissolving days of Indian summer, when everything is so quiet that the fainest kiss of the wave on the beach can be heard, and white clouds seem to faint into the blue of the sky, and soft swathing一长条bands of violet vapor make all earth look dreamy, and give to the sharp, clear-cut outlines of the northern landscape all those mysteries of light and shade which impart such tenderness to Italian scenery.The funeral was over,--- the tread鞋底的花纹/ 踏of many feet, bearing the heavy burden of two broken lives, had been to the lonely graveyard, and had come back again,--- each footstep lighter and more unconstrained不受拘束的as each one went his way from the great old tragedy of Death to the common cheerful of Life.The solemn black clock stood swaying with its eternal ―tick-tock, tick-tock,‖ in the kitchen of the brown house on Orr’s Island. There was there that sense of a stillness that can be felt,---such as settles down on a dwelling住处when any of its inmates have passed through its doors for the last time, to go whence they shall not return. The best room was shut up and darkened, with only so much light as could fall through a little heart-shaped hole in the window-shutter,---for except on solemn visits, or prayer-meetings or weddings, or funerals, that room formed no part of the daily family scenery.The kitchen was clean and ample, hearth灶台, and oven on one side, and rows of old-fashioned splint-bottomed chairs against the wall. A table scoured to snowy whiteness, and a little work-stand whereon lay the Bible, the Missionary Herald, and the Weekly Christian Mirror, before named, formed the principal furniture. One feature, however, must not be forgotten, ---a great sea-chest水手用的储物箱,which had been the companion of Zephaniah through all the countries of the earth. Old, and battered破旧的，磨损的, and unsightly难看的it looked, yet report said that there was good store within which men for the most part respect more than anything else; and, indeed it proved often when a deed of grace was to be done--- when a woman was suddenly made a widow in a coast gale大风，狂风, or a fishing-smack小渔船was run down in the fogs off the banks, leaving in some neighboring cottage a family of orphans,---in all such cases, the opening of this sea-chest was an event of good omen 预兆to the bereaved丧亲者;for Zephaniah had a large heart and a large hand, and was apt有…的倾向to take it out full of silver dollars when once it went in. So the ark of the covenant约柜could not have been looked on with more reverence崇敬than the neighbours usually showed to Captain Pennel’s sea-chest.1. The author describes Orr‟s Island in a(n)______way.A.emotionally appealing, imaginativeB.rational, logically preciseC.factually detailed, objectiveD.vague, uncertain2.According to the passage, the “best room”_____.A.has its many windows boarded upB.has had the furniture removedC.is used only on formal and ceremonious occasionsD.is the busiest room in the house3.From the description of the kitchen we can infer that thehouse belongs to people who_____.A.never have guestsB.like modern appliancesC.are probably religiousD.dislike housework4.The passage implies that_______.A.few people attended the funeralB.fishing is a secure vocationC.the island is densely populatedD.the house belonged to the deceased5.From the description of Zephaniah we can see thathe_________.A.was physically a very big manB.preferred the lonely life of a sailorC.always stayed at homeD.was frugal and saved a lotText BBasic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country' s impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the 1930s and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after 1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950s, producing a population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade before 1911 when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic conditions of the 1950s supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of families; In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in the world. After the peak year of 1957, thebirth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer, more women were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families. It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through theWestern world since the time of the Industrial Revolution. Although the growth in Canada’s population had slowed down by 1966 (the cent), another increase in the first half of the 1960s was only nine percent), another large population wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.6. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. Educational changes in Canadian society.B. Canada during the Second World War.C. Population trends in postwar Canada.D. Standards of living in Canada.7. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?A. In the decade after 1911.B. After 1945.C. During the depression of the 1930s.D. In 1966.8. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950s____________.A. the urban population decreased rapidlyB. fewer people marriedC. economic conditions were poorD. the birth rate was very high9. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?A. 1966.B. 1957.C. 1956.D. 1951.10. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines inpopulation growth after 1957 EXCEPT_________________.A. people being better educatedB. people getting married earlierC. better standards of livingD. couples buying houses11.I t can be inferred from the passage that before the IndustrialRevolution_______________.A. families were largerB. population statistics were unreliableC. the population grew steadilyD. economic conditions were badText CI was just a boy when my father brought me to Harlem for the first time, almost 50 years ago. We stayed at the hotel Theresa, a grand brick structure at 125th Street and Seventh avenue. Once, in the hotel restaurant, my father pointed out Joe Louis. He even got Mr. Brown, the hotel manager, to introduce me to him, a bit punchy强力的but still champ焦急as fast as I was concerned.Much has changed since then. Business and real estate are booming. Some say a new renaissance is under way. Others decry责难what they see as outside forces running roughshod肆意践踏over the old Harlem. New York meant Harlem to me, and as a young man I visited it whenever I could. But many of my old haunts are gone. The Theresa shut down in 1966. National chains that once ignored Harlem now anticipate yuppie money and want pieces of this prime Manhattan real estate. So here I am on a hot August afternoon, sitting in a Starbucks that two years ago opened a block away from the Theresa, snatching抓取，攫取at memories between sips of high-priced coffee. I am about to open up a piece of the old Harlem---the New York Amsterdam News---when a tourist。
GRE考试阅读题目解析(5)
GRE考试阅读题目解析(5)GRE阅读题目解析:地震断层P26Most seismologists assume that following a major earthquake and its aftersh ocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthq uake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hun dreds or thousands of years. Recent evidence of subtle interactions between ear thquakes may overturn this assumption, however. According to the stress trigger ing hypothesis, faults are unexpectedly responsive to subtle stresses they acqu ire as neighboring faults shift. Rather than simply dissipating, stress relieve d during an earthquake travels along the fault, concentrating in sites nearby; even the smallest additional stresses may then trigger another quake along the fault or on a nearby fault. Although scientists have long viewed such subtle in teractions as nonexistent, the hypothesis has explained the location and freque ncy of earthquakes following several destructive quakes in California, Japan, a nd Turkey.1. According to the passage, which of the following is an assumption that m ay be invalidated by recent seismological evidence?A. Earthquakes are caused by stresses building up in faults within Earth’s crust.B. Most major earthquakes can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.C. Faults are highly responsive to even minor stresses in neighboring fault s.D. Most major earthquakes are followed by predictable aftershocks.E. A fault that has resulted in a major earthquake becomes quiet for a long period.For the following question, consider each of the choices separately and sel ect all that apply.2. The passage suggests that most seismologists believe which of the follow ing about fault stresses?A. They are dissipated when they result in an earthquake.B. They are transferred between neighboring faults.C. They will not cause a major earthquake along the same fault in the space of a few years.P261Most seismologists【sīz-'mä-lə-jist, sīs】 assume that following a major earthquake and its aftershocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthquake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hundreds or thousands of years.多数地震学家假设，一次大地震及其余震过后，断层(地壳的一处断裂，挤压可能引发地震)会沉寂一段时间，直到压力随时间重新积累，往往要经过成百上千年。
causes for ice ages托福阅读
Causes for Ice AgesIce ages are long periods of low global temperatures, characterized by the expansion of ice sheets and glaciers. These extreme cold periods are believed to have occurred multiple times throughout Earth’s history. Scientists have proposed various theories to explain the causes of ice ages. In this document, we will explore some of these theories.Orbital VariationsOne widely accepted theory suggests that variations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun, known as orbital variations, play a significant role in the onset of ice ages. These variations occur due to changes in the planet’s eccentricity, axial tilt, and precession. Eccentricity refers to the shape of Earth’s orbit, which can vary from a more circular shape to a more elongated one over a period of 100,000 years. Axial tilt refers to the tilt of Earth’s axis of rotation, which oscillates between approximately 22.1 and 24.5 degrees over a cycle of 41,000 years. Precession refers to the wobbling motion of Earth’s axis, which completes a full cycle in abou t 26,000 years.These orbital variations can affect the distribution of solar energy received by the Earth’s surface. For example, when the Earth’s orbit is more elongated (higher eccentricity), the amount of solar radiation reaching the planet’s surface d ecreases, leading to colder global temperatures. This decrease in solar radiation, in combination with other factors, can trigger the onset of an ice age.Solar OutputAnother proposed cause for ice ages is variations in solar output. The Sun is the primary source of heat for our planet, and its energy output is not constant. Over time, the Sun undergoes cyclic changes in activity, resulting in variations in the amount of radiation it emits. These variations in solar output are known as solar cycles or solar flares.During periods of lower solar activity, the amount of energy received by Earth decreases, leading to cooler temperatures. This decrease in solar output can potentially contribute to the onset of an ice age. However, it is important to note that while solar variations may play a role in ice age triggers, they are likely only one contributing factor among several.Atmospheric CompositionThe composition of the Earth’s atmosphere can also influence the onset of ice ages. Scientists believe that fluctuations in greenhouse gas concentrations, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), can impact global temperatures. Thesegases act as a “blanket” around the Earth, trapping heat and preventing it from escaping into space.During ice ages, the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases is thought to decrease. This reduction can lead to a cooling effect, as less heat is trapped in the atmosphere. The decrease in greenhouse gas concentration can be caused by various factors, including changes in volcanic activity, shifts in ocean circulation patterns, and the growth of ice sheets themselves, which can alter the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the ocean.Geological ProcessesGeological processes, such as the movement of tectonic plates and the formation of mountain ranges, can also influence ice age occurrence. These processes can alter the circulation patterns of ocean currents, affecting the distribution of heat around the globe. Additionally, the growth of mountain ranges can impact atmospheric circulation patterns and create barriers that restrict the flow of air masses, leading to localized cooling.ConclusionIce ages are complex phenomena influenced by a combination of factors. Orbital variations, solar output fluctuations, atmospheric composition changes, and geological processes all contribute to the onset and duration of ice ages. Understanding these causes and their interactions can provide valuable insights into past ice ages and help predict future climatic changes on our planet.。
初一英语阅读理解专项训练可打印
初一英语阅读理解专项训练可打印全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1English Reading Comprehension Focused Training - A Student's GuideAs a junior high school student, one of the most critical skills we need to master is reading comprehension in English. It's not just about being able to decode words and understand their meanings; it's about being able to analyze, interpret, and draw inferences from written texts. That's why focused training in English reading comprehension is so essential.The Benefits of Focused TrainingYou might be wondering, "Why do I need focused training? Can't I just read more and get better?" While regular reading practice is undoubtedly helpful, focused training provides a structured approach that targets specific reading comprehension skills and strategies. Here are some of the benefits of focused training:Improved Reading Speed and AccuracyThrough targeted exercises and drills, focused training can help you read faster while maintaining accurate comprehension. You'll learn techniques for skimming, scanning, and identifying main ideas quickly.Enhanced Vocabulary BuildingFocused training often incorporates vocabulary-building exercises, exposing you to new words in context and helping you understand their meanings and usage more effectively.Better Understanding of Text StructuresDifferent types of texts (e.g., narratives, expository texts, persuasive essays) have distinct structures. Focused training will teach you to recognize and understand these structures, making it easier to comprehend the overall meaning and purpose of the text.Developed Inferencing SkillsReading comprehension isn't just about understanding the literal meaning of words; it's also about making inferences based on contextual clues and your own background knowledge. Focused training will help you develop these crucial inferencing skills.Improved Test PerformanceMany standardized tests, such as the TOEFL or IELTS, have a reading comprehension component. Focused training can help you prepare for these tests by exposing you to the types of questions and strategies needed to succeed.What to Expect from Focused TrainingFocused training in English reading comprehension typically involves a combination of targeted exercises, practice passages, and strategies for approaching different types of texts. Here's a general overview of what you can expect:Pre-Reading StrategiesYou'll learn techniques for previewing texts, activating background knowledge, and setting a purpose for reading. These strategies will help you approach texts more effectively and improve your overall comprehension.Vocabulary BuildingExpect to encounter exercises that focus on building your English vocabulary, such as matching words to definitions, identifying word roots and affixes, and using context clues to determine word meanings.Comprehension QuestionsA significant portion of focused training will involve answering comprehension questions based on various passages. These questions will target different reading comprehension skills, such as identifying main ideas, making inferences, understanding author's purpose and tone, and analyzing text structures.Post-Reading ActivitiesAfter reading a passage, you'll often engage in activities that reinforce your understanding, such as summarizing the main points, discussing the author's perspective, or applying the information to new situations.Strategy PracticeFocused training will introduce you to a variety of reading strategies, such as skimming for main ideas, scanning for specific information, annotating texts, and using graphic organizers to organize information.Tips for Effective Focused TrainingTo get the most out of your focused training in English reading comprehension, here are some tips to keep in mind:Be an Active ReaderDon't just passively read the passages; engage with the text by asking questions, making predictions, and connecting the information to your own experiences and knowledge.Practice RegularlyConsistency is key. Make focused training a regular part of your study routine, even if it's just for a short period each day. The more you practice, the more natural and effective your reading comprehension skills will become.Seek FeedbackDon't be afraid to ask for help or feedback from your teacher or tutor. They can provide valuable insights and guidance to help you improve your weaknesses and build on your strengths.Experiment with StrategiesDifferent reading strategies work better for different types of texts and individuals. Experiment with various techniques and find the ones that work best for you.Stay MotivatedReading comprehension is a complex skill that takes time and effort to develop. Don't get discouraged if progress seems slow. Celebrate your successes, no matter how small, and remindyourself of the long-term benefits of improved reading comprehension skills.ConclusionFocused training in English reading comprehension is an invaluable investment in your academic and personal growth. By dedicating time and effort to targeted exercises, practice passages, and strategy development, you'll not only improve your ability to understand and analyze written texts but also develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills that will serve you well in all aspects of life. Embrace the challenge, stay motivated, and remember that with consistent practice and a growth mindset, you can become a proficient and confident reader in English.篇2Middle School English Reading Comprehension PracticeHey there fellow students! As we all know, reading comprehension is a huge part of our English exams. That's why today I wanted to share a lengthy reading passage along with some practice questions. Hopefully this will help us get ready for those brutal tests!The passage is all about the history and cultural impacts of one of the most popular sports in the world - soccer (or football, as most countries call it). Let's dive in!The Global Game of SoccerSoccer is a sport loved and played by millions across the globe. While its origins are a bit murky, the game as we know it today has been around for centuries. Many civilizations had versions of a sport involving kicking a ball, from the ancient Chinese "Tsu Chu" to games played by Greek soldiers to stay fit. However, most historians credit the English for developing modern soccer rules in the 19th century.In 1863, representatives from schools across England met to standardize the guidelines of the game. They formed the Football Association (FA) and wrote down the first official laws of soccer. This included formalizing the number of players on each team, field dimensions, and outlawing the use of hands (which distinguished it from sports like rugby).From these humble beginnings, soccer quickly spread across Great Britain and then to the rest of the world. By the 1900s, it had become wildly popular across Europe and South America. The first international tournament, which later became the World Cup, kicked off in 1930 with teams from 13 nations.Since then, soccer has become one of the most-watched and played sports on Earth. The World Cup final match is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world, drawing billions of viewers every four years. Part of the game's appeal is its simplicity - requiring only a ball and open space to play. This has allowed it to cross cultural and economic borders globally.Professional soccer leagues exist on every continent populated with passionate fans. Clubs like Manchester United, Real Madrid, and Barcelona have supporters numbering in the tens of millions worldwide. Soccer superstars like Pele, Diego Maradona, and Lionel Messi have achieved international celebrity status through their skills on the pitch.Off the field, the culture surrounding soccer is also a significant part of the game's identity. For many, it is deeply intertwined with national pride and intense rivalries between countries and cities. Fans are well known for their face painting, chanting, merchandise collecting, and other dedicated traditions. Riots and violence have even broken out due to clashes between opposing fan groups.In many impoverished regions, soccer provides an important source of hope, joy and opportunity. Many professional players rose out of poverty by displaying talents first developed playingbarefoot with balls made of rags or bundled plastics on rough neighborhood fields. The chance to become the next superstar prospect motivates countless youths to practice constantly.So whether you're a passionate fan or someone who couldn't care less about sports, there's no denying the incredible global impact of soccer. The simple game played by strikers and defenders has become a cultural phenomenon crossing boundaries of language, religion and nationality. Where will the beautiful game go next? Only time will tell!Reading Comprehension QuestionsAccording to the passage, which of the following is NOT credited as a predecessor to modern soccer?A) Ancient Chinese game "Tsu Chu"B) Games played by Greek soldiersC) Early forms of basketballD) Games across medieval EnglandWhen were the first official rules and laws defining soccer created?A) 1863 by the Football Association in EnglandB) In the early 1900s as the sport spread across EuropeC) By FIFA in 1930 before the first World CupD) The exact origins are unclear according to the passageBased on details in the passage, which of these statements is true?A) Soccer was invented in South America in the early 1800sB) The World Cup has been played every 4 years since 1930C) The 2022 World Cup final was the most watched sporting event everD) Part of soccer's global appeal is that it only requires a ballWhich word could best replace "simplicity" in the following sentence?: "Part of the game's appeal is its simplicity - requiring only a ball and open space to play."A) ComplexityB) BasicnessC) ClarityD) SustainabilityBased on context clues, which of these phrases matches the meaning of "bare foot"?A) With shoes on one's feetB) Without any covering on one's feetC) Having expensive shoes or bootsD) Walking around with socks but no shoesWhy does the author say "Where will the beautiful game go next? Only time will tell!"A) To speculate about potential rules changes coming soonB) To question if soccer will remain popular in the futureC) To introduce a new section about the game's futureD) As a concluding statement about soccer's uncertain path aheadThe author's main purpose in writing this passage was to:A) Persuade readers that soccer is the best sport in the worldB) Describe the global history, impacts, and culture of soccerC) Analyze the differences between soccer and other sportsD) Critique the basic rules and gameplay of modern soccerWhich best describes the author's tone in the final paragraph?A) Humorous and sarcastic about the sport's popularityB) Solemn and respectful of the game's significanceC) Persuasive in trying to make readers become fansD) Objective in summarizing facts about soccer's reachLet me know if you have any other questions! I tried to make this reading practice challenging but relevant for middle school students like us. Time to get studying so we can ace those exams!篇3Middle School English Reading Comprehension PracticeHey guys! As a middle school student, I know how important it is to get practice with English reading comprehension. Those reading sections on tests can be really tough if you don't prepare. That's why I've put together some tips and practice materials to help you out.First off, let's go over some strategies for attacking those reading comprehension passages and questions:Preview the questions first. Before you start reading the passage, skim through the questions so you know what to look for as you read. This helps guide your reading.Identify the main idea. As you read, try to summarize the overall gist or main point of the passage in your own words. Having the big picture in mind helps with comprehension.Mark key details. Underline or highlight any important names, dates, definitions, examples, or other specific details mentioned as you go. You'll likely need to refer back to these.Annotate the passage. Jot brief notes or summaries in the margins as you read each paragraph or section. This keeps you engaged and aids retention.Use context clues. If you stumble across an unfamiliar vocabulary word, look for context clues in the surrounding sentences that may hint at the meaning.Visualize descriptions. For passages with vivid imagery or descriptive details, create mental pictures in your mind to enhance comprehension and memory.Pay attention to structure. Notice transition words, paragraph breaks, and the overall organization and flow of ideas in the passage.Okay, now let's move on to some practice! Here are a few sample reading passages with questions to test your skills:Passage 1 (Historical)The Renaissance was a period of artistic, cultural, and intellectual revival that originated in Italy during the 14th century before spreading throughout Europe. This "rebirth" marked a transition from the medieval era to modernity, with a renewed interest in ancient Greco-Roman philosophy, art, and literature...Questions:What is the main idea of this passage?In what country did the Renaissance begin?What does the word "revival" mean in this context?...Passage 2 (Scientific)The water cycle is the continuous circulation of water between the earth's surfaces and the atmosphere. It is driven by energy from the sun, which causes water to evaporate from oceans, lakes, rivers, and soil. This moisture condenses into clouds, eventually falling as precipitation like rain or snow...Questions:Identify two forms of precipitation mentioned.According to the passage, what drives the water cycle?Explain what "condenses" means based on context clues....Passage 3 (Literary)In the famous novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, the protagonist Scout Finch comes of age in a small Southern town haunted by racial injustice. With the help of her father Atticus, a principled lawyer, Scout is forced to confront harsh realities about prejudice and morality...Questions:What is the name of the main character?Which U.S. region is the novel set in?What does "protagonist" mean?...Those are just a few examples to get you started. The more practice passages and questions you drill, the better prepared you'll be for reading comprehension on tests. Don't getdiscouraged - it takes time and repetition, but your skills will improve! Mark up those passages, jot down notes, quiz yourself, and don't be afraid to re-read sections you struggle with.Mastering reading comp is also about building broader skills like focus, critical thinking, and attention to detail. Apply those strategies consistently and you'll be ready to ace those reading sections.I hope these tips and practice materials are helpful! Let me know if you need any other English reading resources or have additional questions. We're all in this together as we navigate middle school English. Wishing you the best of luck!。
专题33 话题20环境保护 2023高考英语写作训练课件
6
参考范文
It is high time that effective measures should be taken to protect the oceans with the pollution becoming increasingly serious. To begin with, raising people’s awareness of protecting oceans is a top priority. In addition, strict laws are supposed to be passed to prevent the oceans from being polluted.
罗列要点(关键词)
Para.3:发出倡议 My dear friends, there may be a long way to go for us. Let’s work hand in hand to challenge the difficulties and expect a better environment. 或Dear students, let’s start with ourselves.
Step 3 连词成句
Para.1发出倡议的原因和目的；
Aimed at recycling and saving resources to protect our environment, the trash-sorting program has been promoted recently in China. As for us students, it’s essential and vital to involve ourselves in it. Para2:垃圾分类的要求：须分四类
Active-reading-1 (2)
More
Active reading 1: Embarkation
Science quiz
× 6. Adults can hear a greater range of sounds than adolescents. Not at all, hearing starts deteriorating as early as the upper teens and early twenties. × 7. When you drop a piece of toast the butter side hits the ground first. It usually does but not to annoy you. Given the height from which toast is usually dropped and the slant at which it is held, it will usually land face down. If you held it evenly by both hands, or dropped it from a height, this would not happen.
2. Bad or good luck has no connection with myth.
More
Active reading 1: Embarkation
Case study
Individual rethinking: There are other things that have been carried down from our culture in both China and the West. Are they myths or cultural traditions?
(完整版)环境科学交叉关系学科Chapter8,9重点句子翻译
第八章人口问题The world can be divided into two segments based on the state of economic development of the countries.根据国家的经济发展状况，世界可以分成两个部分。
Collectively, the more-developed countries of the world have relatively stable populations and are expected to grow by about 4 percent by 2050. The less-developed regions of the world，however, have high population growth rates and are expected to grow by about 55 percent by 2050.总体而言，世界上发达国家的人口数量比较稳定，预计到2050年增长4%。
但是，世界上欠发达国家的人口增长率非常高，预计到2050年增长55%。
Human population growth is tied to economic development and is a contributing factor to nearly all environmental problems.人口增长与经济发展紧密相连，在几乎所有的环境问题中，人口增长都是一个影响因子。
It is clear that as the population continues to increase, it will become more difficult to limit the environmental degradation that accompanies it.人们非常清楚，随着人口继续增长，限制随之而来的环境恶化将变得更加困难。
causeandcorrelation：因果关系
852 NATURE PHYSICS | VOL 8 | DECEMBER 2012 | /naturephysicsCause and correlationOne day, when I was a small child, walking in the woods with my father, he started clicking his fingers in an odd, rhythmic way. “What are you doing?”, I asked, to which he replied, “The noise keeps the elephants out of the trees.” I stared at him like he was insane. “Well”, he said, “you haven’t seen any elephants in the trees have you?” I could see at once that he had a point, yet that something was also perversely wrong. Correlation, my father was teaching me, does not imply causation.Y et there is perhaps no method so prizedin science as searching for correlations. We plot data and look at graphs hoping for patterns to emerge. We calculate regressions and search for combinations of variables able to ‘explain’ anything from patterns in solar flares to inflation.And correlations often do point toreal causal effects. We first learned that light had a finite speed when Ole Romer observed a correlation between variations in the period of Jupiter’s moon Io and the Earth’s motion towards or away from Jupiter. Today, in fields from econometrics to statistical physics, the search for correlations in data drives a small scientific industry. But we’re really only beginning to appreciate how we might go beyond statistics to get at cause and effect more directly.If correlation does not imply causation,it’s also true that causation need not imply correlation. Writing in Science, ecologistGeorge Sugihara and colleagues give a nice example (Science 338, 496–500; 2012).Consider a simple model for the interaction of two species — foxes and rabbits, say — where the yearly change in each population follows a simple logistic map, with some weak coupling also between populations. That is, if X (t ) and Y (t ) denoterabbit and fox populations respectively, we have X (t +1) = X (t )[r X−r X X (t )−βX ,Y Y (t )]and Y (t +1) = Y (t )[r Y −r Y Y (t )−βY ,X X (t )], withparameters r X , r Y , βX ,Y and βY ,X .Despite the simplicity of these equations,the two variables in a single sample run can move up and down in strong synchrony for a time, then lapse into a period of opposing or anti-correlated behaviour, and then drift into another regime with no apparent link at all. There is no long-term statistical correlation between the two variables, despite a clear causal link.Correlation alone isn’t informative, noris the lack of it. Might there be more subtle patterns, beyond correlations, that do really signify causal influence?On this question, one influential idea was introduced in 1969 by economist Clive Granger. He reasoned that if some thing X causally influences some other thing Y , then including X in a predictive scheme should improve predictions of Y . Conversely, excluding X should make predictions worse. Causal factors can be identified as those that reduce predictive accuracy when excluded.This notion of ‘Granger causality’ makes obvious intuitive sense, and has found many applications, especially in econometrics. However, the theory applies to stochastic variables, especially in linear systems. As Granger himself noted, “The theory is, in fact, non-relevant for non-stochastic variables.” Which is unfortunate as so much of the world seems to be more suitably described by nonlinear, deterministic systems.For this world, Sugihara and colleagues now propose an alternative, which they call ‘convergent cross mapping’. It’s an empirical method that takes data and tests for causal links and, as they demonstrate, seems to have significant power over and above Granger causality and other methods.One problem with Granger causality, the authors point out, is that intimate connections between the parts of any nonlinear system make ‘excluding’ a variable more or less impossible. In the system of foxes and rabbits, for example, you might exclude Y and see if you can predict X . That sounds like asking if a variable can predict itself, and the answer is yes. A key result in dynamical system theory — the Takens embedding theorem — shows that one can always reconstruct the dynamical attractor for a system from data in the form of lagged samples of just one variable. In effect, X (t ) is always predictable from enough of its earlier values. Excluding Y doesn’t make X any less predictable. The notion of Granger causality would erroneously conclude that Y is non-causal.To get around this problem, Sugihara and colleagues use the embedding theorem to their advantage. The reconstruction trick can be done for both variables X and Y , reconstructing two manifolds, M X and M Y , each of which describes the dynamical attractor of the whole system. Now, sensibly, if X has a causal influence on Y , one should expect this influence to show up as a direct link between the dynamics on these two manifolds. Knowing states on the manifold M Y at a certain time should make it possible to know the states on M X at the same time.All that sounds rather abstract, but Sugihara and colleagues demonstrate it in several examples. First, the technique works beautifully in the rabbits and foxes model, clearly demonstrating causal links between X and Y . It also works well in a second case with known answers: a classic ecological system involving the interaction of the carnivorous single-celled predator Didinium and its prey Paramecium. Again, the method shows that both organisms exert a causal influence on the other, as is known from direct study of their interactions. In contrast, tests using Granger causality fail for both these problems.But the method really shows its value in the context of an outstanding puzzle. Ecologists have for decades debated what’s going on with two fish species, the Pacific sardine and northern anchovy, the populations of which on a global scale alternate powerfully on a decadal timescale. The data, some suggest, imply that these species must have some direct competition or other interaction, as when the numbers of one go up, those of the other go down. Failing any direct observation of such interactions, however, others have proposed that the global synchrony betrays something else — global forcing from changing sea surface temperatures, which just happen to affect the two species differently.Strikingly, the results from convergent cross mapping seem to resolve the matter in one stroke. The analysis shows no evidence at all for a direct causal link between the two species, and clear evidence for a link from sea surface temperature to each species.This is a beautifully simple application of the basic ideas of dynamical system theory, illustrating how much more value might be drawn from that theory even now. I find it hard to believe this technique won’t find immediate application in economics and finance as well as in ecology, neuroscience and elsewhere. Causality is as fundamental a concept as we have in science, yet we still have much to learn about recognizing it. ❐MARK BUCHANAN Not only does correlation not imply causality, but lack of correlation needn’t imply a lack ofcausality either.© 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reservedBelow is given annual work summary, do not need friends can download after editor deleted Welcome to visit againXXXX annual work summaryDear every leader, colleagues:Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.The second Do best, strictly perform their responsibilities. Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe inyourself do better next year!I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。
雅思考试阅读核心认知词-地质环境篇
雅思考试阅读核心认知词-地质环境篇adaptation [ˌædæpˈteɪʃn] n.适应，改编afield [əˈfiːld] ad.在战场上；离乡背井地；在远方，在远处alluvial [əˈluːviəl] a.冲积的，淤积的amass [əˈmæs] v.积聚amorphous [əˈmɔːfəs] a.无定形的；无组织的；非结晶质的aquaculture [ˈækwəkʌltʃə（r）] n.水产养殖arable [ˈærəbl] a.可耕作的n.耕地arid [ˈærɪd] a.干旱的；不毛的artefact [ˈɑːtɪfækt] n.人工制品ash [æʃ] n.灰；灰烬；[pl.]骨灰；遗骸assimilate [əˈsɪməleɪt] v.吸收；使同化astronaut [ˈæstrənɔːt] n.宇航员avalanche [ˈævəlɑːnʃ] n./v.雪崩balcony [ˈbælkəni] n.阳台；楼厅banner [ˈbænə（r）] n.横幅；旗帜bay [beɪ] n.海湾beneath [bɪˈniːθ] prep./ad.在下方，在底下beware [bɪˈweə（r）] v.谨防，当心bilateral [ˌbaɪˈlætərəl] a.双边的，双方的boulder [ˈbəʊldə（r）] n.大石头bounce [baʊns] v.弹起，反弹brass [brɑːs] n.黄铜；黄铜制品；铜管乐器breakwater [ˈbreɪkwɔːtə（r）] n.防浪堤bulge [bʌldʒ] n./v.膨胀；凸出；塞满calm [kɑːm] a.镇静的，平静的v.使平静，使镇静cascade [kæˈskeɪd] n.小瀑布centrifugal force 离心力charcoal [ˈtʃɑːkəʊl] n.炭，木炭chemical [ˈkemɪkl] a.化学的n.化学制品chink [tʃɪŋk] n.裂缝，裂口；叮当声v.（使）叮当响chunk [tʃʌŋk] n.大块；相当大的部分/数量climatic [klaɪˈmætɪk] a.气候（上）的clockwise [ˈklɒkwaɪz] a.顺时针方向的ad.顺时针方向地coherent [kəʊˈhɪərənt] a.连贯的；清晰的；一致的，协调的；黏合在一起的combust [kəmˈbʌst] v.燃烧；消耗condemn [kənˈdem] v.谴责；判刑，定罪contaminant [kənˈtæmɪnənt] n.致污物，污染物continental [ˌkɒntɪˈnentl] a.大陆的，大陆性的n.（欧洲）大陆人contrived [kənˈtraɪvd] a.人为的corrode [kəˈrəʊd] v.腐蚀；侵蚀crater [ˈkreɪtə（r）] n.火山口；坑crescent [ˈkresnt] n.新月形（物）a.新月形的crust [krʌst] n.外壳；面包皮v.结成外壳；在……上结硬皮culminate [ˈkʌlmɪneɪt] v.达到高潮；达到顶点；使结束cumulative [ˈkjuːmjələtɪv] a.累积的curly [ˈkɜːli] a.卷曲的；（纹理）波形的debris [ˈdebriː] n.废墟，残骸；垃圾，废弃物；[地理]岩屑decibel [ˈdesɪbel] n.分贝delta [ˈdeltə] n.三角洲depart [dɪˈpɑːt] v.离开，起程desert [ˈdezət] n.沙漠；荒地a.沙漠的；荒凉的；[dɪˈzɜːt] v.舍弃deterioration [dɪˌtɪəriəˈreɪʃn] n.恶化；退化；堕落devastating [ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ] a.毁灭性的；强有力的diminish [dɪˈmɪnɪʃ] v.减少；降低displace [dɪsˈpleɪs] v.取代；移动dome [dəʊm] n.圆屋顶；穹顶domination [ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃn] n.控制，统治，支配doom [duːm] n.厄运；判决；世界末日v.注定；判决；使……的失败成为必然dormant [ˈdɔːmənt] a.休眠的；蛰伏的drill [drɪl] n./v.钻；训练droplet [ˈdrɒplət] n.小滴dusk [dʌsk] n.薄暮，黄昏earthquake [ˈɜːθkweɪk] n.地震ebb [eb] n.落潮，退潮；衰落v.衰退；减少；退潮eclipse [ɪˈklɪps] v.使黯然失色；遮住……的光n.日食，月食；黯然失色ecology [iˈkɒlədʒi] n.生态，生态学elicit [ɪˈlɪsɪt] v.诱出，引出；引起embankment [ɪmˈbæŋkmənt] n.堤岸，路堤environment [ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt] n.客观环境；自然环境equation [ɪˈkweɪʒn] n.方程（式）；平衡equator [ɪˈkweɪtə（r）] n.赤道erosion [ɪˈrəʊʒn] n.腐蚀，磨损，侵蚀eruption [ɪˈrʌpʃn] n.火山爆发estuary [ˈestʃuəri] n.（江河入海的）河口湾excavate [ˈekskəveɪt] v.挖掘，掘出excavator [ˈekskəveɪtə（r）] n.挖掘机；开凿者exhaust [ɪɡˈzɔːst] v.使筋疲力尽；耗尽；抽完，汲干n.排气管；废气exhaustible [ɪɡˈzɔːstəbl] a.可被用尽的；会枯竭的exist [ɪɡˈzɪst] v.存在；生存expedition [ˌekspəˈdɪʃn] n.远征（队），探险（队）exploratory [ɪkˈsplɒrətri] a.勘探的，探究的，考察的explore [ɪkˈsplɔː（r）] v.探险，探索；仔细查阅，探究facade [fəˈsɑːd] n.正面；（虚假的）外表fallow [ˈfæləʊ] n.休耕地a.（土地）休耕的finite [ˈfaɪnaɪt] a.有限的；限定的flint [flɪnt] n.火石foreland [ˈfɔːlənd] n.前沿地；岬form [fɔːm] n.形式；外形；表格v.形成fracture [ˈfræktʃə（r）] v.（使）断裂n.骨折fraught [frɔːt] a.担心的，忧虑的；充满……的frontier [ˈfrʌntɪə（r）] n.（学科或活动的）前沿；边界a.边界的；开拓的galaxy [ˈɡæləksi] n.银河；星系geological [ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkl] a.地质的，地质学的glacial [ˈɡleɪʃl] a.冰川的；寒冷的global [ˈɡləʊbl] a.全球的；总体的gorge [ɡɔːdʒ] n.山峡，峡谷v.狼吞虎咽；塞饱granite [ˈɡrænɪt] n.花岗岩gravel [ˈɡrævl] n.沙砾，砾石grind [ɡraɪnd] v.磨（碎），碾；折磨n.苦差事halve [hɑːv] v.二等分；减半harbour [ˈhɑːbə（r）] n.港口v.停泊；隐匿herdsman [ˈhɜːdzmən] n.牧人highland [ˈhaɪlənd] n.高原，高地hinterland [ˈhɪntəlænd] n.内地，腹地horizon [həˈraɪzn] n.地平线；范围；眼界horizontal [ˌhɒrɪˈzɒntl] a.水平的，与地面平行的；平的，平坦的humidity [hjuːˈmɪdəti] n.湿度；潮湿hurricane [ˈhʌrɪkən] n.飓风incongruous [ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs] a.不协调的，不一致的，不适宜的indication [ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃn] n.指示industrialize [ɪnˈdʌstriəlaɪz] v.（使）工业化inland [ˈɪnlænd] a.内陆的[ˌɪnˈlænd]ad.向内地/内陆inlet [ˈɪnlet] n.入口，进（水）口；水湾isle [aɪl] n.小岛，岛isolation [ˌaɪsəˈleɪʃn] n.隔离；孤立；（电）绝缘jostle [ˈdʒɒsl] v.推挤；挤开通路landward [ˈlændwəd] a.向陆地的，向岸的lane [leɪn] n.小巷；车道latitude [ˈlætɪtjuːd] n.纬度[pl.]纬度地区layer [ˈleɪə（r）] n.层，层次lime [laɪm] n.石灰limestone [ˈlaɪmstəʊn] n.石灰岩longitude [ˈlɒŋɡɪtjuːd] n.经度longitudinal [ˌlɒŋɡɪˈtjuːdənl] a.经度的；纵向的；长度的magma [ˈmæɡmə] n.岩浆marsh [mɑːʃ] n.沼泽；湿地marsupial [mɑːˈsuːpiəl] n./a.有袋动物（的）mechanic [məˈkænɪk] n.机修工；[pl.]力学，机械学Mediterranean [ˌmedɪtəˈreɪniən] a.地中海的n.地中海migrant [ˈmaɪɡrənt] n.移居者，移民；迁移动物，候鸟mixture [ˈmɪkstʃə（r）] n.混合（物）moist [mɔɪst] a.湿润的，潮湿的mount [maʊnt] n.支架，底座；山，峰v.登上；骑上；发起；安装mountainous [ˈmaʊntənəs] a.多山的navigable [ˈnævɪɡəbl] a.可通航的；适于航行的ore [ɔː（r）] n.矿；矿石ounce [aʊns] n.盎司outpost [ˈaʊtpəʊst] n.前哨（站）；边区村落particle [ˈpɑːtɪkl] n.极少量；微粒pasture [ˈpɑːstʃə（r）] n.牧场，牧场草地v.放牧petrol [ˈpetrəl] n.汽油plaster [ˈplɑːstə（r）] n.灰泥，熟石膏；膏药plateau [ˈplætəʊ] n.高原plough [plaʊ] n.犁v.犁地pollutant [pəˈluːtənt] n.污染物pollution [pəˈluːʃn] n.污染；污染物；玷污precarious [prɪˈkeəriəs] a.不安全的，不稳定的，充满危险的；不牢靠的，不稳固的precipitation [prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃn] n.降水（量）；[化]沉淀pumice [ˈpʌmɪs] n.浮石，浮岩v.用浮岩磨光quartz [kwɔːts] n.石英realm [relm] n.界，领域，范围；王国，国度retain [rɪˈteɪn] v.保留；保持revegetate [riːˈvedʒɪˌteɪt] v.再生长，再种植sandstone [ˈsændstəʊn] n.砂岩scarce [skeəs] a.缺乏的，不足的；稀少的，罕见的scatter [ˈskætə（r）] v.（使人或动物）散开，驱散；散布，散播scour [ˈskaʊə（r）] v.擦洗，擦亮；冲刷，冲刷成seam [siːm] n.缝，接缝；煤层seasonal [ˈsiːzənl] a.季节的，季节性的，随季节而变化的；周期性的sediment [ˈsedɪmənt] n.沉积物；沉淀物seep [siːp] v.渗，渗透shell [ʃel] n.壳；炮弹v.剥……的壳；炮击signpost [ˈsaɪnpəʊst] v.设置路标n.路标silt [sɪlt] n.淤泥v.（使）淤塞silicon [ˈsɪlɪkən] n.硅skull [skʌl] n.颅骨，脑壳slat [slæt] n.板条，狭板v.用板条做/装备slope [sləʊp] n.斜坡；倾斜v.（使）倾斜slurry [ˈslʌri] n.泥浆source [sɔːs] n.根源；来源sticky [ˈstɪki] a.黏性的；（天气）湿热的stockpile [ˈstɒkpaɪl] v.大量贮存n.囤聚的物资strait [streɪt] n.海峡；困境subordinate [səˈbɔːdɪnət] n.下属a.低级的；次要的[səˈbɔːdɪneɪt] v.使处于次要地位；使服从subtropical [ˌsʌbˈtrɒpɪkl] a.亚热带的sulphuric [sʌlˌfjʊərɪk] a.硫黄的；含硫黄的sulphuric acid 硫酸surge [sɜːdʒ] v./n.激增，涌动tense [tens] a.拉紧的v.（使）拉紧terrain [təˈreɪn] n.地形，地势terrestrial [təˈrestriəl] a.陆地的，陆生的，陆栖的；地球的thunder [ˈθʌndə（r）] n.雷；雷声v.打雷；轰隆响timber [ˈtɪmbə（r）] n.木材，木料topography [təˈpɒɡrəfi] n.地形学；地形，地貌topsoil [ˈtɒpsɔɪl] n.表土层torrent [ˈtɒrənt] n.洪流；逆发，（话语等的）连发torrential [təˈrenʃl] a.倾泻的，急流的toxic [ˈtɒksɪk] a.有害的，有毒的tramp [træmp] n.长途跋涉v.踩踏tropospheric [ˌtrɒpəˈsferɪk] a.对流层的typhoon [taɪˈfuːn] n.台风ultraclean [ˌʌltrəˈkliːn] a.超净的，特净的uncertainty [ʌnˈsɜːtnti] n.不确定；无把握universally [ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːsəli] ad.普遍地；人人；到处upper [ˈʌpə（r）] a.上面的；地位较高的；高地的volcano [vɒlˈkeɪnəʊ] n.火山waterfront [ˈwɔːtəfrʌnt] n.滨水路，滨水地区（如港口或海边）zone [zəʊn] n.地区；范围v.分区。
兰州2024年07版小学5年级第7次英语第二单元期末试卷
兰州2024年07版小学5年级英语第二单元期末试卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:140）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：The ______ teaches us about physical education.2、听力题：Ions are charged ______.3、填空题：The _____ (拼图) is difficult to solve.4、What do you call a group of musicians?A. BandB. ChoirC. OrchestraD. All of the above答案:D5、填空题：The __________ (历史的启示) guide future actions.6、听力题：The _____ is a vast region of space filled with stars.7、What do we call a person who studies the interactions between organisms and their environment?a. Ecologistb. Biologistc. Chemistd. Geologist答案:a8、听力题：A _______ is a natural stream of water.9、选择题：What do you call the winter sport of sliding down snow-covered hills?A. SkiingB. SurfingC. SkatingD. Snowboarding10、填空题：A __________ (酸) tastes sour and can be found in lemons.11、填空题：I love the __________ (夜空) filled with stars.12、听力题：The _____ (山羊) grazes in the field.13、听力题：The flowers are ________ in the garden.14、听力题：Carbon atoms can form long _____ of molecules.15、填空题：I enjoy playing with my toy ________ (玩具名称) in the pool.16、听力题：The chemical symbol for helium is ____.17、填空题：I enjoy creating games with my toy ________ (玩具名称).18、听力题：A base that is soluble in water is called an _____.19、填空题：Joan of Arc is a famous figure from ________ history.20、听力题：The sun sets in the ___ (west/east).21、What do we call a young female zebra?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Pup答案：B22、听力题：I like to ride my ________.23、填空题：The pH scale measures how _______ or alkaline a substance is. (酸性)24、选择题：What do we call a baby rabbit?A. KittenB. PupC. BunnyD. Leveret25、填空题：The country famous for its mountains is ________ (瑞士).26、选择题：What is the opposite of clean?A. DirtyB. NeatC. TidyD. Clear27、填空题：We have a ______ (精彩的) event planned for next week.28、填空题：I have a toy _______ that can light up and glow.29、填空题：The _____ (hillside) is dotted with wildflowers.30、听力题：I have a pet ________.31、填空题：My favorite fruit is a ______.32、听力题：The _______ of a solution indicates its acidity or basicity.33、听力填空题：During school breaks, I usually __________ with my family.34、听力题：Earthquakes occur when there is a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s ______.35、填空题：My school has a big ________ (图书馆) full of books.36、Which gas do we exhale?A. OxygenB. Carbon DioxideC. NitrogenD. Helium37、填空题：Flowers can be used in ______ (装饰) arrangements.38、填空题:I love to eat ________ and chocolate cake.39、听力题：__________ are formed when acids and bases react together.40、听力题：My favorite subject is __________.41、填空题：I have a collection of __________ (玩具名) from __________ (地方).42、What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. Stockholm答案: A43、听力题：The ________ (puppet) is controlled by strings.44、选择题：What is the opposite of 'day'?A. NoonB. EveningC. NightD. DawnI want to learn how to _______ (做陶瓷).46、填空题：The __________ (历史的构建) involves various narratives and interpretations.47、听力题：The Great Wall is a structure in the ______ galaxy.48、What do you call a young dog?A. CalfB. PuppyC. KittenD. Fawn答案:B49、填空题：The monkey is very ______ (聪明) and likes to swing.50、What do you call a baby horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb答案: B51、听力题：I love ______ (chocolate) cookies.52、听力题：The puppy is ________ and playful.53、填空题：My toy robot can _____ and dance.54、填空题：The __________ is a famous mountain range in South America. (安第斯山脉)55、听力题：The boiling point of a substance can be altered by ______.56、听力题：The Earth spins on its ______.The ________ (家庭活动) strengthen bonds.58、听力题：The freezing point of water is ______ degrees Celsius.59、填空题：The invention of the radio changed the way people _____.60、听力题：A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called an _____ reaction.61、What do you call the sweet treat made from fruit puree and sugar?A. GelatoB. SorbetC. Ice CreamD. Pudding答案: B62、Which planet is known for its beautiful rings?A. JupiterB. UranusC. SaturnD. Neptune答案:C63、填空题：I want to grow a ________ that smells sweet.64、填空题：The bison can weigh up to ______ (一吨).65、填空题：My family has a tradition of making ________ (汤) together every Sunday. It’s a great way to bond.66、填空题：The __________ (历史的回味) lingers.67、听力题：The element with atomic number is __________.68、听力题：Mudslides are a type of ______ that occurs in wet conditions.69、What is the main language spoken in Spain?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. PortugueseD. Italian70、填空题：The __________ was a time of significant social change in the 1960s. (社会运动)71、听力题：A ______ is a small, flying insect.72、填空题：The nurse advocates for patient _____ (权益).73、听力题：The ________ (planet) spins around the sun.74、填空题：The ________ is a gentle creature that lives in the water.75、听力题：A chemical property describes how a substance reacts with ______.76、How many sides does a triangle have?A. TwoB. ThreeC. FourD. Five答案:B77、填空题：The _____ (采集) of wildflowers is regulated.78、填空题：The _____ (小羊) bleats softly as it grazes in the field.小羊在田野里吃草时轻声叫唤。
学术英语综合课文翻译季佩英
Unit 4 环境Text A The Green Movement at 50: What Next?环保的当今时代是约半个世纪之久。
那段时间意识不断壮大，我们所面临的挑战知识增加，而重要的实践已经取得了进展，例如在一些减少各种污染，并在建立保护区。
我们是，但是，仍然由协调人什么我们的星球能提供可持续的要求很远。
人与自然之间的不平衡的后果是出现在改变地球的气候，动物和植物的势头，并在关键的资源，包括野生鱼类资源，淡水和土壤的枯竭的大灭绝。
而这些环境压力不是一成不变的。
他们不断升级，随着我国人口的增长和国家继续为更多的经济增长的不懈追求。
如果我们要避免这些趋势的最严重后果则毫无疑问是较为迅速的进展将需要比迄今取得的，但我们在这里应该关注我们的努力？什么可能是在未来的半个世纪行动的优先领域？这让我感到眼前的主要挑战主要不是相对于良好的信息，更好的技术和良好的政策思路。
这些东西是至关重要的当然的，但所有这些东西都已经可用。
我们知道如何让清洁电力，节约资源，培育生物多样性。
我们知道如何规范污染，防止损坏的生态系统，如果我们想。
我们有这些能力的事实是不够的。
如果我们继续前进的决定性方式的争论它需要被重新定义。
我们需要从“做正确的事'上移动，谈到风险管理，促进抗灾能力。
要查看关爱地球的自然系统为某种道德选择的是完全误解了危机，我们都在这个挑战是关于人类社会的未来，而不是一些可选的慈善事业，我们可以留给慈善事业慷慨解囊，做社会改良。
嵌入了使我们从保护自然的人们保护自然为人们的叙述是这样的重新规划的重要组成部分。
我们正处在一个时期的后果，世界必须知道，健康的本质不是一些可选的精密而是一组不可缺少的物质资产。
如果这样的叙述是为了获得实际效果再想找性质后必须立即被看作不仅是一个环境的挑战，也是一个经济问题。
只要我们继续滑向两个方向行进，一方面是促进环保目标的同时，对其他直接矛盾与措施，以实现更多的经济增长，我们不再将无法取得真正的进展。
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†Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas F´ısicas, r. Dr. Xavier Sigaud, 150, Urca, 22290 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, baltens@cbpf.br
The calculated values of Earth’s inclinations during the cold events in the 500 kyr climate record of Devils Hole show a correlation: they cluster in the regions around 1 and 2 degrees. The Devils Hole record has been chosen, since it was dated by absolute methods. Other climate records covering the same period also have a reduced number of cold events between the two regions. The correlation lends support to the proposal of R. A. Muller and G.J. MacDonald that the observed 100 kyr climate cycle is due to the varying inclination of Earth’s orbit and to material located near the invariant plane which shields off the solar radiation.
The correlation displayed in Fig. 2 indicates that Earth’s inclination, which is not considered as a parameter of Milankovitch forcing, must be included into the discussion of the Ice Age problem. The gas is concentrated close to the surface of rotationally symmetric cones, which form angles of 1 and 2 degrees with the invariant plane, respectively. A distribution of dust, sharply peaked at angles of 2 and 10 degrees to the ecliptic, has been observed with the satellite IRAS [9] . The authors suggest that a cone could become a densely populated region of space, if there are orbiting particles, for which an observed angle is an extreme value of their time varying inclination. If during the Pleistocene a cloud reduced the insolation on Earth, it must have had a much higher density and a lifetime short compared to 10 kyr. Candidates for the constituents of such a cloud are atoms or ions, whose first excitation lies outside the main spectrum of the solar radiation. The conical distribution may result from their properties, in particular the ratio between the force from the solar radiation and the gravitational attraction. A possible source of the gas is described in ref.[10].
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Figure 1: δ18O climate data from Devils Hole [3] (upper curve) and Earth’s orbital inclination (lower curve) over 600 kyr before present [1]. The vertical lines connect cold events with the corresponding inclination values.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank H.-U. Nissen for helpful discussions.
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The climate of the late Pleistocene (ca. 800 11.5 kyr BP) shows a 100 kyr glacial cycle. Muller and McDonald [1] proposed that this feature is caused by variations of the inclination, i.e. the tilt of Earth’s orbital plane, rather than by eccentricity variations, as assumed in the Milankovitch theory. Their model implies that some gas or dust was located near the invariant plane, which reduced the solar radiation on Earth whenever the inclination was smaller than the angle delimiting this cloud.
References
[1] Muller, R.A. & MacDonald, G.J., Glacial cycles and orbital inclination, Nature 377, 107108 (1995).
[2] Muller, R.A. & Mac Donald, Glacial cycles and astronomical forcing, G.J. Science 277, 215218 (1997).
A correlation between Earth’s inclinations and the times of the cold events recorded in Devils Hole climate data
W. W¨olfli ∗ and W. Baltensperger†
arXiv:physics/0209070v1 [physics.geo-ph] 19 Sep 2002
the specimens. In most cases the inclinations have relatively rapid time dependences at the points of occurrence, so that these values are not favoured by long exposures. Admittedly, in some cases the selection of cold periods is arbitrary, however, with slightly different choices of temperature minima the correlation still persists.
The present paper reports a correlation between the values of Earth’s orbital inclination and the times of the cold events using the climate record of Devils Hole [3]. This record (Fig. 1) is chosen because the ages of the calcite specimens were determined by the U-Th method. The inclination of the Earth, also displayed in Fig. 1, was calculated by Quinn et al [4] and transformed into the invariable plane by Muller [2]. Fig. 2 shows that the inclinations at the times of the temperature minima mostly lie within two regions, which are centred at about 1 and 2 degrees, respectively. Fig. 2 indicates that the correlation does not depend on the age of