英语国家社会与文化入门-澳大利亚简答题 unit18
英语国家社会与文化简答题(3-5-6-8-10单元)第三版下册
UNIT 31.what is an American? Comment on the answer to the question by crevecoeur?(1)American is either a European, or the descendant of a European , hence that strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country.He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holdsThe American is a new man ,who acts upon new principles. He must therefore entertain new ideas and form new opinions...this is an American.(2)According to Crevecoeur, The American in those days had the mixed blood of Europeans or their descendants without taking into consideration other nationalities such as American Indians ans blacks. But today , the picture of an American is more complex.2 How did modern development in Europe influence the settlement of North American colonies?Some new and powerful social forces began to emerge which led to the awakening of Europe and the discovery of America.The first new force was the development of capitalism, and it produced the bourgeois class and the working class.The second major force was Renaissance, which was marked by a changing outlook on life.The third influential force was Religious Reformation, a religious reform movement that started form Germany.3 What was the unique American phenomenon ? How did it come into being? Do you think it still exists in today's American society?on the one hand, the English and other Europeans went to North American for seeking freedom. But on the other hand, these very white people who were seeking and fighting for their own freedom deprived black Africans of their freedom The two events combined constituted a unique American . First one is that on July, 30,1619,the first meeting of an elected legislature took place in North American. The second one is a dutch ship brought in over 20 Negroes, who were acted as servants for years.Yes, I do.4 In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.5.what were some causes of the American RevolutionLong-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750 provided the basis for an independent nation with representatives political institutions.More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed the relationship between the colonies and their mother country.Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonist, beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inUNIT 51. do you agree that cultivators of the earth are most valuable citizenYes, I do agree the point that “cultivators of the earth are the most valuable citizens”. My reasons for my agreement can be illustrated as follows: Firstly, though outward forms have changed, the vital importance of agriculture has not. Agriculture provides the sustenance that meets people’s most basic needs. Agriculture and its related industries serve as the foundation of American economic lifeSecondly, They have shown a spirit of individualism that the rest of society has admired. To a large extent, agricultural values have been adopted and celebrated by the society as a whole.Thirdly, American agriculture is big business. It provides the rest world with lots of food. So as the main body of agriculture, cultivators of the earth contribute a lot to American’s economic.2. It is known to all that buying and selling stocks is a risky business. Why do you think there are still so many people involved in it?In order to invest, individuals do not have to have a great deal of money: they can buy just a small portion of a business—called a share. The business of buying and selling shares in enterprises has become so big that offices have had to be set up where the selling of shares, or stock , can take place. These places, located in many cities in the United States and around the world, are called stock exchanges.3.Give examples of industries which are declining, and industries which are fast developing in the US.Generally speaking, declining industries would be industries where labor cost is high and its growth potential is limited. The Auto industry is in a declining state but of course if they reinvent their automobiles things could pick up for them. Developing industries would be the hi tech sector. Especially in companies that are developing new types of technology to help our environment by developing new types of technology in many areas. Especially energy conservation technology and new types of alternative energies. Also, new types of technology where we would be using fewer resources for our daily usage.4.What is the current economic situation in America? How did the great recession begin?what does it show?(1)In late 2007 the US economy suffered a severe recession, it was a crisisthat began in America but soon turned global. Millions of people in America and all over the world lost their homes and jobs. It has resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, and downturns in stock markets around the world,(2)Many economists believe that the problems are revealing defects in the freemarket system and US government financial policies.(3)Question the soundness of this country's economy and even the appropriateshape of a capitalist system,UNIT 61 In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States?A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of theEnlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. Many traditional Protestants and deists could agree, however,"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights," and that "the laws of Nature and Nature's God" entitled them to form a new nation. Among the rights that the new nation guaranteed, as a political necessity in a religiously diverse society, was freedom of religion. The First Amendment insured that American government would not meddle in religious affairs or require any religious beliefs of its citizens.2 What is the relationship between government and religion in America?In some ways, the government supports all religions. Religious groups do not pay taxes in the United States. But government does not pay ministers' salaries or require any belief—not even a belief in God—as a condition of holding public office. Oaths are administered, but those who, like Quakers, object to them, can make a solemn affirmation, or declaration, instead3 What promotes the diversity in American religion?Continuous immigration.The united states has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier American provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community.Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living.were founded in 18th, and 19th century America.Other world religions are increasing their numbers and influence in America such as Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism.4. What are some of the features in religion that are particularly American? What are some of the major differences between American religion and religion in Europe?First of all, Americans with different religions live together under the same law.Secondly, the religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress.In Europe, scientific and economic advance and rising material prosperity have accompanied by a decline in religious observance bu in the US, this has nothappened.Thirdly, in the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.There has been little concentration on doctrine or religious argument such as in European history,UNIT 81. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2. How did American education begin to develop?In 1634, they opened a “lateen grammar” school, a school for those who wanted to prepare for college.In 1636, Harvard College was founded for the training of religious ministers.In 1634 and 1638, the Puritans passed laws declaring that all property could be taxed for the common good, which included the support of school.In 1642 and 1647, the Bay Colony passed laws requiring all parents to provide reading educating for their children.At the end of the 18th century, elementary education throughout the United States was in local hands.3. What are the major characteristics of education in America?(1)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States.(3)Compulsory education for all students.(4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups.(5)Strong demand for higher education.(6)The complex system of higher education.Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students.Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.Welcome To Download欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考！。
英语国家概况社会文化入门简答题上册答案精编版
英语国家概况社会文化入门简答题上册答案精编版MQS system office room 【MQS16H-TTMS2A-MQSS8Q8-MQSH16898】u n i t71 (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations?答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, toparticipate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. (3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what areoften called” the three R’s---“reading, writing and‘arithmetic”(reading, writing and arithmetic).2. How does the British education reflect social class?British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how “equal” educational opportunity should be. In British, th e accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future.3 what are the major changes that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text to illustrate your points.Other major changes to the British education system were caused byworld war Ⅱ。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 澳大利亚的文化生活
16.2考研真题与典型题详解I.Multiple Choice1.Which of the values of Protestantism promotes a life style of simplicity?A.Rationalism.B.Individualism.C.Asceticism.D.Hard work and worldly【答案】C【解析】禁欲主义主张简单生活，不浪费财富。
2.Anglicanism is one of the many forms of______.A.ChristianityB.ProtestantismC.CatholicismD.Presbyterianism【答案】B【解析】圣公会是新教中的许多教派之一。
3.The following are the major forms of non-Christian religions in Australia except ______.A.BuddhismB.IslamC.Hinduism and JudaismD.Catholicism【答案】D【解析】佛教、伊斯兰教、印度教和犹太教是澳大利亚除基督教以外的主要宗教形式。
天主教也信仰基督。
4.Ruth Park a New Zealander who spent most of her life in Australia,also won many literary awards for works not including______.A.The Harp in the SouthB.Poor Man’s Orange and MissusC.Muddle-Headed WombatsD.The Man Who Loved Children【答案】D【解析】露丝·帕尔克是新西兰人,她一生的大部分时间都在澳大利亚,也赢得了许多文学大奖,作品包括三部曲：《南方竖琴》《穷人的桔子和夫人》和儿童著作《糊涂的袋熊》系列。
英语国家社会与文化入门简答题
P18(3). "British history has been a history of invasion". Please illustrate this point with the examples from the text. How did each of the invasions influence English culture ?British history has been a history of invasions. Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people: a powerful culture originating in central Europe. Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire, and England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.Two more groups of invaders were to come after the English: from the late 8th century on, raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain's shores….P35(2).What are some of the factors in Irish and English history that affect the situation in Northern Ireland today?Along with the political campaign for home-rule there were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence, engaging in guerilla or terrorist activities against British institutions and the British military forces. During the First World War and immediately after, this activity increased, sometimes brutally suppressed by British forces.P48（2）How did the doctrine of the “divine right of kings”, according to the author, lead to the English Civil War? What do you know about the causes of the English Revolution in the 17th century?King James I believed the divine right of kings, so did his descent---Charles I.Charles I called his t Parliament only when he needed to collect money. The Civil War was caused by a dispute over the power of the king against Parliament in the 17th C. The Republican “roundheads”, led by Oliver Cromwell, wanted to abolish the monarchy and to reassert the rights of Parliament. In 1642, the royalists were defeated and King Charles I was executed in 1649.The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history. The Civil War was in essence a capitalist revolution because capitalism paved its way of development after the war.P68(2)What are the three big parties in the UK? What are some of the similarities and dissimilarities between the three parties?There are three major national parties: The Conservative party ,the Labour party ,the Liberal Democrats.The Labour Party: More of a left wing party, but has been changeing to middle ground since Tony Blair's administrtion. Although still considered a pretty left wing party.The Conservative Party: Centre to right wing party, during Thacher's time were very right wing on economy and social issuses, till today still been seen as a right wing, conservative, rich people party.The Libreal Democrats: Influential but not powerful enough in the Parliament due to the disadvantage of the political system in the UK. Centre to left wing, more of a 'liberal' party, but the policies sometimes been seen as too liberal while the rest are too left wing.Similarities:1. they all support the capitalist system2. generally speaking, they all are the active participants and supporters of representative democracy3. they share some similar beliefs in their political and socioeconomic ideologyDissimilarities:1. they represent the interests of different social groups2. they have different opinions on the government’s role in social economy and they each take different economic policies during their administrationP118(4)Why does the author say that universities in Britain have been rather elitist?答案1. Universities, reflecting the trend throughout the education system, have traditionally been rather elitist. Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university.答案2.Most students were from the middle classes, attended good schools, performed well in their A-levels and received a fully-funded place in a university. In recent years, great efforts have been made to increase the numbers of and kinds of people that pursue higher education. Access for mature students and students without traditional A-level qualifications is wideningP132(2)What are the foundations of Britain's foreign policy?The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. Perhaps the most important single factor which influences British policy-makers is its history.P204(4)What benefits has Ireland been receiving from joining EU ?P256(5) What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people? （同化政策对本土人民的影响是什么？）The missionaries on the “protected reserves” set out destroy the culture of the Dreaming and to replace it with Christianity. As the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture. They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape. Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects. Racism was an entrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level.P285(1)What is convict transportation ? How did it affect the development of the colonies?。
英语国家社会与文化入门基础Unit1
英语国家社会与文化入门基础Unit1Unit 1一、判断1、Britain is no longer an imperial country.（T）英国不再是一个帝国主义国家。
2、The Commonwealth of Nations includes all European countries.（F）英联邦的国家包括所有欧洲国家。
3、1 in 10 of the British population are of non-European ethnicity.（F）十分之一个非欧洲的英国人口的种族。
4、The stereotype of the English gentleman never applied to the majority of British people.（T）刻板印象的英国绅士永远适用于大多数的英国人。
5、When people outside the UK talk about England,they mistake it as Britain sometimes.（T）当英国以外的人谈论英国,有时他们的错误这是英国。
6、The scots and Welsh have a strong sence of being British.（F）苏格兰和威尔士有强烈的感觉是英国人。
7、Scotland was never conquered by the Romans.（T）苏格兰从未被罗马人征服。
8、MMost people in Scotland speak the old Celtic language,called"Gaelic".（F）大多数人在苏格兰古老的凯尔特语言,称为“盖尔语”。
9、Scotland was unified with England through peaceful means.（T）苏格兰与英格兰通过和平方式统一。
10、Wales is rich in coal deposits.（T）威尔士有丰富的煤炭储量。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(考研真题与典型题详解 今日的澳大利亚)【
19.2考研真题与典型题详解I.True or False.1.The Australia economy now depends primarily upon its other two major sectors, the resources and services industries.【答案】T【解析】澳大利亚的经济主要依靠资源和服务产业两大部分。
2.Australia’s main export partners are China,Japan,South Korea,the USA and India,Singapore.【答案】F【解析】澳大利亚的主要出口合作伙伴是中国、日本、韩国、美国和印度，新加坡是主要进口合作伙伴。
3.For most of the history,the Australia state governments have been mean in granting irrigation rights to both small and large scale agriculturists【答案】F【解析】历史上，澳大利亚州政府长期以来，不论对经营规模大或小的农民在给予灌溉权方面一向是很慷慨的。
Ⅱ.Fill in the blanks.1.On Federation in______,Australia became an independent colony but until1940sit had little control in the field of______.【答案】1901;foreign affairs【解析】1901年联邦成立，澳大利亚成为独立的殖民地，但直到20世纪40年代之前澳大利亚在外交领域几乎没有外交权。
2.The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act,passed by the Curtin Government in 1942,provided that in future the______could only legislate for Australia at Australia’s specific request.【答案】British Government【解析】1942年，澳大利亚科廷政府通过威斯敏斯特接受法案。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 从种族主义到多元文化主义)【圣
20.1复习笔记I.Immigration in history1.The19th century2.White Australia Policy19013.Post World WarⅡperiod4.Multiculturalism from19735.Migration todayⅡ.Struggle of the Aboriginality1.The relationships between the colonizers and the Peoples of the Dreaming2.The Aboriginal Protection Act of19093.Day of Mourning and Protest4.The1946Stockmen’s Strike5.Strike of the Gurindji people in the1960s6.Freedom Rides in the1960s7.The Mabo Decision8.The Wik Decision9.Social inequality today10.Aboriginal culture todayⅢ.History Wars,Sorry Speech and Close the Gap programmes1.History Wars2.The Sorry Speech3.Close the Gap programmesI.Immigration in history（澳大利亚移民史）Since the1788European settlement,migration has accounted for up to50%of Australia’s population increase.自1788年第一批欧洲移民来到澳大利亚时起，澳大利亚的人口增长有一半来自移民。
1.The19th century（19世纪移民）(1)The gold rush（淘金热）The gold rush in the1850s attracted many free migrants,especially from China and Germany.19世纪50年代的澳大利亚淘金热吸引了大量自由移民者，其中以中国和德国人居多。
英语国家社会与文化入门知识考点总结
Unit1.（选择、判断、填空）1. The flag of Britain :Union Jack2. The capital of each country :3. The time joining the British parliament:However, in 1707 by agreement of the English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.4. Difference between the British Isles ,UK, Great Britain , and England:British Isles:the island of Great Britainthe island of Irelandsurrounding islesUK=Great Britain + Northern IrelandGreat Britain =England +Scotland + Wales5. The four major invasions in the history of Great Britain :At first, England was occupied by Celtic people.Then in 43AD Britain was invaded by the Roman empire.Result: England and Wales became a part of the Roman empire for nearly 400 years.the Angle-Saxon invaded.Result: The land they lived became" Angle-land",later changed into England, the language they spoken became English.the Vikings invaded.Result in a certain cultural divide between northerners and southerners in England, which can be expressed as "Saxon" versus "Dane".the Normans , William of Normandy invaded this country.Result: This marks the last time that an army from outside the British Isles succeeded in invadingLondon: (P18)Unit2（选择、判断、填空）Northern Ireland (often called "Ulster"after an ancient Irish kingdom)1. Activities to seek Irish independence :Home -ruleThe Easter Rising of 1916: was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin's Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.2. Political parties:the Sinn Fein partySDLP: Social Democratic and Labour PartyIRA: Irish Republican Army (illegal)3. Political troubles in Northern Ireland (famous):Indigenous Roman Catholicsv s. Protestant immigratesPartition(分割) : The southern 26 counties would form an independent "free state", while the 6 north-eastern counties would remain a part of the UK.(即26 Republic Ireland ,6 Northern Ireland )4. the Good Friday Agreement 了:( 解下，P36)Unit 31. Process of state building:The process of state-building has been one of evolution rather than revolution.2. The oldest institution of government in Britain :Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.3. Divine right of kings :It was held that the sovereign derived his authority from God, not from his subjects.4. Magna Carta :limits on the king's ability to abuse his royal power.5. the Bill of Rights :ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament. ( William of Oran时ge 期)6. The Constitution :(P49)7. The functions of parliament (: P49)8. Parliament:The queen : (symbolised ,traditional )She is legally head of the executive, anin tegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces and "supreme governor" of the Church of England，a confidante to the Prime Ministe(r 了解下)The House of Lords ：do not receive salaries，both sexist and elitist 了( 解下) Lords Spiritual hereditary peersLords Temporal life peersThe House of Commons (P49) 重要Unit41. The importance of general elections:(P67重) 要2. The electoral campaigns :(P67)3. The formation of the government :(P67)4. The class system in theUK:(P67)5. Ethnic relations in the UK:(P67) 了解下6. The main political parties in the UK:The Conservative party( newest) : setting up the National Health ServiceThe Labour party :From 1979 to 1997,t he Conservative Party won 4 elections in row The Liberal Democrats: a party of the "middle"Margaret-Thatcher 改革(There were also negative consequence了s)解下Unit5(判断、选择、填空)1、Absolute Decline2、Relative Decline of the UK economy: (P81)重要3、the reason for its relative decline 了:(解下)the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the warthe era of empire was overLarge military expensesOutdated industries and less-competitive productsA lack of close relationship between industry and banks4. The division of British industries :Primary industries （mining industry 矿业）Secondary industries （steelindust钢ry铁业）Tertiary industries （insurance保险，the selling of goods）5. The City: The name given to the historic area at the centre of London6. The London Stock ExchangeT: he heart of the City（伦敦的中心是伦敦城，伦敦城的中心是伦敦证券交易所）Unit6（填空、选择、判断）1. Beowulf :One of the oldest of these early "Old English" literary works is a long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.2. Geoffrey Chauce：r The Canterbury Tales3. Elizabethan Drama:Marlowe ：The Tragical History of Dr FaustusWilliam Shakespeare：Romeo and Juliet The Taming of the ShrewHamlet A Midsummer Night's Dream tragedies Othello comedies Twelfth Night重要）King Lear The TempestMacbeth.history plays：Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV, and Henry V. Julius Caes，ar Antony and Cleopatra4. The 17th Century:John Milton : Paradise Lost5. The 18th Century:Jonathan Swift :Gulliver's Travels6. The Romantic Period:William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridg：eLyrical Ballads ( marked the beginning of the Romantic Period.)George Gordon, Lord ByronThree men John KeatsPercy Bysshe Shelley7. The Nineteenth Century Novel:Mary Shelley :FrankensteinSense and SensibilityJane Austen Pride and PrejudiceEmmaCharlotte : Jane Eyrethe Bronte sisters Emily: Wuthering HeightsAnnElizabeth Gaskell :N orth and SouthOliver TwistCharles Dickens David CopperfieldGreat ExpectationsThe Return of the NativeThomas Hardy Tess of the D' UrbervillesJude the Obscure8. Female writers in the 1th9 century of Britain:Mary ShelleyJane Austenthe Bronte sistersElizabeth Gaskell9.20th Century Literature :Twentieth century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periodMs:o dernism,and Postmodernism.Joseph Conrad：The Heart of DarknessMrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf To the LighthouseOrlandoA Room of One's OwnD. H. Lawrence :S ons and LoversUnit71. The purpose of the British education system:①provide children with literacy and the other basic skills②socialise children③children are taught practical skills④learn the rules and values⑤participate in the community⑥contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.2. The influence of the church on schooling: education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.religious education was the only subjectDaily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life3. The National Curriculum：All children throughout the country must study the following subjects: English,mathematics, science, religious education, history, geography, technology, music, art, physical education, and a modern foreign language.All children throughout the country must pass national tests and schools.All teachers are told what to teach and their schools are now ranked according to how well they perform this task.4.State school:93% of pupils receive free education from the public sector.5.Independent school(public schools/ private school):Independent schools are not part of the national education system.Etor schoolLarrow schoolWinchester college6. Comprehensive school:Entrance exams were abolished.Such schools provide a general education. Pupils can study everything from academic subjects like literature and sciences, to more practical subjects like cooking and carpentry.7. Grammar schoo：lThose who show academic potential are admitted to the grammar schools where the emphasis is on advanced academic work rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools.8. GCSE：General Certificate of Secondary Education9. GCEA ：General Certificate of Education-Advanced10. GNVQs ：General National Vocational Qualifications11. The universities in Britain：British universities are public bodie，s except one university, the University of Buckingham.12. The Open University：The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree , through textbooks, tv and radio broadcasts, correspondence, videos, residential schools and a network of study centres.Unit81. Countries to establish UN:2. The permanent members of the UN Security Council:the Soviet Union, the United States, China ,France, UK3. The foundations of Britain's foreign policy:The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits4. The making of Britain's foreign polic:y(P128)5. The relationship between Britain and the E U(P128)The decision joined the EEC ( psychological , natural , controversial )The UK has always been less enthusiastic about giving up its national sovereignty to a European government.6. The commonwealth: Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states .There are 50 members of the Commonwealthhich is made up mostly of former British colonies.7. NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organisation ) :protect member states against aggressionThe purpose of NATO provide a foundation for security in Europeprovide a forum for transatlantic defence cooperation8.Special relationship with US h:as gone through many up and downs9.Independent nuclear weapons capability:Britain is a traditional sea power.Unit91. The division of British media: (降序排列)①TV②Newspaper (In Britain, most advertising is carried in newspapers)③Radio④Magazine2. The functions of the British media:①Entertainment②Provide British people with information about political and social issues③Provide weather reports④Carry advertising⑤Used for educational purposes⑥Provide a forum for people to write letters or phone in to express their views or seek advice⑦Help Britain engender national culture3.Oldest newspaper:The world's oldest national newspaper : The ObserverThe British oldest daily newspaper: The TimesThe very names of British newspapers-The Times, The Observer, The Guar—diasntill suggest that the function of the paper is to offer the electorate objective reports about what is happening in the country4. Papers issued internationally:The Financial Times is printed in Frankfurt, France, Hong Kong, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Tokyo and Madrid. ( (Daily)Telegraph / The News of the World )5. Quality press and gutter press:The Daily TelegraphThe Times6. Fleet street:It is also known as the Street of Shame7. BBC:(P144)Unit101.Sports born in Britain :Cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf, rugbyFA Cup:(Football Association Cup)2.Football violent sportGentle sport3. Tennis WimbledonWimbledon is where the world's best players gather to compete on gracsosu rts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.4. Cricket:Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be The Sun gutter pressThe Guardian The ObserverQuality pressplayed according to the same rules nationally.5. Golf:The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.6. Horse sports:Flat racingHorse racing steeplechasingThe Grand NtionalThe Royal Asot : people usually dress up and show off their fashionable cloth and elaborate hats for the social eventEquestrianismHunting7. Three traditions of Christmas(P: 163)the Christmas Pantomimethe Queen's Christmas messagethe Boxing Day : Traditionally, it was on Boxing Day that people gave Christmas gifts or money to their staff or servants.8. Religious holiday:crucifixion n and resurrection of Jesus Christ EasterChristmas9. National Holidays:---- Queen's Birthday"trooping the colour" around Buckingham Palace10. Holidays in the 4 nations:England:Guy Fawkes Night (the Bonfire Night, celebrated in November) Northern Ireland:St Patrick's Day(March 17)Orange Marches,Battle of the Boyne (July 12) Scotland:Hogmanay (12.31)Burns Supper(1.25)Halloween (10.31)Wales:The Eisteddfod: festival of music making and poetry。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解(澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族)
第15章澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族15.1 复习笔记I. Natural features of the land1. Location2. Size3. Constituents4. Distinctive fauna5. Landscape6. Distinctive physical featuresII. The people1. The indigenous people2. The later settlersIII. Dreamtime and Dreaming1. What is “Dreamtime”?2. What is “the Dreaming”?IV. British colonization1. T erra nullius2. Exploitation of the land3. The impact of colonization4. The policies of segregation and exclusion5. The policy of assimilationI. Natural features of the land（自然特征）1. Location（地理位置）The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。
2. Size（面积）Australia is the largest island and the smallest, flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。
3. Constituents（组成）(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.(2)It also includes T asmania, an island just to the south, the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案!!!
《英语国家社会与文化入门》课后问答答案英国Unit 3 第6题What kind of institution(部门is the House of Lords（上议院）? What role dose it play in 部门) 部门（上议院）British government? A: It consists of the Lords Spiritual(神职议员)who are the Archbishops(大主教) and most prominent （杰出的、卓越的）bishops （主教）of the church of England ;and the Lords Temporal(世俗议员)，which refers to everyone else。
②They inherited(继承) the seat from their forefathers or been appointed by the sovereign （郡主、最高统治者）parliament 议会）they speak and vote .In （as individuals （个人）,not as representatives （代表）of the greater interests of the country. They do not receive salaries and many do not attend Parliament at all.unit5 3.What are the three main areas in national economies？Describe the development of each of the three areas in the UK economy. 答案National economies can be broken down into three main areas,‖primary‖ industries, such as agriculture ,fishing, and mining,‖second-ary‖industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products ;and tertiary industries .often described as services,such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods. Britain’s agricultural sector is small （producing 1.4%of the national wealth ）but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2%of its workforce.Three quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture. With about a quarter of that under crops-wheat and barley are the two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dariy and beef), The fishing industry provides 55%of the UK demand for fish Sconish ports land the majority of the fish caught. In the secondary sector of the economy. Manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals(the British company Glaxo-Wellcrme is the biggest drug company in the world),chemicals([C]is the second largest paint manufacture in the world),aerospace overall the UK industry is third in （size in the world）and food drink (Scotch whisky being a major export). ）unit7 1. (1)What are the purposes of the British education system? (2)Please comment on these purposes. (3)What are the main purposes of the Chinese education system? (4)Are there any differences or similarities in the education of the two nations? 答：(1)The purpose of the British education system is to teach children practical skills and socialize them. (2)Children learn practical skills, and the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy. (3)The purpose of the Chinese education is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society. (4) In china, people think school is just about teaching children what are often called‖ the three R’s---―reading, writing and ‘ar ithmetic‖(reading, writing and arithmetic). 2. How does the British education reflect social class? British education reflect the deeper divisions in British society in which social class is still very important: class inequality can be erased or continued according to education policy. What’s more, the enduring feature of British education is the continuing debate over how ―equal‖ educational opportunity should be. In British, the accent you speak with, the clothes you wear, and the schools you attend are all markers that identify your social class. The school (or college)tie is a clear marker of social class. Even on informal occasions you will sometimes see men wearing their school ties as belts to hold up their trousers –proudly displaying their attendance at a certain school. In Britain, where you are educated is very important to you future. 3 what are the majorchanges that have taken place since World war 2? Is British education moving towards more progress or more equality? Pick up some examples from the text toillustrate your points. Other major changes to the British education system were caused by world war Ⅱ。
Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal__ Democratic Society
Unit 18 Australia as a Liberal Democratic Society(澳大利亚是一个自由民主的社会)一、本单元重点内容1. Difference as the central value of the Australian society(差异性是澳大利亚社会的中心价值观)2. The Washminster form of polity（英美政治体制相结合的政治制度）3. Three-tier system of government（三级政府）4. Two houses of Parliament (议会的两个院)5. The Governor-General(总督)6. Political parties (政党)7. Advantages of the pluralist form of government (多元形式的政府的优势)8. Australian government’s role in the national economy(澳大利亚政府在国民经济中的角色)9. Interventionist government(政府干预) and Economic rationalism (经济理性主义)二、本单元重、难点辅导1. Difference as the central value of the Australian society(差异性是澳大利亚社会的中心价值观)Australians understand and conduct life upon a basic commitment to difference. 澳大利亚人在生活中和对生活的理解是以承认相互差异为基础的。
2. The Washminster form of polity（英美政治体制相结合的政治制度）The "Washminster" form of polity is adopted by the Australian government. It is a mixture of the US Washington system of government and the British Westminster system. This means that the political structure of the government is based on a Federation of States with a three-tier system of government. However, the chief executive is a Prime Minister, instead of a President as in the US system.Washminster是Washington 和Westminster的缩写，分别是美国议会和英国议会所在地。
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案(1)
英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案(1)英语国家社会与文化入门课后题答案1. 解释“文化冲击”和“文化适应”的概念。
文化冲击指文化差异所造成的任何程度的压力和不适。
在一个陌生的文化环境中，个体会经历很多像语言、衣着和饮食等方面的文化“冲击”，这可能会导致个体的身体和心理不适和社交疏离。
文化适应是指在一个新的文化环境中操作，并学会新的社会和文化规则。
文化适应不仅是个人的认知过程，也是行为的过程，最终形成一种文化心理和行为的自然界面。
2. 解释英国的名誉制度。
英国的名誉制度是指对某人的指控需通过证明才可认定。
在官方调查之前，在英国的名誉制下，个人指控不会公开，而那些可能被指责为犯罪的人被规定为有罪直到他们可以证明自己无罪。
名誉制度也指一种不断演变中的鸡尾酒策略，其中法律、社会和政治活动以一种复杂的相互作用的方式交织在一起，用来管理各类诉讼和纠纷。
3. 简要介绍美国联邦政府的三个分支。
美国联邦政府的三个分支是行政、立法和司法。
行政权掌握在总统手中，主管美国内政和外交。
美国国会作为立法分支，由参议院和众议院组成，主要负责制定法律和监管政府的行为。
最后，司法部门由联邦最高法院、上诉法院、地区法院等组成，负责审查和解决民事和刑事案件。
4. 什么是美国独立宣言？它对美国社会发展的影响是什么？美国独立宣言是一份具有历史意义的文件，宣布了美国从英国独立，并确立了一份短暂而概括的自由宣言。
独立宣言中包括了人权、民主、平等、自由、权利等观念，影响了美国社会的发展。
独立宣言被认为是美国政治体系中未经修改的基本文件，并为美国社会的社会学和道德观制定了标准，也对全球社会产生了重要影响。
5. 解释加拿大多文化主义概念。
加拿大多文化主义认为，加拿大社会中有很多不同的文化，这些文化之间有所不同，但互相支持。
多文化主义是基于多元文化的，认为构建一个多元的社会体系会为人们的文化奉献和文化多样性带来更大的欣赏和理解。
民族和文化的多样性作为一个统一和可视化的文化艺术成功，使加拿大从多种文化背景中汲取最佳的技能和知识。
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创
15.1复习笔记I.Natural features of the land1.Location2.Size3.Constituents4.Distinctive faunandscape6.Distinctive physical featuresⅡ.The people1.The indigenous people2.The later settlersⅢ.Dreamtime and Dreaming1.What is“Dreamtime”?2.What is“the Dreaming”?IV.British colonization1.Terra nullius2.Exploitation of the land3.The impact of colonization4.The policies of segregation and exclusion5.The policy of assimilationI.Natural features of the land（自然特征）1.Location（地理位置）The continent of Australia lies between equatorial South East Asia and the Antarctic.澳大利亚大陆位于赤道东南亚和南极洲之间。
2.Size（面积）Australia is the largest island and the smallest,flattest and driest continent in the world.澳大利亚是世界上面积最大的岛屿，同时也是世界上面积最小最平坦和最干燥的大陆。
3.Constituents（组成）(1)The mainland is the main constituent of Australia.(2)It also includes Tasmania,an island just to the south,the Torres Straits Islands off the northern coast of the mainland and a small number of islands in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans.(1)澳大利亚大陆是澳大利亚的主要组成部分。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》配套题库【课后习题】（澳大利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族）
朱永涛《英语国家社会与⽂化⼊门》配套题库【课后习题】（澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族）第15章澳⼤利亚的地理特征、怀有“梦创信仰”的民族Ⅰ. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F):1. The continent of Australia is the largest island in the world. _____【答案】T【解析】澳⼤利亚是世界上最⼤的岛屿。
2. Most of Australia’s unique plants and animals are imported from other continents. _____【答案】F【解析】澳⼤利亚独特的动植物是因为其⼤陆岛的地理特征逐渐演变⽽出现的。
3. The Great Barrier Reef goes along the eastern coast of Australia, from Queensland to T asmania. _____【答案】F【解析】⼤堡礁，位于昆⼠兰省东北部海洋中，北⾯从托雷斯海峡起，向南直到弗雷泽岛附近，沿澳⼤利亚东北海岸线绵延2000余千⽶。
4. Dreaming is shared by the members of an indigenous group about how the features of their land were created. _____【答案】T【解析】“梦创信仰”的重要原则是：⽣活在这⽚⼟地上的⼈对这⽚⼟地有着特殊的责任，⼈不拥有⼟地，⽽是⼟地拥有⼈。
“梦创信仰”重视对⼟地的保护超过对⼟地的拥有权。
5. Dreaming helps the indigenous people to survive in the harsh environment of the desert of Australia. _____【答案】T【解析】梦创故事为⼈们应该如何⽣存，如何彼此交流提供⼀些指导原则，也提供了关于这⽚⼟地的详细信息，以便⼟著居民能够在恶劣的⾃然环境下⽣存下来。
英语国家社会与文化入门上册PPT教学课件-U18
Australian major பைடு நூலகம்olitical parties
II. The Formation of the Australian
Political System
• Australia has what has been called a ‘Washminster’ form of polity. It is a mixture of the US, Washington system of government and the British, Westminster system: the political structure is based on a Federation of States and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President.
英语国家社会与文化入门
1.LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country .It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways.It is the cultural and business center and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain's big companies.It is not only the financial center of the nation,but also one of the three major international financial centers in the world.2.The Easter RisingIn order to gain independence,different Irish groups had been fighting against the British institutions and the British military forces.One such activity was the Easter Rising which took place in 1916.The rebels occupied Dublin's Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force.The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities.3.The House of CommonsThe House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where abouts 650 elected representatives(Members of Parliament)make and debate policy .These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent the interests of the people who vote for them.4.The Bronte sistersPerhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters,who were influenced by the Romantic Movement.Charlotte,Emily and Ann were daughters of the vicar of a village church in Y orkshire.Although they were poor,they were educated and respectable.In their short lives,they didn't produce much,buttheir works are among the best-loved novels in English:Charlotte Bronte's<Jane Eyre>and Emily's <Wuthering Heights>5Grammar schoolsIt is a type of secondary schools in Britain.Grammar schools select children at age 11,through an examination called "the 11-plus".Those children with the highest marks go to grammar schools.These schools lay emphasis on advanced academic subjects rather than the more general curriculum of the comprehensive schools and except many of their pupils to go on to universities.6.three ChristmasThere are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British:one is the Chritmas Pantomime,a comical musical play.The main male character is played by a young woman while The main female character,often an ugly woman called “the Dame”,is played by a man.Another British Christmas tradition is hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition is Boxing Day,which falls on the day after Christmas.Traditionally,it was on Boxing Day,that people gave Christmas gifts or mony to their staff of servants.Now that most British people do not have servants,this custom is no longer observed.However,a new Boxing Day custom has emerged,in the cities: shopping. Shops open up to sell off all their Christmas stock decorations,food,cards and gift items at low prices.7.PuritanismPuritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purity the Church of England .They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born .Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No Church nor godd works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in hia work or the prosperity in hia calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God'swill and establish a direct contact with God .These beliefs had great impact on American culture.8.The Bill of Rightsconsists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public place,the right to own weapons and so on.9.TranscendentalistsIn his book Nature,Emerson claimed that by studying and responding to nature ,individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion,A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson.They accepted Emerson's theories about spiritual transcendence,They are known as Transcendentalists.10.Higher educationIn America,higher education refers to education on the college level.American higher education includes four categories of institutions.They are the university,the four-year undergraduate institution (the college)the technical training institution and the two-year or community college.Some are supported by public funds and some by private funds.Many universities and colleges have won reputations for providing their students with a higher quality of education.The great majority are generally regarded as quite satisfactory.5.Elizabethan drama(意义，伊丽莎白戏剧)The general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries is known as the renaissance.in British culture ,one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development lay in drama.that was the period of Queen Elizabeth (1558—1603). The first professional theatre in London opened in1576,and others followed,performing the plays of many notable playwrights, including Christopher Marlowe ,Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare .1.why is Northern Ireland,according to the author,so significant in the United Kingdom?What is the political problem there?because of the political troubles there.It has been divided by a long and bloody conflict as the result of Ireland's colonial history.Though the Great Britain have politically integrated Ireland since 1801.Irish desires for an independent Irish state were never lost.In the late 19th century,the key issue ---"The Home Rule Bill"was overtaken by the First World War.There were groups who followed a more direct method of pursuing Irish independence,engaging in terrorist activities,such as the Easter Rising .People in Ireland have different religion,while most Irish people remained Catholics,most British people are protestants.There were conflicts between two nations.The American Civil Rights Movement provided a model for some people in Northern Ireland .Groups of Prostants began to organize demonstrations ,and rioting broke out .Also,they formed their own illegal "paramilitary" groups and took revenge on Catholics ,often murdering individuals at random.2.What is the Open University in Britain?What do you think of this system?The Open University was founded in Britain in the 1960's for people who might not get the opportunity for higher education for economic and social reasons.It's open to everybody and does not demand the same formal educational qualification as the other universities.University courses are followed through TV,radio,correspondence,videos and a net work of study centers.At the end of their studies at the The Open University,successful students areawarded a university degree.3..What were some of the causes of the American Revolution?Explain the Declaration of Independence?By the early 1760s,the 13 English colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics,economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment.The English people and Europeans had become Americans and they were ready to separate themselves from the Old World.In addition,’”No taxation without represantion”,many new taxes imposed on North American colonies by the British Parliament.In 1773,a group of patriots responded to the tea tax by staging the “Boston Tea Party”.In September1774,the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia.On April19,1775,the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot in a small town of Concord near Boston.The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonies in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life ,libertyand the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.What are the two political parties in the United States? Do you think they are fundamentally different?the United States has two major political parties. One is the Democratic Party, which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party, formed before 1800. The symbol of the party is the donkey. The other is the Republican Party, which was formed in the 1850s, by people in the states of the North and West, such as Abraham Lincoln, who wanted the government to prevent the expansion of slavery into new states then being admitted to the union. The symbol of the Republican Party is the elephantunit7 LITERA TURE THEMEThe American people has indeed been a drama of many parts.In one way or another,howver,it has always been a “pursuit of happiness”.American literature is the continuous narrative of that pursuit What are the major characteristics of education in America?(1)Different education laws for different states.(2)Several levels of schooling：Elementary Schooling，Secondary Schooling and High Schooling.(3)curricula for students: there is no national curriculum in the United States.(3)Compulsory education for all students.(4)Equal education opportunities for minority groups.(5)Strong demand for higher education.(6)The complex system of higher education.Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students.Schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. The “inquiry” method of learning , focusing on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular.4 .British constitutionBritish has no written constitution. The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law,which are laws passed by parliament;the common laws, which are laws established through common practice in the courts ;and conventions.。
英语国家社会与文化入门考试答案
LondonLondon is the largest city located in the south of the country. It is dominant in Britain in all sorts of ways. It is the cultural and business centre and the headquarters of the vast majority of Britain’s big companies. It is not only the financial centre of the nation, but also one of the three major international financial centres in the world.Robin Hood (罗宾汉)RH was a Saxon nobleman. As he could no longer put up with oppressions from the Normans, he became an outlaw and hid himself with his band “merry men” in the forest. From this secret place, he went out to rob from the rich to give the poor.The Anglo-SaxonsThey were two groups of Germanic peoples who settled down in England from the 5th century. They were regarded as the ancestors of the English and the founders of England.King Arthur（亚瑟王）It is said that he was the king of England in the 5th century and united the British and drove the Saxons back with his magical sword, Excalibur. His real existence is in doubt. He is the central figure of many legends.King HaroldHe was the Saxon King whose army was defeated in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, when William the Conqueror invaded England from France.Elizabethan drama（伊丽莎白时期戏剧）During the Renaissance, one of the most successful and long-lasting expressions of British culture is drama. That was the period of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Theatres perform the plays of many notable playwrights, including Ben Jonson and William Shakespeare.The Canterbury tales（坎特伯雷故事集）The Canterbury tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer is the most important work in Middle English literature. It is made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain each other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in southeast England.The King James Bible（圣经）King James I ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures, which came to be known as the King James Bible. It appeared in 1611. Although it was not the first English translation and there have been many translations since, King James Version will probably never be matched for majesty of language. For many generations it has had a greater influence on style and standards of taste than any other single work in English literature.RomanticismRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason. A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” The spirit of romanticism also occurred in the novel.The Bronte sisters（勃朗特姐妹）Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, who were influenced by the Romantic Movement. Charlotte, Emily and Ann were daughters of the vicar of a village church. Although they were poor, they were educated. In their short lives, they didn’t produce much, but their works are among the best-loved novels in English.ModernismModernism refers to a form of literature mainly written before WWII. It can be seen as a reaction against the 19th century forms of Realism. Often, Modernist writing seems disorganized, hard to understand. It often portrays the action from the viewpoint of a single confused individual, rather than from the viewpoint of an all-knowing impersonal narrator outside the action.The foundations of British foreign policyThe contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits. As Britain lost its empire so recently, British policy-makers frequently forget that Britain is not as influential as it used to be in world affairs. Another decisive influence upon the way Britain handles its external affairs is geopolitical attitude to Europe.The makin g of Britain’s foreign policyThe general direction of Britain’s foreign policy is mainly decided by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the main government department, plays a significant role in the making of Britain/s foreign policy. Many other government ministries such as the Minister of Defence also play a part in formulating and carrying out the government’s decisions.Britain and the EUBritain joined the EU in 1973. Britain’s participation in the EU remains controv ersial. The UK has always been interested in encouraging free trade between countries and is therefore very supportive of the EU as a free trade area. Britain like to regard the EU as a place where economic cooperation is possible and where a flow of trained personnel and goods are possible.Britain and the USThe British foreign policy is also affected by its relationship with the US. During WW II, the two countries were closely allied and continued to work together closely in the post war years. However, the British are beginning to realize that their own foreign policy actions can be limited by the US. But both sides have worked hard to maintain the “special relationship.”The Commonwealth (共和国)The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of states which is made up of Britain and mostly of former British colonies. Many of these are developing countries; others are developed nations. The Commonwealth was set up as a forum for continued cooperation and as a sort of support network.。
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 18
New Zealand is an island country. New Zealand is comprised of two
main island: the North Island and the South Island. Cook Strait, which separates the two main islands, connects the Tasman Sea in the west with the South Pacific Ocean in the east. The mountainous South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand. The North Island is marked by volcanism.
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
New Zealand as a Dominion
in 1907, an independent dominion in 1947, a fully independent nation in WWI: enthusiastically backed Britain; suffered great loss in WWII: suffered large casualties; stimulated its economy
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Discovery of New Zealand
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澳大利亚unit151 what are the unique features of the Australian continent?A:The unique features of the Australian continent are Animals,these animals include:the platypus,the kangaroo,the koala,the wombat.2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in the Dreaming.讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的体现A: Membership in a particular language group was of great social and culturalsignificance .traditionally,languages belong to tracts of country which ,in the belief system of the Dreamings,have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures.3 why does author say that ' In most of the language there is no distinction between the words for "belief","law"and"knoeledge"?Do you think it is true in your own language?A: The sacred creation stories are not only explanations about how the country came to be formed,they also provide principles of how peples should live and interact with others,especially with whom they may or may not intermarry .I think it is true in my own language.4 what do you know about ZhengHe's voyages in the 15th century ? Do you think his fleet got to the northern part of Australia? Why?A: In 1405,Zhu Di the Ming emperor commissioned his admiral ZhengHe to take 317 of his ships to the Middle East and Eastern Africa .Between 1405 and 1433 ZhengHe made seven trips routinely passing through what we now call Southeast and South Asia .I am sure that ZhengHe had gone there ,because there is evidence that several ships from that armada landed on the Aru Islands to the noth of Arnhem Land.5 What is the impact of the assimilation policy on the indigenous people?同化政策对本土人民的影响是什么？A: The local culture of the Dreamings were destoried and replaced with Christianity .the children grew to adulthood many of them had lost both their families and their culture.They were employed as domestic servants or on cattle stations .Young Aboriginal women were continually at risk of rape .Aboriginal people were excluded from the social ,the political ,the education ,the health services and other aspects.Racism was an entrenched part of Australian culture until the 1960s and operated at the personal and institutional level.澳大利亚简答题第18单元：1.Do you think the Australian government system is a democratic?Why?Answer:Yes.The reason is following:Australia has what has been called a “Washminster”form of polity.In other words it is a mixture of the US,Washington system of government and the British,Westminster system:the political structure is based on a Federation of States and has a three-tier system of government but the chief executive is a Prime Minister not a President.2.Why do you think Australia adopted the “Washminster”form of polity?Do you think it reflects the advantages of both system?Answer: The reason is following:Although Australia has a three-tier system of government---the Australian Parliament at federal level,six state government and about 900 local government bodies ---the Prime Minister and his Cabinet at federal level is the acknowledged centerof Australian parliamentary power.For example,there are some parliamentary powers which are shared bu federal and state governments but,when there is any inconsistency between the decisions of the two levels of government,the Commonwealth or federal laws overrule the laws of the state.Yes.I think it reflects the advantages of both system3.Do you think the pluralist form of government is ideal?What are its drawbacks?Answer:Within the pluralist paradigm,it is citizens who ultimately control the government through the electoral system.Citizens vote for members of parliament.The members of parliament generally belong to one of the two major political parties,the Australian Labor Party or the Coalition.As its name implies,the Coalition comprises a combination of two parties—the Liberals and the Nationals.Each party sets out a party programme—a set of basic principles and policies that align with those principles.4.Do you think the government can improve the efficiency of the social welfare and social security services by contracting them out to private sector?Why? Answer:Yes. The reason is following:Economic rationalism has been the major policy orientation.There have been significant shifts away from government involvement in communication,banking,and in the provision of water and sewerage services.Even in those spheres which are more usually associated with government---the provision of social welfare and social security services and the administration of its responsibilities to the private sector,sometimes even to overseas corporations.5.Is the loss of social capital a necessary cost in maintaining a country’s strong economy?Why?Answer:Yes. The reason is following:As citizens,Australians today are debating whether the loss of “social capital”---the cut-backs of public spending on education,health and the public broadcaster---is a necessary cost in maintaining Australia’s position as one of the “strong”economies in global league tables.Bothe deregulating the economy.However,the Coalition is associated with the most stringent forms of economic rationalism especially with making a balanced budget the programme focusing more on the balance between social and economic aspects of Australian life.澳大利亚unit20。