2_instruction to the neuro system

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神经解剖学教学大纲

《神经解剖学教学大纲》一、课程基本信息课程名称（中、英文）：神经解剖学Neuroanatomy课程号（代码）：50129320课程类别：基础课学时：32 学分：2二、教学目的及要求使学生理解和掌握脑和脊髓的形态结构、被膜和血液供应，主要神经传导通路，为学习以后的基础课和临床课奠定必要的形态学基础。

本课程使用英语教材，双语课堂教学要求在学习中注意知识的连续性，学会融会贯通，将不同平面结构联系为有机整体。

三、教学内容INTRODUCTION了解The function of the nervous system. 掌握The Subdivisions of nervous system.了解The basic structures of the central nervous system—neuron and neuroglia. 掌握Three types of neuron afferent neuron (sensory), interferon (link with other neuron within the CNS), and afferent (motor) neuron.掌握Concept of gray matter, cortex, nucleus, and ganglion. Concept of white matter, medullary center, tract, and nerve. 掌握Concept of reflect.SPINAL CORD掌握Position and external feature of the spinal cord. Conus medullaris and the level it ends. Spinal segment. 了解The comparison of spinal segments and vertebral bodes.掌握Meninges: pia matter, arachnoid and dura matter.Concept and position of the epidural space, subarachnoid space, and lumbar cistern, as well as their clinic significance.掌握General arrangement of internal structures of the spinal cord. Anterior (ventral) horn and nuclei in anterior horn. Posterior horn and nuclei in posterior horn. Intermediate lateral (lateral horn) and nuclei in the intermediate horn.掌握Anterior corticospinal tract and anterior spinothalamic tract. Lateral corticospinal tract and lateral spinothalamic tract. 掌握fasciculus gracillis and fasciculus cuneatus. 了解Anterior and posterior spinocerebellar tracts.了解Function of the spinal cord: Reflex and pathwayBRAINSTEM掌握Concept, subdivision, and external marks of the brainstem. The sites where the CN II~XII attach to the brainstem. Position and foramina of the 4th ventricle. The landmarks of the floor of the 4th ventricle.掌握The name, position and function of the cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. The position and function of the gracilis nucleus and cuneatusnucleus. 了解The position and function of the inferior olivary nucleus red nucleus. The Concept, position and function of the reticular formation.掌握The position and function of the corticospinal tract and corticonuleus tract. The position and function of the pyramidal decussation. The position and function of anterior and lateral spinothalamic tract. The position and function of the medial lemniscus (internal) arcuate, decussation of the medial lemniscus). 了解Other ascending and descending tracts.掌握The important transverse section which passing through: the levels of decussations of the pyramids and the medial lemnisti, and the middle of olvary nuclei of the medullary oblongata; the level of the facial colliculus of the pons; the level of superior colliculum of the midbrain了解Function of the brainstemDIENCEPHALON掌握The position and division of the diencephalon. The position and communication of the III ventricle.了解The nuclei in the thalamus. 掌握The entral posteromedial and posterolateral nuclei, as well as medial and lateral geniculate bodies.掌握The position and function of hypothalamus.了解The position and function of epithalamus. The position and function of dorsal thalamusCEREBELLUM掌握The position, external features, and division of the cerebellum. 了解The arrangement of internal structures of the cerebellum. 掌握The fundamental function of the cerebellum.TELENCEPHALON了解The general remarks of the cerebral cortex: lobes, main gyri, and sulci of the cerebral hemisphere. 掌握The important gyrus and sulcus of the cerebrum. The position and subdivision of the basal ganglia. The position and subdivision of the internal capsule, as well as the main tracts which pass through it. The position, subdivision and communication of the lateral ventricle.掌握The functional localization of cerebral cortex, especially the somatic motor and sensory centers, as well as the acoustic and visual centers. 了解The limbic system.MENINGES AND BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE BRAIN 掌握The meninges: pia matter, arachnoid and dura matter, and falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli. The subarachnoid space, subdural space, dural sinus and ventricles. The formation and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid.掌握The blood supply of CNS (including the internal carotid artery, vertebral artery, and cerebral arterial circle)SENSORY SYSTEM掌握The pain and temperature pathway from the extermities and trunk. The athway for propioception, fine touch, and vibratory sense of the extremitiesand trunk. The sensory pathway form the face and related areas.了解The auditory pathway.掌握The visual pathway and optic reflexes.MOTOR SYSTEM掌握The pathway for voluntary muscle of the extremities and trunk. Pathway to voluntary muscles of the head. 了解The subcortical motor areas.掌握The concept and subdivision of visceral nervous system. Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The preganglionic and postganglionic neuron and fiber. 了解The refered pain.四、教材《Neuroanatomy》 A. R. Crossman & D. Neary, Churchill Livingstone, 2002五、主要参考资料1 系统解剖学柏树令人民卫生出版社2 格氏解剖学杨琳、高英茂主译辽宁教育出版社3 人体解剖彩色图谱郭光文主编人民卫生出版社4 实用人体解剖彩色图谱李瑞祥主编人民卫生出版社六、成绩评定（期末100％）。

神经系统(英文版)课件

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 中枢神经系统脑 brain 脊髓 spinal cord
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 周围神经系统脑神经 cranial nerves 脊神经 spinal nerves 内脏神经 autonomic nervous system
内脏神经 autonomic nervous system 分布于心肌、平滑肌和腺体，不受主观意识控制，又称自主神经或植物神经。又分为交感神经sympathetic nerve 和付交感神经
parasympathetic
nerve
fundamental tissue of the nervous system:
Nissl bodies尼氏体
神经元纤维 neurofibril
Nissl body Neurofibrils
树突棘 dendrite spine contacted by different types of synaptic terminals
types of neurons(1)： morphologic types of neurons: classed by the configuration of their processes as unipolar, bipolar,or multipolar
the nervous tissue is made up of two classes of cells, the neurons and neurologia.
神经元
1.构造structure of neuቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱons：
胞体cell body
轴突axon 树突dendrites (Fig1:

加巴喷丁辉瑞说明书

Oral Solution are supplied as imprinted hard shell capsules containing 100 mg,
300 mg, and 400 mg of gabapentin, elliptical film-coated tablets containing 600 mg and 800 mg
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Reference ID: 3301312
NDA 020235/S-054, S-055, S-056 NDA 020882/S-038, S-039, S-040 NDA 021129/S-035, S-036, S-037 FDA Approved Labeling Text dated 05/01/2013 Page 2 of 37
Oral Bioavailability: Gabapentin bioavailability is not dose proportional; i.e., as dose is increased, bioavailability decreases. Bioavailability of gabapentin is approximately 60%, 47%, 34%, 33%, and 27% following 900, 1200, 2400, 3600, and 4800 mg/day given in 3 divided
Mechanism of Action The mechanism by which gabapentin exerts its analgesic action is unknown, but in animal models of analgesia, gabapentin prevents allodynia (pain-related behavior in response to a normally innocuous stimulus) and hyperalgesia (exaggerated response to painful stimuli). In particular, gabapentin prevents pain-related responses in several models of neuropathic pain in rats or mice (e.g., spinal nerve ligation models, streptozocin-induced diabetes model, spinal cord injury model, acute herpes zoster infection model). Gabapentin also decreases pain-related responses after peripheral inflammation (carrageenan footpad test, late phase of formalin test). Gabapentin did not alter immediate pain-related behaviors (rat tail flick test, formalin footpad acute phase, acetic acid abdominal constriction test, footpad heat irradiation test). The relevance of these models to human pain is not known.

神经系统英语作文

神经系统英语作文The Nervous System: The Command Center of the Human BodyThe nervous system, often referred to as the command center of the human body, is a complex network of specialized cells that controls and coordinates all our bodily functions. This intricate system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is the master controller, responsible for processing information, making decisions, and initiating responses. It is also involved in memory, emotions, and consciousness. The spinal cord, on the other hand, serves as a pathway for signals to travel between the brain and the rest of the body.The PNS consists of nerves that branch out from the spinal cord to connect with various organs and tissues. These nerves are further divided into the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary movements and sensations, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.The nervous system works in close collaboration with other body systems, such as the endocrine system, to maintain homeostasis, the state of balance within the body. It is a highly adaptable and resilient system, capable of regenerating and reorganizing itself to some extent after injury.In conclusion, the nervous system is a vital part of the human body, essential for survival and the performance of daily activities. Its complexity and sophistication are a testament to the remarkable design of the human body.。

the_students_guide_to_cognitive_neuroscience 译本

《学生指南：认知神经科学》是一本由Michael S. Gazzaniga和Richard B. Ivry合著的关于认知神经科学的教科书。

这本书主要面向大学生，旨在帮助他们了解大脑如何产生思维、情感和行为。

以下是该书的一些主要章节和内容：1. 引言：认知神经科学的起源和发展，以及研究方法和技术。

2. 大脑的结构和功能：神经元、突触、神经回路等基本概念，以及大脑各个部位的功能。

3. 感知：视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉和味觉等感觉系统的工作原理。

4. 注意和意识：注意力的选择、分配和维持机制，以及意识的产生和作用。

5. 记忆：短期记忆、长期记忆和工作记忆的形成和提取过程，以及与大脑损伤相关的记忆障碍。

6. 语言：语言的产生、理解和加工过程，以及与大脑损伤相关的语言障碍。

7. 决策和推理：大脑如何处理信息以做出决策和进行推理，以及与大脑损伤相关的决策和推理障碍。

8. 社会认知：大脑如何处理人际关系和社会信息，以及与大脑损伤相关的社会认知障碍。

9. 情绪和动机：情绪的产生、调节和表达过程，以及与大脑损伤相关的情绪障碍；动机的产生、维持和调节过程，以及与大脑损伤相关的动机障碍。

10. 学习和智力：学习的过程和策略，以及与大脑损伤相关的学习障碍；智力的定义、测量和理论，以及与大脑损伤相关的智力障碍。

11. 神经发育：大脑在生命周期中的发育过程，以及与大脑发育异常相关的认知和行为问题。

12. 神经退行性疾病：阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的病因、病理和临床表现，以及治疗和预防措施。

13. 神经成像技术：磁共振成像（MRI）、正电子发射断层扫描（PET）等神经成像技术的原理和应用。

14. 认知神经科学的应用：认知神经科学在教育、心理治疗、法律等领域的应用案例。

西医神经科术语英文翻译

西医神经科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医神经科术语英文翻译：1. 神经学：Neurology2. 神经系统：Nervous System3. 大脑：Brain4. 脊髓：Spinal Cord5. 神经元：Neuron6. 神经胶质细胞：Glial Cells7. 突触：Synapse8. 轴突：Axon9. 树突：Dendrites10. 髓鞘：Myelin Sheath11. 神经递质：Neurotransmitters12. 神经传导通路：Nerve Conduction Pathways13. 反射：Reflex14. 痛觉：Pain Sensation15. 感觉运动传导通路：Sensorimotor Pathways16. 自主神经系统：Autonomic Nervous System17. 中枢神经系统：Central Nervous System (CNS)18. 外周神经系统：Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)19. 神经肌肉接头：Neuromuscular Junction20. 癫痫：Epilepsy21. 帕金森病：Parkinson's Disease22. 多发性硬化症：Multiple Sclerosis (MS)23. 脑卒中：Stroke24. 脑外伤：Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)25. 脑瘤：Brain Tumors26. 脑炎：Brain Infections / Encephalitis27. 神经痛：Neuralgia28. 头痛：Headache29. 失眠：Insomnia30. 肌肉萎缩：Muscle Atrophy31. 肌无力：Muscle Weakness32. 神经根病：Radiculopathy33. 神经丛病变：Plexopathy34. 脊髓病变：Myelopathy35. 脑积水：Hydrocephalus36. 脊髓空洞症：Syringomyelia37. 脑电图（EEG）：Electroencephalogram (EEG)38. 肌电图（EMG）：Electromyogram (EMG)39. 经颅磁刺激（TMS）：Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)40. 正电子发射断层扫描（PET）：Positron Emission Tomography (PET)41. 功能磁共振成像（fMRI）：Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)42. 单光子发射计算机断层扫描（SPECT）：Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)43. 经颅多普勒超声（TCD）：Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (TCD)44. 认知障碍：Cognitive Dysfunction45. 情绪障碍：Mood Disorders46. 神经退行性疾病：Neurodegenerative Diseases47. 中毒性脑病：Toxic Encephalopathy48. 脑死亡：Brain Death49. 昏迷：Coma50. 意识障碍：Disorders of Consciousness。

Unit 2 The Nervous System

Increases heart and breathing rates Slows down muscles of the stomach and intestines Dilates pupils Constricts blood vessels – increases blood pressure
Neurons: basic structural and functional units of the NS
Three types of neurons
Afferent or sensory nerves
Sensory information from environment or inside body to CNS for interpretation
PNS: Autonomic Nervous System
Nerves that connect the CNS to organs and other structures “Involuntary” nervous system Motor neurons located in ganglia
Midbrain Pons
Medulla
Central Nervous System
Brain (Cont.)
Hypothalamus The hypothalamus is made of several areas of the lower brain. It is only the size of a pea which is about 1/300 of the entire brain.
Thalamus
Central Nervous System
Brain (Cont.)

病理学-神经系统

scanty perinuclear cytoplasm with multiple fine process
Oligodendrocyte
In grey matter:
Satellite phenomenon 卫星现象
>5 oligodendrocytes surrounding one neuron
Cause: anoxia, infarction, inflammation, injury, toxification and tumor.
CEREBRAL EDEMA
Mechanism : 1. Vasogenic: disrupted BBB
interstitial edema
2. Cytotoxic: cytomembranous pump↓ (ATPase) intracellular edema
phagocytosed by microglial cells.
Microglia
GITTER CELLS FOAM/ CELLS
Foamy macrophages
Part II Common Complications
COMMON COMPLICATIONS
skull and spinal canal little room for brain expansion
Red Neuron dissolve
ghost cell
NEURON（神经元）
red neuron ghost cell
NEURON（神经元）
3. Inclusion Bodies (包涵体)
viral infections HSV; Encephalitis B Jap.virus; Poliovirus Rabies: Negri body

神经科学揭示大脑运作奥秘的英语作文

神经科学揭示大脑运作奥秘的英语作文Title: Unraveling the Mysteries of Brain Function: Insights from NeuroscienceIn the intricate tapestry of life's wonders, the human brain stands as a beacon of complexity and elegance, its workings shrouded in mystery for centuries. Neuroscience, the scientific discipline dedicated to unraveling these mysteries, has emerged as a beacon of light, illuminating the intricate pathways that govern our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.IntroductionThe human brain, a marvel of evolution, comprises billions of interconnected neurons, each a tiny universe of electrochemical activity. It is through these intricate connections that the brain processes information, stores memories, and generates consciousness. Neuroscience, fueled by advances in technology and research methodologies, has made remarkable strides in understanding this remarkable organ.Uncovering the BasicsAt its core, neuroscience explores how the brain processes information. It delves into the neural circuits that underlie perception, cognition, emotion, and motor control. The discovery of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, has revolutionized our understanding of mood regulation and addiction. Functional neuroimaging techniques, like fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), have enabled researchers to visualize brain activity in real-time, revealing how different regions of the brain light up in response to various stimuli.Exploring ConsciousnessOne of the most elusive aspects of neuroscience is the study of consciousness. How does the physical brain give rise to the subjective experience of being? Researchers are exploring this question through studies on sleep, dreams, and altered states of consciousness. Theories of consciousness, ranging from the global workspace theory to integrated information theory, aim to provide a framework for understanding this fundamental aspect of human experience.Memory and LearningMemory, the cornerstone of our identity, is another major focus of neuroscience. From short-term to long-term memory, researchers are uncovering the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie memory formation and retrieval. The Hebbian theory of synaptic plasticity and the role of the hippocampus in memory consolidation have shed light on how our brains encode and store information. Furthermore, studies on neuroplasticity have shown that the brain is capable of rewiring itself, even in adulthood, offering hope for treating conditions like Alzheimer's disease.Future ProspectsAs neuroscience continues to evolve, the implications for society are profound. From enhancing cognitive abilities and treating neurological disorders to developing ethical frameworks for emerging technologies like brain-computer interfaces, neuroscience promises to reshape our understanding of the human condition. The journey ahead is fraught with challenges, but the potential rewards are immeasurable—a deeper understanding of ourselves and the universe we inhabit.Translation:标题：揭示大脑功能奥秘：神经科学的洞察在生命奇迹的复杂织锦中，人类大脑作为复杂与优雅的灯塔，其运作方式数百年来一直笼罩在神秘之中。

神经的英语知识点总结

神经的英语知识点总结The nervous system is a complex and intricate network of cells, tissues, and organs that allow the body to communicate and coordinate its actions. It is responsible for receiving and transmitting information, controlling movement, regulating bodily functions, and mediating the body's response to external and internal stimuli.Structure of the Nervous SystemThe nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).Central Nervous System (CNS)The CNS includes the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is the command center of the nervous system and is responsible for processing and interpreting sensory information, initiating movements, and regulating bodily functions. The spinal cord serves as a communication pathway between the brain and the rest of the body and is involved in controlling reflexes.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)The PNS consists of nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body. It is further divided into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.- The somatic nervous system controls voluntary movements and is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the CNS.- The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiration. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which have opposing effects on the body's physiological responses.NeuronsNeurons are the functional units of the nervous system. They are specialized cells that are capable of receiving, processing, and transmitting electrical and chemical signals. Neurons have a unique structure that allows them to carry out these functions.- Cell Body: The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's metabolic activities.- Dendrites: Dendrites are short, branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons and transmit them to the cell body.- Axon: The axon is a long, single extension that carries signals away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons, muscles, or glands. Some axons are covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which insulates the axon and facilitates the rapid transmission of signals.- Synapse: The synapse is the junction between two neurons where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted from one neuron to another.Types of NeuronsThere are three main types of neurons, each with specific functions:- Sensory Neurons: Sensory neurons transmit sensory information from the body to the CNS. They have specialized receptor cells that detect stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure.- Motor Neurons: Motor neurons carry signals from the CNS to muscles and glands, initiating movement and regulating bodily functions.- Interneurons: Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS and are involved in processing and integrating information.NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons and other cells. They are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, initiating a response. There are many different types of neurotransmitters, each with specific functions and effects on the body.Examples of neurotransmitters include:- Acetylcholine: Acetylcholine is involved in the transmission of signals across neuromuscular junctions and is also found in the autonomic nervous system.- Dopamine: Dopamine is associated with motivation, reward, and movement control.- Serotonin: Serotonin is involved in mood regulation, appetite, and sleep.- Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA): GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate anxiety, stress, and neuronal excitability.NeuroplasticityNeuroplasticity refers to the ability of the nervous system to adapt and reorganize in response to experience, injury, or disease. It is a fundamental property of the brain and underlies learning, memory, and recovery from brain injuries.Types of NeuroplasticityThere are two main types of neuroplasticity:- Synaptic Plasticity: Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken in response to activity. This process underlies learning and memory formation.- Structural Plasticity: Structural plasticity involves changes in the structure of neurons and their connections, such as the growth of new dendrites or the formation of new synapses. It plays a crucial role in recovery from brain injuries and in the maintenance of brain function.Neuroplasticity and LearningNeuroplasticity is essential for learning and memory formation. When we learn new information or skills, the connections between neurons are strengthened, leading to changes in brain structure and function. This process allows the brain to adapt to new experiences and to store and retrieve information.Neuroplasticity and Brain RepairNeuroplasticity also plays a critical role in the brain's ability to repair and reorganize itself following injury or disease. After a stroke or traumatic brain injury, for example, the brain can undergo structural and functional changes that enable the recovery of lost functions. This process can be enhanced through rehabilitation and targeted therapy.Factors Affecting NeuroplasticitySeveral factors can influence the extent and effectiveness of neuroplasticity, including:- Age: Neuroplasticity is most pronounced in the developing brain but continues throughout life to a certain extent. Younger brains are generally more malleable and responsive to change.- Experience: Experience and environmental enrichment can promote neuroplasticity by stimulating the formation of new connections and the growth of neurons.- Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Hormones and neurotransmitters play a crucial role in regulating neuroplasticity, influencing the strength and stability of synaptic connections. Disorders Affecting the Nervous SystemThe nervous system can be affected by a wide range of disorders that impair its function and can have far-reaching effects on the body. Some common disorders include:- Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are characterized by the progressive degeneration of neurons, leading to cognitive decline, movement disorders, and loss of muscle function.- Stroke: A stroke occurs when blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted, resulting in damage to brain tissue and loss of function. Strokes can cause paralysis, speech and language difficulties, and cognitive impairments.- Multiple Sclerosis (MS): MS is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, causing damage to the myelin sheath and impairing the transmission of signalsbetween neurons. Symptoms of MS can vary widely and may include muscle weakness, sensory disturbances, and cognitive deficits.- Epilepsy: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, which are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Seizures can vary in severity and may involve loss of consciousness, convulsions, or abnormal sensations.Treatment and Management of Nervous System DisordersThe treatment and management of nervous system disorders depend on the specific condition and its underlying causes. Strategies may include:- Medications: Many nervous system disorders can be managed with medications that target symptoms or underlying disease processes. For example, antiepileptic drugs can help control seizures in epilepsy, while dopamine replacement therapies are used to manage symptoms of Parkinson's disease.- Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation programs, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy, can help individuals regain lost function and improve their quality of life following a neurological injury or illness.- Surgical Interventions: In some cases, surgical interventions may be necessary to address structural abnormalities or to relieve pressure on the brain or spinal cord. Examples include brain surgery for the removal of tumors and spinal fusion surgeries for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.- Lifestyle Modifications: Lifestyle modifications such as regular exercise, a healthy diet, and stress management can play a crucial role in supporting overall brain health and reducing the risk of certain neurological disorders.ConclusionThe nervous system is a remarkable and complex system that plays a vital role in every aspect of human functioning. Understanding its structure and function is essential for appreciating the intricate mechanisms that underlie our thoughts, emotions, movements, and bodily functions. By studying the nervous system, we can gain insights into the nature of consciousness, perception, and the fundamental mechanisms that govern our existence. Continued research and advancements in the field of neuroscience hold the promise of improving our understanding of the nervous system and developing new treatments for neurological disorders.。

以人的大脑和身体的作用为题写一篇英语作文

以人的大脑和身体的作用为题写一篇英语作文The human brain and body work together in a complex and intricate manner to allow us to think, move, feel, and experience the world around us. The brain, which is often referred to as the body's control center, is the most important part of the nervous system. It is responsible for processing information, making decisions, and controlling our actions.The brain is divided into different areas, each with its own specific functions. The frontal lobe, for example, is involved in decision-making and problem-solving, while the occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information. The brain also communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and a network of nerves.In addition to the brain, the body's physical structure also plays a crucial role in how we function. Our muscles, bones, and organs work together to allow us to move, breathe, digest food, and perform a wide range of other tasks. The body is also equipped with a complex immune system that helps protect us from illness and infection.The brain and body work together in a seamless and coordinated manner to ensure our survival and well-being. Forexample, when we touch a hot stove, our nerve endings send a signal to the brain, which then sends a message to the muscles to pull our hand away. Similarly, when we feel hungry, the brain signals the stomach to release digestive enzymes to break down food.The brain and body are also interconnected in more subtle ways. For example, research has shown that our mental and emotional state can have a direct impact on our physical health. Chronic stress, for instance, has been linked to a variety of health problems, including heart disease, obesity, and depression.Overall, the relationship between the brain and body is a complex and dynamic one. By understanding how these two systems interact and influence each other, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the incredible capabilities of the human mind and body.。

神经系统研究英语作文

神经系统研究英语作文The nervous system is a complex network of cells and fibers that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It plays a crucial role in coordinating andcontrolling bodily functions, including movement, sensation, and cognition.The brain, the command center of the nervous system, is a fascinating organ. It is responsible for processing information from the senses, making decisions, and controlling the body's actions. It's like the CEO of a company, overseeing all the operations and making sure everything runs smoothly.Neurons, the building blocks of the nervous system, are remarkable cells. They are specialized for transmitting electrical signals, known as action potentials, over long distances. It's like a network of messengers, passing along important information from one place to another. Without neurons, communication within the nervous system would beimpossible.The spinal cord, another crucial component of the nervous system, acts as a relay station. It connects the brain to the rest of the body and allows for the transmission of signals to and from different body parts.It's like a highway, facilitating the smooth flow of information between the brain and the body.The peripheral nervous system, consisting of nervesthat extend from the brain and spinal cord, is responsible for transmitting signals to and from the rest of the body.It's like a vast network of cables, connecting different devices to a central hub. Without the peripheral nervous system, the brain would be isolated and unable to interact with the outside world.The autonomic nervous system, a division of the peripheral nervous system, controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing.It's like a background process running on a computer,taking care of essential tasks without us even realizing it.The autonomic nervous system ensures that our body functions properly, even when we're not consciously aware of it.In conclusion, the nervous system is a remarkable and intricate system that allows for communication and coordination within the body. From the brain to the neurons to the spinal cord, each component plays a vital role in ensuring our bodies function properly. Understanding the complexities of the nervous system can help us appreciate the incredible machinery that allows us to move, think, and experience the world around us.。

神经功能科英语

神经功能科英语Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. As a discipline, it is crucial for understanding and managing a wide range of conditions, from cognitive impairments to movement disorders.In the field of neurology, English terminology is standardized and widely used to ensure clear communication among healthcare professionals across the globe. Here are some key terms and concepts that are essential in the field of neurology:1. Neuroanatomy: The study of the anatomy of the nervous system and how its structures relate to function.2. Neurotransmitters: Chemicals that transmit signals across a synapse from one neuron to another.3. Neurodegeneration: The process by which neurons deteriorate and lose function, often leading to diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's.4. Cerebrovascular Disease: Conditions that affect the blood vessels supplying the brain, such as stroke ortransient ischemic attack (TIA).5. Epilepsy: A chronic disorder characterized byrecurrent seizures due to excess electrical activity in the brain.6. Multiple Sclerosis (MS): A disease in which the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, causing communication problems between the brain and the body.7. Neuromuscular Disorders: Conditions that affect the peripheral nervous system, including the muscles, causing weakness and movement problems.8. Neurological Exam: A systematic evaluation of apatient's nervous system, including tests of mental status, cranial nerves, motor and sensory function, coordination, and reflexes.9. Electroencephalogram (EEG): A diagnostic test that measures and records the electrical activity of the brain.10. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): A non-invasive imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and radio wavesto produce detailed images of the brain and spinal cord.11. Neuropathology: The study of disease causes and changes in nervous system tissues.12. Neuropharmacology: The branch of pharmacology that deals with drugs that have an effect on the nervous system.13. Neurofeedback: A type of biofeedback that uses real-time displays of brain activity to teach self-regulation of brain functions.14. Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.15. Neurotoxicity: The destructive effect of toxic substances on the nervous system.Understanding these terms is fundamental for anyone studying or working in the field of neurology. It's also important for patients and their families to have a basic grasp of these concepts to better navigate the complexities of neurological care.。

生理学第十章神经系统

（去GABA，GABA作用于轴突膜使其对Cl- 通透性增高，由于轴浆中Cl-高于细胞外， Cl- 外流产生的内向电流使轴突1部分去极化。
第四节神经系统感觉分析功能
脊髓的感觉传导
浅感觉传导途径
痛温觉（脊丘前束）、轻触觉（脊丘侧束）：先交叉后上行
阻断剂：筒箭毒碱 N1神经节突触后膜六烃季铵 N2骨骼肌终板膜（肌肉阵颤）十烃季铵
外周神经递质及受体
01
毒蕈碱受体（M作用）：副交感节后纤维（阻断剂：阿托品）
02
有机磷中毒瞳孔缩小，消化腺分泌↑ 汗腺分泌，心脏抑制，支气管、胃肠、膀胱逼尿肌收缩致支气管痉挛，流延，大小便失禁，阿托品阻断
部；蜗顶的低频
听觉代表区位于颞横回和颞上回（41、42区）
蜗底冲动（高频
嗅觉代表区
位于前梨状区的嗅皮层和杏仁核等处。
2014
味觉代表区
位于中央后回头面部感觉投射区的下方。
2015
痛觉
机体受到伤害性刺激时产生的复杂感觉，常伴有不愉快情绪反应和防卫反应。
痛觉感受器：游离神经末梢
C
A
内脏痛与牵涉痛
B
内脏痛
C
来去缓慢，持续时间长，伴有不愉快的情绪反应；
D
定位不准确，分辨力差；
E
对烧灼、切割等不敏感，对机械牵拉、缺血、炎症、痉挛及化学刺激敏感；
F
常伴牵涉痛（referred pain)
牵涉痛
01
内脏疾患常引起
02
体表部位发生疼
03
痛或痛觉过敏的
04
现象。
05
机制：会聚学说
06
去甲肾上腺素
01
主要位于低位脑干，尤其中脑网状结构、脑桥的蓝斑以及延髓网状结构的腹外侧部。有脑电觉醒作用，调节体温、腺垂体分泌和心血管活动。

大脑和人体的作用英语作文

大脑和人体的作用英语作文The Role of the Brain and the Human Body.The human body is a remarkable creation, with each part playing a crucial role in enabling us to function optimally. Among all the organs and systems, the brain stands out as the most complex and essential, controlling not only our cognitive abilities but also our physical movements, emotions, and senses. In this essay, we will delve into the significance of the brain and the human body, exploringtheir interconnectedness and the remarkable ways they work together to keep us alive and thriving.Let's start with the brain, the command center of our bodies. The brain is made up of billions of neurons, which are connected to each other through an intricate network of synapses. This network allows for the transmission of electrical signals, enabling communication betweendifferent regions of the brain and allowing us to process information, make decisions, and control our actions. Thebrain is responsible for our cognitive functions, including memory, perception, thinking, and consciousness. It receives input from our senses, interprets it, and then generates appropriate responses.The brain is also responsible for our emotions. It processes and regulates our emotional responses to external stimuli, allowing us to experience a range of emotions that shape our interactions with the world. The amygdala, for instance, plays a crucial role in emotional processing, regulating our responses to fear and pleasure.Moreover, the brain controls our motor functions, coordinating the movements of our muscles and limbs. The motor cortex, located in the frontal lobes, sends signals to the muscles, telling them how to contract and relax, enabling us to perform a wide range of movements.The human body, on the other hand, provides the physical framework for the brain to function. The skeletal system supports the body, protecting the brain and other vital organs. The muscular system, controlled by the brain,allows us to move and interact with our environment. The cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to the brain and removing waste products. The respiratory system supplies the brain with oxygen, essential for its functioning.The brain and the body are also closely connected through the endocrine system. This system produces and releases hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction. The hypothalamus, a region of the brain, plays a key role in regulating the endocrine system, ensuring that the body's hormonal balance is maintained.The interconnectedness of the brain and the body is further emphasized by the concept of neuroplasticity. This refers to the brain's ability to change and adapt in response to external stimuli and experience. For instance, when we learn a new skill, the brain forms new neural connections to facilitate this learning. Similarly, physical activity can stimulate the growth of new neurons and improve the efficiency of neural networks, leading tobetter cognitive and motor performance.In conclusion, the brain and the human body are intricately connected, working together to enable us to function as highly complex and adaptive organisms. The brain controls our cognitive, emotional, and motor functions, while the body provides the necessary support and regulation for the brain to function optimally. Understanding the role of the brain and the body in our lives is crucial for appreciating the wonder and complexity of the human being.。

neuro翻译

neuro翻译neuro的翻译可以是神经学的，也可以是与神经系统相关的。

下面是一些关于neuro的用法和中英文对照的例句：1. Neurology is the branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the nervous system.（神经学是医学的一个分支，研究神经系统的疾病。

）2. She underwent neurosurgery to treat her brain tumor.（她接受了神经外科手术来治疗脑瘤。

）3. The neurologist specializes in treating patients with neurological disorders.（这位神经学家专门治疗患有神经系统疾病的患者。

）4. A neuroscientist studies the structure and function of the nervous system.（神经科学家研究神经系统的结构和功能。

）5. The patient was diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease.（患者被诊断出患有神经退行性疾病。

）6. The neuroimaging technique allows us to visualize the brain's activity.（神经影像技术使我们能够观察到大脑的活动。

）7. The drug acts on the neuroreceptors in the brain.（这种药物作用于大脑中的神经受体。

）8. The neuroplasticity of the brain enables it to adapt and change throughout life.（大脑的神经可塑性使其能够在整个生命中适应和变化。

）9. His research focuses on understanding the neurodevelopmental processes in children.（他的研究专注于理解儿童的神经发育过程。

Neuropsychiatry_for_Past,_Today_and_Future(神经精神科学的

International Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 国际神经精神科学杂志, 2012, 1, I-IV doi:10.4236/ijpn.2012.11001Published Online February 2012 (/journal/ijpn)Neuropsychiatry for Past, Today and Future——For the Launch of International Journal of Psychiatry and NeurologyJun YangNeurologist and PharmacistEditor-in-Chief of International Journal of Psychiatry and NeurologyDean and Professor, College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical UniversityNeuropsychiatry, which has been persecuting the global, is the branch of medicine dealing with mental disorders attributable to diseases of the nervous system. “Chinese Mental Health Plan (2002-2010)” reported that there were abort 450 million people suffering from mental disorders in the world which bore 11% burden of the global medical cost in 2002. About 20% people had mental disorder problems in USA depending on 2003 report of the United States Presi-dent's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health. In 2009 China Disease Prevention and Control Health Center pub-lished the data of over 100 million people with neuropsychiatric diseases in China. Neuropsychiatry including the fields of psychiatry and neurology, has become a frontier of human scientific research, and a lot of countries have been paying close attentions to brain function study so as to understand the psychological activities, specially in neuro-psychiatric processes.Response to the fast development of neuropsychiatric science, we launched an international Chinese journal—Inter- national Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, which was focusing on neuropsychiastric achievements and establishing an exchange platform for neurologists, psychiatrists, clinicians and researchers to share their opines about basic and clinic study in the field of neuropsychiatry.1. Past of NeuropsychiatryThe symptom, diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders have been written in ancient medical books. The mental disorders (心疾) and brain diseases (首疾) were recorded in Chinese oracle 3600 years ago. A famous medical scientist and father of neuropsychiastry in ancient Greece, Hippocrates of Cos II (460-377 BC) proposed that mental activities were caused by humoral pathology depending on his theory that the brain contraled the thinking. In 300-200 BC, “Inner Canon of the Yellow Emperor—The Miraculous Pivot-Crazy Section” 《黄帝内经——灵枢·癫狂篇》was the first book to discuss the relationship between the brain and mental activities. A France doctor Phillipe Pinel (1754-1826) was the first director of “Crazy Hospital” in the world. Dr. Rush Benjamin, father of neuropsychiatry in American, suggested that the programs of psychiatric and biological medicine should be opened for medical students 200 years ago. In 1845 Dr. Wilhelm Griesinger, a German scientist, proved first time that neuropsychiastric disorder was a kind of brain disease in his article. In 1902 Albany General Hospital in USA established the first department of neuropsychiatry.2. Today of NeuropsychiatryFollowing the scientific and technological development, especially the great achievements in neuroscience and mo-lecular biology, we can use multidisciplinary skills integrating the basic and clinic to study the neuropsychiatric diseases at the level of molecular, cell and body. Neurological diseases cause mental disorders, as while as mental diseases change the brain function usually. It has promoted for the neuropsychiatric disease study to use the basic neuroscientific skills inlcuding neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurobiochemistry, neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology and so on, to find the susceptibility gene, clear the neuroanatomic location, understand the neurological control process and ana-lyze the advanced brain function. On the other hand, it has verified the basic research results of neuropsychiatry by the clinical study data, genetic pedigree brain bank and non trauma resonance imaging skills.It has been explained the neuropsychiatric origins in the fields of gene, brain function and psychopharmacology. The interactions between neurocells and special chemical substances in neurocells make us deeply recognize the brain func-tion at the level of the membrane, receptor, transmitter, nucleus acid and so on, and understand the process of neuro-psychiatric diseases.Molecular genetics causes the research activities in neuropsychiatric diseases based on their high heritability. It makes a great success to find the new susceptibility gene by the genome wide association studies (GWAS) and systemic biological method.It searches the biological diagnosis markers of neuropsychiatric diseases by the methods of brain morphology and function. For example, we can comprehen the dopamine way change through the tracer 18F-FDOPA showing the pre-synaptic dopamine receptors after positron-emission tomography (PET)/Computer tomography (CT), and we can also acquire more biological information by combining neurological cognitive surveys.It makes a great progress in research and development of neuropsychiatric drugs since chlorpromazine was found in 1952. Depending on the forecast of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2002, it will reach to 14% for neuropsy-chiatric drug in the whole global medical market in 2020. Unfortunately, it only spent 6 years achieving this forecast in 2008, which it sold 104.8 billion US dollar in the global neuropsychiatric drug market. It showed very active in research and development of neuropsychiatric drugs past 10 years, in which many new neuropsychiatric drugs were approved into clinic trail research and some of them were launched.3. Future of NeuropsychiatryAfter the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials in Intervention Effectiveness (CA TIE) project supported by the National Insti-tute of Mental Health (NIMH) of USA, European Union (EU) spent huge funds to study the first episode of schizophre-nia. We usually found many “Big Projects” (huge funds), which related with multicenter and multidisciplinary, in the fields of neuroscience and psychiatry. In 2010 the National Institute of Health (NIH) of USA began the project of hu-man connection group plan to understand the brain interconnection, which included 9 institutes from USA, Italy, Ger-man and UK. It costs 40 million US dolors and uses the methods of nuclear magnetic resonance, task stimulation, mag-netoencephalography and structure analysis. One of projects should study 300 twins and 1200 health volunteers. “The mental health act of the People’s Republic of China (Draft)” was approved by the State Council Standing Committee of the People’s Republic of China in September 2011.In January 2010, Dr. Philip Campbell, Editor-in-Chief of Nature, suggested that the near 10 years should be defined as “10 years of neuropsychiatric disorder”. There have shown so many new discover, new development and new achievement in the field of neuroscience and psychiatry although it was not clear for the suggestion to influence the neuropsychiatric study. It is believed that it will change radically in the etiological cognition, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of neuropsychiatric diseases.神经精神科学的过去、现在和将来——《国际神经精神科学杂志》创刊词杨俊教授、主任药师、研究员级高级工程师《国际神经精神科学杂志》主编、新乡医学院药学院院长神经精神疾病是以神经系统病变、行为、心理活动紊乱为主要表现的一组疾病。

神经调控英语

神经调控英语Neuroregulation refers to the process by which the nervous system regulates and controls various functions in the body. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the proper functioning of the body's organs and systems. In this article, we will explore the concept of neuroregulation and its significance in English.Neuroregulation encompasses a wide range of processes, including sensory perception, motor control, emotional regulation, and cognitive functions. It involves the interaction between the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.One of the key aspects of neuroregulation is the communication between neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals in the nervous system. Neurons communicate with each other through synapses, which are junctions where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another. This communication allows for the coordination of various bodily functions and responses.The regulation of sensory perception is an essential aspect of neuroregulation. The sensory organs, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and skin, detect external stimuli and convert them into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain. The brain then processes these signals and generates appropriate responses, such as perceiving visual images, hearing sounds, smelling odors, and feeling touch and pain.Motor control is another critical function regulated by the nervous system. The brain sends signals to the muscles through the spinal cord, enabling voluntary movements. This process involves the coordination of various muscle groups and requires precise control and timing.Emotional regulation is also influenced by neuroregulation. The limbic system, which is a set of brain structures involved in emotions, plays a crucial role in regulatingemotional responses. It helps to modulate feelings such as fear, happiness, sadness, and anger, allowing individuals to adapt and respond appropriately to different situations.Cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and problem-solving, are intricately linked to neuroregulation. The brain processes information received from the environment and stores it as memories. Attention allows individuals to focus on relevant stimuli and filter out distractions. Problem-solving involves the ability to analyze information, generate solutions, and make decisions.Disruptions in neuroregulation can lead to various neurological disorders and conditions. For example, Parkinson's disease is characterized by the degeneration of neurons involved in motor control, resulting in tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with difficulties in attention and impulse control. Alzheimer's disease affects memory and cognitive functions.In conclusion, neuroregulation is a fundamental process that underlies the functioning of the nervous system. It encompasses sensory perception, motor control, emotional regulation, and cognitive functions. Understanding neuroregulation is crucial for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders and optimizing overall brain health. By studying and exploring the intricacies of neuroregulation, we can gain valuable insights into the complexities of the human brain and its impact on our daily lives.。