Wearable Computing

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课文参考译文 (14)-信息科学与电子工程专业英语(第2版)-吴雅婷-清华大学出版社

Unit 14 计算机和网络Unit 14-1第一部分：计算机的进展计算机和信息技术的进展计算机和信息技术的诞生可以追溯到许多世纪以前。

数学的发展引起了计算工具的发展。

据说17世纪法国的Blaise Pascal构建了第一台计算机。

在19世纪，常被推崇为计算之父的英国人Charles Babbage设计了第一台“分析机”。

该机器有一个机械的计算“工厂”，类似于19世纪早期的提花织布机，采用穿孔卡片来存储数字和处理要求。

Ada Lovelace和他（Charles Babbage）致力于设计并提出了指令序列的概念——程序。

到1871年Babbage逝世，这台机器还没有完成。

将近一个世纪以后，随着电子机械计算机的发展（程序）这一概念再次出现。

1890年，Herman Hollerith采用穿孔卡片帮助美国人口普查局分类信息。

与此同时，电报电话的发明为通信和真空管的发展奠定了基础。

这一电子器件能够用于存储二进制形式的信息，即开或关，1或0。

第一台数字电子计算机ENIAC（电子计数积分计算机，见图14.1）是为美国军队开发的，并于1946年完成。

普林斯顿的数学教授V on Neumann对（程序）这一概念作了进一步深入的研究，加入了存储计算机程序的思想。

这就是存储在计算机内存中的指令序列，计算机执行这些指令完成程序控制的任务。

图14.1 ENIAC：第一台数字化电子计算机从这一阶段开始，计算机和计算机编程技术迅速发展。

从真空管发展到晶体管，大大减小了机器（计算机）的尺寸和成本，并提高了可靠性。

接着，集成电路技术的出现又减小了计算机的尺寸（和成本）。

20世纪60年代，典型的计算机是基于晶体管的机器，价值50万美金，并需要一个大空调房和一名现场工程师。

现在相同性能的计算机只要2000美元，并且放在桌上（就可使用了）。

随着计算机越来越小，越来越便宜，计算速度也更快——通过叫做芯片的单个集成电路来实现。

微处理器和微型计算机的发展微型计算机随着集成电路（或芯片）技术的发展而发展。

Ubiquitous Computing

Ubiquitous Computing
A short introduction
How to achieve ubiquity?

Make computing available beyond desktop
Make it mobile and connected Instrument the person Instrument the physical surroundings

It is always smaller than what came before. Most think of the new technology as “just a toy” The new dominant use was almost completely absent before. Technology spread increases
Information Appliances

Universal Devices vs. Specialized Devices
– E.g., Swiss Army Knife vs. Butcher, Butter, Steak, Bread knife

Different design constraints based on intended use, enhances ease of use
– Has expanded the use and impact of computers in society – Allows integration of processing, communication, and sensors

Many cheap and self-supporting intelligent devices

专属性名词解释

专属性名词解释专属性名词指的是专门用于描述某一领域或特定概念的名词。

这些名词通常由行业专家、学者、研究人员等在特定领域中创造或广泛使用。

专属性名词在相应领域中扮演着重要的角色，用于准确和精确地描述特定概念、现象、理论、技术等。

以下是几个常见的专属性名词及其解释。

1. 可持续发展（Sustainable Development）:可持续发展是指在满足当前世代需求的基础上，不影响后代满足其需求的发展方式。

它强调满足经济、社会和环境的互相依赖、相互纠缠的需求，以实现长期的环境、社会和经济的平衡与可持续性。

2. 人工智能（Artificial Intelligence，AI）:人工智能是一种模拟人类智能的技术，通过计算机系统对感知、思考、学习、决策等智力过程的模拟来实现人类的智能行为。

它涉及多个学科领域，如机器学习、自然语言处理、计算机视觉等。

3. 云计算（Cloud Computing）:云计算是一种基于互联网的计算方式，通过将数据和计算任务存储在网络上的服务器中，而不是本地的计算机或服务器上来实现。

它允许用户按需使用计算资源，并提供灵活性、可伸缩性和可靠性。

4. 区块链（Blockchain）:区块链是一种去中心化的分布式账本技术，采用密码学算法实现对数据的安全存储和传输。

它通过将数据按时间顺序分成区块，再通过哈希算法将每个区块与之前的区块链接在一起，确保数据的不可篡改性和安全性。

5. 可穿戴设备（Wearable Devices）:可穿戴设备是一类可以佩戴在身体上的电子产品，如智能手表、健身追踪器、智能眼镜等。

这些设备通常具有传感器、处理器和通信技术，可以收集和传输个人生理数据、行为数据等。

6. 大数据（Big Data）:大数据指的是规模庞大、高速度生成的结构化和非结构化数据集。

这些数据集包含了海量的信息，但传统的数据处理工具和方法往往无法有效处理。

大数据可以用于数据挖掘、机器学习、数据分析等领域。

信息化的英语形容词

信息化的英语形容词信息化是一个涵盖广泛的领域，可以用许多形容词来描述相关的特征和属性。

以下是一些描述信息化的英语形容词：* Digital* Networked* Automated* Intelligent* Connected* Wireless* Virtual* Cloud-based* Smart* Integrated* Cyber* Data-driven* High-tech* Automated* Interactive* Web-based* Global* Seamless* Rapid* Advanced* Innovative* Technological* Dynamic* Collaborative* Efficient* User-friendly* Agile* Real-time* Secure* Mobile* Responsive* Adaptive* Scalable* Cutting-edge* Next-generation * Futuristic* Streamlined* Robust* Open-source* Sustainable* Predictive* Big Data* Analytics* Precision* 3D* Augmented* Autonomous* Quantum* Semantic* Interoperable * Human-centric* Personalized* Wearable* Biometric* Cognitive* Exponential* Disruptive* Pervasive* Inclusive* Immersive* Adaptive* Informed* Responsive* Algorithmic* Geospatial* Infonomics* API-driven* Machine Learning * Decentralized* Cross-platform * In-memory* Globalized* Predictive* E-commerce* Multichannel* Proactive* Cryptographic* Convergent* Context-aware* Intranet* Extrapolative* Crowdsourced* Semantic* Real-world* Nano* Bioinformatics* Cryptocurrency* Crowdfunding* Multi-modal* In-memory* Encrypted* Quantum Computing * Biometric* Geo-targeted* Autonomous* Peer-to-peer* Haptic* Omnichannel* Blockchain* Nanotechnology* Cyber-physical* Programmable* Swarm* Crowdsourcing* Nanoscience* Exoskeleton* Gamified* Programmable * Holographic* Unmanned* Sensor-driven* Renewable* Net-centric* Wearable* Crowdsourced * Nanoengineering * Exoskeletal* Synaptic* Symbiotic* Neurocomputing * Convergent* Fintech* Cryptographic* Computational * Self-learning* Exponential* Precision* Quantum* Unhackable* Blockchain-based * Smart-grid* Grid-connected* Seamless* Semantic* Adaptive* Programmable * Exponential * Frictionless* Cryptographic * Biometric* Quantified* Synaptic* Embedded* Programmable * Autonomous * Pervasive* Bio-inspired * Nano-scale* Ambient* Renewable。

Wearable computer

可穿戴式计算机是可以穿在衣服上面或下面的微型电子设备。这种用于普通或特殊的信息技术和媒体发展的穿戴式技术已经成熟。穿戴式电脑特别有用,可广泛应用于需要更复杂的计算支持而不仅仅是硬件编码逻辑的应用软件。可穿戴式计算机最主要的一个特征便是具有一致性。在用户与计算机之间有一个持续的互动，也就是不需要对设备进行开关机。另一个特色是具有可以同时进行多项任务的能力。不需要停止你正在使用的设备;
These devices can be incorporated by the user to act like a prosthetic. It can therefore be an ension of the user’s mind and/or body. • Many issues are common to the wearable as with mobile computing, ambient intelligence and ubiquitous computing research communities, including power management and heat dissipation, software architectures, wireless and perso nal area networks. • The International Symposium on Wearable Computers is the longest-running academic conference on the subject of wearable computers Areas of applications
•
在许多应用中，用户的皮肤、手、声音、眼睛、胳膊的运动或者注意力都充当了可穿戴式计算机的物理环境。可穿戴式计算机项目最初的发展和应用的例子如下： 1、行为模型； 2、健康监控系统； 3、业务管理； 4、智能手机； 5、电子纺织品； 6、服装设计；等等；在今天，可穿戴式计算机仍然是一个非常热门的研究方向，它包括了用户界面设计、全真性、模式识别的研究。可穿戴式计算机有很多特别的用途，比如方便残障人士，年老者。

wearable technology

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How we use it—Health
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How we use it—application & device
How we use it—Sports
• Record your heartbeat and exercise
• Remind your exercise routine
• Recommend moving target, be your personal coach • Unlock the door without the key • Synchronizes with your iphone
How it going—What we can do
• Antenna(RFID)- high-integrated, more effective • MEMES device • Wireless energy collection system
How it going—Future
Technology makes life more beautiful thank you
Learn more: https:///cn/flex
How we use it—Security
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Wearable Devices in Healthcare

8. Wearable Devices in HealthcareConstantine Glaros and Dimitrios I. FotiadisUnit of Medical Tehcnology and Intelligent Information Systems, Dept. of Computer Science, University of Ioannina, GR 45110, Ioannina, Greece8.1 IntroductionThe miniaturization of electrical and electronic equipment is certainly not a new phenomenon, and its effects have long been evident in the healthcare sector. Nev-ertheless, reducing the size of medical devices is one thing, wearing them is quite another. This transition imposes a new set of design requirements, challenges and restrictions and has further implications on their use, as they are often intended for operation by non medical professionals in uncontrolled environments. The pur-pose of this chapter is to introduce the use of wearable devices in healthcare along with the key enabling technologies behind their design, with emphasis on informa-tion technologies. Furthermore, it aims to present the current state of development along with the potential public benefits in both technological and healthcare terms. The devices described are those involving some degree of digital information han-dling, thus excluding conventional wearable devices such as eyeglasses, hearing aids and prosthetic devices from the discussion.A wearable medical device can be described as an autonomous, non-invasive system that performs a specific medical function such as monitoring or support. The term “wearable” implies that the device is either supported directly on the human body or a piece of clothing, and has an appropriate design enabling its pro-longed use as a wearable accessory. In broad terms, this requires the device to have minimal size and weight, functional and power autonomy, to be easy to use and worn in comfort.A typical device is built around a central processing unit and will normally pro-vide a degree of physiological monitoring, data storage and processing, which may be combined with the use of microelectronics, an electrical or mechanical function, involve a degree of intelligence and telemedicine functions. Therefore, like any computer, a typical device will have a data input mechanism, a processing unit and an output mechanism. The input mechanisms deal with the collection of clinical and environmental information through physiological and other sensors, the direct data input by the users, and possibly other incoming information through wireless data transfer from a remote server. The role of the processing unit is to handle the incoming information, often in real time, in order to generate the appropriate feedback. This feedback is either accessed directly by the user in various forms providing monitoring, alerting, and decision support functions, or serves as a control mechanism for another component of the system providing supporting functions. Output mechanisms can therefore involve combinations of C.Glaros and D.I.Fotiadis:Wearable Devices in Healthcare,StudFuzz184,237–264(2005) c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg2005238Constantine Glaros and Dimitrios I. Fotiadisaudio, visual, mechanical and electrical functions of a supporting device, or a telemetric service to a remote monitoring unit.Wearable devices are of emerging interest due to their potential influence in certain aspects of modern healthcare practices, most notably in delivering point of care service, by providing remote monitoring, ambulatory monitoring within the healthcare environment, and support for rehabilitating patients, the chronically ill and the disabled. Other devices are designed as supporting tools for doctors within the healthcare environment, such as for monitoring patients during surgery or for keeping electronic patient records. Another distinct feature is their use by healthy individuals, either as health monitors or fitness assistants. The growing demand in such products can be attributed to a significant extent to an increase of the public’s health awareness, and their increasing familiarity in using computer-based prod-ucts on a daily basis. Apart from providing useful tools, the trend towards the widespread use of personal health assistants is also seen as a helpful step towards the transition of healthcare management into a more preventative model rather than the reactive, episodic model used today. Furthermore, wearable healthcare devices can help in changing the public’s attitude towards personal healthcare in the sense that individuals are both asked and enabled to play a more active role in their care. This provides a striking resemblance to the way that the widespread use of wearable (wrist) watches changed people’s awareness of the concepts of time and punctuality not so long ago. The incorporation of telemetric capabilities into wearable devices is also in line with the novel concept of pervasive healthcare, whereby wireless technologies allow citizens to transmit and access their health data, transmit and receive information about their current health condition any-where and anytime.Wearable healthcare devices have been around for quite some time. The most established medical device is the holter monitor, used to record the cardiac re-sponse of patients during normal activities, usually for a time period of 24 hours. Electrodes are placed on the patient’s chest and are attached to a small, wearable, battery operated, recording monitor. Patients are required to keep a diary of their activities, which are later assessed by their therapists along with the recordings, by correlating any irregular heart activity with the patient’s activity at the time. The next stage was to use wearables for real time applications, where physiological monitoring was supplemented with an alerting mechanism. Such an application is the sleep apnea monitor, which provides alerts when sleep patterns deviate from the expected breathing patterns beyond pre-set thresholds. More complex multi-signal monitoring and decision support devices were initially developed for high profile applications intended for astronauts and the military. NASA’s LifeGuard system used multi-signal monitoring equipment for monitoring astronauts’ vital signs and assessing their physiological responses in space. More demanding appli-cations were pursued through the Land Warrior program of the US Army [1,2], seeking to develop wearable computers to assist soldiers with battlefield tasks. The primary medical task of these computers was to assess the health condition of the soldier on a continuous basis, to see if he is dead or alive, and if alive, to help the military commanders assess his ability to fight by using heart rate and breath rate as indicators of the soldiers general health, current level of fatigue, stress,Wearable Devices in Healthcare 239 anxiety, the severity of his wounds and the treatment requirements. To achieve the other military tasks of the system, the wearable prototypes integrated a range of functions and hardware, such as a video capture system for capturing still colour images, a helmet mounted display monitor with a speaker and a microphone, a navigation subsystem with GPS and a compass, soldier location and heading to a computer for map display, automatic position reporting and target location calcu-lation, and wireless communications for communicating and exchanging digital information with his commanders.This trend towards multifunctional devices could not escape the commercial health sector, as numerous wearable devices providing multi-signal monitoring, alerting mechanisms and telemetric functions have already reached the market, with many more promising and more complex ideas under research and develop-ment. Advancements in sensor technology and biosignal analysis allow not only the monitoring of vital signs such as heart response, respiration, skin temperature, pulse, blood pressure or blood oxygen saturation, but other important aspects of a person’s condition such as body kinematics, sensorial, emotional and cognitive re-activity. Information technology is the key enabling factor, through the use of available miniaturized plug and play components, distributed computing, data se-curity protocols, and communication standards. Other IT practices starting to find their way in wearable applications include the use of virtual reality, artificial intel-ligence techniques for automated diagnosis and decision support, and data fusion in multi-sensor systems. Data fusion is usually applied for control and assessment purposes in multi-sensor engineering systems with most applications being in ro-botics, military and transport [3-5]. However, it is starting to emerge in the medi-cal field and is suitable for home-based and wearable multi-signal handling sys-tems.Wearable devices have the potential to become integral components of a mod-ern healthcare system, as they can provide alternative options and solutions to numerous medical and social requirements. They do not only help to improve the provision of healthcare, the quality of life of the chronically ill and the disabled, but their use may also prove to be financially rewarding by saving the health ser-vice money through hospitalisation reductions, either through prevention or by helping provide the appropriate means for independent living. The financial con-siderations are considerable. In the United States alone, 90 million people suffer from chronic medical conditions like diabetes, asthma and heart disease, which account for approximately 75% of the total healthcare costs. However, up to now, a large proportion of commercial wearable medical products have been specifi-cally developed for non-clinical applications such as for athletes, health aware in-dividuals and as research tools for researchers seeking to increase the clinical un-derstanding of certain health conditions. Those, along with the direct clinical applications have led to a dramatic increase in the market for medical devices in recent years but without a corresponding reduction in hospitalisations.240Constantine Glaros and Dimitrios I. Fotiadis8.2 Wearable Technologies and DesignThe ongoing development of wearable devices is closely linked with advances in a range of digital hardware technologies and is limited by certain ergonomic design restrictions and considerations. From the design point of view, their main distin-guishing characteristic is that they are used in a very different manner than con-ventional medical equipment. The three main operational differences are: (a) they are usually worn by the patient, (b) they are usually operated by the patient, and (c) they normally function in an uncontrolled environment under various environ-mental conditions. This section provides a brief description of the key enabling technologies and the design requirements for wearable devices. This helps in clari-fying the capabilities, limitations and the potential advancements of wearable medical products.8.2.1 Wearable HardwareThe three main hardware components of a typical wearable medical device are: (a) the necessary physiological and peripheral sensors used to monitor a health condi-tion and the surrounding environment, (b) the wearable computational hardware enabling the input, output and processing of information, and (c) the use of cus-tomised clothing acting as the supporting environment or even as a functional component of the device.8.2.1.1 SensorsSensors are used to monitor the physical environment or an environmental process. Wearable devices make use of a wide range of sensors that can be broadly distinguished into medical and peripheral sensors. Medical sensors are those used for monitoring a clinical condition or a clinical process of an individ-ual, and may involve the recording of physiological and kinesiological parameters. Peripheral sensors are those used to monitor the outer environment, enabling the provision of additional functional capabilities of a wearable system, or for enhanc-ing the context awareness of the system assisting in the assessment of the meas-urements of the medical sensors.For all kinds of sensors, wearability imposes a set of physical and functional re-strictions affecting their selection, and thus limiting the range of available options. Apart from their physical attributes such as size and shape, wearable sensors should be non-invasive and easily attachable. Furthermore, they must have mini-mal power consumption and produce an electrical output so that measurements can be digitally processed. Operating conditions are also important, as the device must be durable and reliable in the intended conditions of use. For example, under certain conditions, the use of a piezoelectric sensor on a moving subject will pro-duce overwhelming motion artefacts in the recorded signal, limiting the reliability of the measurements. In addition, physiological responses such as vibration and sweating may cause signal distortion or even sensor detachment with completeWearable Devices in Healthcare 241 loss of the signal. The duration of use may also be important, as prolonged use may cause skin irritations or affect their reliability. For example, the contact resis-tance between the skin and an electrode may alter over time as gels in electrodes dry out.Wearable devices can particularly benefit from the use of wireless sensors, which do not only minimise the hassle of setting up and using the device, but also help achieve freedom of movement and comfort during use. They are based on conventional sensing elements with an integrated wireless transmitter and an autonomous power supply. The use of wireless sensors removes the issue of cable management and facilitates the positioning of sensors on various anatomical loca-tions and the development of more versatile system architectures. The increased electronic complexity of modern systems has also led to the development of intel-ligent sensors that perform functions beyond detecting a condition and that can provide a level of assessment. Such an application is the introduction of wireless intelligent sensors performing data acquisition and limited signal processing in personal and local area networks [6]. The use of intelligent sensors helps in reduc-ing the processing workload of the wearable processor, and increases the speed of providing assessment. This processing assistance is particularly beneficial in real time applications, and in many cases eases the design processing requirements and specifications.The medical sensors most commonly used for monitoring physiological re-sponses in wearables include: skin surface electrodes for detecting surface poten-tials in bioelectric signal monitoring such as for electrocardiography (ECG), elec-tromyography (EMG), electroencephalography (EEG), electrooculography (EOG); medical grade temperature thermistors for detecting skin surface tempera-ture; galvanic skin response sensors for detecting skin conductance in relation to skin hydration; piezoelectric sensors used as pulse monitors for monitoring heart rate and in the form of belts placed in the chest an abdomen for monitoring respi-ratory effort; infrared emitter/receiver systems for photopletysmographic (PPG) measurements used for the detection of blood volume changes of a selected skin area providing indirect measures of blood pressure, and pulse oxymetry, which is a technique for detecting blood oxygen saturation and heart rate from a PPG sig-nal. Some systems also incorporate kinesiological sensors for monitoring human motion and posture. For these applications the most commonly used sensors are: accelerometers for detecting motion; electrogoniometers for recording human joint angles in motion; proximity sensors for detecting distance from obstacles, and contact sensors. These sensors are based on a range of technologies such as elec-trical, mechanical, optical, ultrasonic, and piezoelectric. In medical wearables, they are usually used for monitoring human movement in relation to a clinical condition such as for gait abnormalities, tremor, Parkinson’s disease, and for monitoring human movement with respect to the environment such as for obstacle detection for the visually impaired and for detecting physical contact.Biosensors belong to another category of medical sensors used for monitoring biological properties and processes, but have found limited applications in wear-able devices. Sensing strategies for biosensors include optical, mechanical, mag-netic, calorimetric, and electrochemical detection methods. However, the require-242Constantine Glaros and Dimitrios I. Fotiadisments for small size and of providing an electrical output so that the measure-ments can be digitally processed mean that microelectronic biosensors are those with the greatest potential for use in wearables. Microelectronic biosensors are ei-ther calorimetric or electrochemical [7]. Calorimetric biosensors detect the heat of biological reactions with conventional thermistors or thermopile sensors in various arrangements. Electrochemical biosensors include potentiometric transducers such as the pH electrode and related ion-selective electrodes, and amperometric biosen-sors used for detecting and monitoring enzymes such as glucose, lactate and urea. There are ongoing research efforts aiming to produce multi-biosensor elements in-tegrating amperometric and potentiometric sensors on one substrate forming an in-tegrated lab on a chip.Peripheral sensors are used for monitoring the physical environment, and in some cases for providing navigation assistance. Physical environment sensors monitor environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, air quality, sound levels, and may also provide optical information. Therefore, environmental sensors can include thermometers and CO2 monitors, microphones and even digi-tal video cameras. Navigation aids make use of navigational sensors such as GPS and digital compasses for providing position and orientation. In a broader sense, any input mechanism providing information assisting in the assessment of the monitored conditions, medical or not, can be loosely described as a sensor. This may involve manual intervention by the user, such as the input of weight, height or other anthropometric measurements, or even the direct on-line accessibility of information from other devices such as electronic patient records, medical and other databases.Apart from the above-mentioned sensors and technologies, there are emerging manufacturing and packaging approaches with the potential to be used either as components of or in conjunction with wearable devices. These include the use of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), a very promising and rapidly expand-ing field with a wide range of applications, and Micro Total Analysis Systems (µTAS).Devices based on micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) are manufactured with similar techniques to those used to create integrated circuits, and often have moving components that allow a physical or analytical function to be performed along with their electrical functions. Their distinguishing characteristic is that they have the capacity to transduce both physical and chemical stimuli to an electrical signal. MEMS have been used in the medical industry since 1980 for a variety of applications, and have the advantage of being small, reliable and inexpensive. The MEMS most commonly used in medical sensing applications are based on the Wheatstone bridge piezoresistive silicon pressure sensor that has been used in various forms to measure blood pressure, respiration and acceleration [8]. In addi-tion, interest is growing for the use of MEMS in implantable devices. Implantable BioMEMS [9] combine sensing applications with their other capabilities of pro-ducing microreservoirs, micropumps, cantilevers, rotors, channels, valves and other structures. Current and emerging clinical applications based on BioMEMS include retinal implants to treat blindness, neural implants for stimulation, biosen-sors for the short term sensing of pH, analytes and pressure in blood, tissue andWearable Devices in Healthcare 243 body fluids (but are not stable for long term implantation), and drug delivery with the use of a drug depot or supply within or on the device.Another emerging research field deals with Micro Total Analysis systems (µTAS) [10], which are miniaturized systems for biochemical analysis operating completely automatic without the need of experienced operators. Such systems contain all the necessary components in one liquid handling board, like sample inlet facilities, micropumps, micromixers/reactors, sensors and the control elec-tronics. They are used in clinical chemistry and although they are intended for bedside monitoring rather than for wearable applications, portable clinical analyz-ers can be used in conjunction or in association with wearable systems to provide continuous in vivo monitoring of many blood variables. These systems widen the scope of wearable monitoring devices.8.2.1.2 Computing HardwareThe miniaturization of computational hardware has led to the development of processing and supporting accessories enabling wearability. Wearable computing is a broader field used in many applications such as manufacturing, medicine, the military, in maintenance, and entertainment. In these applications the user wears a computer and a visual display, and may be wirelessly connected to a broader net-work enabling exchange of information. A feature that is often found in these ap-plications is the provision of augmented reality, where a user wears a see through display that allows graphics or text to be projected in the real world [11]. The ad-aptation of computing hardware for wearable computing as well as for other port-able and mobile applications has made available a range of components that can be used in the design of medical devices. These include the necessary input and output mechanisms, the processing units, the data storage devices, power supply and the means for wireless telemetry. Furthermore, they are mostly plug and play components that are easy to use and facilitate the development of modular systems allowing usage flexibility. This is particularly important for medical wearables as they also make use of sensors as well as other hardware [12]The main objective of wearable input/output devices is to facilitate human-computer interaction with minimal hindering of other activities. Data entry or text input devices have included body mounted keyboards, hand held keyboards, trackballs, data gloves and touch screens. For complete hands free operation, many applications have made use of speech recognition software, and even pos-ture, EMG, and EEG based devices. Output devices have included small sized liq-uid crystal displays, head mounted displays such as clip-on monitors and monitors embedded in glass frames, and speakers. An emerging technology for enhancing the realism of wearable augmented and virtual reality environments for certain ap-plications involves the use of haptic/tactile interfaces [13]. These devices allow the users to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources, allowing them to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch.Processing units are identical or downgraded versions of current desktop and notebook personal computers placed on compact motherboards. Handheld com-puters and personal digital assistants (PDA’s) are two well-known commercial ex-amples having compact processing power. Many research prototypes have been244Constantine Glaros and Dimitrios I. Fotiadisbased on the PC 104 motherboard, and user programmable integrated circuits such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGA’s), electronically programmable logic devices (EPLD’s) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLD’s). The func-tions of these circuits are user programmable and not set by the manufacturer. Generally speaking, the integration of hardware with software components maxi-mizes the overall processing speed of the system and minimizes the processing unit’s requirements. Wearable medical devices particularly benefit from the use of digital signal processing microchips. Memory chips and more recently Compact Flash® memory cards are used for data storage. They are light and small and not vulnerable to failure with movement, making them ideal for use in mobile and wearable applications. In addition, the memory cards do not require a battery to retain data indefinitely. Power autonomy is achieved through the use of high ca-pacity rechargeable batteries, in conjunction with an optimisation of the process-ing, storing and transmission requirements for lower power consumption, accord-ing to the intended capabilities and scope of the wearable. Effort has been made to investigate alternative means to supplement wearable’s power supply. These in-clude the use of solar cells woven on clothing, piezoelectric inserts in shoes, and alternative means for generating power by using body heat, breath or human mo-tion [14].Wireless communications are required to transfer data between sensors and the device, the device and the telemedicine server, and for providing internet access. Most wireless applications have been based on radio transmission and IrDA serial data links. The recent trend is to create wireless personal area networks (wPAN’s) for communication between the device and sensors, or generally between the wearable components of a device, usually based on the Bluetooth TM protocol op-erating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band (incorporated in IEEE Std 802.15). Communication between the wearable device and the telemedicine server is achieved through a wireless local area network (wLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 standard, also operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band. It is essentially a wireless extension of the Ethernet and is often referred to as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi). Cellular mobile phone technologies such as GSM, GPRS, and the 3rd generation UMTS protocols provide the means for mobile communication and internet access, and are also described as wireless mobile area networks (wMAN).8.2.1.3 ClothingClothing is the necessary supporting element for devices that are not directly at-tached to the human body. Custom designed clothing is used to minimize the has-sle of wearing the device, make it more comfortable while in use, practical to use, and provides the necessary supporting mechanism for placing the hardware com-ponents and sensors. Clothing also provides a certain level of protection from en-vironmental conditions such as temperature changes, humidity, rain, and direct sun exposure. It can also help moderate physiological responses through the use of sweat absorbent fabrics and act as a vibration damper during motion.Nevertheless, clothing becomes more interesting when it is designed to form an integral part of the device and not just a means of fixation. The term computa-tional clothing refers to pieces of clothing having the ability to process, store, sendWearable Devices in Healthcare 245 and retrieve information [15]. This can be achieved in two ways, either by attach-ing or embedding electronic systems into conventional clothing and clothing ac-cessories, or by merging textile and electronic technologies during fabric produc-tion (e-broidery) to produce electronic textiles (e-textiles) [16].Multi-sensor clothing has been used in applications of context awareness and medical monitoring, allowing for multiple sensor data fusion of distributed or cen-tralized sensors [17]. Prototype applications include the development of internet connected shoes allowing one to run with a jogging partner located elsewhere, and the use of physiological sensors attached on a bathing suit for monitoring indi-viduals during sleep, assessing their discomfort for adjusting room heating [18]. Computing hardware components and sensors have also been embedded and inte-grated into fashion accessories, such as jewellery, gloves, belts, eyeglasses and wristwatches in a number of applications. Eyeglass based head mounted displays and multimedia systems that include cameras, microphones and earphones are al-ready commercially available.One of the first prototype applications of e-broidery was the wearable mother-board [19], which was formed by a mesh of electronically and optically conduc-tive fibres integrated into the normal structure of the fibres and yarns used to cre-ate the garment. The shirt consisted of sensing devices containing a processor and a transmitter. A strategic objective of the e-textile approach is to create fabrics that can be crushed, washed and retain their properties unaffected. This requires the use of textile materials with electric properties, such as piezoelectric materials, ly-cra textiles treated with polypyrrole and carbon filled rubber materials for creating strain sensing fabrics, and conductive fibres of metallic silk organza which is a finely woven silk fabric with a thin gold, silver or copper foil wrapped around each thread. E-textile applications have included the production of complete cloth-ing accessories to detect motion and posture, and local embroidery on a normal garment to create keypads for performing a function such as for generating text or music.8.2.2 Wearable ErgonomicsWearable ergonomics deal with issues such as the physical shape of wearables, their active relationship with the human anatomy in motion, their acceptability as a function of comfort, fashion, and purpose, the relationship between the wearable device and the work environment, the physical factors affecting their use, and the human – device interaction [20]. A list of general guidelines for wearable product design is presented below [21]:1. Placement: The selection of the location for placing the wearable onthe body to be unobtrusive.2. Form Language: The shape of the wearable must ensure a comfortableand stable fit, while protecting it from accidental bumps.3. Human Movement: The wearable should allow for joint freedom ofmovement, shifting of flesh, flexion and extension of muscles.。

课文参考译文 (6)-信息科学与电子工程专业英语(第2版)-吴雅婷-清华大学出版社

Unit 6 移动通信Unit 6-1第一部分：移动通信一个移动通信系统是指用户在这个系统中可以一边和别人互相通信，一边在物理位置上进行移动。

例如：传呼机、蜂窝电话和无绳电话。

移动性使得射频通信功能强大而且广为流行。

用户所持的收发器叫移动单元、终端或手持单元。

无线基础设施的复杂性往往要求移动单元只通过一些固定的、较昂贵的称为基站的设备进行通信。

每个移动单元通过两个射频信道接收来自基站的信息并向基站发射信息，这两个信道分别称为前向信道或下行链路，以及逆向信道或上行链路。

我们大多数讨论的是移动单元，因为和基站相比，手持单元构成市场极大的一块，它们的设计更接近于其他射频系统。

蜂窝系统对于一个有限的可用频谱（例如：900MHz附近的一个25MHz的频谱），数十万人如何在拥挤的城区里相互通信？为了回答这个问题，首先考虑一种较简单的情况：几千个FM电台可利用88-108MHz的频带在一个国家里广播。

这是可能的，因为在物理位置上相隔足够远的电台可使用同一载波频率（频率重用），而相互干扰可以忽略。

两个电台的中间位置除外，这里接收到的两个电台信号强度相近。

两个可以使用相同载波频率的电台的最小距离是由每个电台发射的信号功率所决定的。

在移动通信系统中，用蜂窝结构来实现频率重用概念，其中每一个蜂窝是六边形的，其周围环绕着6个其它的蜂窝，如图6.1(a)所示。

频率重用概念是：如果位于中央的蜂窝使用频率f1进行通信，那么与其相邻的6个蜂窝就不能使用这个频率，但外面不直接相邻的蜂窝可再次使用这个频率。

实际上，更有效的频率分配方式是如图6.1(b)所示的“7蜂窝”重用模式。

注意：实际上每个蜂窝是使用了一组频率。

图6.1(b)中的每一个蜂窝中的移动单元都有一个基站提供服务，而所有的基站则有一个移动电话交换机构（MTSO）来控制。

同信道干扰在蜂窝系统中，一个重要的问题是两个使用同一频率的单元之间的干扰有多大。

这种干扰叫做同信道干扰，这一效应依赖于两个同信道单元之间的距离与单元半径之比，而与发射功率无关。

Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing

Failures of devices and communication links Changes in the characteristics of communication such as bandwidth The creation and destruction of associations between software components resident on the devices
12
Association (cont)
Methods for service de/registration
Lease:=register(address,attribu tes)
Explanation
Register the service at the given address with the given attributes; a lease is returned
Context-aware computing:
E.g: device will automatically switch itself to “vibrate” instead of “ring” when it is in the cinema
4
Introduction (cont)
Volatile systems: changes are common rather than exceptional Relevant forms of volatility:
Low-effort, appropriate association: without any
human effort
Service description and query language: match

电脑发明英语作文

The invention of the computer is arguably one of the most significant milestones in the history of technology.It has revolutionized the way we live,work,and communicate. Here is an essay on the invention of the computer,highlighting its origins,development, and impact on society.The Birth of the ComputerThe concept of a computer dates back to ancient times,with devices like the abacus used for simple calculations.However,the modern computer as we know it today was born in the mid20th century.The first electronic generalpurpose computer,the ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,was developed during World War II by J.Presper Eckert and John W.Mauchly.It was a massive machine that filled a room and was primarily used for military calculations.The Evolution of ComputingFollowing the ENIAC,the development of the computer accelerated rapidly.The invention of the transistor in1947by John Bardeen,Walter Brattain,and William Shockley at Bell Labs marked a significant breakthrough,leading to smaller and more efficient computers.The1960s saw the emergence of mainframe computers,which were large,powerful machines used by businesses and universities.The1970s brought the advent of the microprocessor,with Intels4004being the first commercially available microprocessor in1971.This development paved the way for personal computers PCs,which became accessible to the general public in the1980s. Companies like IBM and Apple played pivotal roles in popularizing PCs,with Apples Macintosh,introduced in1984,being a significant milestone in userfriendly computing. The Internet and BeyondThe invention of the World Wide Web by Tim BernersLee in1989further transformed the role of computers.The web made information accessible to anyone with a computer and an internet connection,democratizing knowledge and communication.The1990s saw the rise of the internet,email,and online services,which have become integral parts of modern life.In the21st century,the computer has evolved from a tool for calculations and data processing to a multifaceted device that supports a wide range of activities,from entertainment to complex scientific research.The development of mobile computing, with smartphones and tablets,has further extended the reach of computing power.Impact on SocietyThe invention of the computer has had a profound impact on society.It has transformed industries,from manufacturing to healthcare,by automating processes and providing tools for analysis and decisionmaking.In education,computers have become essential tools for learning and research,offering access to vast resources of information and facilitating global collaboration.The computer has also reshaped social interactions,with social media platforms connecting people across the globe and changing the way we communicate.However,it has also raised concerns about privacy,security,and the digital divide,highlighting the need for responsible use and regulation.ConclusionThe invention of the computer has been a catalyst for change,driving technological advancements and shaping the modern world.As we continue to innovate and develop new technologies,it is crucial to consider the ethical implications and ensure that the benefits of computing are accessible to all.The future of computing holds great promise, with artificial intelligence,quantum computing,and other emerging technologies poised to redefine our relationship with machines.。

英语材料翻译

What makes a great smartwatch?The wearable computing revolution is coming. We have been hearing this for years now, but with smartwatches like the Pebble and heads-up displays like Glass it finally seems like the revolution is starting to dawn. We have now heard it from multiple sources that Google might be preparing its first smartwatch to launch as early as this year, and Apple has allegedly assembled an all-star team to work on a watch with fitness tracking functions that might be ready in 2014. We really are on the verge of this wearables revolution.However, we have also seen countless failed attempts. The Samsung Galaxy Gear was met with lukewarm reviews and disappointed many people waiting for a breakthrough smartwatch.With all this in mind, we decided to brainstorm this smartwatch uprise with you and ask meditate upon what makes a great smartwatch. We are trying to imagine a device that would not just throw a phone operating system on a small screen attached to your wrist, we are trying to think of what will make it a whole new category.So what is it? One-week battery life or an amazing screen? Or does it take a future technology like flexible screens to have it? And what would you use it for? Take a look at our requirements for the great smartwatch of the near future and chime in with yours in the comments right below.AT89C51DescriptionThe AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured usi ng Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction-set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.Features•Compatible with MCS-51™ Pro ducts•4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory–Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles•Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz•Three-Level Program Memory Lock•128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM•32 Programmable I/O Lines•Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters•Six Interrupt Sources•Programmable Serial Channel•Low Power Idle and Power Down ModesThe AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash,128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines,two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.DS1302DescriptionDALLAS companies DS1302 is the United States launched a high-performance, low power consumption, with real-time clock circuit of the RAM, it can be years, months, days, weekdays, hours, minutes, seconds for time, with leap year compensation, the working voltage to 2.5V ~ 5.5V. The use of three-wire interface for synchronous communication with the CPU, and the use of unexpected ways to send more than one byte of data clock signal, or RAM. DS1302 within a 31 × 8 for the temporary storage of the RAM data register. DS1302 is the DS1202 to upgrade products, compatible with the DS1202, but the increase of the main power supply / back-pin dual power supply, while providing the power back to the small trickle charge current capacity.FEATURES● 1 Real-Time Clock Counts Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Date of the Month, Month, Day of the Week, andYear with Leap-Year Compensation Valid Up to 2100● 2 31 x 8 Battery-Backed General-Purpose RAM● 3 Serial I/O for Minimum Pin Count● 3 2.0V to 5.5V Full Operation● 4 Uses Less than 300nA at 2.0V● 5 Single-Byte or Multiple-Byte (Burst Mode) Data Transfer for Read or Write of Clock or RAM Data● 6 8-Pin DIP or Optional 8-Pin SO for Surface Mount●7 Simple 3-Wire Interface●8 TTL-Compatible (VCC = 5V)●9 Optional Industrial Temperature Range: -40°C to +85°CIn fact, in the debugger when the capacitor can not only add to a 32.768kHz crystal. Only when the choice of crystal, different crystal, error as well. In addition, the circuit can be added to the above DS18B20, at the same time show the real-time temperature. CPU as long as the occupation of a line I can. LCD can be replaced with LED, can also use the letter Wei Jie Beijing Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. produced 10 multi-purpose 8 LCD Module LCM101, containing watchdog (WDT) / clock generator and the two frequency beep driver circuit and a built-display RAM, any field can be displayed strokes, with a 3-4 line serial interface of any single-chip, IC interface. Low power consumption when the current show 2μA (typical value), power-saving mode is less than 1μA, working voltage is 2.4V ~ 3.3V, show clear.什么是一款强大的智能手表可穿戴智能电脑的革新时代已经到来。

wearable technology

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Affective Computing英汉对照版

Affective ComputingR.W.PicardAbstractRecent neurological studies indicate that the role of emotion in human cognition is essential emotions are not a luxury. Instead, emotions play a critical role in rational decision-making, in perception, in human interaction, and in human intelligence. These facts, combined with abilities computers are acquiring in expressing and recognizing affect, open new areas for research. This paper defines key issues in “”affective computing,”computing that relates to arises from or deliberately influences emotions. New models are suggested for computer recognition of human emotion, and both theoretical and practical applications are described for learning, human computer interaction, perceptual information retrieval, creative arts and entertainment, human health，and machine intelligence. Significant potential advances in emotion and cognition theory hinge on the development of affective computing, especially in the form of wearable computers. This paper establishes challenges and future directions for this emerging field.摘要最近一项神经学研究表明情感在人类的认知中扮演着重要的角色，情感不是一个奢侈品。

wci、bci、tgi算法公式

wci、bci、tgi算法公式
以下是WCI（Wearable Computing Index）、BCI（Business Confidence Index）和TGI（Target Group Index）算法的常见公式：
1. Wearable Computing Index (WCI)：
WCI = (AC / P) × 100
其中，AC表示穿戴设备的活跃用户数（Active Users），P表示总用户数（Total Users）。

2. Business Confidence Index (BCI)：
BCI = ((B⁺ - B⁻) / (B⁺ + B⁻)) × 100
其中，B⁺表示积极回答问题的企业数量，B⁻表示消极回答问题的企业数量。

3. Target Group Index (TGI)：
TGI = (Proportion of Target Group in the Sample / Proportion of Target Group in the Population) × 100
其中，Sample表示样本（如调查样本），Population表示总体（如整个人群）。

TGI用于衡量样本中目标群体在总体中的相对比例。

需要注意的是，这些公式可能会在不同的情境和领域中有所变化，具体的算法公式可能会根据具体的应用和需求进行改变。

以上公式仅为常见的示例，实际使用时应根据具体情况进行相应的调整和定义。

介绍智能手表英语的作文600字

介绍智能手表英语的作文600字英文回答：Smartwatches are wearable computing devices that extend the capabilities of smartphones by providing additional functionality on a smaller, more convenient form factor. They typically feature a touchscreen display, Bluetooth connectivity, and various sensors such as accelerometers, heart rate monitors, and GPS. Smartwatches can perform a wide range of tasks, including:Displaying notifications from connected smartphones.Tracking fitness data such as steps taken, calories burned, and sleep patterns.Providing access to music and other audio content.Making and receiving phone calls (on some models)。

Controlling smart home devices.Accessing various apps and widgets.Smartwatches have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their convenience and versatility. They offer a seamless way to stay connected and informed while on the go, without having to constantly check a smartphone. Additionally, the fitness tracking capabilities of smartwatches have made them a valuable tool for people who are looking to improve their health and well-being.Some of the most popular smartwatch brands include Apple, Samsung, Fitbit, and Garmin. These companies offer a range of smartwatches with different features and price points to suit different needs and budgets.When choosing a smartwatch, there are several factors to consider, including:Compatibility with your smartphone.Features and functionality.Battery life.Design and comfort.Price.It is important to do your research and read reviews before purchasing a smartwatch to ensure that you choose a model that meets your specific requirements.中文回答：智能手表是一种可穿戴计算设备，它通过在更小更方便的外形中提供附加功能来扩展智能手机的功能。

电脑未来发展的英文作文

电脑未来发展的英文作文英文回答：The future of computing holds endless possibilities, with advancements in technology set to transform the way we interact with computers and harness their power. Some of the most anticipated developments include:Quantum computing: Quantum computers utilize the principles of quantum mechanics to process vast amounts of data at unprecedented speeds, enabling breakthroughs in fields such as AI, drug discovery, and materials science.Artificial intelligence (AI): AI technologies will become even more pervasive, powering everything from self-driving cars to personalized healthcare to virtual assistants that seamlessly integrate into our daily lives.Edge computing: Edge computing shifts data processing and storage closer to the devices and users, reducinglatency and improving efficiency for applications such as real-time analytics and IoT.Cloud computing: Cloud computing will continue to play a pivotal role, providing scalable, on-demand access to computational resources and storage, enabling businesses to innovate and adapt quickly.5G and beyond: The advent of 5G and future wireless technologies will deliver blazing-fast internet speeds, unlocking new possibilities for mobile computing, augmented reality, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.Wearable computing: Wearable devices will become even more sophisticated, offering real-time health monitoring, personalized notifications, and seamless integration with other technologies.Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR): AR and VR technologies will enhance our perception and interaction with the world around us, enabling immersive gaming, educational experiences, and new forms of contentconsumption.These advancements will not only revolutionize the way we use computers but also have a profound impact on various industries, from healthcare to finance to entertainment. They will empower us to solve complex problems, unlock new discoveries, and shape a future where technology seamlessly empowers human potential.中文回答：电脑的未来发展。

介绍智能手表英语作文

介绍智能手表英语作文英文回答：Smartwatches.Smartwatches are wearable devices that combine the functionality of a traditional wristwatch with advanced computing capabilities. They are typically equipped with a touchscreen display, sensors, and wireless connectivity, allowing them to perform a variety of tasks.Features and Functionalities:One of the most notable features of smartwatches is their ability to display notifications from smartphones. This includes text messages, emails, social media updates, and calendar reminders. Some smartwatches also allow users to answer calls.In addition to notifications, smartwatches can trackvarious health and fitness metrics, such as heart rate, steps taken, and calories burned. They often feature built-in GPS to record location data during activities like running or cycling.Many smartwatches offer music playback, allowing users to control their music remotely. Some models even have built-in speakers so you can listen to music without headphones.Smartwatches can also be used to make mobile payments, check the weather, set timers, and control smart home devices.Benefits of Smartwatches:Smartwatches can offer several benefits, including:Convenience: They allow users to access information and perform tasks quickly and easily, without having to take out their phones.Enhanced health and fitness: They can help users track and monitor their activity levels, which can motivate themto stay active.Improved communication: They enable users to stay connected and respond to notifications even when they are not near their phones.Personalization: Smartwatches can be customized with different watch faces, bands, and apps to suit the user's style and preferences.Considerations:Before purchasing a smartwatch, there are a few thingsto consider:Compatibility: Make sure the smartwatch is compatible with your smartphone.Battery life: Battery life can vary depending on usage. Choose a smartwatch with a battery life that meets yourneeds.Features: Determine which features are important to you and choose a smartwatch that has them.Durability: If you plan to use your smartwatch for outdoor activities, consider durability factors such as water resistance and shock resistance.Conclusion:Smartwatches are versatile and convenient devices that can enhance productivity, health, and communication. They offer a wide range of features and functionalities, making them a valuable addition to anyone's lifestyle.中文回答：智能手表。

科技创新 - 未来十年最具前景的科技领域

科技创新 - 未来十年最具前景的科技领域科技领域的不断创新和进步，已经成为推动社会进步和经济发展的重要动力。

随着技术的日新月异，我们可以预见到未来十年科技创新的前景将非常广阔。

本文将探讨未来十年最具前景的科技领域，包括人工智能、生物技术、新能源、区块链、虚拟和增强现实、物联网、量子计算、无人驾驶、机器人技术和可穿戴设备等。

让我们一起来看看这些领域的发展前景和可能的影响。

1. 人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）人工智能是目前科技领域最热门和最具发展潜力的领域之一。

它通过模拟人类智能的能力来解决复杂的问题和任务。

未来十年，人工智能将继续迅速发展，并在各个领域发挥巨大的作用。

人工智能技术将能够处理和分析大量数据，提供更准确的预测和决策，帮助我们解决各种挑战，提高生活质量。

2. 生物技术（Biotechnology）生物技术是将生物学和工程学融合在一起，利用生物系统和生物有机体来开发新的产品和技术的领域。

未来十年，生物技术将成为改善医疗保健、农业和环境保护的关键驱动力。

从基因疗法到新型药物的开发，生物技术将为人类带来更多的治疗选择和解决方案。

3. 新能源（Renewable Energy）新能源是指可再生能源，如太阳能、风能和水能等，其可持续性和环保性使其成为未来能源领域的重要方向。

未来十年，随着全球对可持续能源需求的增加，新能源将得到更广泛的应用和开发。

新能源技术的发展将减少对化石燃料的依赖，降低二氧化碳排放，改善环境质量，并为经济发展提供更多的机会。

4. 区块链（Blockchain）区块链是一种分布式账本技术，通过去中心化的方式实现数据的安全和可追溯性。

它被广泛应用于加密货币交易，但其潜力远不止于此。

未来十年，区块链将改变金融、供应链管理、智能合约等领域的方式。

它有助于提高数据安全性和交易效率，减少人为干预和风险。

5. 虚拟和增强现实（Virtual and Augmented Reality）虚拟现实和增强现实技术正在改变人们与数字世界的交互方式。

未来新的科技产品作文英语

未来新的科技产品作文英语Title: The Future of Technological Innovations。

Introduction。

In today's rapidly evolving world, technological advancements have become an integral part of our lives. From smartphones to artificial intelligence, these innovations have revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live. As we look towards the future, it is fascinating to imagine the possibilities that lie ahead. In this article, we will explore some potential new technological products that could shape our future.1. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR)。

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality technologies have already made significant strides in recent years. However, their full potential is yet to be realized. In the future, we can expect VR and AR to become even more immersive,realistic, and integrated into our daily lives.Imagine a world where VR headsets are as common as smartphones, allowing us to seamlessly interact withvirtual environments. Whether it's exploring ancient civilizations, learning new skills through simulations, or attending virtual meetings, the possibilities are endless. AR, on the other hand, could enhance our physical surroundings by overlaying digital information onto thereal world. From navigation assistance to real-time language translation, AR has the potential to revolutionize the way we perceive and interact with our environment.2. Internet of Things (IoT)。

课文参考译文 (11)-信息科学与电子工程专业英语(第2版)-吴雅婷-清华大学出版社

Unit 11 生物识别技术Unit 11-1第一部分：指纹识别在所有的生物技术中，指纹识别是最早期的一种技术。

我们知道，每个人都有自己独特的、不可变更的指纹。

指纹是由手指表皮上的一系列峰谷组成的。

指纹的独特性是由这些峰谷的形状以及指纹的细节点所决定的。

指纹的细节点是指纹局部凸起处的一些特性，这些特性出现在凸起的分叉处或是凸起的截止处。

指纹匹配技术可以被分为两类：基于细节的指纹匹配技术和基于相关性的指纹匹配技术。

基于细节的指纹匹配首先要找出细节点，然后在手指上对应出与它们相关的位置，如图11.1所示。

但是，使用这种方法存在一些困难。

要精确地提取指纹的细节点是很困难的。

而且，这种方法不能很好地考虑指纹峰谷的整体形状。

基于相关性的指纹匹配技术可以解决部分基于细节的指纹匹配方法存在的问题，但它也存在一些自身的缺陷。

基于相关性的匹配技术需要给出已注册过的特征点的精确位置，并且该方法会受图像平移和旋转的影响。

图11.1 基于细节的指纹匹配基于细节的指纹匹配技术在匹配不同大小的细节模型时（未注册过的）会存在一些问题。

指纹上局部的凸起结构不能完全由指纹细节实现特征化。

我们可以尝试另一种表达指纹的方法，它可以获得更多的指纹局部信息并且得到固定长度的指纹编码。

于是，我们只需要计算两个指纹编码之间的欧几里得距离，匹配过程有望变得相对简单。

研发对于指纹图像中噪声更稳健并能实时提供更高精度的算法是重要的。

商用指纹（身份）认证系统对给定的错误接受率要求具有很低的错误拒绝率。

在这点上，任何一项简单的技术都很难实现。

我们可以从不同的匹配技术中汇总多个证据从而提高系统的总体精确度。

在实际应用中，传感器、采集系统、性能随时间的变化是关键因素。

为了评价系统性能，我们有必要对少数使用者在一段时间内进行现场试验。

每天我们可以从法医鉴定、出入口控制、驾驶证登记等多个方面的应用中采集并保存大量的指纹。

基于指纹的自动识别系统需要把输入的指纹与数据库中大量的指纹进行匹配验证。

Wearable Computing

课文参考译文 (14)-信息科学与电子工程专业英语(第2版)-吴雅婷-清华大学出版社

Ubiquitous Computing

专属性名词解释

信息化的英语形容词

Wearable computer

wearable technology

Wearable Devices in Healthcare

课文参考译文 (6)-信息科学与电子工程专业英语(第2版)-吴雅婷-清华大学出版社

Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing

电脑发明 英语作文

英语材料翻译

wearable technology

Affective Computing英汉对照版

wci、bci、tgi算法公式

介绍智能手表英语的作文600字

电脑未来发展的英文作文

介绍智能手表英语作文

科技创新 - 未来十年最具前景的科技领域

未来新的科技产品作文英语

课文参考译文 (11)-信息科学与电子工程专业英语(第2版)-吴雅婷-清华大学出版社

电脑发明英语作文