SMO-whitepaper-2010

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Agilent MicroLab Pharma white paper说明书

OverviewUS FDA Part 11 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), and its EU analog, Eudralex Chapter 4, Annex 11, describe the requirements for electronic records and electronic signatures for regulated pharmaceutical organizations. Released in 1997, 21 CFR Part 11 has been enforced since 1999. The intent of these guidelines is to ensure that all appropriate electronic records areattributable, legible, contemporaneous, original, accurate, and maintained with integrity.This white paper is a resource for users of Agilent MicroLab Pharma(Version 5.2 and later) that couples MicroLab software with Spectroscopy Configuration Manager (SCM) and the Spectroscopy Database Administrator (SDA). It is the responsibility of the user and their organization to ensure that the functionalities provided by this software package MicroLab are used appropriately to achieve compliant operation for laboratory data acquisition and processing. In addition to the technical controls provided by the software, the user organization must establish procedural controls–standard operating procedures (SOPs)–to address relevant nontechnical requirements. For example, controls such as internal audit programs must also be established to ensure that system operators follow the SOPs.Appendix 1 provides a detailed description of how MicroLab Pharma supports users and their organizations in achieving the requirements of each section of 21 CFR Part 11 and the related sections of EU Annex 11. The descriptions assume that system access, including instrument hardware and software, is controlled by the staff responsible for the electronic records contained on the system. Thus, the system is designed as a “closed system” as defined in 21 CFR Part 11.3(b)(4).Support for Title 21 CFR Part 11 and Annex 11 Compliance: Agilent MicroLab Pharma21 CFR Part 1121 CFR Part 11 covers three specific elements of a regulated laboratory’s operation:• Security of electronic records• Attribution of work• Electronic signatures (if used)SecuritySecurity can be interpreted as “the right people, having the right access, to the right information.” Regulated organizations must be able to both verify the identity of system users,and limit system access to trained, authorized individuals (11.10(d), (i) and (g); 11.100(b)). Because laboratory staff have different responsibilities based on their job assignments, data access must be segregated and defined such that certain users have certain types of access to certain data sets, while potentially having different access to other data sets.“Separation of duty, as a security principle, has as its primary objective the prevention of fraud and errors. This objectiveis achieved by disseminating the tasks and associated privileges for a specific business process among multiple users.”Botha, Eloff, IBM Systems Journal (1).Attribution of workAttribution of work refers to documenting the “who, what, when, where, and why?” of work performed. Automated audit trails independently record users’ actions, thus connecting laboratory staff to the work they perform. Audit trail entries enable staff and regulatory inspectors to reconstruct the complete history of an electronic record.• Who: Clearly identifies the person responsible for the particular action that creates, modifies, or deletes arecord.• What: Is the action that took place, including, if applicable, the old value and the new value contained in the record.• When: Unambiguously declares the date and time the action took place.• Where: Clearly identifies the impacted record.• Why: Explains the reason for a change to a regulated record. The reason is often selected from a list ofpre‑defined reasons to provide consistency and to enable searching and sorting of entries.eSignaturesWhile 21 CFR Part 11 does not require the use of eSignatures, it does provide regulations for when they are used. In this case, the system must ensure that eSignatures:• Are irrevocably linked to their respective records• Show the full name of the signer, date, and time, as well as the meaning of, or reason for, the signature (such asreview, approval, responsibility, or authorship)• Are present whenever the signed records are displayed or printedAppendix 1. Satisfying the Requirements Set Forth in US FDA Title 21 CFR Part 11 and Related Global Regulations Using Agilent MicroLab PharmaAppendix 1 table notesColumn oneThe table addresses 21 CFR Part 11 requirements in the order that they are presented in the US FDA reference document. (2) Related requirements such as those found in EU Annex 11 (3) follow each section of Part 11.Column twoFor completeness, column two lists all requirements of21 CFR Part 11 and other related global requirements. “System” refers to the analytical system used to acquire and process data.Most requirements are fulfilled by either technical controls (that is, software functionality) or procedural controls (that is, SOPs). Technical controls are controls providedby the software and, therefore, the software supplier,while procedural controls are the responsibility of the user organization. 21 CFR Part 11 requirements listed in bold are requirements addressed by technical controls. Other global requirements are listed in regular font. Requirements that must be addressed by procedural controls are listed in blue. Column threeSome requirements involve both technical and procedural controls. Responsibilities for each requirement are listed in column three. “S” refers to an analytical system supplier. “U” refers to the user organization. Rows containing requirements that must be exclusively addressed by the user organization are shown in blue. Blue may also indicate technical controls the user will be responsible to implement.23Column sixColumn six explains how the regulatory requirement can be satisfied using the technical controls provided by MicroLab with SCM/SDA. Column six also provides additionalrecommendations for the user organization when relevant.Column fourIf available, and where appropriate, related globalrequirements and comments are provided in column four.Column fiveColumn five indicates with a “yes” or “no” whether the requirement can be satisfied using the technical controls provided in MicroLab with SCM/SDA. N/A is not applicable to the software.1. Validation2. Accurate Copies and Secure Retention and Retrieval of Records42. Accurate Copies and Secure Retention and Retrieval of Records, Continued53. Authorised Access to Systems, Functions, and Data4. Electronic Audit Trail64. Electronic Audit Trail, Continued74. Electronic Audit Trail, Continued5. Operational and Device Checks85. Operational and Device Checks, Continued96. Data Integrity, Date and Time Accuracy7. Control for Open Systems (only applicable for open systems)108. Electronic Signatures – Signature Manifestation and Signature/Record Linking119. Electronic Signatures General Requirements and Signature Componentsand Controls129. Electronic Signatures General Requirements and Signature Componentsand Controls, Continued1310. Controls for Identification Codes and Passwords1411. System Development and Support15/chemAgilent shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.Information, descriptions, and specifications in this publication are subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2020 Printed in the USA, February 21, 2020 5991‑6024EN DE. 6388425926References1. R. A. Botha, J. H. P Eloff. “Separation of duties for accesscontrol enforcement in workflow environments” IBM Systems Journal – End-to-end security 40(3), 666‑682 (2001).2. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR ‑ Code ofFederal Regulations Title 21. Title 21—Food and Drugs, Chapter I—Food and Drug Administration Department of Health and Human Services, Subchapter A—General. Part 11 Electronic Records; Electronics Signatures [Online] https:///scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=11 (accessed January 7, 2020)3. European Commission Health and ConsumersDirectorate‑General. Public Health and Risk Assessment. Pharmaceuticals. EudraLex. The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union. Volume 4. Good Manufacturing Practice. Medicinal Products for Human and Vetrinary Use. Annex 11. Computerised Systems. [Online] https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/files/eudralex/vol‑4/annex11_01‑2011_en.pdf (accessed January 7, 2020)For More InformationFor more information on our products and services, visit our Web site at /chem.。

Zetpol_2010EP(HNBR)的应用

What is Zetpol 2010EP
• First in a new family of improved processing Zetpol • Modified polymer physical structure • Benefits – Improvements in Mixing – Improvements in Injection & Compression Molding – Improvements in Extrusion • Comparable physicals, temperature & fluid resistance vs. standard Zetpol
Compound Recipes for Zetpol 2010EP & 2010H
2010H Zetpol 2010H 100.00 Zetpol 2010EP N550 75.00 Kadox 911c 5.00 TOTM VANOX CDPA VANOX ZMTI VUL‐ CUP 40KE TOTAL 5.00 1.50 1.00 8.00 195.50
60/40 60.00 40.00 75.00 5.00 5.00 1.50 1.00 8.00 195.50
40/60 40.00 60.00 75.00 5.00 5.00 1.50 1.00 8.00 195.50
2010EP
100.00 75.00 5.00 5.00 1.50 1.00 8.00 195.50
Original Vulcanized, 150ºC
2010H Modulus @ 50 %, (psi) Change in 50% Mod Modulus @ 100 %, (psi) Change in 100% Mod Tensile, (psi) Change in Tensile Elongation, (%) Change in Elongation 144 623 60/40 560 ‐10 1921 1704 ‐11 3144 3012 ‐4 154 7 40/60 599 ‐4 1848 ‐4 2671 ‐15 130 ‐10 2010EP 554 ‐11 1576 ‐18 2521 ‐20 141 ‐2

美国赛斯saes getter -white paper

Purity & Innovation3THE SAES GETTERS GROUP IS THE WORLD LEADER IN A VARIETY OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS WHERE STRINGENT VACUUM CONDITIONS OR ULTRA-HIGH PURITY GASES ARE REQUIRED.BRINGING A WEALTH OF EXPERIENCE IN SPECIAL METALLURGY AND MATERIAL SCIENCE TO THE NEEDS OF THE ADVANCED MATERIAL INDUSTRY IS OUR NEW CHALLENGE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY.41947SAES, Società Apparecchi Elettrici e Scientifici based in Milan (Italy), beco-mes operative through investments byfamilies della Porta and Canale.1951Development of the first stablebarium-aluminum alloy.Pioneering the development of the getter technology, the SAES®Getters Group is the world leader in a variety of scientific and industrial applications where stringent vacuum conditions or ultra-high purity gases are required.For nearly sixty years, our getter solutions have been fostering and supporting technological innovation in the information display and lamp industries, in ultra-high vacuum systems, in a wide range of electronic device-based applications, and in the vacuum thermal insulation. The Group also delivers solutions for ultra-high purity gas handling to the semiconductor, fiber optics and otherhi-tech markets.Bringing a wealth of experience in special metallurgy and material science to the needs of the advanced material industry is our new challenge for the 21st century.We broaden our vision and keep on supporting your innovation. By nature.By leveraging the core competencies in special metallurgy, material science and thermal processes, the SAES Getters Group broadens its corporate vision and expands its business in the advanced material niche markets, with the introduction of:advanced optical crystals for the optoelectronic device and solid-state laser marketsshape memory alloys for components primarily used in the automotive, transportation and domotics industries metalorganic materials for chemical vapor deposition getters for MEMS/MOEMS and microelectronic hermetically packaged devicesAn outstanding Research & Development structure, based at the Group’s headquarters near Milan, Italy, is committed to technological excellence and keeps the Group at the forefront in innovation.A total production capacity distributed at 8 manufacturing plants spanning across 3 continents, a worldwide-based sales & service network, nearly 1,000 employees allow the Group to combine multicultural resources, skills and expertise to form a truly global enterprise, capable to best support customers around the world, 24 hours a day.SAES Getters has been listed on the Italian Stock Exchange Market, Star Segment, since 1986.Purity by Tradition, Innovation by Nature56Our VisionSAES Getters Group’s vision is to be the leading globalsupplier of advanced materials to niche markets characterized by high growth potential in the high-tech business segments.By leveraging our:sixty-year corporate culture of Research & Development and manufacturing excellenceworldwide leadership in the traditional getter-based application fieldscommitment to product and process qualitysound financial position and business integritythe SAES Getters Group is uniquely positioned to offer competitive advantages to the advanced material markets, as well as to support customers’ innovation and productivity enhancement through the provision oftechnological value.1958New headquarters and a firstmass-production plant are openedin Milan.1966Launch of Total Yield Flash Getters,extending color TV tube lifetime from 300 to 10,000 hours.Our Strategy SAES Getters Group’s business strategy builds on the following foundations:expanding our business portfolio and market leadership, through the development of new products within core competence areas pursuing the Group’s growth through selected acquisitions and strategic business partnerships fostering long-term business relationships with the ultimate goal to generate value for our customers, while enhancing the Group’s technological expertise and market competitiveness focusing on customer global support and satisfaction, maximizing quality and production efficiency through vertical integration, improved operational performance and attentive investment strategy committing to long-term success and stability, while practicing an ethic of responsibility and transparency towards stakeholders 7A Global Presence9Cologne GERMANY Daventry GREAT BRITAINCleveland OH – USA Colorado Springs CO – USA San Luis Obispo CA - USASAES Getters S.p.A.Group Headquarters Viale Italia 7720020 Lainate (Milan) - Italy Ph. +39 02 93178 1Fax +39 02 93178 320info @ 10Nanjing CHINASeoul KOREAMoscow RUSSIAShanghai CHINATokyo JAPANJincheon-kun KOREAAvezzano (AQ)ITALYSINGAPORE1112UNITED STATESSAES Getters USA, Inc.1122 East Cheyenne Mountain Blvd.Colorado Springs, CO 80906Ph. +1 719 576 3200 - Fax +1 719 576 5025susa@SAES Pure Gas, Inc.4175 Santa Fe RoadSan Luis Obispo, CA 93401Ph. +1 805 541 9299 - Fax +1 805 541 9399spg@EUROPESAES Getters S.p.A.Viale Italia 7720020 Lainate (Milan) - ItalyPh. +39 02 93178 1 - Fax +39 02 93178 320info@SAES Getters (Deutschland) GmbHGerolsteiner Strasse 1D 50937 Cologne - GermanyPh. +49 221 944 0750 - Fax +49 221 944 0754saesgermany@SAES Getters (GB) Ltd.Heritage House - Vicar LaneDaventry NN11 5AA - Great BritainPh. +44 1327 310777 - Fax +44 1327 310555saesgb@SAES Getters S.p.A. - Moscow Representative Office45, 24/2 Usievitch Street125315 Moscow - RussiaPh./Fax +7 095 7241228saesgetters@mtu-net.ruASIANanjing SAES Huadong Getters Co., Ltd.56 Xingangdadao, XinshengweiNanjing Economic & Technical Development ZoneNanjing 210038, Jiangsu Province - P.R. of ChinaPh. +86 25 8580 2335 - Fax +86 25 8580 1639saeschina@SAES Getters Technical Service Shanghai Co., Ltd.No. 415 Guo Shou Jing RoadZhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New AreaShanghai 201203 - P.R. of ChinaPh. +86 21 5080 3434 - Fax +86 21 5080 3008saeschina@SAES Getters S.p.A. - Shanghai Representative OfficeNo. 415 Guo Shou Jing RoadZhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New AreaShanghai 201203 - P.R. of ChinaPh. +86 21 5080 3434 - Fax +86 21 5080 3005saeschina@SAES Getters Singapore PTE, Ltd.6 Temasek BoulevardSuntec Tower Four #41-06Singapore 038986Ph. +65 6887 3343 - Fax +65 6887 3445saessingapore@SAES Getters Korea Corporation13th FL. Shinil B/D, 143-39Samsung-dong, Kangnam-kuSeoul 135-090 - KoreaPh. +82 2 3404 2400 - Fax +82 2 3452 4510www.saesgetters.co.krsaeskorea@SAES Getters Japan Co., Ltd.2nd Gotanda Fujikoshi Bldg.23-1 Higashi Gotanda 5-Chome, Shinagawa-kuTokyo 141 - JapanPh. +81 3 542 00431 - Fax +81 3 542 00438www.saesgetters.jpsaesjapan@Sales & Service Locations1970-79SAES Getters establishes sales subsidia-ries in Europe to fulfill the growing mar-ket demand.1973The new Japanese sales subsidiary is inaugurated in Tokyo.Manufacturing LocationsUNITED STATESSAES Getters USA, Inc.1122 East Cheyenne Mountain Blvd.Colorado Springs, CO 80906Ph. +1 719 576 3200 - Fax +1 719 576 50255604 Valley Belt RoadIndependence Cleveland, OH 44131Ph. +1 216 661 8488 - Fax +1 216 661 8796SAES Pure Gas, Inc.4175 Santa Fe RoadSan Luis Obispo, CA 93401Ph. +1 805 541 9299 - Fax +1 805 541 9399EUROPESAES Getters S.p.A.Viale Italia 7720020 Lainate (Milan) - ItalyPh. +39 02 93178 1 - Fax +39 02 93178 320SAES Advanced Technologies S.p.A. Nucleo Industriale67051 Avezzano (AQ) - ItalyPh. +39 0863 4951 - Fax +39 0863 495530ASIANanjing SAES Huadong Getters Co., Ltd.56 Xingangdadao, XinshengweiNanjing Economic & Technical Development Zone Nanjing 210038, Jiangsu Province - P .R. of China Ph. +86 25 8580 2335 - Fax +86 25 8580 1639SAES Getters Technical Service Shanghai Co., Ltd.No. 415 Guo Shou Jing RoadZhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area Shanghai 201203 - P .R. of ChinaPh. +86 21 5080 3434 - Fax +86 21 5080 3008SAES Getters Korea Corporation 256-6, Okdong-ri, Ducksan-myun Jincheon-kun, Chungbuk-do - KoreaPh. +82 43 537 6000 - Fax +82 43 537 600813Research & Innovation1516THE HISTORY OF SAES GETTERS PROVES HOW INNOVATION AND HIGH QUALITY R&D FUEL ALL COMPANY’S ACTIVITIES. FOR SAES’ SCIENTISTS INNOVATION IS A MIND SET. THROUGH TECHNOLOGY PARTNERSHIPS AND ALLIANCES, THE SAES GETTERS GROUP HAS BEEN ABLE TO SUPPORT CUSTOMERS’ CUTTING-EDGE APPLICATIONS WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHL Y INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR THE LAST 60 YEARS.1977SAES Getters opens SAES GettersU.S.A. Inc. at Colorado Springs, CO, itsfirst US sales and manufacturing facility.1981Development of low activation tempera-ture alloys for use in vacuum bottles and other vacuum insulated devices.The speed of the technological evolution that has characterized the last century and that is going toaccompany our lives in the new millennium requires a total commitment to innovation. The history of SAES Getters proves how innovation and high quality R&D fuel all company’s activities.For SAES’ scientists innovation is a mind set. They are challenged by customers’ requests, real market innovators,and are supported by a management policy that every year allocates approximately 8% of sales revenues to research and development activities.In the new facility in Lainate, in the Milan area, corporate laboratories cover an area of 3,300 square meters, where nearly 100 people are daily committed to investigate problems, develop proposals and test solutions using highly advanced instrumentation and mathematical modeling.Innovation at SAES is treated as a complex process that starts with the idea conception and ends with the launch of the related products onto the market.The innovation process takes place in the frame of our Research & Innovation function which includes, besides the Research department, also the Process Technology and Engineering departments.In order to better focus its Research & Innovation activities,the SAES Getters Group has recently adopted the Stage-Gate ®approach for the management of innovation projects, which enables a more effective utilization of resources through a structured screening of the new projects and of their development.The Group founds its business on competencies that have been acquired in sixty years of activity. The deep knowledge of special metallurgy and vacuum technology paved the way for broader competencies in material science and interests in advanced material applications.These, coupled with the understanding of the gas-surface interaction, and the know-how in UHP gas purification and analysis represent the core and the strength of SAES’capabilities.A deep understanding of the market needs guides SAES’R&I and the researchers and scientists highly value continuous relationships with industry key players. Not only is this essential to develop the right product with the required features: through technology partnerships and alliances, the SAES Getters Group has been able to support customers’ cutting-edge applications with the development of highly innovative solutions.The over 330 technologies patented during its entire business activity and the hundreds of scientific publications confirm SAES Getters’ continuous and unfalteringcommitment to innovation, as well as testify to a corporate policy firmly oriented to a strong intellectual property protection.At the Heart of SAES’ Excellence17Special MetallurgySAES’ skills in metallurgy stem from a scientific approach followed by the company in developing and characterizing getter alloys based on reactive metals. The skills include key aspects, such as the mastering of alloy melting techniques,the understanding of compositional and micro structural aspects of alloys, powder handling and characterization, as well as contamination related issues.Material ScienceThe deep understanding of special metallurgy and powder metallurgy developed into a more comprehensive and deeper knowledge in material science. This prompted SAES to expand its interests into new advanced materialdevelopments and applications, such as advanced optical crystals, shape memory alloys and metalorganic precursors for chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD).18The understanding of gas-surface interaction phenomena has guided SAES to advanced tailor-made getters and to catalytic materials for environmental applications.Getter Film DepositionThe increased miniaturization of flat displays and electronic devices called for thinner gettering solutions and SAES Getters has responded by offering porous getter filmsdeposited on different substrates through a proprietary sintering process.Our Core CompetenciesThe innovation process at the SAES Getters Group founds its solid basis on core competencies developed in a6-decade long activity, during which SAES Laboratories have become a center of excellence for material science and have developed an unparalleled know-how in ultra-high vacuum technology, gas-surface interaction and gas purification and analysis. These specific competencies, supported by strong technical capabilities in mechanical engineering, electronics and process simulation, allow the Group to offer premium solutions for highly technological markets. SAES’ productapplications span from the display industry, in all its forms from conventional cathode ray tubes to the new generations offlat displays, to the manufacturing of components used in several and diversified electronic devices ranging from x-ray tubes to wafer-level MEMS, from applications in particle accelerators and in large vacuum systems for physical experiments to solutions supporting the lamp, semiconductor, optoelectronic and automotive industries.1984The Avezzano industrial complex is esta-blished near Rome, for vertical integra-tion and quality control of all getter alloys used for the production of evaporable and non-evaporable getters.1987Acquisition of SAES Pure Gas Inc. in San Luis Obispo, California, a leading com-pany in the engineering and manufactu-ring of bulk and point-of-use gas purifiers for the semiconductor industry and other high-tech markets.Ultra-High Vacuum TechnologyCreating and maintaining ultra-high vacuum in a variety of systems pose challenges that only a deep knowledge of the various facets of vacuum science and technology can overcome. Thanks to its wealth of experience and to sixty years of leadership in vacuum related products, the SAES Getters Group can offer an all-round approach: the development of getter pumps adds up to the know-how built in the selection of materials and components, the evaluation of the outgassing and permeation and the vacuum system engineering.Gas-Surface InteractionThe deep understanding of the gas-surface phenomena has played a fundamental role in the optimization of the getter alloys and it has also allowed the development of special catalysts addressed to gas purification for the demanding semiconductor industry and to environmental applications.Chemical and Physical AnalysisA key point in understanding the material properties is their characterization via chemical and physical analysis. Thecapability to carry out the complete series of tests in-house guarantees SAES Getters’ on-time and highly reliable results. Among the wide range of tests available at SAES Labs are: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrophotometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy.Gas PurificationThe knowledge of the kinetics of the gas-surface interaction and of the bulk diffusion mechanism of getter materials has been instrumental in the development of the gas purification business. SAES Getters researchers and engineers have a wealth of expertise in designing and assembling ultra-high purity systems, suitable to handle gases whose purity is better than 1 part-per-billion of atmospheric contaminants.Gas AnalysisSAES Labs have built up a long tradition of competencies in trace gas analyses, which started with the widespread use of various types of mass spectrometers to analyze the residual gases in vacuum devices. Residual gas analysis techniques have been specifically studied andimplemented not only for conventional vacuum systems,but also to cope with the increasing miniaturization of thevolumes to be analyzed, as in the case of OLED and MEMS devices.1920While it is widely recognized that the introduction of newproducts has an increasingly greater importance on sales aswell as on profits, specialized literature reports that onlyone in seven new projects delivers successful products.Thanks to its superior technology and to the sharpfocalization on customers’ future needs, the SAES GettersGroup has always enjoyed market success in thedevelopment and introduction of new products.To continue this tradition in a market environment which ischaracterized by increasing complexity and rapidtechnological changes, SAES Getters has recently updatedand implemented a more formalized process to select andrun new projects in the frame of the R&I function.The new product development (NPD) process is based onthe Stage-Gate methodology. This approach helps identify,organize, deploy and control the steps necessary to ensurethe effective and efficient implementation of new projects,with the ultimate goal to improve the chances for productsuccess and reduce time-to-market.Particularly, the innovation process articulates in a string ofphases of activities (stages) and of assessments anddecisions (gates). The project selection process is basedon criteria aimed at maximizing the chance of success bydeep assessment of a number of technical, economical andstrategic parameters.Key principles of SAES Getters’ adoption of the Stage-Gatemethodology are:production of superior, differentiated productscontinual interaction with customers and usersthroughout the development processsolid planning and sharp, early product definition beforedevelopment beginscross-functional effort and empowered project leadersand teamstough go/kill decisions at the gates to focus resources onthe most promising projectsfacilitation of clear project prioritization and resourceallocationThe Stage-Gate NPD process requires the contributionof different functions within the Group, from researchto engineering, from intellectual property protectionto marketing, supervised by a steering committee.A dedicated resource, the multi-project portfolio manager,coordinates the entire process and ensures it is evenly,correctly and timely carried out.The SAES Getters Group values the implementation of thisnew innovation management system as a great asset tocontinue the successful tradition in product innovation thathas distinguished the company throughout its entirebusiness history.Advancing the Management of Innovation1990First development of industrial purifiers(point-of-use, area and larger sizes),based on special getter alloys and cataly-tic materials, for purification of processgases to meet semiconductor manufac-turing requirements.1994Launch of high capacity non-evaporable getter pumps using newly developed sin-tered blades and disks, to improve mechanical characteristics and pumpingspeeds.1995Opening of the SAES Getters Shanghairepresentative office and of theSingapore sales subsidiary.In an increasingly competitive knowledge-based economy where intangible assets, such as brand awareness and innovation, have become keys to the corporate success, intellectual property protection plays a fundamental role. The SAES Getters Group has regarded its intellectual property as a strategic asset since its business inception and has always had an active role in managing the intellectual capital with dedicated resources.Key activities of SAES Intellectual Property department are the support during the patent approval process, as well as the obtainment of trademark registrations; the continuous monitoring of the new patents, released both in SAES’traditional application fields as well as in the new areas of business that the company is evaluating; and the technical assistance during litigation for an effective legal protection of the company’s rights.If the number of patents is an indication of the capability to innovate, SAES Getters can surely be proud of the over 330 inventions - including products and processes - that have been patented by the company in its sixty years of activity. The chart on the side, providing at-a-glance breakdown of the innovations patented for each business segment, shows how significantly the Group has contributed to a variety of application fields through the provision of innovative and competitive technological solutions. Intellectual Property: a Competitive AssetAlloys & GetteringDisplaysLampsVacuum InsulationGetter Pumps Gas Purification & Analysis Semiconductor TechnologyCatalysisOther12,12%27,58%5,76%10,61%5,45%19,09%3,33%2,42%13,64%21Quality, Environment, Safety and Ethics2324SAES GETTERS STRIVES TO PROVIDE CUSTOMERS WITH HI-TECH TOP QUALITY PRODUCTS AND SERVICES. THE GROUP’S FOCUS ON THE STRATEGIC VALUE OF TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT ALSO RESULTS IN VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESSES. THIS ALLOWS SAES GETTERS TO OPTIMIZE PRO-DUCT QUALITY WHILE FACILITATING THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE PRO-DUCTS AND PROCESSES WHICH ARE RESPECTFUL OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION.1996The Group’s headquarters and laborato-ries move to a new 15,000 sq. mt. faci-lity in Lainate, in the Milan area.1996Development of High Porosity Thin Film (HPTF) getters, for field emission dis-plays and for application in a wide range of electronic devices.To ensure continuous product improvement and strong market leadership, the SAES Getters Group remains loyal to its traditional core values and is committed to building an integrated Quality, Environment, Safety and Ethics Management System.The Group is certified under the UNI EN ISO9001:2000Quality Management System, with corporate certification covering all the manufacturing facilities.Quality excellence at SAES Getters results in vertical integration of production processes. This allows the Group to optimize product quality and to apply a close cost control policy, while facilitating the development of innovative products and processes, which are respectful of the environment and of natural resources conservation. The process approach is another distinctive mark of the Group’s Quality Management System. Structuring activities and related resources as a value-added process leads to improved performance, to consistent results and to the determination of clear responsibility in the managing of key activities.The evaluation of risks, consequences and impact of activities on stakeholders, as well as a more effective human resources management can also be more consistently achieved through process-structured activity.SAES Getters’ focus on the strategic value of total quality management shows in the continuous and attentive control of customer satisfaction, through adequate performance monitoring tools, and in the responsive implementation of proactive quality policies based on the analysis results.The SAES Getters Group recognizes that the protection of the global environment is an essential social duty for all human beings in the 21st century and that a substantial role needs to be played for the conservation of Earth resources.The Group is aware that all industrial activities, products and services may have a potential impact on theenvironment and, for this reason, strives to achieve a sound and consistent environmental performance for all its products and processes.All SAES Getters’ companies are committed to developing advanced products that exhibit safe andenvironment-friendly features by restricting the use of environmentally hazardous substances in products,encouraging a responsible exploitation of all natural resources and promoting projects for waste material recycling.To confirm SAES Getters’ efforts in preventing pollution and minimizing environment impacts, while still pursuing the continual improvement of their business performance, the following Group's manufacturing facilities have been ISO14001 certified: SAES Getters S.p.A. in Lainate (Milan),Italy; SAES Advanced Technologies S.p.A. in Avezzano, AQ,Italy; SAES Getters Korea Corporation in Jincheon-kun,Korea; and Nanjing SAES Huadong Getters Co. Ltd. in Nanjing, P .R. of China.We Care: an Integrated Management System 25Innovative Business Solutions2728SAES GETTERS’ PRODUCT LINES BASED ON THE EXPLOITATION OF THE PRO-PRIETARY GAS-SURFACE INTERACTION TECHNOLOGIES, TYPICALL Y USED IN VACUUM APPLICATIONS AND FOR ULTRA-HIGH PURITY GAS HANDLING, ARE OPE-RATED THROUGH TWO BUSINESS UNITS, THE INFORMATION DISPLAYS AND THE INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS UNITS.THE SIX BUSINESS AREAS UNDERL YING THIS STRUCTURE ARE COMMITTED TO ENSURING THE BEST CUSTOMER SATISFACTION IN SPECIFIC MARKET SEG-MENTS, WITH THE SUPPORT OF A SALES & SERVICE GLOBAL NETWORK DISTRI-BUTED ACROSS EUROPE, AMERICA AND ASIA.1998SAES Getters Technical Service Co. Ltd.is formed in Shanghai, China, and loca-ted in the Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park,to best address the increasing technicalrequirements of the Chinese semicon-ductor and high-tech markets.1999Introduction of the St 787 series, non-evaporable getters capable of withstan-ding lamp manufacturing critical condi-tions and to deliver improved safety and ecological content.Information Displays Business Unit Cathode Ray TubesSAES Getters is the Color Cathode Ray Tube (CCRT) and Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) industry's worldwide leading provider of evaporable getters. With three manufacturing plants located in Italy, China and Korea exceeding an overall yearly production capacity of 250 million pieces, for the last 30 years SAES Getters has been unanimously recognized as the number one getter supplier for all kinds of cathode ray tubes. Excellent quality, extremely wide product portfolio, vertical integration and a worldwide logistic network are the key factors that motivate customers to choose SAES Getters not only as a supplier, but as a strategic business partner.Flat Panel DisplaysA strategic supplier of technology innovation for the flat panel display industry, SAES Getters offers solutions that meet the most severe requirements in terms of vacuum maintenance, impurity removal and controlled mercury release in cold cathode fluorescent lamps for LCDbacklighting. SAES’ evaporable and non-evaporable getters,desiccants, alkali metal sources and mercury dispensers support most of the cutting-edge flat panel developments –including Plasma displays, Field Emission Displays (FEDs),Vacuum Fluorescent Displays (VFDs) and Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) displays – by delivering the highest display efficiency and lifetime extension.2930Industrial Applications Business Unit2002Launch of IntegraTorr, an innovative non-evaporable getter (NEG) pumping solu-tion for particle accelerator vacuumchambers, developed by CERN and bran-ded by SAES Getters under a licenseagreement.LampsThe leading supplier of high quality, innovativenon-evaporable getters (NEG) and metal dispensing products, SAES Getters fully addresses and solves many key issues of the lamp industry related to vacuum purity maintenance, filling-gas purity and lamp processing for street, industrial and commercial lighting.SAES’ advanced mercury dispensers for fluorescent lamps support the most important lamp manufacturers worldwide in fully complying with stringent mercury dosing regulations, thus ensuring minimal environmental impact.Electronic DevicesThis Business Area offers solutions for an extremely wide and diversified range of electronic devices, whose functioning requires either vacuum or a high purity rare gas atmosphere to operate, and it addresses several different market segments: avionics, medical, security & defense, telecommunications and automotive. Applications of its sintered porous NEG products span from mature electron tubes to detectors and sensors, while the alkali metal dispenser product line fulfills the needs of the photosensitive device industry.。

国内废旧报纸_ONP_脱墨工艺条件的研究

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混合办公废纸(MOW)脱墨技术研究

Advances in Environmental Protection 环境保护前沿, 2023, 13(3), 596-603 Published Online June 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/aep https:///10.12677/aep.2023.133073混合办公废纸(MOW)脱墨技术研究付洋1，李姝2，周希3*1成都工业学院自动化与电气工程学院，四川成都 2成都工业学院学科建设与科技发展处，四川成都 3成都工业学院材料与环境工程学院，四川成都收稿日期：2023年5月8日；录用日期：2023年6月9日；发布日期：2023年6月21日摘要2021年国内废纸回收量达到6491万吨，而多年来废纸回收率仍低于其他发达国家回收率，因此，提高废纸回收率迫在眉睫。

混合办公废纸(MOW)占可回收废纸总量70%~80%，回收较为困难，其中脱墨就是极为关键的第一步。

本研究综述了MOW 的基本性质、对比不同MOW 脱墨技术以及对未来研究进行展望，以期能为MOW 的脱墨技术的发展提供参考。

关键词混合办公废纸(MOW)，脱墨技术，研究现状Research Progress on Deinking Technology of Mixed Office Waste Paper (MOW) PaperYang Fu 1, Shu Li 2, Xi Zhou 3*1School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu Sichuan 2Department of Science and Technology, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu Sichuan 3School of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Chengdu Technological University, Chengdu SichuanReceived: May 8th , 2023; accepted: Jun. 9th , 2023; published: Jun. 21st , 2023AbstractIn 2021, the amount of waste paper recycled reached 64.91 million tons in China, and the waste paper recycling rate is still lower than that of developed countries for many years. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the waste paper recycling rate. Mixed office paper (MOW) accounts for*通讯作者。

A Label Field Fusion Bayesian Model and Its Penalized Maximum Rand Estimator for Image Segmentation

1610IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 19, NO. 6, JUNE 2010A Label Field Fusion Bayesian Model and Its Penalized Maximum Rand Estimator for Image SegmentationMax MignotteAbstract—This paper presents a novel segmentation approach based on a Markov random ﬁeld (MRF) fusion model which aims at combining several segmentation results associated with simpler clustering models in order to achieve a more reliable and accurate segmentation result. The proposed fusion model is derived from the recently introduced probabilistic Rand measure for comparing one segmentation result to one or more manual segmentations of the same image. This non-parametric measure allows us to easily derive an appealing fusion model of label ﬁelds, easily expressed as a Gibbs distribution, or as a nonstationary MRF model deﬁned on a complete graph. Concretely, this Gibbs energy model encodes the set of binary constraints, in terms of pairs of pixel labels, provided by each segmentation results to be fused. Combined with a prior distribution, this energy-based Gibbs model also allows for deﬁnition of an interesting penalized maximum probabilistic rand estimator with which the fusion of simple, quickly estimated, segmentation results appears as an interesting alternative to complex segmentation models existing in the literature. This fusion framework has been successfully applied on the Berkeley image database. The experiments reported in this paper demonstrate that the proposed method is efﬁcient in terms of visual evaluation and quantitative performance measures and performs well compared to the best existing state-of-the-art segmentation methods recently proposed in the literature. Index Terms—Bayesian model, Berkeley image database, color textured image segmentation, energy-based model, label ﬁeld fusion, Markovian (MRF) model, probabilistic Rand index.I. INTRODUCTIONIMAGE segmentation is a frequent preprocessing step which consists of achieving a compact region-based description of the image scene by decomposing it into spatially coherent regions with similar attributes. This low-level vision task is often the preliminary and also crucial step for many image understanding algorithms and computer vision applications. A number of methods have been proposed and studied in the last decades to solve the difﬁcult problem of textured image segmentation. Among them, we can cite clustering algorithmsManuscript received February 20, 2009; revised February 06, 2010. First published March 11, 2010; current version published May 14, 2010. This work was supported by a NSERC individual research grant. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Prof. Peter C. Doerschuk. The author is with the Département d’Informatique et de Recherche Opérationnelle (DIRO), Université de Montréal, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Montréal H3C 3J7 QC, Canada (e-mail: mignotte@iro.umontreal.ca). Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this paper are available online at . Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/TIP.2010.2044965[1], spatial-based segmentation methods which exploit the connectivity information between neighboring pixels and have led to Markov Random Field (MRF)-based statistical models [2], mean-shift-based techniques [3], [4], graph-based [5], [6], variational methods [7], [8], or by region-based split and merge procedures, sometimes directly expressed by a global energy function to be optimized [9]. Years of research in segmentation have demonstrated that signiﬁcant improvements on the ﬁnal segmentation results may be achieved either by using notably more sophisticated feature selection procedures, or more elaborate clustering techniques (sometimes involving a mixture of different or non-Gaussian distributions for the multidimensional texture features [10], [11]) or by taking into account prior distribution on the labels, region process, or the number of classes [9], [12], [13]. In all cases, these improvements lead to computationally expensive segmentation algorithms and, in the case of energy-based segmentation models, to costly optimization techniques. The segmentation approach, proposed in this paper, is conceptually different and explores another strategy initially introduced in [14]. Instead of considering an elaborate and better designed segmentation model of textured natural image, our technique explores the possible alternative of fusing (i.e., efﬁciently combining) several quickly estimated segmentation maps associated with simpler segmentation models for a ﬁnal reliable and accurate segmentation result. These initial segmentations to be fused can be given either by different algorithms or by the same algorithm with different values of the internal parameters such as several -means clustering results with different values of , or by several -means results using different distance metrics, and applied on an input image possibly expressed in different color spaces or by other means. The fusion model, presented in this paper, is derived from the recently introduced probabilistic rand index (PRI) [15], [16] which measures the agreement of one segmentation result to multiple (manually generated) ground-truth segmentations. This measure efﬁciently takes into account the inherent variation existing across hand-labeled possible segmentations. We will show that this non-parametric measure allows us to derive an appealing fusion model of label ﬁelds, easily expressed as a Gibbs distribution, or as a nonstationary MRF model deﬁned on a complete graph. Finally, this fusion model emerges as a classical optimization problem in which the Gibbs energy function related to this model has to be minimized. In other words, or analytically expressed in the regularization framework, each quickly estimated segmentation (to be fused) provides a set of constraints in terms of pairs of pixel labels (i.e., binary cliques) that should be equal or not. Finally, our fusion result is found1057-7149/$26.00 © 2010 IEEEMIGNOTTE: LABEL FIELD FUSION BAYESIAN MODEL AND ITS PENALIZED MAXIMUM RAND ESTIMATOR FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION1611by searching for a segmentation map that minimizes an energy function encoding this precomputed set of binary constraints (thus optimizing the so-called PRI criterion). In our application, this ﬁnal optimization task is performed by a robust multiresolution coarse-to-ﬁne minimization strategy. This fusion of simple, quickly estimated segmentation results appears as an interesting alternative to complex, computationally demanding segmentation models existing in the literature. This new strategy of segmentation is validated in the Berkeley natural image database (also containing, for quantitative evaluations, ground truth segmentations obtained from human subjects). Conceptually, our fusion strategy is in the framework of the so-called decision fusion approaches recently proposed in clustering or imagery [17]–[21]. With these methods, a series of energy functions are ﬁrst minimized before their outputs (i.e., their decisions) are merged. Following this strategy, Fred et al. [17] have explored the idea of evidence accumulation for combining the results of multiple clusterings. Reed et al. have proposed a Gibbs energy-based fusion model that differs from ours in the likelihood and prior energy design, as ﬁnal merging procedure (for the fusion of large scale classiﬁed sonar image [21]). More precisely, Reed et al. employed a voting scheme-based likelihood regularized by an isotropic Markov random ﬁeld priorly used to inpaint regions where the likelihood decision is not available. More generally, the concept of combining classiﬁers for the improvement of the performance of individual classiﬁers is known, in machine learning ﬁeld, as a committee machine or mixture of experts [22], [23]. In this context, Dietterich [23] have provided an accessible and informal reasoning, from statistical, computational and representational viewpoints, of why ensembles can improve results. In this recent ﬁeld of research, two major categories of committee machines are generally found in the literature. Our fusion decision approach is in the category of the committee machine model that utilizes an ensemble of classiﬁers with a static structure type. In this class of committee machines, the responses of several classiﬁers are combined by means of a mechanism that does not involve the input data (contrary to the dynamic structure type-based mixture of experts). In order to create an efﬁcient ensemble of classiﬁers, three major categories of methods have been suggested whose goal is to promote diversity in order to increase efﬁciency of the ﬁnal classiﬁcation result. This can be done either by using different subsets of the input data, either by using a great diversity of the behavior between classiﬁers on the input data or ﬁnally by using the diversity of the behavior of the input data. Conceptually, our ensemble of classiﬁers is in this third category, since we intend to express the input data in different color spaces, thus encouraging diversity and different properties such as data decorrelation, decoupling effects, perceptually uniform metrics, compaction and invariance to various features, etc. In this framework, the combination itself can be performed according to several strategies or criteria (e.g., weighted majority vote, probability rules: sum, product, mean, median, classiﬁer as combiner, etc.) but, none (to our knowledge) uses the PRI fusion (PRIF) criterion. Our segmentation strategy, based on the fusion of quickly estimated segmentation maps, is similar to the one proposed in [14] but the criterion which is now used in this new fusion model is different. In [14], the fusion strategy can be viewed as a two-stephierarchical segmentation procedure in which the ﬁrst step remains identical and a set of initial input texton segmentation maps (in each color space) is estimated. Second, a ﬁnal clustering, taking into account this mixture of textons (expressed in the set of different color space) is then used as a discriminant feature descriptor for a ﬁnal -mean clustering whose output is the ﬁnal fused segmentation map. Contrary to the fusion model presented in this paper, this second step (fusion of texton segmentation maps) is thus achieved in the intra-class inertia sense which is also the so-called squared-error criterion of the -mean algorithm. Let us add that a conceptually different label ﬁeld fusion model has been also recently introduced in [24] with the goal of blending a spatial segmentation (region map) and a quickly estimated and to-be-reﬁned application ﬁeld (e.g., motion estimation/segmentation ﬁeld, occlusion map, etc.). The goal of the fusion procedure explained in [24] is to locally fuse label ﬁelds involving labels of two different natures at different level of abstraction (i.e., pixel-wise and region-wise). More precisely, its goal is to iteratively modify the application ﬁeld to make its regions ﬁt the color regions of the spatial segmentation with the assumption that the color segmentation is more detailed than the regions of the application ﬁeld. In this way, misclassiﬁed pixels in the application ﬁeld (false positives and false negatives) are ﬁltered out and blobby shapes are sharpened, resulting in a more accurate ﬁnal application label ﬁeld. The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the proposed Bayesian fusion model. Section III describes the optimization strategy used to minimize the Gibbs energy ﬁeld related to this model and Section IV describes the segmentation model whose outputs will be fused by our model. Finally, Section V presents a set of experimental results and comparisons with existing segmentation techniques.II. PROPOSED FUSION MODEL A. Rand Index The Rand index [25] is a clustering quality metric that measures the agreement of the clustering result with a given ground truth. This non-parametric statistical measure was recently used in image segmentation [16] as a quantitative and perceptually interesting measure to compare automatic segmentation of an image to a ground truth segmentation (e.g., a manually hand-segmented image given by an expert) and/or to objectively evaluate the efﬁciency of several unsupervised segmentation methods. be the number of pixels assigned to the same region Let (i.e., matched pairs) in both the segmentation to be evaluated and the ground truth segmentation , and be the number of pairs of pixels assigned to different regions (i.e., misand . The Rand index is deﬁned as matched pairs) in to the total number of pixel pairs, i.e., the ratio of for an image of size pixels. More formally [16], and designate the set of region labels respecif tively associated to the segmentation maps and at pixel location and where is an indicator function, the Rand index1612IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 19, NO. 6, JUNE 2010is given by the following relation:given by the empirical proportion (3) where is the delta Kronecker function. In this way, the PRI measure is simply the mean of the Rand index computed between each [16]. As a consequence, the PRI pair measure will favor (i.e., give a high score to) a resulting acceptable segmentation map which is consistent with most of the segmentation results given by human experts. More precisely, the resulting segmentation could result in a compromise or a consensus, in terms of level of details and contour accuracy exhibited by each ground-truth segmentations. Fig. 8 gives a fusion map example, using a set of manually generated segmentations exhibiting a high variation, in terms of level of details. Let us add that this probabilistic metric is not degenerate; all the bad segmentations will give a low score without exception [16]. C. Generative Gibbs Distribution Model of Correct Segmentations (i.e., the pairwise empirical As indicated in [15], the set ) deﬁnes probabilities for each pixel pair computed over an appealing generative model of correct segmentation for the image, easily expressed as a Gibbs distribution. In this way, the Gibbs distribution, generative model of correct segmentation, which can also be considered as a likelihood of , in the PRI sense, may be expressed as(1) which simply computes the proportion (value ranging from 0 to 1) of pairs of pixels with compatible region label relationships between the two segmentations to be compared. A value of 1 indicates that the two segmentations are identical and a value of 0 indicates that the two segmentations do not agree on any pair of points (e.g., when all the pixels are gathered in a single region in one segmentation whereas the other segmentation assigns each pixel to an individual region). When the number of and are much smaller than the number of data labels in points , a computationally inexpensive estimator of the Rand index can be found in [16]. B. Probabilistic Rand Index (PRI) The PRI was recently introduced by Unnikrishnan [16] to take into accounttheinherentvariabilityofpossible interpretationsbetween human observers of an image, i.e., the multiple acceptable ground truth segmentations associated with each natural image. This variability between observers, recently highlighted by the Berkeley segmentation dataset [26] is due to the fact that each human chooses to segment an image at different levels of detail. This variability is also due image segmentation being an ill-posed problem, which exhibits multiple solutions for the different possible values of the number of classes not known a priori. Hence, in the absence of a unique ground-truth segmentation, the clustering quality measure has to quantify the agreement of an automatic segmentation (i.e., given by an algorithm) with the variation in a set of available manual segmentations representing, in fact, a very small sample of the set of all possible perceptually consistent interpretations of an image [15]. The authors [16] address this concern by soft nonuniform weighting of pixel pairs as a means of accounting for this variability in the ground truth set. More formally, let us consider a set of manually segmented (ground truth) images corresponding to an be the segmentation to be compared image of size . Let with the manually labeled set and designates the set of reat pixel gion labels associated with the segmentation maps location , the probabilistic RI is deﬁned bywhere is the set of second order cliques or binary cliques of a Markov random ﬁeld (MRF) model deﬁned on a complete graph (each node or pixel is connected to all other pixels of is the temperature factor of the image) and this Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution which is twice less than the normalization factor of the Rand Index in (1) or (2) since there than pairs of pixels for which are twice more binary cliques . is the constant partition function. After simpliﬁcation, this yields(2) where a good choice for the estimator of (the probability of the pixel and having the same label across ) is simply (4)MIGNOTTE: LABEL FIELD FUSION BAYESIAN MODEL AND ITS PENALIZED MAXIMUM RAND ESTIMATOR FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION1613where is a constant partition function (with a factor which depends only on the data), namelywhere is the set of all possible (conﬁgurations for the) segof size pixels. Let us add mentations into regions that, since the number of classes (and thus the number of regions) of this ﬁnal segmentation is not a priori known, there are possibly, between one and as much as regions that the number of pixels in this image (assigning each pixel to an individual can region is a possible conﬁguration). In this setting, be viewed as the potential of spatially variant binary cliques (or pairwise interaction potentials) of an equivalent nonstationary MRF generative model of correct segmentations in the case is assumed to be a set of representative ground where truth segmentations. Besides, , the segmentation result (to be ), can be considered as a realization of this compared to generative model with PRand, a statistical measure proportional to its negative likelihood energy. In other words, an estimate of , in the maximum likelihood sense of this generative model, will give a resulting segmented map (i.e., a fusion result) with a to be fused. high ﬁdelity to the set of segmentations D. Label Field Fusion Model for Image Segmentation Let us consider that we have at our disposal, a set of segmentations associated to an image of size to be fused (i.e., to efﬁciently combine) in order to obtain a ﬁnal reliable and accurate segmentation result. The generative Gibbs distribution model of correct segmentations expressed in (4) gives us an interesting fusion model of segmentation maps, in the maximum PRI sense, or equivalently in the maximum likelihood (ML) sense for the underlying Gibbs model expressed in (4). In this framework, the set of is computed with the empirical proportion estimator [see (3)] on the data . Once has been estimated, the resulting ML fusion segmentation map is thus deﬁned by maximizing the likelihood distributiontions for different possible values of the number of classes which is not a priori known. To render this problem well-posed with a unique solution, some constraints on the segmentation process are necessary, favoring over segmentation or, on the contrary, merging regions. From the probabilistic viewpoint, these regularization constraints can be expressed by a prior distribution of treated as a realization of the unknown segmentation a random ﬁeld, for example, within a MRF framework [2], [27] or analytically, encoded via a local or global [13], [28] prior energy term added to the likelihood term. In this framework, we consider an energy function that sets a particular global constraint on the fusion process. This term restricts the number of regions (and indirectly, also penalizes small regions) in the resulting segmentation map. So we consider the energy function (6) where designates the number of regions (set of connected pixels belonging to the same class) in the segmented is the Heaviside (or unit step) function, and an image , internal parameter of our fusion model which physically represents the number of classes above which this prior constraint, limiting the number of regions, is taken into account. From the probabilistic viewpoint, this regularization constraint corresponds to a simple shifted (from ) exponential distribution decreasing with the number of regions displayed by the ﬁnal segmentation. In this framework, a regularized solution corresponds to the maximum a posteriori (MAP) solution of our fusion model, i.e., that maximizes the posterior distribution the solution , and thus(7) with is the regularization parameter controlling the contribuexpressing ﬁdelity to the set of segtion of the two terms; encoding our prior knowledge or mentations to be fused and beliefs concerning the types of acceptable ﬁnal segmentations as estimates (segmentation with a number of limited regions). In this way, the resulting criteria used in this resulting fusion model can be viewed as a penalized maximum rand estimator. III. COARSE-TO-FINE OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY A. Multiresolution Minimization Strategy Our fusion procedure of several label ﬁelds emerges as an optimization problem of a complex non-convex cost function with several local extrema over the label parameter space. In order to ﬁnd a particular conﬁguration of , that efﬁciently minimizes this complex energy function, we can use a global optimization procedure such as a simulated annealing algorithm [27] whose advantages are twofold. First, it has the capability of avoiding local minima, and second, it does not require a good solution. initial guess in order to estimate the(5) where is the likelihood energy term of our generative fusion . model which has to be minimized in order to ﬁnd Concretely, encodes the set of constraints, in terms of pairs of pixel labels (identical or not), provided by each of the segmentations to be fused. The minimization of ﬁnds the resulting segmentation which also optimizes the PRI criterion. E. Bayesian Fusion Model for Image Segmentation As previously described in Section II-B, the image segmentation problem is an ill-posed problem exhibiting multiple solu-1614IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 19, NO. 6, JUNE 2010Fig. 1. Duplication and “coarse-to-ﬁne” minimization strategy.An alternative approach to this stochastic and computationally expensive procedure is the iterative conditional modes (ICM) introduced by Besag [2]. This method is deterministic and simple, but has the disadvantage of requiring a proper initialization of the segmentation map close to the optimal solution. Otherwise it will converge towards a bad local minima . In order associated with our complex energy function to solve this problem, we could take, as initialization (ﬁrst such as iteration), the segmentation map (8) i.e., in choosing for the ﬁrst iteration of the ICM procedure amongst the segmentation to be fused, the one closest to the optimal solution of the Gibbs energy function of our fusion model [see (5)]. A more robust optimization method consists of a multiresolution approach combined with the classical ICM optimization procedure. In this strategy, rather than considering the minimization problem on the full and original conﬁguration space, the original inverse problem is decomposed in a sequence of approximated optimization problems of reduced complexity. This drastically reduces computational effort and provides an accelerated convergence toward improved estimate. Experimentally, estimation results are nearly comparable to those obtained by stochastic optimization procedures as noticed, for example, in [10] and [29]. To this end, a multiresolution pyramid of segmentation maps is preliminarily derived, in order to for each at different resolution levels, and a set estimate a set of of similar spatial models is considered for each resolution level of the pyramidal data structure. At the upper level of the pyramidal structure (lower resolution level), the ICM optimization procedure is initialized with the segmentation map given by the procedure deﬁned in (8). It may also be initialized by a random solution and, starting from this initial segmentation, it iterates until convergence. After convergence, the result obtained at this resolution level is interpolated (see Fig. 1) and then used as initialization for the next ﬁner level and so on, until the full resolution level. B. Optimization of the Full Energy Function Experiments have shown that the full energy function of our model, (with the region based-global regularization constraint) is complex for some images. Consequently it is preferable toFig. 2. From top to bottom and left to right; A natural image from the Berkeley database (no. 134052) and the formation of its region process (algorithm PRIF ) at the (l = 3) upper level of the pyramidal structure at iteration [0–6], 8 (the last iteration) of the ICM optimization algorithm. Duplication and result of the ICM relaxation scheme at the ﬁnest level of the pyramid at iteration 0, 1, 18 (last iteration) and segmentation result (region level) after the merging of regions and the taking into account of the prior. Bottom: evolution of the Gibbs energy for the different steps of the multiresolution scheme.perform the minimization in two steps. In a ﬁrst step, the minimization is performed without considering the global constraint (considering only ), with the previously mentioned multiresolution minimization strategy and the ICM optimization procedure until its convergence at full resolution level. At this ﬁnest resolution level, the minimization is then reﬁned in a second step by identifying each region of the resulting segmentation map. This creates a region adjacency graph (a RAG is an undirected graph where the nodes represent connected regions of the image domain) and performs a region merging procedure by simply applying the ICM relaxation scheme on each region (i.e., by merging the couple of adjacent regions leading to a reduction of the cost function of the full model [see (7)] until convergence). In the second step, minimization can also be performed . according to the full modelMIGNOTTE: LABEL FIELD FUSION BAYESIAN MODEL AND ITS PENALIZED MAXIMUM RAND ESTIMATOR FOR IMAGE SEGMENTATION1615with its four nearest neighbors and a ﬁxed number of connections (85 in our application), regularly spaced between all other pixels located within a square search window of ﬁxed size 30 pixels centered around . Fig. 3 shows comparison of segmentation results with a fully connected graph computed on a search window two times larger. We decided to initialize the lower (or third upper) level of the pyramid with a sequence of 20 different random segmentations with classes. The full resolution level is then initialized with the duplication (see Fig. 1) of the best segmentation result (i.e., the one associated to the lowest Gibbs energy ) obtained after convergence of the ICM at this lower resolution level (see Fig. 2). We provide details of our optimization strategy in Algorithm 1. Algo I. Multiresolution minimization procedure (see also Fig. 2). Two-Step Multiresolution Minimization Set of segmentations to be fusedPairwise probabilities for each pixel pair computed over at resolution level 1. Initialization Step • Build multiresolution Pyramids from • Compute the pairwise probabilities from at resolution level 3 • Compute the pairwise probabilities from at full resolution PIXEL LEVEL Initialization: Random initialization of the upper level of the pyramidal structure with classes • ICM optimization on • Duplication (cf. Fig 1) to the full resolution • ICM optimization on REGION LEVEL for each region at the ﬁnest level do • ICM optimization onFig. 4. Segmentation (image no. 385028 from Berkeley database). From top to bottom and left to right; segmentation map respectively obtained by 1] our multiresolution optimization procedure: = 3402965 (algo), 2] SA : = 3206127, 3] rithm PRIF : = 3312794, 4] SA : = 3395572, 5] SA : = 3402162. SAFig. 3. Comparison of two segmentation results of our multiresolution fusion procedure (algorithm PRIF ) using respectively: left] a subsampled and ﬁxed number of connections (85) regularly spaced and located within a square search window of size = 30 pixels. right] a fully connected graph computed on a search window two times larger (and requiring a computational load increased by 100).NUU 0 U 00 U 0 U 0D. Comparison With a Monoresolution Stochastic Relaxation In order to test the efﬁciency of our two-step multiresolution relaxation (MR) strategy, we have compared it to a standard monoresolution stochastic relaxation algorithm, i.e., a so-called simulated annealing (SA) algorithm based on the Gibbs sampler [27]. In order to restrict the number of iterations to be ﬁnite, we have implemented a geometric temperature cooling schedule , where is the [30] of the form starting temperature, is the ﬁnal temperature, and is the maximal number of iterations. In this stochastic procedure, is crucial. The temperathe choice of the initial temperature ture must be sufﬁciently high in the ﬁrst stages of simulatedC. Algorithm In order to decrease the computational load of our multiresolution fusion procedure, we only use two levels of resolution in our pyramidal structure (see Fig. 2): the full resolution and an image eight times smaller (i.e., at the third upper level of classical data pyramidal structure). We do not consider a complete graph: we consider that each node (or pixel) is connected。

Moxa 网络监控移动能力启用白皮书说明书

WHITE PAPEREnabling Mobility in NetworkMonitoringYiwei ChenMoxa Product ManagerIntroductionEngineers face different challenges during each stage of the industrial network management lifecycle. During the installation stage, manual device configuration and testing is time consuming and prone to human error. During the operation stage, engineers are required to monitor network status in real time and minimize system downtime. During the maintenance stage, engineers often face long labor hours doing firmware upgrades or configuration changes on multiple devices. During the diagnostics stage, being able to quickly identify where critical network issues occur is essential. To help minimize the total cost of ownership, engineers are always on the lookout for new industrial network management tools that can help them overcome all of these challenges.Industrial network management software is usually installed in the control room, or is sometimes integrated with an existing SCADA system. But when you’re out of the co ntrol room or on the move, you could miss important messages such as network changes or errors, and fail to respond quickly enough. With the number of devices connected to industrial networks continually increasing, the ability to monitor and maintain your network—anytime, anywhere—is becoming more crucial than ever before to ensure that your operation is reliable and runs smoothly.Current statistics show that globally, the number of mobile users is now greater than the number of desktop users, and we can expect this global trend to expand into the industrial automation workplace. In fact, since engineers joining the workforce today are accustomed to using mobile devices in their private life, it is only natural that they would want to use the same devices to simplify their work life.In this white paper, we discuss the challenges in industrial network management and show how a mobile monitoring tool can help keep you informed of network status, even when you’re on the move. In addition, we’ll share experiences we’ve had helping customers from the rail industry reduce system downtime by utilizing the right mobile tools to quickly respond to network changes.Released on October 7, 2015© 2015 Moxa Inc. All rights reserved.Moxa is a leading manufacturer of industrial networking, computing, and automation solutions. With over 25 years of industry experience, Moxa has connected more than 30 million devices worldwide and has a distribution and service network that reaches customers in more than 70 countries. Moxa delivers lasting business value by empowering industry with reliable networks and sincere service for automation systems. Information about Moxa’s solutions is available at . You may also contact Moxa by email at *************.How to contact MoxaTel: 1-714-528-6777Fax: 1-714-528-6778Major Challenges in Industrial Network ManagementManaging a network can be a complex and often extensive operation, especially for industrial networks, and being able to monitor and manage devices is essential to ensuring that the network is running smoothly. However, with evolving business operations, administrators are often on the move, making it difficult to stay informed of or quickly respond to status changes in the network.When doing regular maintenance or troubleshooting at a field site where many network devices are deployed, engineers often face the daunting task of identifying specific devices hiding among a multitude of identical devices. Even with proper labeling and hardware placement, it can still take time to obtain the status information of a specific device onsite. As a result, faulty devices cannot be swapped out quickly enough to ensure that your operation runs smoothly.With the development of mobile networking tools, engineers can now improve operational efficiency and maximize network availability.Why Mobile Network Monitoring?Like their enterprise counterparts, automation engineers can now access their operational applications from mobile devices by installing an appropriate network monitoring app. The mobile network monitoring app is usually a client software tool designed to work in tandem with the network management software installed in the control room.The following diagram illustrates how a typical mobile app for network monitoring works to keep users informed of the ir network’s status. The app connects to the software server over an intranet or the Internet to access network status in real time. In addition, if the network is updated, the network management software server will send a push notification via the Apple cloud or Google cloud to alert the app user.A mobile phone app for network monitoring usually works as the client of the main network management software. Through the app, engineers can access the network status anytime,anywhere.How Mobile Networking Empowers Network OperatorsA mobile network monitoring app should support the following three features to ensure that monitoring a network from a mobile device is worth the effort.1.Sending Real-time AlertsWith a mobile network monitoring app, administrators can receive notifications of events pushed to their mobile devices. These real-time alerts allow administrators to take action immediately in response to critical events, even when they are out of the control room. For example, once an alert is received, they can contact maintenance engineers to do onsite troubleshooting and consequently reduce system downtime.2.Allowing Instant Network ChecksA mobile network app allows users to check the status of a network in real time. After youlog in to the app, it will inform you whether or not the network is operating normally. The app will also display detailed information of a specific network device, keeping network administrators in the know while they are on the move or out of the control room.Information, such as a device’s IP address, MAC address, location, and firmware version can be viewed from the app. For example, if an engineer receives an alert for a link-down event, they can readily access the information needed to determine which port is faulty.3.Finding Field Devices QuicklyIn certain scenarios, it could take a long time to manually search for a specific device from racks and racks of similar devices. Moreover, if automation engineers need to access the parameters or settings of a specific device for onsite troubleshooting, they would need to physically connect the device to a laptop computer using a web console or CLI (command line interface), or physically read the MAC address or serial number printed on the device, and then check the information with the computer. Either way, the engineer could end up spending much more time than would be necessary if the same information could bechecked using a mobile device.To make the task easier and more efficient, mobile network monitoring apps now usually come with a function that allows users to quickly find a particular device, and even view detailed device information.For example, each network device could be encoded with a unique QR code based on its MAC address. If the mobile phone app supports a built-in QR code scanner, engineers can scan the device’s QR code onsite to pull up information about that device, without needing to boot up a laptop computer or entering a device ID manually.With Moxa’s MXview ToGo app, users can not only scan the device to get detailed information, they can also activate the Device Locator function to find the device—which works by causing the device’s LED to blink in a way that is easy to recognize.Success StoryDeploying a Server/Client Solution for Industrial Network MonitoringTo ensure that a network operates reliably, industrial network management software is usually installed in large-scale networks in mission-critical industries, such as transportation, mining, and oil & gas. In this section, we share a success story from a railway application that uses a fiber Ethernet backbone built for data transmission between several stations located across a wide area. Since the application involves multiple control rooms spread over a wide area, the industrial network management software and the mobile phone app can help engineers access network status in real time and then respond quickly, thereby greatly reducing system downtime.This high-speed railway operator built a fiber Ethernet backbone for data transmission between its Operation Management Center and other railway stations to ensure high network availability. The customer used about 30 Moxa industrial rackmount switches (IKS-G6524) to connect to the pre-existing Layer 3 networks, and used the MXstudio industrial network management suite across the network management lifecycle, including for installation, operation, maintenance, and diagnostics. The MXstudio suite includes the MXview industrial network management software, MXconfig industrial network configuration tool, and N-Snap network snapshot tool.The railway operator’s network administrators recounted that they sometimes needed to leave the control room for patrol inspections within and around the station. Since MXview was already installed in the control room, they could install Moxa’s MXview ToGo mobile app, which works as a client of MXview, and then easily check the latest network status from their mobile phones. The dashboard design of the app makes it easy for engineers to tell whether the network is operating under Normal, Warning, or Critical conditions. In one notable incident, an IT engineer received a push notification about a downed link, used the app to determine wherethe broken link was located, and also connected to the MXview server to determine the cause. After determining the cause, the engineer contacted onsite staff immediately, allowing them to get the network link back up and running in no time.The diagram shows that engineers on the move can still get real-time network status with themobile app.ConclusionThe use of effective network management applications can help network administrators accomplish tasks efficiently during different stages of the network management lifecycle. With the changing business environment and improvements in mobile device technology, a mobile app for network monitoring allows administrators to be efficient, effective, and responsive when monitoring and maintaining an industrial network.Using a mobile app for network monitoring, administrators can view device and network status and receive real-time alerts from their mobile devices while on the move. In the field, administrators can quickly search for any device and view that device’s detailed configuration parameters with the click of a button.∙Learn more about Moxa’s MXview ToGo mobile app here:/MXview_ToGo∙Scan the following QR code to download the MXview ToGo app:iPhone OS Android OSDisclaimerThis document is provided for information purposes only, and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied by law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document.。

涂布纸涂层表面自由能的Owens二液法测定

涂布纸涂层表面自由能的Ｏｎ二液法测定ｗｅｓ
尤鹏，吕新莲，吴海鹏
（．岛科技大学化工学院，山东青岛２６４；．岛科技大学环境与安全工程学院，山东青岛１青６０２２青
２６４）６０２
№ ．２
陕西科技大学学报
ＪＯＵＲＮＡＬＯＦＳＡＡＮＸＩＵＮＩＨＶＥＲＳＴＹＣＩＩＯＦＳＥＮＣＥ＆ＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ
Ａｐ．１１ｒ２０
・３６・
Ｖｏ．１２９
文章编号：００５１（０１０—０６０１０—８１２１）２０３—４
摘要：涂布纸涂层的表面自由能决定了涂层的表面憎液性能，实验利用Ｏｗｎ二液法研本ｅｓ究了两种涂布纸涂层的表面自由能．实验结果表明，有防水剂的涂层表面自由能下降了含
２．，面自由能的极性力降低了９．；７３表Ｏ５添加防水剂后涂层对水的粘附功（）降了Ｗ。下
由表３可知，加防水剂后涂层添的界面性质发生了一定程度的变化．添加防水剂的涂层对水的粘附功下降了３．％，而对苯的粘附功增大了５４
一
（）４
（）５
固体和液体的表面自由能、色散力和极性力的关系为：
盯一Ｄ＋尸ｆｆ（）６
式中：为固体表面自由能，以分解为色散力。项和极性力可分解为色散力。项和极性力项．那么，将式（）式（）式（）人式（）可以得到：３、５、６代１

柯尼卡美能达KM6000桌面型成衣数码印花机

柯尼卡美能达ＫＭ６０００桌面型成衣数码印花系统，白／彩墨水同时打印。

针对深色面料的印花，ＫＭ６０００新开发了专用ＲＩＰ软件，实现白色彩色墨水同时打印输出，彻底消除２次打印中容易出现的漏白边现象，达到极好的印花效果。

标配白墨自动循环系统。

ＫＭ６０００系列数码成衣印花机，标配了新一代白色墨水循环系统，每隔３０分钟白色墨水在二级墨盒→管路→墨囊之间循环一次，避免了白色墨水的颗粒沉淀，既保持墨路系统的稳定又保证了白色　把食物包装（尤其是那些不能降解的塑料）做成可食用的材料似乎成了包装届的一个新关注点。

现在又有人想做个塑料保鲜膜的替代品了。

美国农业部（ＵＳＤＡ）研究所的几个科学家用牛奶中的干酪素（ｃａｓｅｉｎ）做了一种薄膜纸，用于食品外包装。

跟　据相关行业近期消息，兰达数码印刷完成了３亿美元的股票融资，这项融资是由私人投资公司ＳＫｉｏｎ有限公司和专业化工集团Ａｌｔａｎａ牵头的，后者之前已经是兰达公司的股东。

０．０７７人民币），适用于需要打印大量材料的办公室和学校。

该新款打印机配有防止泄漏的喷嘴，用户还可直观检查墨水剩余量。

三星表示墨水的持久性佳，普通纸张最高可保持２５年，相纸则长达７５年。

耐克成世界杯球衣赞助商赢家７月１６日，伴随着俄罗斯世界杯在莫斯科落下帷幕，耐克击败阿迪达斯成为本届世界杯球衣赞助商中的最大赢家。

此次世界杯中，耐克赞助了１０支球队，阿迪达斯赞助了１２支球队。

其中，阿迪达斯战队比利时队战绩最高，获得季军；而耐克战队不仅取得蓝泰最薄的可压缩薄膜，也是为家居和个人护理市场生产的最薄的ＰＥ标签材料。

作为芬欧蓝泰标准型ＰＥ　８５薄膜的更薄版，新的ＰＥ　６５的厚度是６５微米，但是在一致性和可压缩性方面二者相同，而且还可以在这种不干胶标签技术采用了特殊配方的脱模涂层和选配的打垄线，因此不再需要离型纸。

Ｓａｔｏ公司表示，这种方法给企业带来的可衡量的好处，是显著提升了贴标操作的可持续发展性。

Ｓａｔｏ公司ＤＡＣＨ和ＣＥＥ部门奇美材近期股东会、董事会决议通过公司更名以及营业项目变更，公司名称将改为诚美材料，并成立了茂丰贸易、茂宇投资两家转投资公司，前者资本额１０亿元，将经营化工、石化原材料以及高科技产业中间材料贸易事业，后者资本额２．５亿元，以新事业投资为主。

国内外造纸法烟草薄片质量对比研究

摘要：为了解国内外造纸法烟草薄片的品质差异，对四个厂家（A、B、C为国内厂家，D为国外厂家）的造纸法烟草薄片样品进行外貌结构、物理化学性能、常规烟气成分和中性致香成分对比研究。

结果表明，厂家A的薄片纤维呈现出短粗形态且表面有大量填料固体颗粒，其余三个厂家则为细长形态；在物理化学性能上，不同薄片也存在差异，其中厂家A和D的薄片较接近；在常规烟气成分上厂家A、C、D烟草薄片的差异性较小；烟草薄片中性致香成分主要有8种，其中厂家A的薄片中性致香成分总含量最高。

部分国内厂家造纸法烟草薄片品质已经达到国外水平。

关键词：造纸法烟草薄片；物理化学性能；常规烟气；中性致香成分Abstract: In order to understand the quality difference between domestic and foreign paper-made tobacco sheets, the structure, physicochemical properties, routine smoke components and neutral aroma components of paper-made tobacco sheets samples from four manufacturers (A, B and C are domestic manufacturers, D is foreign manufacturers) were compared and studied. The results show that the sheet fiber of manufacturer A shows a short and thick shape with a large number of filler solid particles on the surface, and the other three manufacturers have a slender shape. The physical and chemical properties of different paper-made tobacco sheets are different, especially, the sheets of manufacturer A a nd D a re closer to each other. I n the rout i ne smoke composition, the difference of tobacco sheets from manufacturers国内外造纸法烟草薄片质量对比研究⊙ 佟国宾张登张克娟薛洪龙沈进（上海烟草集团太仓海烟烟草薄片有限公司，江苏太仓 215433）Comparative Study on the Quality of Paper-process Recons-tituted T obacco⊙ Tong Guobin, Zhang Deng, Zhang Kejuan, Xue Honglong, Shen Jin(Shanghai Tobacco Group Taicang Haiyan Reconstituted Tobacco Co., Ltd., Taicang, Jiangsu 215433, China)中图分类号：TS761.2文献标志码：A 文章编号：1007-9211(2023)18-0021-05佟国宾先生助理工程师，硕士；主要从事再造烟叶的工艺技术研究工作。

烟草专卖新型数字化监管平台探索和实践研究

DCWExperience Exchange经验交流179数字通信世界2024.010 引言近年来，我国各地区纷纷搭建了烟草专卖数字化监管平台，把数字监管平台作为维持烟草专卖体制正常运转的关键手段，这对降低市场监管成本、强化监管力度、打造全链条全流程监管体系有重要价值。

与此同时，部分监管部门数字监管平台建设不全面，无法发挥平台价值，需加强数字化监管平台的实践研究，提高数字化监管水平。

1 烟草专卖新型数字化监管平台概述1.1 建设需求传统监管体系在运转期间需要投入大量资源，存在监管流程烦琐、监管团队规模庞大、监管时效性差的局限性，还会形成监管盲区与薄弱环节，无论是监管成本还是监管效果，都无法满足日益提高的烟草专卖市场监管需求。

数字化监管平台的搭建，以数字化平台作为开展监管工作的全新载体，线上开展证件管理、专卖内管、新型烟草制品监管、队伍建设、人员培训等业务活动，并把相关数据信息提交至监管平台进行汇总处理，这也是建立全数据驱动现代化烟草专卖监管体系的必经之路。

简单来讲，数字化监管平台是推动我国烟草专卖监管体系向数字化阶段转型升级的前提基础[1]。

1.2 建设思路搭建烟草专卖数字化监管平台是一项长期性、综合性活动，涉及平台开发、业务整合、集中管理等诸多方面，任意方面形成纰漏，都会直接影响平台效能发挥和市场监管效果。

对此，监管部门必须树立清晰明确的建设思路。

（1）需求导向原则。

深入了解烟草专卖市场监管情况，统计监管期间面临的各项问题与实际需求，将其作为平台搭建、配置功能结构的重要依据。

（2）顶层设计原则。

从多维度综合分析平台建设问题，既要运用多项技术手段搭建监管平台，也要做好更新管理制度、统一数据标准、整合信息资源、培训监管人员等配套工作，消除其他因素对平台能效发挥造成的负面影响。

（3）实用高效原则。

在平台搭建后，选择有代表作者简介：肖凡（1978-），男，汉族，湖北天门人，注册信息安全工程师，本科，研究方向为数字化监管平台。

AUTO-CROSSOVER WHITE PAPER

AUTO-CROSSOVER WHITE PAPERBy Matthew HershAbstractThe Auto-Crossover function was created to eliminate the need for a crossover cable between devices of similar functionality. Prior to Auto-Crossover, when connecting two devices of the same type, such as two Auto-Negotiating Network Interface Cards, or two Auto-Negotiating switches, the devices would not establish a link. Both devices would be transmitting Fast Link Pulses, on the same pair, and thus would not properly receive the signaling from the other device. When a crossover cable was inserted (switching pair 1,2 with pair 3,6), the devices’ transmitters would then be on opposite pairs and a link could be established. The Auto-Crossover function eliminates the need for this cable by switching channels while transmitting Fast Link Pulses. Therefore, the two devices will switch channels until Fast Link Pulses are being transmitted on both pairs, complete the Auto-Negotiation function, and establish a link. Auto-Crossover is defined in the IEEE 802.3 2005 Standard within clause 40.4.4 – Automatic MDI/MDI-X Configuration. IntroductionIn [1], a state diagram (Figure 40-17 – Auto-Crossover state diagram) is used to illustrate how a device should implement the Auto-Crossover function. There are two states within this state diagram, MDI mode, and MDI-X mode. MDI mode indicates that FLPs will be transmitted as if a straight or standard pin out cable is used. MDI-X mode indicates that FLPs will be transmitted as if a crossover cable is used.There are four major functions used in Auto-Crossover: sample_timer, A_timer, the Linear Feedback Shift Register and the Link_Det variable. The first timer, sample_timer, is defined as the minimum length of time in which a device can transmit on one channel. After sample_timer expires, certain checks are performed to determine which channel to transmit on next. The second timer, A_timer, is used to randomly reset the Auto-Crossover function. A_timer is asynchronous to the state diagram and other timers to eliminate any “lock-up” conditions that may occur from two similarly designed devices. The Linear Feedback Shift Register decides whether the device should commence transmissions on the opposite channel, or remain on the current one. The Link_Det variable is only set when the device receives signaling, and is used to tell the device that it should not switch channels. A device needs to implement these four parts in order for Auto-Crossover to function properly.Linear Feedback Shift RegisterThe Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR) is a register that is used within the Auto-Crossover function. The purpose of the LFSR is to tell a device on which channel it should be transmitting. The values within the LFSR should be pseudo-random (based on the initial value) which should allow the device to transmit on either channel for varying amounts of time. This is important in order to decrease the possibility of two devicesgetting in a “lockup" situation where they are both transmitting on the same channel and switching channels at the same time.Figure 1: Linear Feedback Shift Register defined in IEEE 802.3 2005 StandardX Y Result0 0 00 1 11 0 11 1 0Table 1: XOR Truth TableThe LFSR, as displayed above in Figure 1, is used within the Auto-Crossover function at the start of every sample_timer. As noted in the standard, sample_timer is defined as 62 ± 2 ms. The value of S[10], RND(sample_timer), determines the next channel in which the device should transmit Fast Link Pulses, FLPs. If the value of this bit is a zero, the device will transmit in MDI mode; if it is a one, the device will transmit in MDI-X mode. The device should remain on this channel until sample_timer has once again expired, at which time the value of S[10] will be read again. When the value of S[10] is read, all other bits within the LFSR are shifted. S[8] and S[10] are XORed, and placed into the value of S[0]. The previous value of S[0] is stored in S[1], and so on. If two consecutive values read from the LFSR are the same, the device will remain on that channel and transmit for another duration of sample_timer. This means that the device has a maximum possible opportunity to transmit on one channel for 11 sample_timers, or 64 ms (maximum sample_timer value) times 11, or 704 ms. Since XOR is defined by Table 1 above, the values within the LFSR should be pseudo-random, as devices need to load the LFSR with an initial value, which makes all future values known. It should be noted that it is only possible to transmit on the MDI channel for 10 sample_timers, as the LFSR should never contain all zeros, as this would force the device into MDI mode permanently. However, if A_timer expires after the device has transmitted for 10 multiples of sample_timer, but before switching to the MDI-X channel, the device will transmit for one extra sample_timer on the MDI channel, leaving the maximum_channel_transmit_time on either channel at 704 ms.Link_Det with Auto-Negotiation EnabledWhen a device receives signaling on one channel, it needs a mechanism to assert that valid signaling has been received. The variable Link_Det indicates to the device whether or not it should switch channels. If Link_Det=TRUE, the device must remain on theink_Det is designed to check two variables, linkpulse and link_status. It checks ange of sample_timerdefines the minimum time a device should transmit on one s defined in section 40.4.5.2 of [1], sample_timer should fall within the range of 62 ± 2 herefore, when measuring sample_timer, it is possible to observe gaps on a channel that ange of A_timerSection 40.4.5.2 of [1] requires that A_timer should fall within the range of 1300 ms ± 25%, where 25% = 325 ms, giving a range of 975 ms to 1625 ms. The purpose of this same channel in which it is currently transmitting. If Link_Det=FALSE, the device has not received signaling and it should switch channels at the appropriate time.L linkpulse to detect that FLPs are being sent on a specific channel, and link_status, which is set when the appropriate link signaling is seen. Link_Det is initially set to FALSE, and once Link_Det is set to TRUE, it will remain set to true until sample_timer expires. If the device sees linkpulse=true, or link_status=READY or OK, Link_Det is set to true. When sample_timer expires, Link_Det is again set to FALSE, and the values of linkpulse and link_status are read. Since linkpulse is only set to TRUE while receiving a link pulse, the device will not see this variable set unless a pulse is being received. However, link_status maintains the value of READY or OK, therefore, Link_Det will immediately be set to TRUE when sample_timer commences. This means that once a device has a link, Auto-Crossover should never interfere with maintaining that link.R The timer, sample_timer,channel. When sample_timer expires, RND(sample_timer) is checked, and if the value is a zero the device commences transmissions in MDI mode; if the value is a one the device commences transmissions in MDI-X mode. Once RND(sample_timer) is checked and the device knows on which channel to transmit, it will start sample_timer and commence transmissions.A ms (60 – 64 ms inclusive). Furthermore, section 28.3.2 transmit_link_burst_timer (the spacing between transmitted FLPs) should fall within the range of 14 ± 8.3 ms (5.7 – 22.3 ms inclusive). Since sample_timer can expire at any time, transmit_link_burst_timer creates ambiguous space, which could be either before or after sample_timer has actually expired. This means that when the device has finished transmitting an FLP, and the next FLP transmitted is on the opposite pair, sample_timer could have expired anytime between the two FLPs.T are up to sample_timer plus 2 * transmit_link_burst_timer plus 4 ms due to the range of sample_timer, minus the difference between a minimum sample_timer and the maximum spacing between FLPs where sample_timer has not been reached. This difference can be calculated by using the following expression: n*transmit_link_burst_timer + (n+1)*burst width, where n corresponds to 4 unless the expression returns a value that is greater than 60 ms, in which case n is decreased until the expression returns a value that is less than 60 ms.Re situation where two devices have the same seed values at the same timer has expired forcing the device to MDI mode. In this case, the evice commenced transmissions in MDI-X mode, then A_timer expired before * sample_timer in MDI-X mode, it can be etermined that A_timer has expired on the device. In this case, the device has , it is possible for the device to switch pairs, even ough it is constantly receiving FLPs. If sample_timer expires, Link_Det is set to Link_Det is again set to TRUE until the expiration timer is to prevent th point in time, thus always transmitting on the same channel, even when Auto-Crossing. ‘A’ within A_timer stands for asynchronous. A_timer runs asynchronously from the Auto-Crossover state diagram and other timers. When A_timer expires, and Link_Det=FALSE at that time, the device is required to restart sample_timer and begin transmissions in MDI mode. Since this timer is asynchronous, it is very difficult to observe. However, there are several cases, which make it possible to determine when A_timer does expire.If a device transmits for less than sample_timer when transmitting in MDI-X mode, it can be determined that A_d sample_timer had completed, forcing the device back to MDI mode. However, this method to determine A_timer is still partially ambiguous as it is possible that the device has an invalid range for sample_timer and the value obtained was a low value for sample_timer. (Due to this effect, an exact value for the lower end of sample_timer in MDI-X mode can never be determined.)If a device transmits for longer than the maximum allowed range as described in the sample_timer section, but less than 2 d transmitted for a full sample_timer, and has commenced transmissions of a second duration of sample_timer when A_timer expired, forcing the device back to MDI mode.If a device transmits for longer than the maximum allowed range as described in the sample_timer section, but less than 2 * sample_timer in MDI mode, it can be determined that A_timer has expired on the device. In this case, the device commenced transmission of sample_timer in MDI mode, but A_timer expired before sample_timer had completed. Since A_timer forces sample_timer to restart, the device then transmits in MDI mode for another full duration of sample_timer.Channel Hopping Due to A_timerIf a device is receiving in MDI-X mode th FALSE. Once signaling is received,of sample_timer. However, there is a period after sample_timer expires in which Link_Det will remain FALSE as no signaling has been received since sample_timer has commenced. A_timer checks the value of Link_Det, and since Link_Det=FALSE, A_timer forces the device to commence transmissions in MDI mode again. In this case, the device could be receiving constant FLPs, and appear to be acting improperly by switching channels, however, this is appropriate behavior since Link_Det remains FALSE for a brief period of time. Conversely, if a device does this while transmitting in MDI mode and switches to MDI-X, it is improper behavior since A_timer may only force a device to MDI, and not to MDI-X.ul mechanism to eliminate the need for a crossover able. There are several functions that aid in the implementation of this process. The er defines the minimum amount of time in which a device can transmitSummaryThe Auto-Crossover process is a usef c timer sample_tim on one channel, the Linear-Feedback Shift Register is used to determine on which channel the device should be transmitting when sample_timer commences, A_timer is used to prevent the scenario in which both devices simultaneously have the same value within the LFSR, and Link_Det prevents switching once signaling is detected on one channel. These functions make Auto-Crossover an effective method to simplify the process of establishing a link.References[1] IEEE Std 802.3 2005 Edition – subclauses 40.4.4, 40.4.5, 40.4.6, Figure 40-14 –Automatic MDI/MDI-X linear-feedback shift register, Figure 40-17 – Auto-Crossover state diagram。

Effect of surface texture on transfer layer formation and tribological behaviour of copper

Wear270 (2011) 218–229Contents lists available at ScienceDirectWearj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/w e arEffect of surface texture on transfer layer formation and tribological behaviour of copper–graphite compositeWenlin Ma a,b,Jinjun Lu a,∗a State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication,Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou730000,PR Chinab Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing100039,PR Chinaa r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received26February2010Received in revised form26October2010 Accepted28October2010Available online 5 November 2010Keywords:Metal-matrix compositeSurface topographySliding wearTribophysics a b s t r a c tMetal matrix composites(MMC)containing graphite particulates usually have reduced friction under dry sliding,which is closely dependent on the formation of continuous transfer layer on the sliding surface of counterpart.The transfer process,understandably,may be affected by the actual variance of texture on counterpart surface.Thus the transfer behaviour of Cu–graphite composite onto steel discs with different textures was investigated,where the evolution of the transfer layers on the counterparts with different textures under both low and high loads was highlighted.It was found that the textures had different ratcheting effects on the contact surface of Cu–graphite composite,which led to diverse extent of extruded surface layer and size of extruded sliver.Moreover,fractured sliver acted as the precursor of the transfer layer and played a key role in determining the continuity of the transfer layer,which in turn led to different friction and wear behaviour of the composite sliding against steel counterparts with different textures.© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionSince the undulation induced by surface texture can trap wear particles[1,2],the elimination of wear particles from tribo-interface usually leads to reduced abrasive effect.Besides,due to the local hydrodynamic pressure caused by depression,surface tex-ture may contribute to increase the load carrying capacity of sliding surfaces[3–7].This is why surface texture has a large inﬂuence on the friction and wear of materials in dry sliding condition and spe-ciﬁc texture on sliding surface can often reduce friction and wear under lubricated condition[8–10].Recently,Kailas et al.studied the transfer and subsurface deformation of alloy pins sliding against steel plates with different surface textures[11–16]and found that the differences in geometric form and distribution of asperities among various surface textures had dominant inﬂuences on the transfer and deformation of the alloys.We are particularly interested in Cu–graphite(Cu/Gr)compos-ite,because,as a kind of typical solid lubricant materials,it has a variety of applications in engineering[17–22],and its friction and wear can be greatly reduced by forming a graphite-rich transfer layer on the counterpart surface.The practical surfaces of coun-terparts,however,usually have disunitedﬁgures due to various machined process(turning,grinding,polishing,and so on).And dif-∗Tel.:+8609314968198;fax:+8609318277088.E-mail address:jjlu@(J.Lu).ferent textures on counterpart surfaces may have greatly different tribological effect on Cu/Gr composite as well as the formation of transfer layer thereon.In this regard,it is signiﬁcant to understand the transfer behaviour of Cu/Gr sliding on steel of different sur-face textures for better guiding its applications.Thus three types of textures were prepared on the surfaces of steel discs.Friction and wear tests were conducted under low and high load condi-tions and various sliding distances to evaluate the validity of the textures and their effect on the formation of the transfer layer of Cu/Gr composite.2.ExperimentalCu–graphite composite(Cu/Gr)with a graphite content of20% (in volume fraction)was fabricated by powder metallurgy(PM). The detailed procedures for preparing the composite were depicted previously[23].The average brinell hardness of the composite is 44.5HB(diameter of indenter2.5mm,load625N,dwell time5s).Three types of surface textures were produced on the surfaces of annealed1045steel discs(surface hardness about48HRC,25mm in diameter and10mm in thickness),by hand grinding the steel discs on dry SiC emery papers.The preparation method has been largely borrowed from the experimental details reported in Ref.[12].Emery papers with different grit sizes were used in prepa-ration of surface textures type I and II,producing comparable surface roughness value(R a).Surface texture type I,namely parallel grooves(texture PG),was generated by unidirectionally grinding0043-1648/$–see front matter© 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.W.Ma,J.Lu/Wear270 (2011) 218–229219the steel disc on an emery paper of600grit size for about200 times;and in this case the produced grinding marks were paral-lel to each other.Surface texture type II,namely random grooves (texture RG),was obtained by moving the steel plate on an emery paper of800grit size along an“8”shape path for about200times; and in this case the directions ofﬁnal grinding marks were ran-dom.Surface texture type III,namely the polished surface(texture PS),was gained by polishing the steel surface on a Phoenix beta grinder/polisher(Buehler,US);and in this case no obvious grind-ing marks were observed.The average roughness(R a)values of the three types of surface textures were about0.18,0.17and0.01␮m, respectively.In previous study,the characteristic of the textures were effectively represented in both three and two dimension[16]. Similarly,the three-dimensional(3D)proﬁles and corresponding scanning electron microscopic(SEM)images of the textures are shown in Fig.1.Friction and wear tests in a pin-on-disc conﬁguration were conducted on a THT-07135tribometer(CSM).The pin of5mm in diameter and10mm in length was made of Cu/Gr composite. The contact end of the pin was machined into ahemispherical220W.Ma,J.Lu /Wear270 (2011) 218–229Fig.2.Cu/Gr pins (a)and microstructure of the composite on the tip of the pin (b).tip (R a =0.05–0.1␮m)of 10mm in diameter,which was helpful to reach a stable contact between the pin and disc.The photo of the pins and the microstructure of Cu/Gr composite on the tip of the pin were shown in Fig.2.During sliding,the pin was ﬁxed per-pendicularly to the rotating disc.The sliding speed was kept at a constant value of 5mm/s to eliminate the effect of frictional heat on mechanical properties of surface material.Two loads,namely 2and 10N were employed to set up low and high load conditions,respectively.To observe the evolution of transfer layer on counter-part surface,various sliding distances (i.e.,2.4,9.6,19.2and 38.4m)were utilized.Three parallel tests were performed for each distance.All the sliding tests were performed at an ambient temperature of 20–24◦C and relative humidity of about 38–45%.The friction force was collected by a force sensor and converted to friction coefﬁcient automatically by a computer.The diameter of wear scar on each pin was measured in at least 5diametrical directions,and then the average value was used to calculate the wear volume of the pin.The height of worn segment (h )was calculated as h =R −R 2−r 2where R refers to the radius of hemispherical tip of the pin and r refers to the radius of wear scar.Then,the volume of worn segment (V )was calculated as V = h 2(3R −h )The sliding surfaces of both the pins and discs were observed by using a JEM 5600-LV scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The worn tracks on the discs were also examined by using a MicroXAM three-dimensional surface proﬁler.The microstructure of the worn subsurface of the pin was also observed by using SEM.Prior to observation the specimens were chemically etched to reveal the deformation pattern of subsurface.3.Results and discussion 3.1.Friction and wearThe variations of average friction coefﬁcients of various textures with sliding distance are shown in Fig.3.The friction coefﬁcients for all the three types of textures are apparently lower underhighW.Ma,J.Lu/Wear270 (2011) 218–229221Fig.4.Friction coefﬁcient curves for different textures during initial0.2m of sliding under low load(a)and high load(b).load condition than under low load condition.And the friction coef-ﬁcients of textures PG and RG slightly increased with increasing sliding distance,while texture PS had nearly unchanged friction coefﬁcient at varied sliding distance.Moreover,texture RG had the lowest friction coefﬁcient at each sliding distance,followed by tex-tures PG and PS under both low and high load conditions.Besides, as shown in Fig.4,the friction coefﬁcient curves for the three types of textures had different appearance.On one hand,texture PS had higher average friction coefﬁcient than the other two types of tex-tures.On the other hand,largeﬂuctuations of friction coefﬁcient were always observed under low load condition for all the three types of textures(Fig.4a).Thus,it is inferred that the contacts between the pin and disc under low load condition are unstable for all textures.Under high load condition,however,the curves of friction coefﬁcient are quite different from that under low load con-dition(Fig.4b).Namely,periodical oscillation of friction coefﬁcient is observed under high load condition for texture PG,and the width between two peaks of friction coefﬁcient curve is equal to the cir-cumference of the worn track and the pin sliding on the texture.At the same time,due to the speciﬁc form of texture PG,the number of asperities contacting with the pin varies continuously during a circle of sliding.When the sliding is parallel to grooves,the num-ber of asperities contacting with the pin is the least,while it is the most when the sliding direction is perpendicular to grooves.This variation of contact condition for texture PG should be the reason leading to the periodicity on the curve of friction coefﬁcient.Fur-thermore,the periodic oscillation of friction coefﬁcient was kept even after a long sliding distance.Yet,no periodical oscillation of friction curves was observed for textures RG and PS under high load condition where the friction coefﬁcient arrived at stable value and then kept almost unchanged after sliding for a short distance.This might be because the number of asperities contacting with the pin kept nearly constant during sliding when the pin slid on textures RG and PS with isotropy.In other words,the contact condition underFig.5shows the variation of wear volume of the pin with slid-ing distance.For all the three types of textures,the wear volume under low load condition increases slowly with increasing sliding distance.It seems that the pin experienced mild wear when it slid on all the three types of textures under low load condition,although the wear is somewhat higher when sliding on texture RG than slid-ing on the other two textures.This might be closely related to the adhesive or abrasive action of the asperities of textures entering the contact zone to pin surface.Under low load condition,the number of contacting asperities might be so low that only weak damage to the pin occurred.Under high load condition,the wear volume of the pin is somewhat higher than that under low load condition,and it varies with sliding distance in different manners for different ly,the wear volume of the pin sliding against texture PG linearly increases with increasing sliding distance,accompanied by a high gradient.This implies that the effect of texture PG on the wear of the pin keeps invariant with sliding distance.However,the wear rate of the pin sliding against textures RG and PS gradually decreases with increasing sliding distance,and the wear volume of the pin sliding against texture PS even keeps unchanged after sliding for a certain distance.This suggests that the effect of tex-ture RG or PS on the wear of the pin is reduced at increased sliding distance.To understand the manner of material removal of the pin, it is imperative to observe the worn surface of the pin under dif-ferent sliding conditions,which is to be dealt with in the following sections.3.2.Worn surface of the pin3.2.1.Worn surface of the pin under low load conditionThe SEM images of the worn surfaces of the pins are shown in Fig.6.It is observed that the wear scar area of the pin increases comparatively slowly with increasing sliding distance under low load.This well conforms to the variation of wear volume of the222W.Ma,J.Lu /Wear270 (2011) 218–229Fig.5.Variation of wear volume of the pin sliding against textures PG (a),RG (b)and PS (c)with sliding distance.surface material removal,namely cutting and ratcheting by hard asperities of steel texture were observed for texture PG.This can be observed at the downstream sides of the worn surface (Fig.6a):curly continuous chips similar to those found in turning are custom-arily produced by cutting effect of hard asperities at shallow depth [24],and thin slivers are generated due to the “plastic ratcheting”of a thin surface layer [25,26].The chips and slivers might fracture along the downstream sides of the worn surface.At a long sliding distance,only thin slivers were observed on the sides of the worn surface (Fig.6b).Besides,obvious surface material ﬂow proceeding in the thin layer was also observed.Fig.7presents the morphologies of these two typical types of detached particles.It is conceivable that with prolonged sliding distance more hard asperities on the texture participate in the real contact.According to Kapoor’s ratch-eting theory [25],at this time,every point on the surface of the pin has been subjected to at least one pass of the asperity contact and the associated high contact stresses.This is termed as “pummeling”by hard asperities which subjects a thin layer of the surface of the pin to severe contact stresses and causes extrusion of slivers.Thus,the plastic ratcheting is believed to be the dominant mechanism of material removal at a long sliding distance.Actually,it should be emphasized that the continuous ribbons by cutting are onlyfoundW.Ma,J.Lu/Wear270 (2011) 218–229223Fig.7.SEM micrographs of typical continuous chip(a)andﬂaky sliver(b)fractured from downstream side of the worn surface of the pin.after the pin slides against texture PG under low load condition for a short distance.As to texture RG,more severe plastic ratcheting happened on the surface of the pin.Thus the sliver at the downstream side formed at a short sliding distance has a larger size(Fig.6c).At a long sliding distance(Fig.6d),more slivers were observed as compared with texture PG.In this case the plasticﬂow on the worn surface is seen even after a short sliding distance(Fig.6c),and it becomes obvious with increasing sliding distance.Texture PS would subject the pin to a weaker ratcheting effect on the worn surface as compared with textures PG and RG.No large size slivers but some small particles were seen to adhere on the downstream side of the worn surface at both short and long sliding distance(Fig.6e and f),and damages due to adhesion occurred on the worn surface.3.2.2.Worn surface of the pin under high load conditionFig.8shows the SEM micrographs of representative worn sur-faces of the pin under high load condition.When sliding against texture PG,plastic ratcheting of surface layer dominates mate-rial removal at both short and long sliding distance(Fig.8a and b),although the surfaceﬂow is more severe at a long sliding dis-tance.Therefore no continuous chips but onlyﬂaky slivers were observed on the downstream side of the worn surface.Besides,the degree of plasticﬂow on the worn surface kept almost unchanged with increasing sliding distance.This reveals that the ratcheting effect of hard asperities on texture PG remained almost unchanged with increasing sliding distance.Moreover,uniformly distributed graphite,mostly produced by severe plastic deformation of subsur-face matrix material[27],was also seen on the worn surface of the pin sliding against texture PG(such as region A in Fig.8b).It seems that at a short sliding distance texture RG has greater ratcheting effect to the worn surface of the pin than texture PG (Fig.8c).Thus thin slivers with a larger size were formed on the downstream side of the worn surface.With increasing sliding dis-tance,the surfaceﬂow seemed to have been suppressed.In this case the worn surface became rather smooth,and much fewer thin slivers were formed(Fig.8d).Therefore,it can be inferred that the ratcheting effect of hard asperities of texture RG decreases with increasing sliding distance.Besides,uniformly distributed graphite was also seen on the worn surface of the pin sliding against texture RG(such as region B in Fig.8d),similar to the case for texture PG.When the pin slid against texture PS,ratcheting on surface mate-rial might be weak at both short and long sliding distance.This can be deduced from that no thin slivers were observed at the down-stream side of the worn surface(Fig.8e and f).In this case,however, relatively deeper grooves due to plowing effect of hard asperities were observed after sliding for a short distance(Fig.8e),and they became shallow at a long sliding distance(Fig.8f).Besides,fracture was also observed on the worn surface at a long sliding distance,but224W.Ma,J.Lu /Wear270 (2011) 218–229Fig.9.SEM micrographs of worn tracks on textures PG (a and b),RG (c and d)and PS (e and f)after sliding for 2.4m and 38.4m under low load condition.different from the cases for textures PG and RG,almost no graphite was identiﬁed on the worn surface of the pin sliding against texture PS.Noting the difference in the friction coefﬁcients for the three types of textures,it can be concluded that graphite enriched on the worn surface should be important to friction reduction.The above SEM observations of the worn surfaces suggest that the material removal on the surface of the pin is related to the load condition and sliding distance,as well as inherent characteristics of various textures.The materials detached from the pin can be transferred onto the surface of textures in subsequent sliding and result in variations in the friction and wear behaviour.Thus it is necessary to observe the formation,microstructure and breakage of the transfer layer on various textures.3.3.Transfer layers on textures3.3.1.Transfer layers under low load conditionSEM micrographs of representative worn tracks on the three types of textures under low load condition are shown in Fig.9.As to texture PG,the amount of transfer material decreases with decreasing angle between sliding direction and texture grooves.The maximum amount of transfer material emerges at the sliding direction perpendicular to the grooves on texture,whereas almost no transfer material is observed at the sliding direction parallel to the grooves.This is in accordance with that reported by Menezes et al.[13].Therefore,it is reasonable to conﬁne the attention to the transfer layers at the location of sliding direction perpendicu-lar to the grooves.Under low load condition,the transfer materials on the texture at a short sliding distance are negligible (Fig.9a).With increasing sliding distance,the amount of transfer materi-als increases and even sheet like patches could be observed at the longest sliding distance (Fig.9b).Even so,no continuous transfer layer was formed at different sliding distance under low load con-dition.And the integrity of the texture remains almost unchanged during sliding,because of the great difference in the hardness of the pin and disc.The transfer layer on texture RG is also negligible at a short slid-ing distance (Fig.9c).The amount of transfer material increases with increasing sliding distance,and even quasi-continuous trans-fer layer could be observed at the longest sliding distance (Fig.9d).transfer layers within the worn track.But similar to texture PG,the original patterns of texture RG are not disrupted after sliding.In the case of texture PS,transfer layers are hardly formed on the worn tracks,although the width of the worn track at the longest sliding distance is much larger than that at a short sliding dis-tance (Fig.9e and f).And even at the longest sliding distance,the amount of transfer material is negligible.Besides,some ﬁne parti-cles removed from the sliding interface is found to accumulate at the edges of the worn track (Fig.9f).3.3.2.Transfer layers under high load conditionFig.10presents SEM micrographs of representative worn tracks on the three types of textures under high load condition.In the case of texture PG,the transfer layer easily forms on the worn tracks;and continuous transfer layer is clearly recognized even at the shortest sliding distance (see Fig.10a).Both the amount and conti-nuity of the transfer layer increase with increasing sliding distance,but the original patterns of the texture within the worn track can still be identiﬁed even after sliding for the longest sliding distance (Fig.10b).This suggests that the ratcheting effect of texture PG is not reduced with increasing sliding distance,which is responsible for the stable and high increase rate of the wear of the pin under high load condition (Fig.5a)and for the periodical oscillation of friction coefﬁcient (Fig.4b)even at a long sliding distance.In the case of texture RG,continuous transfer layer could also form on the worn track at the shortest sliding distance (Fig.10c).With increasing sliding distance,the amount and continuity of the transfer layer increase so obviously that the original grooves of the texture within the worn track are not visible after sliding for a long distance (Fig.10d).This suggests that the ratcheting effect of tex-ture RG decreased with increasing sliding distance,corresponding to the lower wear rate of the pin at a long sliding distance (Fig.5b).The formation of continuous transfer layers on textures PG and RG leads to transformation of the sliding interface from pin vs.texture to pin vs.transfer layer.Fig.10e and f shows the transfer layer on texture PS after sliding for 2.4and 38.4m under high load condition.The amount of trans-fer material increases with increasing sliding distance,although the transfer material could be hardly observed after a short sliding distance.But similar to that under low load condition,continu-W.Ma,J.Lu/Wear270 (2011) 218–229225Fig.10.SEM micrographs of worn tracks on textures PG(a and b),RG(c and d)and PS(e and f)after sliding for2.4m and38.4m under high load condition.high load condition.Fig.10f shows the worn track after the longest sliding distance.No continuous transfer layer but many island-like transfer materials emerged on the worn track of texture -paring the friction coefﬁcients for the three types of textures under high load condition,it can be inferred that the transfer material on texture PS has poorer friction-reducing ability than that on tex-tures PG and RG.Even so,the island-like transfer materials might play a role in reducing wear of the pin at a long sliding distance (Fig.5c).After sliding for38.4m,the volumes of transfer materials on tex-tures RG,PG and PS are estimated to be about1.05×107,5.56×106 and2.97×106␮m3,respectively(Fig.11).Furthermore,the origi-nal patterns of texture RG within worn track are not visible,while some original grooves of texture PG within worn track can be rec-ognized.This suggests that texture RG is the most favourable for the formation of transfer layers.In addition,the ratcheting effect of texture RG is suppressed once the transfer layer forms on the tex-ture,but the ratcheting effect of texture PG is retained evenafter226W.Ma,J.Lu /Wear270 (2011) 218–229Fig.12.SEM micrographs of typical transfer layers on textures PG (a),RG (b)and PS (c)under high load condition.sliding for the longest distance in the present observation.More-over,texture PS has the weakest effect on the formation of transfer layers,and both the amount and continuity of transfer materials on texture PS are smaller than that on textures PG and RG.The transfer layers on various textures were also observed at high magniﬁcation to reveal the microstructure.Fig.12illustrates the magniﬁed images of typical transfer layers on the three types of textures under high load condition.The transfer layers on tex-tures PG and RG are extensive and continuous,and are extremely thin in thickness.Besides,the surfaces of these transfer layers seem smooth,and ﬁne graphite particles are found in the transfer lay-ers.The continuous transfer layers are disaggregated due to fatigue after a long sliding distance;but in the present observation,the disorganization of continuous transfer layer is not observed even at the longest sliding distance (38.4m).This suggests that once the transfer materials came into contact with textures PG and RG,they would be well adhered thereon in subsequent sliding.For texture PS,the transfer layer is intermittent and contains some grooves generated by abrasive particles;and no obvious graphite particles are observed in transfer materials.At the same time,fragmenta-tion of transfer layer is also observed in this case,indicating that the transfer layer is weakly bonded with texture PS.3.3.3.Effect of transfer layers on friction and wearThe transfer layer indeed plays a role of “third-body”[28]between the pin and disc.Since the transfer layers can hamper direct contact between the pin and disc,the cutting effect of hard asperities on textures is suppressed by the transfer layers.Besides,the transfer layer rich in graphite particulates is easily sheared,resulting in reduced friction coefﬁcient.Under low load condition,the contact between the pin and texture is unstable.This in turn leads to large ﬂuctuations on friction curves.Even though,the aver-age friction coefﬁcients for texture PG and RG are lower than that for texture PS (Fig.3a).It seems that the transfer layers on textures PG and RG have no inﬂuence on reduction of friction coefﬁcient,because the ﬂuctuations do not decrease or disappear with increas-asperities contacting with the pin is more for sliding on texture PS than on textures PG and RG under low load condition,resulting in difference in the friction coefﬁcients for various textures.Under high load condition,continuous transfer layers could form on textures PG and RG in a short time.Because both the sur-faces of the transfer layer and the pin are rich in graphite particles,the sliding interface is easily sheared.Thus,the friction coefﬁcient reaches a low value soon and retains constant during subsequent sliding.For texture PS,however,continuous transfer layers never form thereon.The fragmentation of transfer layers produces many ﬁne particles which induce abrasive effect at the sliding interface.And the transfer material containing few graphite particles leads to higher friction coefﬁcient of texture PS as compared with textures PG and RG.However,the direct contact between the pin and tex-ture PS is partly separated by the transfer materials,although the transfer materials are not continuous.Thus,the ratcheting effect of texture PS to the surface of the pin is suppressed by the transfer lay-ers after a certain sliding distance.This in turn results in decreased wear of the pin,as shown in Fig.5c.The ratcheting effect of tex-ture PG could not be suppressed by the transfer layers,because the original patterns of the texture are visible even after sliding for the longest distance.Consequently the wear rate of the pin sliding against texture PG did not decrease with increasing sliding dis-tance.Moreover,the original patterns of texture RG are covered by transfer layers after a certain sliding distance.This suggests that the ratcheting effect of texture RG is also decreased with sliding distance,and hence the wear rate of the pin sliding against texture RG decreases with increasing sliding distance.3.4.Evolution of transfer layersThe ratcheting effects due to surface textures may result in extrusion and deformation in surface material of the pin during sliding.Menezes et al.observed obvious subsurface deformation of copper pin when it slid against hard textured surface [29].The depth of highly deformed zone was about 30–50␮m under dry con-。

Rectangling panoramic images via warping

(b) image completion
(c) cropping
(d) our content-aware warping
Figure 1: Rectangling a panoramic image. (a) Stitched panoramic image. (b) Image completion result of “content-aware ﬁll” in Adobe Photoshop CS5. The arrows highlight the artifacts. (c) Cropped using the largest inner rectangle. (d) Our content-aware warping result.
CR Categories: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation;
Keywords: warping, panorama editing, image retargeting
ACM Reference Format He, K., Chang, H., Sun, J. 2013. Rectangling Panoramic Images via Warping. ACM Trans. Graph. 32, 4, Article 79 (July 2013), 9 pages. DOI = 10.1145/2461912.2462004 /10.1145/2461912.2462004. Copyright Notice Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for proﬁt or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the ﬁrst page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior speciﬁc permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@. 2013 Copyright held by the Owner/Author. Publication rights licensed to ACM. 0730-0301/13/07-ART79 $15.00. DOI: /10.1145/2461912.2462004

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bShare社交网络优化白皮书
2010年11月
•社交网站用户平均花60% 与好友分享新闻、视频、相册及日志。

•而中国网民较全球发达互联网市场的网民比起来，更爱“收藏”、“批评”，也更倾向与好友分享内容及动态。

分享是社交网络的核心！
40%44%34%23%71%25%35%32%12%31%72%
19%
21%37%19%35%
69%
25%10%19%9%
13%40%53%0%
10%20%30%40%50%
60%70%80%创作者(Creators)批评者(Critics)收藏者(Collectors)参与者(Joiners)旁观者(Spectators)潜水者(Inactives)
中国
日本
US
Europe
中国网民更爱收藏与分享！
Source: Forrester Social Technographics Research, Q2 2008
中国社交网站用户概况•中国SNS用户平均每天
停留时间约为
1 ~ 2小时
•其中有60%的时间花在
涂鸦墙/新鲜事，约
>54分钟
SNS的好友特性，让传播更快速！•中国每个社交网络
用户平均有
120名好友
根据bShare 的研究:
•内容一旦进入SNS ，就能够创造约:
每人平均120名好友
平台平均活跃度为10~20%
亦即，每篇分享有高达24名好友可看到。

•每篇的分享，能够创造
让您的信息在社交网站中飞舞！
12~24x 曝光
2~7x 回流量** 根据bShare 测试结果
越来越多网站关注所谓的Social Media Optimization
，亦即社交网络优化。

如何在网络社会化的这个洪流中，为自己的网站达到推广的效用，是站长们关注的新议题！
透过bShare
，网站的新闻、内容都能够快速的被散布在开心网、人人网、QQ 空间、新浪微博等社交网络中，为用户带来更多的新读者！
然而，针对社会化网络的统计，却无人能够提供。

bShare 是国内唯一免费提供用户分享数据，乃至于回流量数据的领导品牌。

Social Media Optimization –社交网络优化
•由人际传播、病毒式传播一传十、十传百地扩散出去。

藉由众多SNS 、微博的力量为网站或品牌导入大量的网站流量。

•网民已经不在只依赖搜索引擎做为单一的信息来源有众多的用户，是从各方汇集而来。

Facebook 已超越Google 成为CNN 的首要流量来源!(5.92% > 1.77%, Hitwise 2010)•节约推广成本基础做法
SMO 关注的是将既有的网站进行调整，使其在社交网络上效果最大化。

为何SMO?“针对现有的网站进行调整，使之更容易与社交网络做连结
，也在不同的社交网络上更为
显著。

这将使网站更容易在社交搜索或自定义的搜索
(如Technorati)的过程中被发现，也将更经常在相关的博客、播客(Podcasts)以及影像日志
(vlog)中被引用”
-Rohit Bhargava, 奥美公关
过去，搜索引擎是网民主要的消息来源。

除了新闻门户以外，就是透过搜索引擎汇整内容，进行信息的吸收。

然而，随着社交网站的蓬勃发展，“好友”成为了新闻的自然过滤系统。

从美国2009-2010年的数据来看，Facebook 已大大超越Google，成为各大新闻网站的网站流量来源。

个网站站长及品牌主也伺机透过社交网络的战略，来获得更多的流量。

SMO的16条法则•自从Rohit Bhargava提出了最原始的5项规则后，陆续有多位专家提出修订。

经过Loren Baker, Jeremiah Owyang, Lee Odden,等的建议后，SMO的规则订定为16条:
SMO的16条法则
1.提高您在社交网络的连结性9.针对正确的用户层
2.让您的用户能够轻松地分享/收藏网站、下标签10.创作更多内容
3. 奖励站外连结到您的网站11.真诚，不虚伪
4. 让您的网站内容能够窜流在社交网络上12.保持谦虚的态度，饮水本思源
5.鼓励Mashup13.多方尝试新事物，让您的网站及推广方式保持新潮
6.成为用户的资源站14.发展完善的SMO战略
7. 奖励您的忠实用户15.慎选您的SMO战术
8. 参与用户的讨论16.将SMO纳入您的作业流程与思维中
SMO Rules
•Rule#1:提高网站的连结性
•Rule#2: 让用户能轻松下标签、加入收藏
•Rule#4: 让您的内容轻松地窜流于社交网络之间
截自”The 16 Rules of SMO”,
Rohit Bhargava, Loren Baker, Jeremiah Owyang, Lee Odden 利用bShare，SMO的好处就轻松到位！
如何利用bShare落实SMO？
因为是好友推荐的，所以你更有可能去点开来看。

也因为是好友推荐的，你更有可能相信他的内容。

优化网站内容
社交网络对“分享”最核心的优势，就在于…
•不断的循环曝光率
其他的媒体为你带来曝光
曝光后，用户在帮你转出去，进行二度曝光又有人回流，继续为你转出去
•创造bShare的正循环效应的几大因素
1.提高分享的必要性
•为分享的用户提供价值
2.优化网站内容，以便于分享
•创造值得分享的内容
•透过bShare调试分享出去后的形式
bShare效应
曝光
回流分享
人拉人-让忠实用户为您带来更多的用户！
•用户在加入您的会员、参加您的活动时，是处于对品牌/网站/活动情绪最高昂的时候。

•这个时候引导用户为您邀请其他好友来分享，是最有机会的时候！
华安基金-携程合作：将抽奖信息发给好友，换更多抽奖机会！百脑汇0元福袋：将中奖信息发给好友！要请好友一起来中奖！
营销活动案例效果
•活动效果范例#1
分享转化率= 6.73%
预期曝光率= 网站总流量的107.7%
•活动效果范例#2
分享转化率= 4.29%
预期曝光率= 网站总流量的68.64%
•8.11第1天即创造35,000人参加. 至8.16为止，已有88,000人参加此团购，其中共邀请了17000人。

•分享比例高达5:1!
•
参加的人，需自行复制黏贴邀请码给好友，繁复且易损耗，但还是制造了19%的邀请率，试想，如果用bShare ，成功率会更高！
Sohu 利用人拉人的案例
红人
红人
辣妹
社交活动签到分享不应止于内容的分享；分享更可以是活动的分享、态度的表述、一起参与的呼吁…
透过bSync API，您可以将用户的各种行为同步到TA所选择的社交媒体上，呼朋引伴。

分享，也多了份活泼！Sign Up View
>_
创造分享时机刺激用户互动
尽管Social Network的威力，众人已经买单了。

但如何在证实并追踪社交网络优化的效果呢？
•透过bShare独家的Social Influence Metrics，能够追踪内容被分享进入社交网络之后所创造出来的实际影响力，以及回流量。

如何证实SMO的绩效？bShare社交影响力分析
BSHARE服务介绍
bShare 介绍国内第一分享服务分享目的地全国最齐全数据追踪全国唯一唯一支持全文分享按钮自定义选择最多元热文推荐bShare 新鲜事专业团队即时支持bShare 是专为华文市场设计
功能强大的社交分享引擎•一般用户看到喜欢的文章、帖子，只要一下点击，就可以分享内容到+80个SNS 网站、书签、email 。

•>40,000多个网站使用bShare ，可以增加内容的向外分享，维护原创、并吸引更多人回流。

•网站站长可以自定义按钮，把bShare 放在自己的网页或博客上。

目前是新浪微博站长工具第一名、Blogbus 排名第三的插件。

•现在也是一款很受营销公司欢迎的网站推广工具。

支持bShare的网站国内逾40,000个网站热烈使用中，其中包括:
bShare使用实景
•bShare 与国内大小平台均为合作关系。

其中包括： SNS 类
:
微博类:
bShare
官方合作平台
搜狐微博
网易微博腾讯微博
新浪微博人人网
豆瓣开心网
bShare服务
欲知详情，请来信SALES@ Contact Us。