Effect of Varietal Differences on Composition and Thermal Characteristics of Avocado Oil

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专业英语八级模拟试卷902(题后含答案及解析)

专业英语八级模拟试卷902(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 1. LISTENING COMPREHENSION 2. READING COMPREHENSION 3. LANGUAGE USAGE 4. TRANSLATION 5. WRITINGPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.听力原文：Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Good morning, everyone. Today, I will focus on a specific field of education, namely, multicultural education. First of all, I would like to ask you a question. Are you familiar with the term multicultural education? What does it mean? First, multicultural education is a field of study and an emerging discipline whose major aim is to create equal educational opportunities for students from diverse racial, ethnic, social-class, and cultural groups. One of its important goals is to help all students acquire the knowledge and communicate with peoples from diverse groups in order to create a civic and moral community that works for the common good. So, we may define multicultural education as a field of study that is designed to increase educational equity for all students. After we have explained the definition of multicultural education, then we need to figure out the way to teach students multiculturalism. But how? When a child opens his (or her) first puzzle and the pieces fall to the ground, it may seem very confusing. What are they to do with this pile of shapes in front of them? It often takes a parent to explain to them that all the different pieces fit together into one whole picture. Although every piece is different and unique, when they are all put into their place they form one whole picture. In the same way, teachers can teach multiculturalism in the classroom. By adding a multicultural component to their curricula, teachers can help students see how each individual fits into the big picture. Although every member of our society is unique, with different cultural backgrounds, we all fit together to form one unit. Actually, understanding our own identity and the culture of our community requires knowledge and recognition of our cultures and communities and how they have shaped us. I hold the firm belief that multicultural education should be part of the curriculum that all students should experience. There are, however, arguments against multicultural education. For example, some critics believe that multicultural education is directed toward only minority groups, thus discriminating against middle class, white, heterosexual males. Others believe that multiculturalism is against Western and democratic ideals. A final argument is the claim that multiculturalism will divide our presumably united nation.Although critics of multicultural education may feel they have valid arguments against the issue, I feel that the goals of multicultural education make it an important part of the curriculum that will benefit every student. Furthermore, as is well acknowledged, awareness is a key component to multiculturalism. Students must become aware of their own culture and how they are similar and different from others. Awareness also involves an understanding of issues involving differences in culture and a knowledge of which of these issues are present in their community. After becoming aware of these issues, students often react emotionally. With an awareness of the richness and variety of cultures in their community and a personal emotional reaction, students can take social action aimed at positive multicultural change. I feel that these goals are proof that the arguments against multicultural education are invalid. Multiculturalism promotes positive change for persons of all cultures. It involves not only teaching majority groups about minorities, but also teaching minority groups about the majority groups. It has its base in democratic ideals such as equality, freedom, and justice. Multiculturalism will unite our divided nation into one unit which will have no mainstream culture, but many diverse subcultures which will cooperate for the good of everyone, not just the majority or the minority. So, I’d like to emphasize that multiculturalism should be included in all curricula. My school experience (until college) didn’t include multicultural perspectives and I feel as if I missed out on some important things. I often feel a little clueless when confronted with situations involving people different from me. Without some knowledge of our surroundings, how can we be expected to survive in society? This question reveals one of the purposes of education, survival. Learning about the other people who share our community is an essential part of this survival in modern society. Multiculturalism becomes increasingly important as our society becomes more diverse. In the past, efforts to provide multicultural content to students have, as critics feared, created more diversity and tension among groups. However, more recent methods are aimed at creating relations based on commonalities. Lynch suggests providing basis of common knowledge, skills, and insights about the things that all human societies should hold in common. Stressing similarities will unify groups with differences. We can define the goals of multicultural education as: educational equity; empowerment of students and their parents; cultural pluralism in society; understanding and harmony in the classroom, school, and community; an expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups; and the development of students, parents, and practitioners guided by an informed and inquisitive multicultural perspective. Just as the goals stated by other crusaders for multiculturalism, the afore-listed goals follow a specific order and stress knowledge, understanding, and equality. Finally, I believe that it is very necessary and completely conceivable for our education systems to move toward a multicultural curriculum. By following the goals I have mentioned, we can finally understand how the many pieces of our society fit together into one big picture.Multicultural Education: Piecing Together the Puzzle Today, we’ll discuss a new field of education—multicultural education. I 【T1】______of multicultural education: a field of study that is designed 【T1】______ to increase educationalequity for all students. Major aim is to: a. Create 【T2】______for students from diverse groups; 【T2】______ b. Help all students 【T3】______and communicate with peoples 【T3】______ from diverse groups. II How to teach multiculturalism. a. Add 【T4】______to the curricula; 【T4】______ b. Let students learn we can fit members of different 【T5】______ 【T5】______ together to form one unit. III Arguments against multicultural education. a. Multicultural education is directed toward 【T6】______; 【T6】______ b. Multicultural education discriminates against middle class; c. Multicultural education is against Western and democratic ideals; d. Multiculturalism will 【T7】______. 【T7】______ IV The key component to multiculturalism—【T8】______. 【T8】______ a. Students know how they are similar and different from others; b. Students can take social action aimed at 【T9】______. 【T9】______ V Foundation and purpose of multicultural education. a. Foundation: 【T10】______ideals of equality, freedom, and justice 【T10】______ b. Purpose: 【T11】______in modern society 【T11】______ VI Methods of multicultural education a. Old methods: created more 【T12】______among groups 【T12】______ b. New methods: creating relations based on commonalities VII Goals of multicultural education. a. Educational equity b. 【T13】______of students and their parents 【T13】______ c. 【T14】______in society 【T14】______ d. Understanding and harmony in the classroom e. An expanded knowledge of various cultural and ethnic groups f. The development of students, parents, and practitioners guided by an 【T15】______multicultural perspective 【T15】______1．【T1】正确答案：Definition解析：归总题。

差异促进共赢的英语作文

Differences can often be seen as a source of conflict,but they can also be a powerful catalyst for mutual success and growth.Embracing diversity in all its forms can lead to a richer,more dynamic environment where everyone benefits.Firstly,acknowledging and respecting differences can foster creativity and innovation. When individuals with varied backgrounds,experiences,and perspectives come together, they bring a wealth of ideas and approaches to problemsolving.This diversity of thought can lead to more innovative solutions and can drive progress in various fields,from technology to the arts.Secondly,differences can enhance teamwork and collaboration.When people with different skills and talents work together,they can complement each others abilities and achieve more than they would on their own.For example,in a business setting,a team with a mix of strong leaders,creative thinkers,and analytical problem solvers can be more effective than a team with members who all have the same strengths. Moreover,differences can promote learning and personal growth.Exposure to new ideas and ways of thinking can challenge our preconceptions and help us to develop a broader understanding of the world.This can lead to greater empathy,tolerance,and openmindedness,which are valuable qualities in both personal and professional relationships.However,to achieve mutual success through differences,it is essential to create an environment where everyone feels valued and included.This involves promoting open communication,actively seeking out diverse viewpoints,and being willing to adapt and change in response to new information and perspectives.In conclusion,while differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings or disagreements,they also offer a wealth of opportunities for growth,innovation,and collaboration.By embracing and leveraging these differences,we can work together to create a more successful and harmonious world.。

高考观点对比英语作文

高考观点对比英语作文In the realm of education, the Gaokao, China's nationalcollege entrance examination, has been a subject of intense debate. This essay will explore contrasting viewpoints on the Gaokao, highlighting both its merits and drawbacks.Advantages of the Gaokao:1. Standardized Measurement: The Gaokao provides a standardized method to measure students' academic abilities across the country. This uniformity allows for a fair comparison of students' performance, regardless of theirsocio-economic backgrounds.2. Meritocracy: The exam is designed to reward hard work and academic excellence. It offers a level playing field where students from all walks of life can compete for a spot in higher education based on their abilities.3. Motivation: The Gaokao serves as a significant motivatorfor students to study diligently. The prospect of a better future through higher education drives many students to excel.4. Efficiency: The centralized nature of the Gaokao allowsfor an efficient process of selecting students for universities. It streamlines the admission process andensures that the system is largely corruption-free.Disadvantages of the Gaokao:1. Pressure and Stress: The high stakes associated with the Gaokao can lead to immense pressure and stress for students. This can have detrimental effects on their mental health and overall well-being.2. One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Critics argue that the Gaokao does not account for individual talents and interests. It may not be the best way to identify a student's potential in fields outside of the traditional academic subjects tested.3. Rote Learning: The exam often encourages rote memorization rather than critical thinking and problem-solving skills. This can lead to a generation of students who are well-versed in exam techniques but lack creative and innovative thinking.4. Exclusion of Practical Skills: The Gaokao tends to focus on theoretical knowledge, often neglecting practical skills and vocational training. This can limit the career optionsfor students who excel in hands-on activities.Conclusion:While the Gaokao has been instrumental in providing a merit-based system for university admissions, it is not without its flaws. The debate surrounding the Gaokao is ongoing, with educators, policymakers, and students alike seeking a balance between a fair and effective evaluation system and one that nurtures a well-rounded education. As it stands, the Gaokao remains a cornerstone of China's educational system, but itis essential to continue the dialogue on how to improve it to better serve the diverse needs of students.。

2024年医学类论文参考文献

[16]MercedsB,ConsueloM,PerezO, etal. Varietal differences in properties of extrusioncooked rice flour[J]. Food Chemistry, 1986, 19(3)： 173-187.
医学类论文参考文献6
[12] 崔淑霞. 长春西汀自微乳化给药系统及其固体化制剂的设计与评价[D]. 沈阳药科大学 2009
医学类论文参考文献2
[1] 陈晓兰，刘文，张永萍，缪艳燕，刘毅. 开设相关选修课对中医药院校大学生饮食行为影响的调查报告[J]. 贵阳中医学院学报. 2014(04)
[2] 蓝蕾，邱霞，刘剑英. 军队在职干部营养KAP与健康状况调查及相关性分析[J]. 中国疗养医学. 2014(06)
[9] 杨鹏华，倪凤娥. 常乳中牛乳铁蛋白的纯化及抗菌活性研究[J]. 安徽农业科学. 2009(16)
[10] 雷激，黄承钰，张勇，张明秋，白琳. 体外消化/Caco-2细胞方法评价富铁小麦生物利用率[J]. 卫生研究. 2009(02)
[11] 胡宏伟. 国民健康公平程度测量、因素分析与保障体系研究[D]. 武汉大学 2010
[7] 刘旭辉，吴承艳，金泰慜. 清代石成金《食鉴本草》考略[J]. 浙江中医药大学学报. 2014(06)
[8] 王峥，孙皎，韩维嘉，白姣姣，贺敏霞，陈丽榕，李敏. 老年糖尿病肾病患者膳食知识认知状况的调查分析[J]. 上海护理. 2014(03)
[9] 宋学岐，刘海青. 黑木耳对中老年疗养员高脂血症的干预效果[J]. 实用医药杂志. 2014(05)
[10]Johnson E J. A biological role of lutein [J]. Food Rev Int,2004,20(1); 1-16.

多元评价体系对学生发展的作用高中英语作文

多元评价体系对学生发展的作用高中英语作文（中英文版）The Role of a Diverse Assessment System in Student Development In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on the implementation of a diverse assessment system in education.This shift from traditional testing methods to a more comprehensive approach to evaluation is believed to have a profound impact on student development.The purpose of this essay is to explore the various ways in which a diverse assessment system can benefit students.First and foremost, a diverse assessment system provides a more accurate representation of a student's abilities and knowledge.Traditional testing methods, such as exams and quizzes, often focus on memorization and recall of information.While these skills are important, they do not capture the full range of abilities that students possess.By incorporating a variety of assessment methods, such as projects, presentations, and portfolios, educators can gain a more holistic understanding of their students' strengths and weaknesses.Moreover, a diverse assessment system encourages students to develop a broader range of skills.In traditional testing environments, students may become reliant on rote memorization and test-taking strategies, which can lead to a narrow approach to learning.By incorporating alternative assessment methods, students are encouragedto think critically, solve problems, and communicate effectively.These skills are essential for success in both academic and real-world settings, and a diverse assessment system helps to prepare students for the challenges they will face in the future.Furthermore, a diverse assessment system can help to reduce the stress and anxiety associated with testing.Many students experience significant anxiety before exams and tests, which can negatively impact their performance.By incorporating a variety of assessment methods, students are given the opportunity to showcase their abilities in different ways, which can help to alleviate some of the pressure associated with traditional testing.Lastly, a diverse assessment system promotes equity and inclusivity in education.Students come from diverse backgrounds and have different learning styles and abilities.A diverse assessment system takes these differences into account and provides opportunities for all students to demonstrate their knowledge and skills.This helps to ensure that every student has an equal opportunity to succeed and be valued for their unique contributions to the classroom.In conclusion, a diverse assessment system plays a crucial role in student development.By providing a more accurate representation of students' abilities, encouraging the development of a broader range of skills, reducing stress and anxiety associated with testing, and promotingequity and inclusivity, a diverse assessment system helps to create a more enriching and supportive learning environment for all students.As educators, it is our responsibility to continue to explore and implement innovative assessment methods that promote the growth and development of each and every student.。

英语口语话题讨论不同类型的差距和可能的方法来弥补差距

英语口语话题讨论不同类型的差距和可能的方法来弥补差距篇一：Different Types of Gaps and Possible Ways to Bridge ThemIntroduction:In today's globalized world, there are various types of gaps that exist between individuals, communities, and nations. These gaps can be attributed to cultural, economic, educational, linguistic, and social differences. However, by identifying these gaps and implementing effective strategies, we can work towards bridging them and fostering better understanding and cooperation. In this article, we will discuss different types of gaps and explore possible methods to bridge these gaps.1. Cultural Gaps:Cultural gaps arise due to differences in beliefs, customs, traditions, and values. These gaps can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. To bridge cultural gaps, it is essential to promote cultural exchange programs, encourage intercultural dialogue, and develop cultural sensitivity and awareness. By exposing individuals to diverse cultures, they can gain a better understanding and appreciation of different perspectives, ultimately fostering respect and harmony.2. Economic Gaps:Economic gaps refer to disparities in wealth, income, andopportunities between individuals and regions. These gaps can result in social inequality and hinder socioeconomic development. To bridge economic gaps, governments and organizations should focus on implementing policies that promote equal access to education, healthcare, and employment opportunities. Additionally, initiatives such asmicro-finance programs and vocational training can empower individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, enabling them to improve their economic well-being.3. Educational Gaps:Educational gaps exist when there are discrepancies in access to quality education and resources. These gaps can perpetuate social inequality and hinder personal growth. To bridge educational gaps, governments should ensure equal access to education for all individuals, irrespective of their socioeconomic backgrounds. Investing in educational infrastructure, providing scholarships and grants, and implementing inclusive teaching methods can help narrow educational gaps and promote lifelong learning.4. Linguistic Gaps:Linguistic gaps occur when individuals are unable to communicate effectively due to differences in language. These gaps can hinder social integration and limit opportunities. To bridge linguistic gaps, promoting language learning programs and providing translation and interpretationservices can facilitate effective communication. Additionally, encouraging multilingualism and embracing diversity in language can foster a sense of inclusivity and bridge linguistic barriers.5. Social Gaps:Social gaps refer to disparities in access to basic services, social opportunities, and social capital. These gaps can lead to marginalization and exclusion. To bridge social gaps, governments and communities should work towards creating an inclusive society by providing equal opportunities for all individuals. This can be achieved by implementing social welfare programs, community engagement initiatives, and promoting social cohesion through dialogue and collaboration.Conclusion:Bridging different types of gaps is crucial for the overall development and well-being of individuals and societies. By understanding the root causes of these gaps and implementing appropriate strategies, we can create a more inclusive and harmonious world. It is important for governments, organizations, and individuals to work together towards narrowing these gaps, fostering empathy, and promoting equality and social justice.。

23英语a级作文预测

23英语a级作文预测1. Globalization and Cultural Identity- Discuss the impact of globalization on preserving cultural identity.- Provide examples of how cultural traditions are being adapted or lost in the process.- Suggest ways to balance the benefits of globalization with the preservation of cultural heritage.2. The Role of Technology in Education- Explore the advantages and disadvantages of integrating technology into the classroom.- Analyze the impact of technology on student engagement and learning outcomes.- Propose strategies to effectively incorporate technology in educational settings.3. Environmental Protection: Individual Responsibility- Examine the role of individuals in protecting the environment.- Discuss the importance of sustainable living and its impact on the planet.- Offer practical steps that individuals can take to contribute to environmental conservation.4. The Influence of Social Media on Society- Analyze the positive and negative effects of social media on interpersonal relationships and society as a whole.- Consider the impact of social media on mental health and self-esteem.- Suggest ways to mitigate the negative effects of social media while enjoying its benefits.5. The Importance of Physical Fitness- Discuss the benefits of regular physical exercise for overall health and well-being.- Compare different types of physical activities and their advantages.- Propose initiatives that can encourage more people to engage in regular exercise.6. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence- Explore the current and potential future impacts of AI on various industries and jobs.- Discuss the ethical considerations surrounding AI development and use.- Consider the balance between AI advancement and the preservation of human skills and jobs.7. The Significance of Bilingualism- Discuss the cognitive and social benefits of being bilingual.- Analyze the challenges faced by bilingual individuals and communities.- Suggest ways to promote bilingualism and multilingualism in education systems.8. The Future of Work- Predict the changes in the job market due totechnological advancements and automation.- Discuss the skills that will be in demand in the future workplace.- Suggest how individuals can prepare for the evolving job landscape.9. The Role of Volunteering in Community Development- Examine the importance of volunteering in fostering community spirit and social cohesion.- Discuss the benefits of volunteering for personal growth and skill development.- Propose initiatives to encourage more people to participate in volunteer work.10. The Challenges of Urbanization- Discuss the challenges faced by cities as they grow, such as overcrowding, pollution, and resource scarcity.- Analyze the efforts being made to create sustainable urban environments.- Suggest policies and strategies to address the issues of rapid urbanization.These topics are designed to encourage critical thinking, research, and the ability to express complex ideas clearly and coherently in English. When preparing for an A-level English exam, it's important to practice writing essays on a variety of subjects, ensuring a strong grasp of grammar, vocabulary, and essay structure.。

哪些是对口型英语作文模板

哪些是对口型英语作文模板1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology。

2. The Importance of Education in Today's Society。

3. The Impact of Social Media on Relationships。

4. The Benefits of Traveling。

5. The Power of Positive Thinking。

6. The Influence of Music on Our Lives。

7. The Role of Family in Shaping Our Identity。

8. The Significance of Time Management。

9. The Value of Volunteering in the Community。

10. The Impact of Globalization on Culture andTraditions。

The Impact of Globalization on Culture and Traditions。

Globalization has become a significant force in shaping the world we live in today. It has led to the integration of economies, cultures, and societies, resulting in both positive and negative impacts on traditional values and customs. In this essay, we will explore the effects of globalization on culture and traditions, and howindividuals and communities can navigate these changes.One of the most significant impacts of globalization on culture and traditions is the spread of Western values and lifestyles. As Western media, technology, and consumer products are exported to different parts of the world, traditional customs and practices are often overshadowed or replaced by Western ideals. This can lead to a loss of cultural identity and a decline in the preservation of traditional values.On the other hand, globalization has also facilitatedthe exchange of cultural practices and traditions between different societies. Through travel, trade, and communication, people have the opportunity to learn about and appreciate diverse cultures from around the world. This has led to a greater understanding and acceptance of cultural differences, and has contributed to the enrichment of global cultural diversity.However, the rapid spread of globalization has also resulted in the homogenization of cultures, as traditional practices are often adapted or abandoned in favor of more modern and globalized ways of living. This can lead to a loss of cultural diversity and a decline in the preservation of unique traditions and customs.In response to these challenges, many individuals and communities have taken steps to preserve and promote their cultural heritage. This includes the revitalization of traditional crafts, music, dance, and cuisine, as well as the establishment of cultural centers and museums to educate future generations about their heritage. Additionally, there has been a growing movement to supportlocal artisans and businesses, in order to sustain traditional practices and promote cultural authenticity.Furthermore, the digital age has provided a platform for the preservation and promotion of cultural traditions. Through social media, online platforms, and digital archives, individuals and organizations can share and celebrate their cultural heritage with a global audience. This has enabled the preservation of traditional knowledge and practices, and has empowered communities to showcase their unique identity to the world.In conclusion, the impact of globalization on culture and traditions is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. While it has led to the spread of Western values and the homogenization of cultures, it has also facilitated the exchange and preservation of diverse traditions. It is essential for individuals and communities to actively engage in the preservation and promotion of their cultural heritage, in order to ensure the continuation of unique traditions for future generations. By embracing cultural diversity and celebrating traditional values, we cannavigate the challenges of globalization and foster a more inclusive and harmonious global society.。

差异显价值的英语作文

In the realm of personal development and societal progress,the concept of embracing differences has gained significant recognition.The English essay on Differences Show Value explores the importance and benefits of acknowledging and appreciating the unique qualities that each individual possesses.Here is a detailed composition on this topic:Title:Differences Show ValueIn a world that thrives on diversity,it is the differences among individuals that contribute to the richness of our societies.From cultural backgrounds to personal traits,each person brings a unique perspective that can enhance our understanding of the world.This essay aims to highlight the value of differences and how they can be leveraged for the betterment of our communities.Firstly,differences in cultural backgrounds foster a more inclusive and tolerant society. When people from various ethnicities,religions,and traditions come together,they exchange ideas,customs,and values that broaden our horizons.This cultural exchange not only promotes understanding and respect among people but also enriches our collective knowledge and experiences.Secondly,individual differences in personality and skills are crucial for innovation and creativity.A team composed of people with diverse strengths and weaknesses can approach problems from multiple angles,leading to more effective solutions.For instance,an introverted person might offer a deep analytical perspective,while an extroverted individual can bring energy and enthusiasm to the team.Embracing these differences can lead to a more dynamic and productive work environment. Moreover,differences in opinions and perspectives are essential for the growth of ideas and the evolution of thought.When people with contrasting viewpoints engage in open discussions,they challenge each others beliefs,leading to a more comprehensive understanding of various issues.This intellectual exchange can result in the development of new theories,policies,and solutions that might not have been possible in a homogeneous group.Furthermore,recognizing and valuing differences can lead to personal growth and selfimprovement.When individuals are exposed to diverse experiences and viewpoints, they are more likely to reflect on their own beliefs and actions.This selfawareness can encourage personal development,as people learn to adapt,empathize,and appreciate the value of others.However,it is important to note that the appreciation of differences does not come without challenges.Prejudice,discrimination,and misunderstandings can arise when people fail to recognize the value of diversity.Therefore,it is crucial to promote education and awareness about the benefits of differences to create a more harmonious and accepting society.In conclusion,differences in culture,personality,skills,and opinions are invaluable assets that can contribute to the advancement of our societies.By embracing and celebrating these differences,we can foster a more inclusive,innovative,and intellectually rich environment.It is our collective responsibility to promote understanding and respect for diversity,ensuring that the unique qualities of each individual are recognized and valued.。

对比论述型英语作文四级

对比论述型英语作文四级英文回答：In an increasingly interconnected world, the impact of globalization on societies cannot be understated. Twodistinct perspectives emerge when contrasting the effectsof globalization on cultural identity and linguistic diversity: positive and negative.Globalization has fostered a surge in cultural exchange, exposing people to a myriad of traditions, customs, and beliefs. This cross-pollination has enriched cultural landscapes, fostering creativity, tolerance, and cultural understanding. For instance, the rise of global media has facilitated the dissemination of foreign films, music, and literature, exposing audiences to diverse cultural expressions and breaking down cultural barriers.However, globalization has also spurred concerns about the erosion of cultural distinctiveness. The dominance ofWestern cultural norms through the media can lead to cultural homogenization, diminishing the visibility and vitality of smaller cultures. This process, known as "cultural imperialism," has raised concerns about the loss of indigenous languages, customs, and traditions.On the linguistic front, globalization has undoubtedly played a role in the spread of dominant languages such as English. Increased mobility, international communication, and the dominance of multinational corporations have all contributed to the decline of minority languages. The use of English as a lingua franca can facilitate global communication, but it also raises concerns about linguistic diversity.Nevertheless, globalization has also presented opportunities for linguistic preservation. The internet and social media have provided platforms for minority languages to connect with speakers worldwide, fosteringrevitalization efforts and promoting cultural heritage. Additionally, educational initiatives and government policies aimed at preserving linguistic diversity haveplayed a crucial role in mitigating the decline of endangered languages.中文回答：当今世界联系日益紧密，全球化对社会的影响不可低估。

六级英语作文预测

1.The Impact of Technology on EducationDiscuss how technological advancements have transformed the educational landscape, from online learning platforms to virtual classrooms and digital textbooks.2.The Role of Social Media in Modern SocietyExplore the influence of social media on communication,social interaction,and the spread of information,as well as its potential negative effects on mental health.3.Environmental Protection and Sustainable DevelopmentAnalyze the importance of environmental conservation in the context of sustainable development,including the role of renewable energy and green technologies.4.The Importance of Cultural ExchangeDiscuss the significance of cultural exchange in fostering understanding and cooperation among different societies,and how it can promote global harmony.5.The Challenges and Opportunities of GlobalizationExamine the economic,social,and cultural implications of globalization,including its impact on local industries and the spread of global brands.6.The Influence of COVID19on Work and LifeReflect on how the pandemic has changed the way we work,learn,and interact,and the potential longterm effects on society.7.The Ethics of Artificial IntelligenceConsider the ethical implications of AI,including issues of privacy,bias,and the potential for AI to replace human jobs.8.The Benefits and Drawbacks of UrbanizationDiscuss the advantages and disadvantages of rapid urbanization,such as economic growth,improved infrastructure,and the challenges of overcrowding and pollution.9.The Significance of Bilingualism in a Globalized WorldExplore the advantages of being bilingual in todays interconnected world,including enhanced job prospects and cognitive benefits.10.The Role of Education in Promoting Social EqualityDiscuss how education can serve as a tool for social mobility and reducing inequality, and the importance of accessible and quality education for all.11.The Impact of Climate Change on Future GenerationsConsider the longterm effects of climate change on the environment,economies,and societies,and the urgent need for action to mitigate its impacts.12.The Evolution of Ecommerce and Its Impact on Traditional RetailAnalyze how ecommerce has revolutionized shopping habits,the economy,and the challenges faced by brickandmortar stores.13.The Importance of Mental Health AwarenessDiscuss the growing recognition of mental health as a critical aspect of overall wellbeing and the need for increased support and resources.14.The Challenges of Balancing Work and Personal LifeReflect on the difficulties of maintaining a healthy worklife balance in todays fastpaced society and potential solutions to achieve better harmony.15.The Role of Public Transportation in Urban PlanningExamine the importance of efficient public transportation systems in reducing traffic congestion,pollution,and promoting sustainable urban development.。

社会效果及反响英语作文

社会效果及反响英语作文Title: Social Impact and Response。

In today's interconnected world, the social impact of various events, phenomena, and policies is profound andfar-reaching. Whether it's a technological breakthrough, a cultural movement, or a government initiative, the repercussions can be felt across society. Understanding these effects and the responses they elicit is crucial for navigating the complex dynamics of our modern world.One significant aspect of social impact is technological advancement. The rapid pace of technological innovation has revolutionized nearly every aspect of human life. From communication and transportation to healthcare and entertainment, technology has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with one another. For example, the rise of social media platforms has facilitated instant communication and connection on a global scale. While this has undoubtedly brought people closer together, it has alsoraised concerns about privacy, mental health, and the spread of misinformation.Furthermore, technological advancements have reshaped entire industries and labor markets. Automation andartificial intelligence have streamlined production processes and increased efficiency but have also led to job displacement and economic inequality. The social implications of these changes are profound, requiring policymakers, businesses, and individuals to adapt and innovate in response.Cultural movements also play a significant role in shaping society. Whether it's the #MeToo movement, environmental activism, or calls for racial justice, cultural shifts can spark widespread social change. These movements often arise in response to perceived injustices or inequalities and serve as catalysts for meaningful dialogue and action. For example, the #BlackLivesMatter movement has prompted discussions about systemic racism and police brutality, leading to policy reforms and increased awareness of racial issues.Government policies and actions also have a profound impact on society. Decisions made by policymakers canaffect everything from healthcare and education to the environment and national security. For instance, the implementation of universal healthcare programs can improve access to medical services and reduce healthcare disparities. Conversely, austerity measures and budget cuts can exacerbate social inequalities and deepen economic hardship for marginalized communities.In addition to their direct effects, governmentpolicies can also influence public opinion and shape societal norms. For example, the legalization of same-sex marriage in many countries has not only granted equalrights to LGBTQ+ individuals but has also contributed to greater acceptance and visibility of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities.In response to these social impacts, individuals and organizations often mobilize to advocate for change and address pressing issues. Grassroots movements, nonprofitorganizations, and advocacy groups play a vital role in raising awareness, promoting social justice, and holding institutions accountable. Through protests, campaigns, and grassroots organizing, these entities exert pressure on policymakers and institutions to enact meaningful reforms.Moreover, advancements in communication technology have empowered individuals to amplify their voices and mobilize collective action like never before. Social media platforms provide a powerful tool for organizing and disseminating information, enabling individuals to connect with like-minded allies and build solidarity around shared causes.In conclusion, the social impact of various events, phenomena, and policies is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Technological advancements, cultural movements, and government actions all shape the fabric of society in profound ways, influencing everything from our daily lives to our collective values and beliefs. Understanding these impacts and the responses they elicit is essential for navigating the challenges and opportunities of our rapidly evolving world. By engaging in dialogue, advocacy, andcollective action, individuals and communities can work together to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable society for all.。

差异绽放新力量的英语作文

Differences can be a source of strength and innovation.Embracing diversity in thought,culture,and background can lead to a more vibrant and dynamic society.Here are some ways in which differences can contribute to new power:1.Cultural Exchange:When people from different cultures interact,they bring their unique perspectives and experiences to the table.This exchange can lead to new ideas and a richer understanding of the world.2.Innovation:Diverse teams are more likely to come up with innovative solutions to problems.Each member brings a different set of skills and knowledge,which can be combined to create something truly original.3.ProblemSolving:Different viewpoints can help to identify issues from multiple angles. This can lead to more comprehensive solutions that take into account a wider range of factors.4.Adaptability:A society that values differences is more likely to be adaptable and resilient.It can respond effectively to change because it has a variety of approaches and strategies at its disposal.5.Economic Growth:Diversity can drive economic growth by attracting a wide range of talents and fostering an environment where creativity and entrepreneurship can thrive.6.Social Harmony:While differences can sometimes lead to conflict,they can also promote social harmony when people learn to appreciate and respect one anothers unique qualities.7.Representation:A society that recognizes and values its diversity is more likely to have fair representation in decisionmaking processes,leading to policies that benefit everyone.8.Learning Opportunities:Exposure to different cultures,languages,and ways of life can be a powerful educational tool,fostering curiosity and a lifelong love of learning.9.Enhanced Creativity:Artists,writers,and designers often draw inspiration from the diversity around them,creating works that reflect a wide range of human experiences. 10.Global Competitiveness:In an increasingly globalized world,countries that embrace diversity are better positioned to compete on the international stage,attracting investment and talent from around the world.In conclusion,differences are not just something to be tolerated they are a powerful force that can drive progress and enrich our lives.By celebrating and leveraging our differences,we can unlock new potential and create a stronger,more vibrant future.。

益生菌降压肽的研究现状及其国内外新产品开发趋势

益生菌降压肽的研究现状及其国内外新产品开发趋势姚俊1，陈庆森1,2,*，龚莎莎1(1.天津商业大学生物技术与食品科学学院生物技术系，天津300134；2.天津市食品生物技术重点实验室，天津300134)摘要：本文阐述了降压肽的作用原理以及乳源性降压肽独特的降压优势，概述了由益生菌研究开发的降压肽产品的现状，同时介绍了国内外利用益生菌开发具降压肽产品的研究成果以及研发的趋势。

根据国内外市场的需求，在国内开发具有降压肽活性酸奶制品以及相关的产品必将会产生显著的社会影响，带来可观的效益。

关键词：益生菌；高血压；瑞士乳杆菌；乳清蛋白；降血压肽R e s e a r c hS t a t u so fP r o b i o t i c sA n t i h y p e r t e n s i v eP e p t i d e sa n dT r e n d so fD o m e s t i ca n dI n t e r n a t i o n a lN e w P r o d u c t i o n D e v e l o p m e n tY A O J u n 1，C H EN Qi n g-sen 1,2,*，G O NG Sh a-s ha 1(1.C o l l e g eo fB i o t e c h n o l o g ya n dF o o d S c i e n c e ,T i a n j i n U n i v e r s i t y o fC o m m e r c e ,T i a n j i n300134,C h in a ；2.T i a n j i nK e yL a b o r a t o r y o fF o o dB i o t e c h n o l o g y ,T i a n j i n300134,C h i n a )A b s t r a c t ：I nt h i sp a p e r ,w es u m m a r i zet h er e s e a r c hs t a t u so ft h ep r o d u c t so fa n t i h y p e r t e n s i vep e p t i d e sa d v a n c edb yp r o b i o t i c s ,a tt h es a m et i met h eb a s i ce f f ec tp r i n c i p l eso fa n t i h y p e r t e n s i v ep e p t ide sa n dt h ea d v a n t a g eso ft h e md e r i v e df r o mm i l kw h i chi s u s e dtol o w e rb l o odp r e s s u rea r es etf o r t h .W h a t 'sm o r e ,t h er e s e a r c hf i n d i n gsa n dt r e n dso ft h ep r o d u c tso fa n t i h y p e r t e n s i v e p e p t i d e s a d v a n c edb yp r o b i o t i c sw o r l d w i dea r e i n t r o d u c e d.A c c o r d i n gtot h e n e e do fd o m e s t i c a n di n t e r n a t i o n a lm a r k e t ,t o收稿日期：2007-07-02*通讯作者基金项目：天津商业大学大学生科技训练计划(SRT 计划)项目作者简介：姚俊(1986-)，男，本科生，研究方向为乳品生物技术。

雅思最实用词组搭配

雅思最实用词组搭配之勘阻及广创作1. 经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy2. 人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard3. 先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology4. 面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges5. 人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…6. 社会发展的必定结果 the inevitable result of social development7. 引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8. 不成否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…9. 热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue11. 完全分歧的观点 a totally different argument12. 一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,14. 就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…15. 有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons16. 双方的论点 argument on both sides17. 发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…18. 对…必不成少 be indispensable to …19. 正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:20.…也不例外…be no exception21. 对…发生有利/晦气的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…22. 利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23. 导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in24. 复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon25. 责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’svision28. 学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills29. 经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden30. 考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective32. 做出共同努力 make joint efforts33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…34. 为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society35. 打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…36. 综合素质 comprehensive quality37. 无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach39. 致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…40. 应当承认 Admittedly,41. 不成推卸的义务 unshakable duty42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…43. 可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information44. 贵重的自然资源 valuable natural resources45. 因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)46. 方便快捷 convenient and efficient47. 在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life48. 环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly49. 社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress50. 科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology51. 对这一问题持有分歧态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue52. 支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of the former/ latter opinion53. 有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence54. 在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice56. …必定趋势 an irresistible trend of…57. 日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition58. 眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest59. 长远利益. interest in the long run60.…有其自身的优缺点… has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages61. 扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones62. 取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs.63. 对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to64. 交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information65. 跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …66. 采纳有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth.67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …68. 有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides. No garden without weeds.69. 对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person.70. 重视 attach great importance to…71. 社会地位 social status72. 把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…73. 扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge74. 身心两方面 both physically and mentally75. 有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that\78. 缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden79. 优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth.80. 与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary.82. 代替 WordStr/ substitute / take the place of83. 经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water84. 提供就业机会 offer job opportunities85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress86. 毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…87. 增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding88. 充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of。

The value of experiencing different cultures

Experiencing different cultures can be an incredibly valuable and enriching experience. It allows individuals to gain new perspectives, broaden their horizons, and develop a greater appreciation for diversity. The value of experiencing different cultures is immeasurable, as it can have a profound impact on one's personal growth, worldview, and understanding of the world.One of the most significant benefits of experiencing different cultures is the opportunity to gain new perspectives and insights. When individuals immerse themselves in a new culture, they are exposed to different ways of thinking, living, and interacting with the world. This exposure can challenge their preconceived notions and beliefs, leading to a greater understanding of the complexity and diversity of human experience. By interacting with people from different backgrounds, individuals can learn to appreciate alternative viewpoints and gain a more nuanced understanding of the world.Experiencing different cultures also allows individuals to broaden their horizons. It provides the opportunity to explore new customs, traditions, and ways of life, which can be incredibly eye-opening and educational. By stepping outside of their comfort zones and embracing unfamiliar practices, individuals can expand their awareness and enrich their understanding of the world. This exposure to new experiences can be intellectually stimulating and emotionally rewarding, leading to personal growth and self-discovery.Furthermore, experiencing different cultures can foster a greater appreciation for diversity. By engaging with people from different culturalbackgrounds, individuals can gain a deeper appreciation for the value of diversity and the richness it brings to the world. They can learn to celebrate differences and recognize the importance of inclusivity and understanding in a globalized society. This heightened appreciation for diversity can lead to greater empathy, tolerance, and open-mindedness, as individuals become more accepting of others and their differences.In addition, experiencing different cultures can provide individuals with a greater sense of interconnectedness and belonging. By learning about different cultures, individuals can recognize the shared humanity that unites people from all corners of the globe. This sense of interconnectedness can foster a greater sense of global citizenship and a commitment to building bridges across cultural divides. It can lead to a more inclusive and harmonious world, where people from diverse backgrounds can come together to create a more peaceful and understanding society.Moreover, experiencing different cultures can also have practical benefits, such as developing language skills, cross-cultural communication, and adaptability. These skills can be incredibly valuable in an increasingly globalized world, where intercultural understanding and collaboration are essential for success. By learning about different cultures, individuals can develop the skills necessary to navigate diverse environments and communicate effectively with people from all walks of life.In conclusion, the value of experiencing different cultures cannot beoverstated. It provides individuals with new perspectives, broadens their horizons, fosters a greater appreciation for diversity, and promotes a sense of interconnectedness and belonging. Furthermore, it can provide practical benefits such as language skills and cross-cultural communication. Ultimately, experiencing different cultures is a deeply enriching and transformative experience that can have a profound impact on one's personal growth, worldview, and understanding of the world.。

软枣猕猴桃多糖的免疫活性

软枣猕猴桃多糖的免疫活性宣丽;刘长江【摘要】Actinidia arguta polysaccharide extracted by microwave was purified using a DEAE anion-exchange column,and SephadexG-100 column.The main elution fraction 0.1 brine elution was studied on the immunological activities of rat.The healthy rats were perfused with 2,10 and 20 mg/(kg · d) polysaccharides for 28 d.The effects of polysaccharide on the immune organs index,phagocytolysis of macrophage and spleen lymphocyte transformation index were determined.The results showed that,the low-dose group [2 mg/(kg · d)] of polysaccharide had almost no immunological activities.While the medium-dose group [10 mg/(kg · d)] had the obvious activities and was significant difference with the control pared with the medium-dose group,the high-dose group [20 mg/(kg · d)]had no significant difference except immune organs index.%利用DEAE-纤维素阴离子交换层析、SephadexG-100凝胶柱层析对微波辅助提取的软枣猕猴桃多糖进行分离纯化,对主要洗脱组分0.1 mol/L盐洗组分的免疫活性进行研究.以正常大鼠为试验对象,设2、10、20mg/(kg·d)3个多糖水平处理,饲养28 d后观察软枣猕猴桃多糖对大鼠免疫器官指数、巨噬细胞吞噬指数及脾淋巴细胞转化指数的影响.试验结果表明,多糖低剂量组[2 mg/(kg·d)]对免疫的促进效果不明显；多糖中剂量组[10 mg/(kg·d)]免疫增强效果明显,与空白对照组差异显著；高剂量组[20 mg/(kg·d)]与中剂量组相比,除免疫器官指数外,其他免疫促进活性无显著差异.【期刊名称】《食品与发酵工业》【年(卷),期】2013(039)005【总页数】3页(P59-61)【关键词】软枣猕猴桃;多糖;纯化;免疫活性【作者】宣丽;刘长江【作者单位】沈阳农业大学食品学院,沈阳辽宁,110866;沈阳农业大学食品学院,沈阳辽宁,110866【正文语种】中文软枣猕猴桃(Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc. )Planch. ex Miq. )又名软枣子、猕猴梨、藤梨，是猕猴桃科、猕猴桃属多年生落叶藤本植物［1］。

2020MBA联考英语写作50个必备词语搭配

2020MBA联考英语写作50个必备词语搭配1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy2.人民生活水平的显着提升/ 稳步增长 the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people's living standard3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/recognized that…6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development7.引起了广泛的公众注重 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention8.不可否认 It is unden iable that…/There is no denying that…9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/debate10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…13. 就我来说/ 就个人来说 As far as I amconcerned,/Personally,14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons16.双方的论点 argument on both sides17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…18.对…必不可少be indispensable to…19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes：20.…也不例外… be no exception21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/negative effects on…22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.23.导致，引起 lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result in24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation27. 开阔眼界 widen one's horizon/broaden one's vision28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills29.经济/心理负担 financial burden /psychological burden30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors intoaccount/consideration31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…36.综合素质 comprehensive quality37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach39.致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…40. 理应承认 Admittedly41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I大写)46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life48.环保(的) environmental protection/environmentally friendly49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology。

英国高考试卷英语作文

Introduction:Technology has revolutionized various aspects of our lives, and education is no exception. The integration of technology in the classroom has become increasingly prevalent, raising questions about its impact on students' learning experiences. In this essay, I will explore both the positive and negative effects of technology on education.Body:Positive Effects:1. Enhanced Access to Information: One of the most significant advantages of technology in education is the ease of access to information. With the internet, students can now access a vast array of resources, including e-books, research papers, and online courses. This allows them to explore subjects beyond the confines of their textbooks and gain a deeper understanding of various topics.2. Interactive Learning: Technology offers interactive learning experiences that engage students more effectively. Tools such as educational apps, virtual reality, and gamification make learning more enjoyable and engaging. This, in turn, helps improve students' motivation and retention of information.3. Collaboration: Technology enables students to collaborate with peers and teachers more easily. Online platforms and communication tools allow students to work on group projects, share ideas, and receive feedback, regardless of their geographical location. This promotes teamwork and critical thinking skills.Negative Effects:1. Distraction: One of the biggest concerns regarding technology in education is its potential to be a distraction. Social media, online games, and other non-educational content can divert students' attention away from their studies, leading to decreased academic performance.2. Digital Divide: Not all students have equal access to technology. The digital divide can create disparities in educational opportunities, asstudents without access to computers and the internet may lag behind their peers in terms of digital literacy and academic achievement.3. Over-reliance on Technology: There is a risk that students may become overly reliant on technology, reducing their ability to think critically and solve problems independently. This can hinder their development of essential life skills and academic abilities.Conclusion:In conclusion, technology has brought both positive and negative impacts on education. While it enhances access to information, promotes interactive learning, and fosters collaboration, it also poses challenges such as distraction, the digital divide, and over-reliance on technology. It is crucial for educators and policymakers to strike a balance between leveraging technology's benefits and mitigating its drawbacks. By doing so, we can create a more inclusive and effective educational environment for all students.。

Celebrating Differences

Celebrating DifferencesCelebrating Differences Celebrating differences is an important aspect of creating a diverse and inclusive society. It is essential to recognize and appreciate the unique qualities and characteristics that make each individual special. Embracing diversity can lead to a more harmonious and understanding community, where people from all walks of life feel valued and respected. However, despite the benefits of celebrating differences, there are still challenges and barriers that need to be addressed in order to truly foster an environment of acceptance and appreciation. One of the key perspectives on celebrating differences is the importance of recognizing and understanding the unique experiences and perspectives of individuals from different backgrounds. This includes acknowledging the cultural, religious, and social differences that contribute to a person's identity. By celebrating these differences, we can gain a deeper understanding of the world around us and develop a greater sense of empathy and compassion for others. This can lead to more meaningful connections and relationships, as well as a greater sense of unity within our communities. Another perspective on celebrating differences is the impact it can have on promoting equality and combating discrimination. When we celebrate and embrace diversity, we are actively challenging stereotypes and prejudices that can lead to discrimination and inequality. By acknowledging and valuing the differences among us, we can work towards creating a more just and equitable society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive and succeed. This can help to break down barriers that have historically marginalized certain groups and create a more inclusive and welcoming environment for all. In addition to promoting understanding and equality, celebrating differences can also lead to innovation and creativity. When people from diverse backgrounds come together, they bring with them a wealth of unique perspectives and ideas. By embracing these differences, we can foster a culture of creativity and innovation that can lead to new solutions and approaches to various challenges. This can be especially beneficial in professional settings, where diverse teams can bring about a wider range of ideas and perspectives, ultimately leading to better outcomes and results. Despite the many benefits of celebrating differences, there are still challenges that need to be addressed inorder to create a truly inclusive society. One of the main obstacles is the presence of prejudice and discrimination, which can hinder efforts to embrace diversity. Prejudice can manifest in various forms, including racism, sexism, homophobia, and ableism, among others. These attitudes and beliefs can create barriers that prevent individuals from fully participating in society and can lead to feelings of exclusion and marginalization. In order to truly celebrate differences, it is essential to actively challenge and address these prejudices, and work towards creating a more inclusive and welcoming environment for all. Another challenge in celebrating differences is the need for education and awareness. In order to truly understand and appreciate the diverse experiences and perspectives of others, it is important to educate ourselves and others about different cultures, identities, and experiences. This can include learning about the history and traditions of different groups, as well as engaging in conversations and dialogue with people from diverse backgrounds. By increasing awareness and understanding, we can create a more inclusive and empathetic society that values and celebrates the differences among us. In conclusion, celebrating differences is an important aspect of creating a diverse and inclusive society. By recognizing and appreciating the unique qualities and perspectives of individuals from different backgrounds, we can promote understanding, equality, and innovation. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed in order to create a truly inclusive environment, including prejudice and the need for education and awareness. By actively working towards embracing diversity and creating a more inclusive society, we can foster a sense of unity and respect for all individuals, ultimately leading to a more harmonious and understanding community.。

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ORIGINAL PAPEREffect of Varietal Differences on Composition and Thermal Characteristics of Avocado OilN.A.M.Yanty •J.M.N.Marikkar •K.LongReceived:18April 2011/Revised:24May 2011/Accepted:31May 2011/Published online:17June 2011ÓAOCS 2011Abstract A study was carried out to compare the characteristics of oils from three Malaysian avocado (Persea americana )cultivars with those of the oil from the Australian Hass avocado variety.Oil samples extracted from matured-avocado fruits were assessed for basic physico-chemical parameters,fatty acid and triac-ylglycerol (TAG)compositions,and melting and solidi-ﬁcation characteristics.In comparison to Hass variety,the oil contents of the local avocado cultivars were signiﬁcantly lower and found to be mostly in semisolid form.As a common feature,oils of both local cultivars and Hass variety are found to have oleic acid as the most dominant fatty acid.However,there are differences between them with regard to the proportional distribu-tions of palmitic and linoleic acids.While the major TAG of local avocado cultivars were POO,followed by POL,OOO and PPO,the dominant TAG of Hass variety were OOO,followed by PPO,OOL and POL.Due to these differences in fatty acid and TAG distributional patterns,the oils of local avocado cultivars are found to possess iodine value,slip melting point,melting and solidiﬁcation characteristics,which are completely different from those of the imported Hass avocado variety.Keywords Avocado oil ÁDSC ÁHass avocado ÁLard alternatives ÁThermal behavior ÁVegetable oilsIntroductionAvocado (Persea americana )is a tropical fruit bearing tree distributed in many parts of the world.Belonging to the family Lauraceae,the tree is believed to have been originated from Mexico.Throughout the world avocado exists in many varietal forms,of which Hass avocado has gained the popularity as the most promising commercial variety due to high yield of rich fruits with excellent outer covering [1].The stone like exocarp of Hass avocado is an important attribute that could preserve the fruit from insect attack or damage during storage and transport.Apart from its use as an edible fruit,avocado is also a rich source of lipids.Depending on the variety and the growth conditions,the mesocarp of the avocado fruit is found to possess 8–30%oil [2,3].The oil of avocado fruit is highly regarded for uses in food,cosmetics and health care products because of some unique,physical and functional properties [4].Different forms of avocado are also distributed in many parts of Malaysia,although no systematic cultivation could be found yet.Although avocado oil from other parts of the world has been characterized [5–9],past studies on the evaluation of locally available avocado cultivars with respect to their oil composition and thermal characteristics are rmation of this kind would be vital not only for product development activities but also for those who are engaged in breeding fruit crops [10].Hence,the objective of this study is to compare the physico-chemical properties of oil from local avocado cultivars with the imported Hass variety.N.A.M.Yanty ÁJ.M.N.Marikkar (&)Halal Products Research Institute,Putra Infoport,Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400UPM Serdang,Selangor D.E.,Malaysiae-mail:nazrim_marikkar@.myK.LongMalaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute,P.O.Box 12301,50774Kuala Lumpur,MalaysiaJ Am Oil Chem Soc (2011)88:1997–2003DOI 10.1007/s11746-011-1877-xMaterials and MethodsMaterialsFor this study,two of avocado cultivars,Avo-1and Avo-2 having bottled shape were collected from two locations in West Malaysia.A third cultivar Avo-3,which has a round shape was collected from a location in East Malaysia. Imported Hass fruits—Australian Hass were purchased from a local supermarket.Avocado fruits of each variety were cut open,and minced manually intoﬁne pieces after removing the seeds.The minced pieces of the mesocarp were dried in a tray type dryer(Memmert Model UFB400, GmbH?Co.KG,Germany)for24h at60°C and sub-sequently ground into powder using a Warring blender (model32BL80,Dynamic Corporation of America,New Hartford,CT).All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade,unless otherwise speciﬁed.Oil ExtractionOil extraction fromﬁnely ground samples of dried avocado fruits was carried out by the Soxhlet extraction method using petroleum ether(40–60°C)[11].The extracted oils were kept in an oven at60°C for1h to expel solvent before storing at-20°C.Prior to analysis,the oil samples were removed from frozen storage,and left static at room temperature for1h and then warmed at60°C until they became completely molten.Determination of Slip Melting Point(SMP)and Iodine Value(IV)SMP and IV of the oil samples were determined according to AOCS method Cc.3.25,and AOCS method Cd Id-92, respectively[12].Color DeterminationThe liquid oil sample was placed in a1-in(2.54cm)cell and its color was determined using a Lovibond Model E tintometer(Lovibond,Salisbury,UK)at30°C by achiev-ing the best possible match with the standard color slides of yellow(Y),red(R)and blue(B)and indices[13].GLC Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters(FAME) FAME were prepared by dissolving50mg portion of the oil in0.8ml of hexane and adding0.2ml portion of1M solution of sodium methoxide[14],then analyzed on a gas chromatograph(Agilent Technologies,Singapore)ﬁtted with a FID detector.The polar capillary column RTX-5 (0.32mm internal diameter,30m length and0.25l mﬁlm thickness;Restex Corp.,Bellefonte,PA)was used.The oven temperature was programmed as follows:initial temperature of50°C(for1min),and programmed to increase to200°C at8°C/min.Both injector and detector temperatures were maintained at200°C throughout the analysis.The carrier gas(helium)ﬂow rate was1.0mL/ min and the split ratio was58:1.The identiﬁcation of the peaks of the samples was done with reference to a chro-matographic proﬁle containing FAME standards(Supelco, Bellefonte,PA).The percentage of fatty acid was calcu-lated as the ratio of the partial area to the total peaks area [15].HPLC Analysis of TAG CompositionThe TAG composition was determined using a Waters Model510liquid chromatograph equipped with a differ-ential refractometer Model410as a detector(Waters Associates,Milford,MA).The analysis of TAG was per-formed on a Merck LiChrospher RP-18column(5l m) (12.5cm94mm i.d.;Merck,Darmstadt,Germany).The mobile phase was a mixture of acetone:acetonitrile (63.5:36.5)and theﬂow rate was1.5mL/min.The oven temperature was maintained at30°C.The injector volume was10l L of5%(w/w)oil in chloroform.Each sample was chromatographed two times,and the data was recorded as area percentages[15].The identiﬁcation of the peaks of the samples was done in accordance with the TAG proﬁles of avocado oil reported previously by Jakab et al.[16]and a set of TAG standards supplied by Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals(Deisenhofen,Germany).Thermal Analysis by DSCThermal analysis was carried out on a Mettler Toledo differential scanning calorimeter(DSC823Model) equipped with a thermal analysis data station(STARe software,Version9.0x,Schwerzenbach,Switzerland). Nitrogen(99.99%purity)was used as the purge gas at a rate of*20mL/min.Approximately4-8mg of molten sample was placed in a standard DSC aluminum pan and then hermetically sealed.An empty,hermetically sealed DSC aluminum pan was used as the control.The oil/fat samples were subjected to the following temperature pro-gram:The sample was held at70°C isotherm for1min to eliminate the thermal history of the samples,then cooled at 5°C/min to-90°C and held for1min.The sample was then heated from-90to70°C at the same rate[15]. Determination of Solid Fat Content(SFC)by NMRSFC was measured using a Bruker Minispec(Model Mq 20)pulse Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(pNMR)spectrometer(Karlsruhe,Germany),according to AOCS method Cd16b-93[12].The sample in the NMR tube was melted at70°C for15min,followed by chilling at0°C for60min,and then held at each measuring temperature for30min prior to measurement to eliminate the thermal history of the samples.Melting,chilling and storing of the samples were carried out in pre-equilibrated thermostatted glycol containing baths,accurate to0.1°C.SFC mea-surements were taken at5°C intervals over the range of 0–60°C.Statistical AnalysisAll analyses were carried out in duplicate and the results were expressed as the mean value±standard deviation. Data was statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA),by using Tukey’s test of MINITAB (version15)statistical package at0.05probability level. Results and DiscussionBasic Physico-chemical CharacteristicsThe oil content,color,slip melting point and iodine value of the avocado oils extracted from the three local cultivars are compared with those of the Australian Hass variety as shown in Table1.The oil contents of the three local cul-tivars are more or less equal[Avo-1(30.25%),Avo-2 (31.85%)and Avo-3(33.45%)],but signiﬁcantly lower than(p\0.05)that of the Hass variety(54.9%).For the purpose of oil recovery using commercial screw-press oil expellers,the oil contents displayed by the locally grown cultivars are substantial.Avocado oil possessing a dark green color is a common feature,which is said to be due to the presence of pigments like carotene,chlorophyll,etc.[2, 3].Visual observation indicated that the colors of the oil samples of the local cultivars are little darker than that of the oil from Hass variety.This is in accordance with the measurements of individual color values of yellow,red, and blue obtained from Lovibond tintometer.As for the data presented in Table1,the lowest values of individual colors are recorded for Hass variety.Among the local cultivars,the color of Avo-3is lighter than that of Avo-1 and Avo-2as its values for red and blue are lower in comparison to the other two cultivars.The physical nature of the lipid is an important aspect with regard to its usage in various consumer products.The three local avocado cultivars are found to yield fats,which are semi solid at room temperature,while the oil of the imported Hass variety remains entirely as a liquid under the same condition.As shown in Table1,Avo-1,Avo-2,and Avo-3are found to have SMP at31,30,and27.25°C, respectively,of which Avo-3display a value closely similar to that of lard[17].In fact,SMP values of the local cultivars are found to be in a reverse order with their IVs.As shown in Table1,IV of Avo-1,Avo-2,and Avo-3are82.97, 84.30,and87.7,respectively and that of Hass variety is 95.41.While the IVs of the local cultivars are generally within the range of those of the avocado oils extracted from ordinary cultivars grown in other parts of Asia[2],the IV of the Hass variety used in this study is comparable to that of the Hass variety grown in the USA,and Japan[5].Fatty Acid DistributionThe fatty acid distribution of oils from local avocado cul-tivars are compared with the imported Hass variety as shown in Table2.In all three local cultivars,oleic is the major fatty acid(43.65–51.22%)followed by palmitic (26.41–30.37%)and linoleic(12.75–17.45%)acids.The proportional distribution of these fatty acids in the local avocado fruit cultivars is some what comparable to those of palm oil and lard as reported in many past studies[18,19]. However,unlike lard,oils of avocado fruits are generally found to have extremely low(0.27–1.56%)amounts of stearic acid(Table2).Generally,the Hass variety has the highest abundance of unsaturated fatty acids(84.94%). Although oleic(63.73%)is the most dominant fatty acid of Hass variety,its second most abundant fatty acid was lin-oleic(15.27%)acid,followed by palmitic(14.8%)acid. However,Hass variety from other parts of the world isTable1Oil content,color,slip melting point(SMP)and iodine value(IV)of oils from different avocados cultivarsSample Oil content(%)Color SMP(°C)IV(g I2/100g)Avo-130.25±0.64c70.0Y?9.8R?9.9B31.00±0.71a82.97±0.66a Avo-231.85±0.49b,c70.0Y?9.6R?9.9B30.00±0.71a84.30±0.14a Avo-333.45±0.92b70.0Y?6.5R?6.9B27.25±0.35b87.72±0.23b Hass54.90±0.14a45.0Y?2.2R?0.1B ND95.41±0.15cEach value in the table represents the mean of two replicates.Means within each column bearing different superscripts are signiﬁcantly (p\0.05)differentND not determinedreported to have high oleic acid(45.9–54.5%),followed by palmitic(19.7–20.0%)and linoleic(12.5–5.7%)acids[5, 6].This anomalous behavior in fatty acid composition could be attributed to the inﬂuence of climate and geo-graphical variations.TAG CompositionThe TAG proﬁle of the oils from local avocado cultivars are compared with that of the oil of Hass variety as shown in Table3.It is clear that the TAG distributional proﬁle of Hass variety is distinctly different from those of the local avocado cultivars.Hass variety has OOO(29%)as the most dominant TAG molecular species followed by POO (22.42%),and OOL(20.22%)while in all three local avocado cultivars(Avo-1,Avo-2and Avo-3),POO (22.76–27.41%)was the most predominant TAG molecular species.Among the three local cultivars,Avo-1has the highest content of POO,which is closely comparable to that of lard[17].According to Jakab et al.[16],the major TAG molecular species of avocado oil from Hungary variety were OOO and POO.Unlike the three local avo-cado cultivars,trisaturated TAG molecular species such as PPS and SPO have not been detected in Hass variety,but the content of triunsaturated TAG(LLLn,LLL,OLL, OOL,OOO)in it(55.55%)is almost twice as high as those of the three local cultivars(22.76–27.41%).Although POO was the most predominant TAG molecular species of all three local avocado cultivars,there are signiﬁcant differ-ences in the distribution of other major TAG molecularTable2Fatty acid compositions of oils from different avocados cultivarsFatty acid Avo-1Avo-2Avo-3HassC16:027.63±0.04c30.37±0.06d26.41±0.06b14.80±0.03a C16:1 4.40±0.08a 5.22±0.02c7.44±0.03d 4.86±0.02b C18:0 1.56±0.04d 1.30±0.01c 1.03±0.05b0.27±0.02a C18:151.22±0.01b43.65±0.04a51.18±0.76b63.73±0.18c C18:213.82±0.03b17.45±0.04d12.75±0.45a15.27±0.16c C18:3 1.38±0.01a 2.03±0.01b 1.20±0.18a 1.09±0.04a SFA29.19±0.06c31.66±0.07d27.44±0.11b15.07±0.01a USFA70.81±0.06b68.34±0.07a72.57±0.11c84.94±0.01dEach value in the table represents the mean of two replicates.Means within each row bearing different superscripts are signiﬁcantly(p\0.05) differentSFA saturated fatty acid,USFA unsaturated fatty acidTable3Triacylglycerol(TAG)compositions of oils from different avocados cultivarsTAG Avo-1Avo-2Avo-3HassLLLn 1.19±0.01c 1.87±0.00a0.90±0.01d 1.26±0.00b LLL0.53±0.01b0.85±0.07a0.42±0.02b–OLL 2.32±0.06a,c 3.23±0.02a 3.98±1.20a 5.04±0.01a,b PLL 2.62±0.01b 4.21±0.00a 2.38±0.01c 2.17±0.02d OOL9.75±0.02b9.00±0.03c7.71±0.12d20.22±0.11a POL17.99±0.06b19.29±0.06a11.05±0.10d13.20±0.03c PPL 2.45±0.03c 4.03±0.06b9.61±0.14a–OOO16.08±0.02b11.42±0.01c16.32±0.18b29.00±0.01a POO27.41±0.01a22.76±0.02c24.58±0.05b22.42±0.04d PPO10.86±0.01b12.43±0.00a10.08±0.01c 2.80±0.01d OOS 1.27±0.01a0.52±0.01c0.75±0.02b0.41±0.01d SPO0.75±0.01a0.57±0.02b0.41±0.01c–PPS0.18±0.04a0.11±0.01a0.12±0.01a–Others 6.6±0.059.71±0.0411.69±1.10 3.42±0.01Each value in the table represents the mean of two replicates.Means within each row bearing different superscripts are signiﬁcantly(p\0.05) differentO oleic,P palmitic,L linoleic,Ln linoleic,S stearicspecies.The second most abundant TAG molecular species of Avo-1,and Avo-2was POL(11.05–19.29%),while that of Avo-3was OOO(11.42–16.32%).Likewise,the third most abundant TAG molecular species of Avo-1,Avo-2 and Avo-3are OOO(16.08%),PPO(12.43%),and POL (11.05%),respectively.SFC ProﬁleThe SFC proﬁles of the three local avocado cultivars are compared with that of the imported Hass variety as shown in Fig.2.The SFC of Avo-1,Avo-2,and Avo-3at0°C are 17.86%,18.0%,and13.57,respectively and they tend to become0%in the range of45–50°C.The Hass variety,on the other hand,could be easily distinguishable from the local avocado cultivars for being liquid oil with low solid content(SFC,0%at10°C)in major part of the tempera-ture region.Hence,it could be ideally suited for salad dressing,marinades,and sauces[4].On the other hand, Avo-1,Avo-2,and Avo-3being lipids in the semisolid form could useful as base material in the formulation of creams and lotions used for the nourishment of the skin[2, 4].The observed differences in the solidiﬁcation behaviors of local avocado cultivars from that of the imported Hass variety could be attributed to the differences in their fatty acid and TAG molecular composition.The oil of the Hass variety is found to have the highest proportion of triun-saturated TAG molecules(Table3)as well as unsaturated fatty acids(Table2)when compared to those of the locally grown cultivars.It is usually the TAG molecules esteriﬁed with more saturated fatty acids,which gives the solid like nature to lipids[20].As both Avo-1and Avo-2had com-parably similar proportions of SFA(Table2),they dis-played similar SFC curves within the range of0–35°C.On the other hand,the SFC pattern of Avo-3within the range of0–35°C was signiﬁcantly(p\0.05)lower than those of Avo-1and Avo-2since its SFA content was fairly lower (Table2).Thermal Characteristics by DSCThermal characteristics of local avocado cultivars are compared with those of the imported Hass variety as shown in Fig.2.In Fig2(X),DSC cooling curves of Avo-1,Avo-2,Avo-3and Hass are represented by the curves(A),(B), (C)and(D),respectively.From this,it is clear that the cooling proﬁles of local avocado cultivars are distinctly different from that of the imported Hass variety.For instance,the initial point of crystallization transition of Avo-1,Avo-2,Avo-3,and Hass are a1(29.34°C), b1(23.93°C),c1(22.64°C),and d1(-13.67°C),respec-tively.While all three local cultivars displayed a high-melting exothermic thermal transition above0°C,there is no any distinctly identiﬁable thermal transition for the Hass variety in this temperature region.This observation cor-roborates well with the solidiﬁcation behavior differences of these oils as noticed in Fig.1.In Fig.2(Y),DSC melting curves of Avo-1,Avo-2,Avo-3and Hass are represented by the curves(A),(B),(C)and(D),respectively.Based on the melting proﬁles also the three local avocado cultivars are distinctly different from the imported Hass variety.As theﬁnal melting transition of Avo-1,Avo-2,Avo-3,and Hass are a5(45.66°C),b5(41.37°C),c5(41.23°C),and d4(2.30°C),respectively,two distinguishable regions could be identiﬁed in the melting proﬁles by taking10°C as the point of reference.While the melting proﬁles of all three local cultivars have a high-melting transition above 10°C,there is no distinctly identiﬁable endothermic tran-sition in the melting proﬁle of Hass variety(Curve-D)in this temperature region.The thermal behavior differences between the local cultivars and the imported Hass variety could be mainly due to the differences in their fatty acid and TAG molec-ular composition as pointed out earlier(Tables2,3, respectively).While the imported Hass variety possessed higher proportion of triunsaturated TAG(55.55%),the oils produced from the three locally grown cultivars had sig-niﬁcantly lower content of triunsaturated TAG(Table3). The total contents of di-and trisaturated TAG of the Hass variety was extremely low(2.80%)whereas those of the three locally grown cultivars were found to be in higher proportions(14.24–20.22%).Likewise,the observed ther-mal behavior differences between Hass variety and local cultivars could also be correlated with the fatty acid compositions of these oils.For instance,the proportions of the saturated fatty acids of Avo-1and Avo-2are twice as much as that of Hass variety(Table1).Fig.1Solid fat content proﬁles(SFC)of oils from different avocado cultivarsConclusionsThis study showed that the oils from local avocado culti-vars are distinguishable from the oil of the Australian Hass variety based on basic physico-chemical parameters,solidiﬁcation characteristics,and thermal behavior.When compared to the oils of the three locally grown cultivars,the oil from the imported Hass variety is found to have a higher degree of unsaturation in its fatty acid and TAG compositions.These differences in compositions cause the oil from the Hass variety to remain as a liquid while those from the three local cultivars to be in the semisolid form.The data on the solidiﬁcation characteristics and thermal behavior suggest that the oils from the locally grown cul-tivars could be useful as base materials for formulation of creams and lotions.Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge a research grant (02-01-10-0889RU)obtained under the Research University Grants Scheme of Universiti Putra Malaysia.ReferencesDA (1995)Avocado—an economic assessment of the feasibility of providing multiple peril crop insurance./pilots/feasible/pdf/avocado.pdf .Acces-sed Apr 2011hsingha C (1993)Avocado.Ceylon Institute of Scientiﬁc and Industrial Research,Sri Lanka3.Abeyesekera M,Hemapala A (1981)Avocado oil.In:Useful products from tropical plants:booklet no 1.Ceylon Institute of scientiﬁc and Industrial Research,Sri Lanka4.Swisher HE (1988)Avocado oil:from food use to skin care.J Am Oil Chem Soc 65:1704–17065.Takenaga F,Matsuyama K,Abe S,Torii Y,Itoh S (2008)Lipid and fatty acid composition of mesocarp and seed of avocado fruits harvested at Northern range in Japan.J Oleo Sci 57:591–5976.Azizi SN,Najafzadeh S (2008)Fatty acids and volatile com-pounds in avocado cultivated in North of Iran.World Appl Sci J 5:1–47.Ozdemir F,Topuz A (2004)Changes in dry matter,oil content and fatty acids composition of avocado during harvesting time and post harvesting ripening period.Food Chem 86:79–838.Moreno AO,Dorantes L,Galindez J,Guzman RI (2003)Effect of different extraction methods on fatty acids,volatile compounds and physical and chemical properties of avocado (Persea amer-icana Mill.)oil.J Agric Food Chem 51:2216–22219.Werman MJ,Neeman I (1987)Avocado oil production and chemical characteristics.J Am Oil Chem Soc 64:229–23210.Athar M,Nasir SM (2005)Taxonomic perspective of plant spe-cies yielding vegetable oils used in cosmetics and skin care products.Afr J Biotechnol 4:36–4411.AOAC (2007)Ofﬁcial methods of analysis of AOAC interna-tional,18th edn.Association of Ofﬁcial Analytical Chemists,Washington,DCFig.2DSC cooling (X )and melting (Y )proﬁles of oils from avocado cultivars Avo-1(curve A ),Avo-2(curve B ),Avo-3(curve C )and Hass (curve D )12.AOCS(1999)Ofﬁcial and tentative methods of the American OilChemists’Society,5th edn.Champaign,USA13.British Standard(1987)Determination of color.Physical meth-ods.Methods of analysis of fats and fatty oils.BS684:Part1: Sec.1.1414.PORIM Test Methods(1995)Palm oil Research Institute ofMalaysia.Kuala Lumpur,pp83–9115.Marikkar JMN,Ghazali HM,Long K,Lai OM(2003)Larduptake and its detection in selected food products deep-fried in lard.Food Res Intel36:1047–106016.Jakab A,Heberger K,Forgaics E(2002)Comparative analysis ofdifferent plant oils by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.J Chromatogr A976:255–26317.Yanty NAM,Marikkar JMN,Che Man YB,Long K(2011)Composition and thermal analysis of lard stearin and lard olein.J Oleo Sci(in press,ESS11008)18.Nurjuliana M,Che Man YB,Mat Hashim D(2010)Analysis oflard’s aroma by an electric nose for rapid halal authentication.J Am Oil Chem Soc88:75–8219.Marikkar JMN,Lai OM,Ghazali HM,Che Man YB(2001)Detection of lard and randomized lard as adulterants in RBD palm oil by differential scanning calorimetry.J Am Oil Chem Soc 78:1113–111920.De Man JM(1990)Lipids.In:Principles of food chemistry,VanNostrand Reinhold,New York,pp36–88。