The Analysis of Gatsby’s Tragedy Reasons in The Grate Gatsby的开题报告
An_Analysis_of_the_Causes_of_Tess’s_Tragedy论文
ContentsAbstract in English……………………………………………………………Abstract in Chinese……………………………………………………………I. Introduction (1)II. Analyse the causes of Tess's tragedy (1)2. 1 The Victorian society is the main cause of Tess's tragedy (2)2. 2 The inevitability of Tess's tragedy produced by internal causes (4)2. 3 Tess’s parents, Alec and Angel all contribute to Tess’s tragedy (6)2. 4 Tess’s tragedy is inevitable and doomed from the many coincidenceswhich Hardy creates to express his viewpoint of fatalism and pessimism (8)III. Conclusion (10)Bibliography…………………………………………………..……………..……AbstractTess of the D’urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy in 1891, is a tragic story of a beautiful country girl , Tess Durbeyfield, it is the truthful portrayal of a pure woman ruined by the bourgeois society. This paper analyses the causes of Tess’s tragedy from four aspects. The first one is the main cause of this tragedy, that is the Victorian society in which Tess lives, because of the distorted social customs, moral principles and unjust social laws, Tess’s tragedy is inevitable in that environment. The second aspect is about Tess’s own internal characteristics, Tess’s weakness of indulging in fantacy accelerates her tragedy. The third aspect is about her parents, Alec and Angel, they all contribute to her tragedy. The last one talks about Tess’s tragic fate, since the world is hostile to human beings, there are many unfortunate coincidences in Tess’s life, so her tragedy is doomed. Through the analysis of the causes of Tess’s tragedy, I hope more people would appreciate this novel and learn to be more humanistic and sympathetic, and our society would become more harmonious and just.Key words:Tess; tragedy; causes; inevitable中文摘要由托马斯.哈代于1891年完成的《德伯家的苔丝》是一部描写一位美丽善良的乡村姑娘─苔丝的悲剧人生的小说。
《了不起的盖茨比》中的美国梦 the American dream in The Great Gatsby
《了不起的盖茨比》中所折射出的美国梦摘要《了不起的盖茨比》是菲茨杰拉德的一部名著。
作者通过描写盖茨比个人的困境与失败展现了那个时代的悲剧。
在小说中，盖茨比想要通过物质上的成功来赢得爱情,然而，他的梦想是建立于幻想，而不是现实，这是注定要失败的。
因为盖茨比是美国梦的代表，从某种意义上说,盖茨比的失败也预示了美国梦本身的破灭。
本论文首先介绍了作者与小说的主要情节，接着讲述了美国梦的根源与本质。
第三部分分析了盖茨比对财富梦及爱情梦的追求。
最后分析了盖茨比美国梦破碎的原因以及必然性。
关键词：美国梦；金钱；爱情；破灭AbstractThe Great Gatsby is on e of Fitzgerald’s masterpieces. The author presented the tragedy of that age by describing Gatsby’s personal dilemma and failure. In this novel, Gatsby wants to win love through material success. However, his dream is based on illusion rather than reality, which is doomed to fail. Gatsby is the representative of the American dream. In some senses, Gatsby’s failure also predicts the shattering of the American dream itself.This paper begins with an introduction about the author and the brief plot of the novel The Great Gatsby. Then it tells the origin and the essence of the American dream. After that, it gives an analysis of Gatsby’s pursuit of fortune and love dream. Finally, the paper points out the inevitable disillusion of Gatsby’s American dream and presents the factors of the tragedy.Keywords: the American dream; fortune; love; disillusionContents1. Introduction (1)2. The American Dream (2)2.1The Origin of the American Dream and its Development (3)2.2The essence of the American Dream and its Historical Background (4)3. The American Dream Reflected in Gatsby (5)3.1 Gatsby’s Pursuit of Fortune Dream (5)3.2 Gatsby’s Pursuit of Love Dream (6)4. D isillusion of Gatsby’s American Dream (7)4.1Gatsby’s American Dream and His Illegal Activities (8)4.2Gatsby’s American Dream and the Social Environment (9)4.3Gatsby’s American Dream and H is Innocence (10)5. Conclusion (11)References (13)1. IntroductionF. Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940) is one of the twentieth century’s greatest writers, whose works were the samples of the Jazz Age. He is widely regarded as the literary spokesman of the “Jazz Age”—an age between the end of the First World War and the outbreak of the Great Depression. In many ways, he expressed in his stories the disillusionment of the young generation with “the American dr eam”.Fitzgerald is also considered a member of the “Lost Generation” of the 1920s. He was born into a middle-class family in St. Paul, Minnesota in the American Midwest. In his short life, Fitzgerald experienced overnight fame and wealth in 1920s but suffered a lot in the 1930s. His first novel—This Side of Paradise was published in 1920 and became a best-seller, through which he got fame and commercial success. With a series of success of his writing, Fitzgerald had a high quality of life. In 1925, Fitzgerald managed to complete The Great Gatsby. This book brought him a critical comment and commercial failure. After that, with the pain of his personal life and the disappearance of the writing inspiration, he never wrote a well-known book any more. In 1940, he died of a heart attack when he was only forty-four.Different from other American writers who also had the American dream as the subject of their works, Fitzgerald impressed his readers from a new perspective.His works depicted the 1920s of America, the period of the high growth of America. With the richness of material, people’s spiritual life was corrupted, especially the life of the upper class. “Many critics have seen Fitzgerald’s artistic achievement in terms of his ability to depict the America n society, its history and its people.”(Tang Sooping, 1992:7)The Great Gatsby is a story told by Nick, a man from the Mid-West, going to New York to do business. He heard about his neighbor, a mysterious man called Jay Gatsby, who always held fabulous parties at his house. Gatsby was born in a poor family in the Middle West. During the time of serving in the army, Gatsby fell in love with Daisy, a wealthy girl. However, he was too poor to marryher. When the First World War broke out, Gatsby had to devote himself to the army. Daisy gave up waiting for him and got married with a rich young man Tom Buchanan. However, Daisy’s marriage was not that happy because Tom has betrayed their marriage. He had a mistress after their daughter was born. All these things inspired Gatsby’s desire to get married with Daisy. In order to win back his lost love, it took Gatsby just a few years to make a fortune through illegal business. He bought a mansion located on the opposite side of Daisy’s house with a river lying in between. Gatsby held parties every weekend, hoping that one day Daisy would come but she did not turn up even once. With the help of Nick, the cousin of Daisy, Gatsby met Daisy again five years after they broke away from each other. But now the lady in front of him was no longer the ideal lover in his dream. Instead, she became a selfish and vulgar woman. She refused to give up Tom but at the same time she did not refuse Gatsby.One day, Daisy drove Gatsby’s car after drinking and caused an accid ent in which T om’s mistress, Myrtle Wilson was killed. In order to protect Daisy, Gatsby decided to assume the responsibility. Finally Gatsby was shot by Myrtle’s husband. Only Gatsby’s poor father and Nick attended the funeral. Daisy did not feel any sadness and was on trip with Tom to Europe at that time.2. The American Dream and its Historical BackgroundThe American Dream is a national ethos of the United States, a set of ideals which includes freedom, the opportunity for prosperity and success, and an upward social mobility achieved through hard work. The term American Dream was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America. He states, “The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature ofwhich they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.” (Adams,1931: 214)It means that everyone, no matter what class he is in, can be successful through his own efforts. This ideology is based on the principle that one should be responsible for himself and seize every opportunity to gain success with courage and through hard work.The American dream has its own particular history background. Since Columbus found “the new continent”, the Europeans went to America for exploitation and colonialism. People in Europe got many kinds of harsh sufferings. They moved to the North American continent because they wanted to get rid of the sufferings in Europe, to be rich, and put into practice their values and philosophies of life. They wanted to escape the religious persecution and rebuild the religious belief.Going to America gave them the aspiration of freedom, the opportunity to be rich. Besides, many unthinkable things in the Old World may turn into reality in this piece of land. From the view of Xing Yan(Xing Yan, 2004:49), “Opportunity follows one after another, and almost everyone will cause a national madness, the United States becomes a country of ‘milk and honey’. Therefore, a large number of people with an American dream swarmed here.”2.1 The Origin of the American Dream and its Development“The American Dream arose in the colonial period and developed in the nineteenth century, based on the assumption of each person, no matter what his origin was, could succeed in changing their social positions and making their dreams come true through their own efforts, and getting new, free and better life. It is what is often referred to as ‘Am erican dream’. ” (Zhao Hongwei, 2003: 2) The American dream is both a romantic expectation and a belief that with toil and devotion people will achieve what their desire. The American dream at its early stage was a Puritan desire for the freedom in religion and creation. However, it becomes broader in meaning along with the expansion to the American West. It includes the pursuit of happiness, the goal to be successful incareer, love and wealth. After the Civil War, the American dream has even more concrete meanings as people strongly believe that with hard work, they can create miracles such as from poor to rich.2.2 The essence of the American DreamAs for the American Dream, it is a belief that a better life could be achieved through hard work and strives. There are several notions behind the American Dream—equal opportunities provided for everyone; the success based on one’s own talents and efforts, and equal opportunity to achieve success.The dream has its constant element, but is ever-changing with the people and with the times. The American dream is seen as one for a better and richer life for everyone, a dream of having opportunities in terms of one’s ability. According to Li Hongwen (黎红雯, 2002:15), “For some, the American dream is a chance to build a successful business and become a millionaire. For others, the American dream is from the log cabin to the White House. For still other people, the American dream is the ladder from the rags to the riches. ”From Li’s view, people may have their own dreams, of which some are small ambitions and others could be great ones.For young students today, the dream might include getting higher education and devoting oneself to helping others. For the middle-aged people today, the dream may include a very high-paying job which one could retire at an early age and have a more satisfying lifestyle. “Everyone had a different idea for his or her American Dream; everyone’s American Dream may be t otally different from each other; that is what makes them all individuals. The dream may differ in that some people wanted to work hard and had financial success, or others might just want to have enough food and income to survive, and make their life simple, healthy and happy. ” (邓年刚，潭素钦, 1997:15)Almost every American has his own American Dream. Almost every American including immigrants and poor people has his desire for a better life. Such a life enables him to own a big house, have much money, delicious food and luxury cars, and enjoy freedom as well. Nomatter what his origin is, he could succeed in through his own efforts. With the success, he is able to get access to higher social position and better life.3. The American Dream Reflected in GatsbyIn the novel, Gatsby’s Amer ican dream was to win daisy’s love, and he spared no effort to do everything to regain the love of Daisy. In order to make his American Dream come true, Gatsby got money by doing illegal trade of alcohol. Also, in the pursuit of his love, he did whatever Daisy asked him to do even at the sacrifice of his precious life.3.1 Gatsby’s Pursuit of Fortune DreamOne part of Gatsby’s dream was to get rich. Gatsby was a man who lived in the lower class, he dreamed for getting recognition, he dreamed for social status, and the true love. But to improve his social status and gain recognition, he was in bad need of money. In his youth, he harbored the innocent wish to be successful by hard work. In order to succeed, he worked tirelessly to do many things and worked out a schedule, which bears the similarity of that of Benjamin Franklin. Gatsby’s schedule displayed his imagination or illusion of his own future, through which a link between his dream and the American dream can be perceived. Gatsby dreamed of becoming a great man. Even when he was a boy, he had his aspirations. He was not content with things as they are and he just wanted to work hard to change the situation.He forced him to get up early in the morning at 6:00 and began to study electricity at 7:15, worked from 8:30A.M. to 4:30 P.M.. “study needed inventions” (Fitzgerald,1993:176) in the evening. He also has a wonderful “general resolves”,(Fitzgerald ,1993:174) which set strict demands on himself, such as “no wasting time，no smoking, read one important book or magazine per week and save $500 per week” .(Fitzgerald, 1993: 174)In the novel, Gatsby was born in a poor family in the Midwest Court. On the contrary, Daisy, the girl that he loved always lived a luxuriant life since she wasborn, so it was her habit to live a life with high quality. To Daisy, it was hard to imagine how she could stand a difficult life without money. But Gatsby was just a poor soldier. If he had not pretended to be a man with great wealth to win Daisy’s love, Daisy would not have fallen in love with him at all five years ago. In Gatsby’s view, he believed money could buy him love and happiness. With such thought in mind, he did everything in order to make money. In just a few years, through illegal trade of alcohol and other dishonest businesses, he made a fortune.A poor young man turned into someone with wealth. Gatsby’s success in fortune was great.To show off his wealth, Gatsby built a house in the old aristocratic style. In the huge and brilliant house, Gatsby would hold fabulous parties at the weekend, which people of status would be happy to attend. They admired his property and wanted to be friends of him.It may seem as if Gatsby had made his fortune dream come true. However, he never succeeded in a real sense through his own hard work, courage, or his strong resolution. He just became rich by conducting illegal businesses, which defied the essence of the American dream.3.2 Gatsby’s Pursuit of Love DreamAnother part of Gatsby’s dream is his dream of love. When he was a soldier in the Army, he fell in love with a rich girl Daisy. But he understood that he was not able to marry such a girl from a wealthy family and of higher social status. Daisy married Tom who had money and status though she did not love the man at all. Gatsby never stopped his love for Daisy; instead, he could not help recalling her, his first love.The most significant to Gatsby was to repeat the past with Daisy day and night and to get the lost pure love. As soon as he had money, Gatsby started to be in chase of his love to repeat the past. To fulfill his love dream, the first thing he did was to buy a luxurious house in front of Daisy’s house across the bay. Then he held parties every weekend night to draw Daisy’s attention. He believed that Daisy may come over to his mansion one day. However, Daisy never turned up. So Gatsby asked Nick to invite Daisy to his house for a tea. At last he had achance to express his love to Daisy and got Daisy back from Tom.In the novel, his love to Daisy is true and pure. When he saw Daisy again, he was even speechless. After Gatsby reappeared with his wealth and his loyal love for her, she seemed to be touched and tried to resume her relationship with him, without any guilt to her husband. For Daisy, what she really wanted was not a romantic lover with no status, but a man who could give her a comfortable life and a respected social standing.Gatsby did not change his mind of marrying Daisy even when he became an adult. Daisy was the first and the only woman whom he loved in his life. His love for Daisy kept him away from other women and “he would never so much as look at a friend’s wife.”(Fitzgerald, 1993:47) That’s the reason why “no girls would swoon backward on Gatsby at his parties.” (Fitzgerald, 1993:33) Gatsby had been so devoted to her. He loved her so much that he was simply blind of her essential defect—Daisy gave more concern to status and luxury life..Gatsby’s dream of love was closely associated with his dream of money. He believed that the money could help him get everything, but he did not regard the pursuit of money as the ultimate goal. The reason that he was after money was just for his love dream. The dream of being rich and the dream of winning the love of Daisy are integrated. The former is a means and the latter is his ultimate goal, without which the former may never become true. Without money Gatsby and Daisy could never have the opportunity to rekindle old dreams. With a lot of money, Gatsby would be more confident in his pursuit of his love dream.4. Disillusion of Gatsby’s American DreamJay Gatsby, the embodiment of the American dream，was doomed to fail because the American political ideals contradicted the actual existing social system．In the novel, Fitzgerald described and contrasted the difference between East and West Egg, showed the separation between the upper class and the lower class, Gatsby spent his whole life making money and winning status so that hecould win Daisy back. That’s what motivated him to move to West Egg, and made money by any means. After that, he held extravagant parties every weekend, did what Daisy asked him to. Gatsby’s success in fortune was great. So was his strong will for love and to achieve his life goal. He finally became the upper class’s deputy. No matter how wonderful his parties were, he could not change his poor family background.Gatsby did not know clearly what kind of girl Daisy was. What Daisy wanted was not love but a guarantee of comfort and wealth in life. Owing to his unrealistic dream, Gatsby ended up with tragedy. As for Gatsby’s death, it may seem that he deserved the punishment for what he did. Yet he sacrificed himself for Daisy who did not even turn up at his funeral. And the saddest thing was that Daisy, did not feel any regret o r sorrow for Gatsby’s death, she went traveling with his husband Tom. There was nothing left for Gatsby. All the things he got have gone with his death, including his wealth and love. “Daisy goes together with her husband to another city happily while Gatsby is murdered mistakenly, improves that all his great characterize means nothing. In other words, Gatsby’s final American Dream, which is to win Daisy, is totally a failure.” (杨慧群, 2002:3)The shattering of his dream of love is a reflection of the breaking of American dream. Owing to his unrealistic dream, Gatsby ended up with tragedy.Living in that age, Gatsby had in his mind the value orientation. He thought the American dream embodied the personal success or self-fulfillment for those hard-working people. His idea of success was measured by money, which was misleading. In his view, success was the glamour brought about by huge wealth. The American dream in his time was somewhat hollow for people were mainly after money. In this sense, Gatsby’s dream, just as the American dream, is just an illusion4.1 Gatsby’s American Dream and His Illegal ActivitiesAmerican dream is essentially a spirit to inspire people to make progress and it has a positive meaning. In 1920s, after the World War I, the American dream were decadent, corrupt, and the original hard work, frugality, temperance andother values were weak. America society came into the stage of monopoly capitalism. The American society developed rapidly with its economy booming. As Americans became money worshippers, they became greedy. Money was the only goal which they were striving for. So 1920s was a time without any belief, a time for lost generation, and a time of tragedies.“America was going on the greatest, gaudiest spree in history and there was going to be plenty to tell about it. The whole golden boom was in the air—its splendid generosities, its outrageous corruptions and the tortuous death struggle of the old America in prohibition. In such a debauched social context, what the traditional American dream advocated to strive for success through hard work turned out to be futile. Gatsby was greatly influenced by the instruction of the traditional dream.”(陈卓, 2009:143)Yet, no matter how hard he worked to gain material success, Gatsby gained wealth through dishonest conduct. He involved himself in the illegal trade of wine, through which he made his fortune. In this sense, he did not follow the doctrines of American dream. He made his way into a world where nothing is more important than money, where moral integrity is sacrificed.Fitzgerald presented before his readers the disillusion of American dream, which is seen as the synonym for money. With money as an important ingredient of the dream, it is quite natural that people may become greedy and crazy for money. The novel—The Great Gatsby may seem to be shallow with much description of parties and jazz in 1920s. However, by probing into the novel, it can be seen that the story is a social commentary on the corruption and the disillusive effect of materialism on various people. Gatsby is a typical example who turned from rug into riches with corrupted morality. But money was not his final goal. His final goal was to win the love of Daisy with his wealth.4. 2 Gatsby’s American Dream and the Social EnvironmentThe darkness and emptiness of the capitalist society account for the shattering of Gatsby’s American dream. When Gatsby was serving in the army,Daisy, the girl whom he loved, promised to wait for him till he made his fortune so that they could be married. But when Gatsby came back, Daisy had married Tom Buchanan, a millionaire, whom she did not have an affection. Gatsby was seriously hurt and decided to win back his love.Gatsby’s motive to make a fortune was driven by his attempt to get a step closer to Daisy again. Gatsby believed that if he wanted to win Daisy’s heart, he needed to be more affluent in wealth and more successful than Tom.Tom Buchanan, a representative of the solid wealthy class，was corrupt，but not weak. He would not allow his authority to be challenged．In the eyes of Tom and Daisy, no matter how much money or power Gatsby may possess, he was still “nobody from nowhere” because he has “no comfortable family standing behind him.” (Fitzgerald, 1993:95) The competition between Tom and Gatsby was not only a battle between rivals for love, but also a battle between representatives of the two different social classes.In the novel, the difference between East and West Egg can be perceived as a dividing line between the upper and the lower class, the four geographical locations in the novel ranging from East and West Egg to New York City fit a special theme or a typical character. West Egg lived people like Gatsby, who were indulged in extravagant life. They were representatives of the newly emerged rich alongside the established aristocracy of the 1920s. East Egg was the place for people such as the Buchanan, who were enjoying great wealth and high status as well. They were the symbol of the old establishment and aristocracy with ongoing dominance in American society. Gatsby’s romantic idealism does not fit in with those in East Egg. He tried hard to climb up the social ladder but he could not get himself fit in or really accepted due to his shabby background. In such a society, it was rather hard for Gatsby, a man from East Egg to melt himself with those symbolizing the old establishment and the old aristocracy. From this perspective, his American dream in the pursuit of love was hard to come true. 4.3 Gatsby’s American Dream and His InnocenceThe disillusion of Gatsby’s American dream may be related to his personalfactor. Gatsby’s love for Daisy was to the extent of obsession. It was really touching, but he chose the wrong person to love for. In his heart, Daisy was beautiful and innocent, and she represented all the merits in the upper class of America. Gatsby had in his mind the perfect image of Daisy, and treated her as the avatar of dream. However, Daisy was not the perfect girl he imagined. Born in a rich family, Daisy was used to the extravagant life. Even “her voice is full of money”.(Fitzgerald, 1993: 119) In the eyes of Daisy, love, when confronted with money, retreated to an inferior position. She believed in materialism and wanted to live in comfort. However, out of his innocence, Gatsby failed to see through her even upon his death. In addition, he did not see clearly the gap between Daisy and him—the status or the two different classes. He was naïve enough to believe that with his effort, he could be materially rich and hence he could gain status afterwards. He was naive enough to believe that with wealth and status, he was able to make his American dream of love come true.His life ended up in tragedy which had it root in his blind pursuit of love and fantasy. Besides, the lack of clear understanding of the upper middle class society was factor for the shattering of his dream. Though he became rich, it was unlikely that he would get access to the upper society.5. ConclusionFitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby is a significant novel in the history of the American literature．It is the mirror of an era, the Jazz Age. People of that time tend to believe in wealth, which corrupts the original belief of American Dream. They consider money as a simple method and a tool o n one’s way to success. Gatsby is just the miniature of the American society of that age reflecting the distortion of the American dream itself. Gatsby works hard for his dream and is ruined by his dream. It is his American Dream that makes him succeed, be destroyed and died pathetically in the end. Therefore, Gatsby’s tragedy is related to that age he was in, and Gatsby’s traged y also indicates the shattering of the American dream. American Dream affects generations of Americans. No matterhow it changes, its theme is the pursuit of freedom, equality, the realization of one’s own dream, and a high quality life.The Great Gatsby criticizes the society in which people are after money and low in morality. By taking a close look at the novel, Gatsby’s failure in the pursuit of his dream arises from mainly three factors. Firstly, Gatsby gained wealth from doing illegal businesses. Secondly, he naively thought he could enter the upper class in a society where equality between people was hard to realize. Finally, he was so innocent as to love a wrong person who was just selfish, and money-worshipping. In the corrupted American society at that time, Gatsby would not be able to make his dream come true since he would not be accepted by the upper society despite that he possessed great wealth. With no recognition by the upper society, he would not be able to win Daisy back. To a great extent, his failure in his pursuit of love dream is a sign of the shattering or the failure of the American dream.Reference[1] Adams, J.T. The Epic of America. New York: Greenwood Press, 1931.[2] Fitzgerald, F. S. The Great Gatsby. Ware: Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1993.[3]Tang soo ping. York Notes on the Great Gatsby. York: Longman York Press, 1992.[4]Xing Yan. An Outline of American Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.[5]Zhao Hongwei. Disillusionment of Gatsby’s“American Dream” From the Perspective of Society--Analysis of “The Great Gatsby”. Harbin :Journal of Harbin University, 2003( 6).[6]陈卓.《了不起的盖茨比中的美国梦》.魅力中国，2009(3).[7]黎红雯.《了不起的盖茨比,一部阐解美国梦的述作》.华南师范大学学报,2002(15).[8]邓年刚,谭素钦.《再论美国梦》.湖北民族学院学报,1997(1).[9]杨慧群.《菲兹杰拉德的小说<了不起的盖茨比>浅析》.江苏广播电视大学学报, 2002(2).。
从托马斯哈代的德伯家的苔丝看小说人物的社会悲剧性【VIP专享】
《英国文学》课程论文行政班级：A1021 学号：11006190129 姓名：范瑀Theory：Causes of Tragedy of Tess of the D’UrbervillesAbstract: Tess of the D’Urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy, describes the unfortunate, short life of a poor peasant girl, Tess. It is also a realistic novel which reflects the miserable fate of the individual farmer of England in the late of 19th century. Tess’s tragedy is a true portrayal of the poor of her time. The cause of her tragedy is always a concern of people. This passage illustrates three different opinions about the cause of Tess’ tragic fate, which include destiny tragedy, accidental tragedy, and psychological determinism. Within the three theories, the social reasons play an important role. Being a beautiful, innocents honest, sweet-natured, and hard-working country girl, she is easily taken in and abused by the bourgeoisie, constantly suppressed by the social conventions and moral values of the day, abandoned by her husband and eventually executed by the unfair legal system of the society though Clare（her husband）came back to her.Key words: Tess, destiny tragedy, accidental tragedy, psychological determinism.前言十九世纪是英国资本主义迅速发展的黄金时期，英国著名小说家托马斯.哈代的创作时期包括从自由资本主义过渡到帝国主义的阶段。
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The Analysis of Adgar Allan Poe’s Poem:The Raven and my understanding of the symbolicminingof the bird
《了不起的盖茨比》英文读书报告（中英文对照）
Report on the Great GatsbyIntroduction of the writerThe Great Gatsby is written by F.Scott Fitzgerald,who was bom in1896and died in1940.His novel Earthly Paradise make he became famous.He published the novel Tender is the Night,Paradise,The Last Giant and so on.Published over160 short novels,for example Benjamin's Fantasy Trip,Ice Palace,Winter Dream, Sensible,Back to Babylon and so on.In the81st Oscar Awards ceremony got three Oscar-winning films Benjamin Button is based on his short novel Benjamin's Fantasy Trip adaptation.The twentieth century,the United States academic community selected100the best novels in the river of English literature.The Great Gatsby and Tender is the Night are the list.And The Great Gatsby is second.The novel published in1925.But I read this book published in2008by Aviation Industry Press.Information about this novelThe novel is told us the story of Gatsby by Nick'tone.Nick is tired of his hometown'life(the America Middle West)and came to New York.Rent a small house in the suburb of West Egg.He is Daisy's cousin.The Gatsby is his neighbor, living in luxurious Gatsby mansion.He and Daisy love each other when Gatsby was young.But because of his poor family they were broken up.Then he joined the First World War.While Daisy was married to rich Kids Tom,and gave birth to a daughter.Five years later,Daisy and her family move to the West from Chicago.Nick started have close contacts with them.Gatsby accumulated great wealth throughillegal means in the five years.Follow Daisy came to New York.Opposite Daisy home he bought the villa-Gatsby Mansion.In order to attract married Daisy to meet. He held a large part at the villa every weekend.Vain hope to arouse the lost love between them.An occasional opportunity let Gatsby knew that Nick is Daisy's cousin.Askedhim arrange a meeting with Daisy.Then they often make date.He gradually found Daisy's vanity,vulgar and selfish.Gatsby's pink dream finally has been broken,but he still insisted it.Still retain any illusion about Daisy,and even lead to his tragedies. One day Daisy was in a drunken driving Gatsby's car ran over and caused an accident that killed Tom's mistress.And plan a plot with Tom and cruel to put the blame on Gatsby.Resulting in the victim's husband suddenly burst into the house and shot Gatsby.The murderer eventually also killed himself.And Daisy and Tom were traveling to Europe.Only Gatsby's poor father and Nick attend at the funeral.The story ends up with the Gatsby become victim fbr selfish and cruel of Daisy. CommentsCharacter analysis：Gatsby is a tragedy hero.His behavior isalways handsome,very gentlemanly.As Nick said in Chap3"He smiled understandingly-much more than understandingly*It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood,believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself M.And he is also a good person who have dream.Know the self-training when he was a boy.But his dreamis Daisy's love.He indulges into his own dream in the imagination.*it has gone beyond her,beyond everything5'.Gatsby is the typical example of the persons who pursue their American dream,but he can change his fate because of a woman.That is his tragedy.Daisy can be said is half angel and half devil.He is aconservative and fickle-minded woman.Regardless of the secularvision and love Gatsby at her young age,even willing to abandon everything and live forever with Gatsby.After marriage she still loyalty to her husband even Tom has many love affairs.Never make any things contrary to her family.She is also typical women worshipse Gatsby*s words"Her voice full of money.*Her selfishness and stupidity led to Gatsby's tragedy.Meaning：Writer own experience combined with the social of the US createthe novel.The author's wife Zelda was a spoiled rich girl by substance,the same as Daisy.Some people say that Zelda ruined his talent,some say she created Fitzgerald. In short,and the author's experience is similar with part of Gatsby.The reason why are Gatsby great because he was sincere and persistent waitingfbr and pursuing his love at heart.When the social is popular that people indulging pleasure and pride luxury.However,in material-driven environment,whether it is Gatsby,Daisy or Tom.They pursuit,devotion and transfer fbr love are close linked to money and status.The story begins in 1920s-was named by"jazz"and"money"era.The noveluse Nick'tones tell the story.Happened as if is Nick'experience.It is use a unique literary vision and new performance style profoundly revealed the burst reason about American Dream at Jazz and Money Age.After war The US economic prosperity age, the life style trends to money worship are expressed most vividly.But it was under the cover of the selfishness and indifference of human nature.了不起的盖茨比《了不起的盖茨比》是菲茨杰拉德写的，他生于1896年以及死于1940年. 1920年因小说《尘世乐园》而一举成名。
论文 了不起的盖茨比
四川师范大学文理学院本科毕业论文An Analysis of Disillusionment of American Dream in The Great Gatsby论《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的破灭学生姓名张燕院系名称外国语学院专业名称英语（师范）班级 2008级 1班学号 200814025224指导教师陈雪瑶（讲师）答辩时间 2012-4-15论《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的破灭学生：张燕指导教师：陈雪瑶讲师摘要：美国著名作家菲兹杰拉德被称为“美国梦的代言人”，在他的小说中，我们难以区分是他的生活如一部小说还是他的小说就是他的一段真实的生活的写照，因为他已完全融入其中。
尤其是《了不起的盖茨比》，文中主人公盖茨比是为追求美国梦而最终牺牲了自己的典例，他渴望以自己的信念和勇气来获取物质以及爱情上的收获，然而由于他的梦想是一种对虚幻的渴望而不是建立在现实的基础之上的追求，最终导致了他美国梦的破灭，文中通过时间发展及不同人物个性特征向我们阐述了这一梦想破灭的各种原因。
关键词：美国梦；破灭；原因An Analysis of Disillusionment of American Dream inThe Great GatsbyAbstract：F. Scott Fitzgerald, is widely considered as the literary spokesman of the “American Dream”. His novels include many aspects of his unique experiences in that period of time. It is not easy to distinguish his novel and the real life, which has already involved him physically and mentally in it. Especially in his masterpiece,The Great Gatsby,which was published in 1925. In the novel, the hero revealed a typical example of those who were eager to pursue the American Dream but finally ended by sacrificing themselves. Though he dreamed of achieving material wealth and love through his courage and hard working, all the factors from outside world and the indelibility of his dream led to the disillusionment of it. Through the development of the story and characteristics of heroes, Fitzgerald elaborated a vivid picture of the disillusionment of American Dream.Key words: American dream; disillusionment; reasonContentsIntroduction (1)Part I The Introduction of F.Scott.Fitzgerald (2)1.1The Life Expericence of Fitzgerald (2)1.1.1 Fitzgerald’s Background (2)1.1.2 Fitzgerald’s Marriage (2)1.2 Literary Works of Fitzgerald (3)PartII American Dream and its Disillusionment (4)2.1 The American Dream (4)2.1.1 The Definition of American Dream (4)2.1.2 The Essence of American Dream (5)2.2 Disillusionment of American Dream Reflected in the Novel (5)2.2.1 Gatsby’s American Dream (5)2.2.2 Nick Carraway’s American Dream (7)2.2.3 Tom, Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker’s American Dream (7)Part III The Cause of Disillusionment of American Dream (9)3.1 The Jazz Age and the Roaring Twenties (9)3.2 Social Environment and People factors (9)Conclusion (11)Bibliography (12)IntroductionF. Scott Fitzgerald was born in a not rich family, so he wanted to earn lots of money to become rich to enjoy high quality life. The tempo of his life slackened as his life was shredded by Zelda’s insanity and his own self-destructive alcoholism. Through years of emotional and physical collapse he struggled to repair his life by writing for Hollywood-producing at the same time a series of stories that exposed his humiliation there. He became one of the greatest writers in American literature and wrote many works in his lifetime to manifest the life reality of that time. He was a spokesman for the so-called Jazz Age.The Great Gatsby is regarded as his masterpiece. First published on April 10, 1925, the story is set in Long Island's North Shore and New York City during the summer of 1922. The novel tells of Gatsby, an idealist, who tries to recapture his lost love but in vain and is finally destroyed by the influence of the wealthy people around him .The story deals with the failure of the American dream as personified in the rich and beautiful woman Daisy who belongs to corrupt society. The Great Gatsby evokes a haunting mood of a glamorous, wild time that seemingly will never come again. It is about the loss of an ideal and the disillusionment that comes with the failure is embodied fully in the personal tragedy of a young man (Gatsby) whose “incorruptible dream” is “smashed into pieces by the relentless reality” (Fitzgerald, 8).Gatsby’s failure to realize his ideal symbolizes the disillusionment of his American Dream. Also, Gatsby’s intensity of dream represents a state of commitment which takes him in search of his personal grail; Gatsby’s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.Part I The Introduction of F.Scott.Fitzgerald1.1The Life Expericence of FitzgeraldFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald is one of the most outstanding American authors in the twenties, and The Great Gatsby is his best work.1.1.1 Fitzgerald’s BackgroundF. Scott Fitzgerald was born in 1896 into a St, Paul middle-class family. After an unsuccessful undergraduate career at Princeton, he entered the Army as a second Lieutenant and while in training camp he met the beautiful girl who was to become his wife. He married Zelda Sayre as his literary career got off to a meteoric start in 1920. Through the 1920s when money seemed plentiful and postwar morality encouraged a reckless pursuit of happiness, he and Zelda traveled in Europe and New York, acting out the glamorous life-style he wrote of in his most popular magazine fiction. He was a spokesman for the so-called Jazz Age, setting a personal as well as literary example for a generation whose first commandment was: Do what you will. The speed of his life slackened as his life was shredded by Zelda’s insanity and his own self-destructive alcoholism. He fell from favor as a writer when the indulgent decade of his triumph went down under the impact of a worldwide Depression in the 1930s.1.1.2 Fitzgerald’s MarriageIt is absolutely the tough teenage years and marriage life that made Fitzgerald experience the difficulties and frustrations of the life. So we should discover some reflections of the story from the author’s life.The relationship between Fitzgerald and Zelda went so dramatic that even himself once said, “ Sometimes I don’t know whether Zelda and I are real or whether we are characters in one of my novels”（Fitzgerald, 1）.Zelda was the daughter of a judge in Montgomery, Alabama, a beautiful society girl. Though she told Fitzgerald that she loved him so much, but her too expensive life left him unable to support her. They have experienced breaking up but finally got engaged again with the support of Fitzgerald’s succ ess. It was also at this time that Fitzgerald wrote many of his short stories which helped to pay for their extravagant lifestyle. But when the misfortune came, in 1930s when Zelda became increasingly troubled by mental illness. Their life became harder. It was his marriage and his onerous life of making money to support her that affected his writing tremendously. Fitzgerald was tormented virtually all his life by the fact that he could not concentrate on his working and the improvement of his art in general.1.2 Literary Works of FitzgeraldThe Roaring Twenties was a period of literary creativity, and works of several notable authors appeared during the period. Such as Earnest Hemingway, Erich Maria Remarque and F. Scott Fitzgerald, Etc. Literary works in that period of time mirror people’s experiences and attitude of the1920s. We could see it from the following examples: All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque recounts the horrors of WWI and also the deep detachment from German civilian life felt by many men returning from the front.This Side of Paradise by F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the lives and morality of post-World War I youth. The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway is about a group of expatriate Americans in Europe during the 1920s. All in all writers and their works in those years were haunted with complicated sensations which have shown us all the difficulties and frustrations in their life.PartⅡAmerican Dream and its Disillusionment2.1 The American DreamBefore we take a look to the causes and effects of the disillusionment of American dream, let’s first try to understand the definition and content of American Dream.2.1.1 The Definition of American DreamIn different social and historical backgrounds, the concepts of American Dream are different, and for different people, they have different understandings of American Dream and the ways to pursue their American Dream are also various. The definition of the so-called American Dream can be distinguished in broad sense and narrow sense. For the former, American Dream is the equality, freedom and democracy in the land of the United States. The later one means, everyone in America ,if only work hard and never give up, he could achieve his dream and could live a better life in this piece of land, that is to say, people should make their efforts ,such as diligence, courage and determination to realize dreams rather than depend on the help from others.This term that American Dream was first used by James Truslow Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states, “The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.” This ideology is based itself on the principle that one should be responsible for oneself, and taking every opportunity to gain success by courage and hard working.2.1.2 The Essence of American DreamAs for the American Dream, it is a belief that a better life could be achieved through hard work and strives. There are several elements lie in the American Dream: the US has provided equal opportunities for everyone; the success based on own talents and efforts, not the background and extraction; everyone was born equally; and everyone has his own right to achieve success.“For any American no matter what his origin was, could succeed in changing their social positions and making their dreams come true through their own efforts, and getting new, free and better life.”（Zhao Hongwei, 2）This is the basic often of "American dream". It is the idea that the American way of life offers the equal possibility of unlimited economic, social, etc. One can always work their way up from the rags to riches just like Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the US.In brief, the main content of American culture was emphasis on individuals' value, optimistic, pursuing of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deportation and competition and the need of realism and practicality. There was a common truth that everyone who lived in that period actually had an American Dream and eager to achieve it and everyone has an American Dream which is to have a good opportunity to realize personal dream.2.2 Disillusionment of American Dream Reflected in the NovelIn this novel, we could discover so many characteristics of the disillusionment of American dream. All of them have been reflected from the words and actions of heroes and heroines2.2.1 Gatsby’s American DreamAs for the great Gatsby, his American Dream is to have much money and then win Daisy, who is in love with Gatsby five years ago but now is the wife of rich Tom. Gatsby thinks that only if he has much money, at least has more money than Tom, should he win Daisy’s love. So it is reasonable for him to pursue material wealth in order to win the love of Daisy.Gatsby’s attempt to achieve his American Dream which is to recapture the love of Daisy Buchanan whom he had known five years before the action of the novel begins, when he is a young and poor officer in the United States army and Daisy is a young unmarried woman, who used to live a luxuriant life with much money and great fame. And the only way should Gatsby make his American Dream come true is to get a lot of money which is much difficulty for a normal soldier to earn. He does all the things Daisy asks him to do. And nobody can do this out of reason. In order to win Daisy, Gatsby dare to have illegal trade of alcohol to make a fortune, because he clearly knows that he must offer Daisy a better life which is luxuriant if he wants to win Daisy. Through his great effort, he gets much money authentically although it is from illegal business.Gatsby's success in fortune is great, his strong will of love and achieving life goal is also great; he becomes the big name of the society, and becomes the upper class's deputy. Everyone is glad to come to his party, everyone admires his property, and everyone wants to be his friend, even Daisy has taken much notice of him and falls in love with him again. Gatsby is also great when he loses his life in order to protect Daisy from the accident.However, “the falling of his American Dream, that Daisy goes together with her husband to another city happily while Gatsby is murdered mistakenly, improves that all his great characterize means nothing. In other words, Gatsby’s final American Dream, which is to win Daisy, is totally a failure.”（杨慧群, 3）Furthermore, when Gatsby died, no one turns up for his funeral, though hundreds of people have eaten at his place. It is a sad comment on human nature that when a man dies, he is alone, absolutely alone. The only things that accompany him are his good deeds especially those done spontaneously and without expectations. And the saddest thing is that Daisy, doesn’t feel any regret or sorrow for Gatsby’s death, has gone traveling with his husband Tom. There is nothing left for Gatsby. All the things of his life have gone with his death, including his wealth and love. From the above analysis of Gatsby’s American Dream, there is a conclusion that whatever it is broken or not, Gatsby’s American Dream is to get as much money as he can even through every illegal means, and then he can have the economical strength to achieve his final goal——win the love of Daisy.Gatsby spends his whole life in attaining money and status so that he can reach a certain position in life and then he can win Daisy back. That is what motivates him to move to West Egg, and makes money by any means necessary, holds extravagant parties in every weekend, does everything what Daisy requires him to do and so on. There is a position in life that he yearns for and will do all that it takes to achieve it, and the final goal for his American Dream is to get Daisy’s love. It is doomed to be a failure if Gatsby wants to be in love with Daisy,and live with her forever.2.2.2 Nick Carraway’s American DreamIn this novel, we see disorientation in achieving the American Dream in Gatsby, while in Nick Carraway, the narrator, we see a far more rational mind in dealing with this. Nick Carraway was made in the book the representative of the traditional moral codes of America. He comes from the Midwest and wants to make money in the Long Island. For he is also attracted by the beauty, the wealth, and the sophistication of “the wasteland”, so at any rate, he is another dream seeker. However as witnessing Gatsby’s tragedy, he realizes what has gone wrong with American dream from the beginning to the end. Thanks to the traditional moral conducts that rooted in him and his following his father’s advice on toleration, he never get lost. Finally, he got the essential emptiness of American dream and achieves the penetration of Tom and Daisy’s corruption, grossness, and cowardice. Nick does not make quick j udgment, and thus is able to gain access to “many curious natures” The world of Gatsby is inhabited in main by three groups of people and Nick has contact with them all. So the function of Nick in this book can never be ignored. He is there to make the readers understand the roles in this book from an objective point of view and then get better comprehension of Gatsby’s idealized love and the reality of the society. Both Nick and Gatsby in this novel emerge as moral symbol: Gatsby as the embodiment of spiritual desolation or waste, Nick as a hope for moral and spiritual growth.2.2.3 Tom, Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker’s American DreamIn this book, Tom, Daisy Buchanan and Jordan Baker represent the corruption of American dream. Comparing with Gatsby, they were born with wealth and status but devoid of purpose. Daisy’s lament is especially indicative of this: “What will we do with ourselves this afternoon?” cried Daisy, “and the day after that, and the next thirty years?”(Fitzgerald, 1).Daisy Buchanan, is the dream and cause of his wasted dream. As a representative of those women who are not expected to be well educated, to work, and have developed a kind of parasitic dependency. Daisy is, however, physically attractive, romantic, and sentimental,but emotionally frigid, having a destructive influence on the man with whom she is associated. All her charm is just a gesture of life rather than a quality of living.Tom Buchanan, the husband of Daisy, is ruler and representative of the moral wasteland that has replaced American idealism. All his bulky gestures tell us that in the moral wasteland, idealism is a source of weakness rather than strength; he devoted to nothing but the impulse of his own flesh and the demands of his own ego, completely regardless of any concept of either a moral code or a personal loyalty.For Tom and Daisy Buchanan, it is nothing worries about any potential crisis around them, for they have no moral responsibility at all. Whenever what happens, they will shield themselves with their upper class social status and retreat into their money or leave other people to clean up the mess they’ve made.Jordan Baker, at any rate, is no less a creature of the moral wasteland than is Daisy or Tom Buchanan. As a “lovely” girl who dresses i n “white” and always seem to be “cool” and apathetic, Jordan Baker is an opportunist in her own way. Being a 23-year-old women’s golf champion becomes involved with Nick during the course of the summer of 1922. She looks like “incurably dishonest” however, though Nick finds Jordan haughty and careless, he finds himself being attracted by her anyway. On the other sides, Jordan once “loved” Nick, for she had sensed the honesty and moral firmness in Nick’s heart, and realized that only when staying with a man like Nike can she be free from the mess and continues to be on her own way. But in the end Jordan gets engaged to another man after not seeing Nick for a short time, leaving Nick angry and letting him realizes the same irresponsible exploitation in Jordan as that he sees in Tom and Daisy. Jordan’s action seems to intentionally echo Daisy’s leaving Gatsby to marry Tom five years ago.Part III The Cause of Disillusionment of American Dream3.1 The Jazz Age and the Roaring TwentiesThe spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity, a break with traditions. Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology. New technologies, especially automobiles, moving pictures and radio proliferated modernity to a large part of the population. Formal decorative frills were shed in favor of practicality in both daily life and architecture. At the same time, jazz and dancing rose in popularity, in opposition to the mood of the specter of World War I. As such, the period is also often referred to as the Jazz Age. The Jazz Age, was, in the words of Malcolm Cowley, “not so much a historical period as a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such pr ofusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.” It was a legend of “American adolescence before pain set in.” Fitzgerald became “the angel of the twenties” and his writings those of a man inside that legendary period.3.2 Social Environment and People factorsAnother reason for the disillusionment of Gatsby’s American dream may be people factors. Gatsby’s love for Daisy was to the point of obsession, it was really touching, but he chose the wrong object to pay for their own love, Daisy was a secular, hedonistic money worshiper. She could never work hand in hand with Gatsby. And she would not pay a high price for the ideal, and make enormous sacrifices. Her life was of no true love, but cannot be without money. Gatsby’s tragedy is that he has not been able to understand Daisy’s motives, can not understand that she belonged to the complexity of the world. He only saw the world’s surface, bright and elegant, but did not see it hidden in the cold and heartless. In order to protect their rights and status, people in this world has taken hypocritical means.In short, he loved the wrong person and did not wake up until he died. What always existed between him and Daisy was an unbridgeable gap between social status. He’s life wassuch a tragedy which rooted in his blind pursuit of life and love and fantasy, as well as the lack of knowledge about the upper middle class society, where all the lofty spirit are gone. He started from scratch, but society was swallowed by the dark coldness. He would not take in any case struggle to Daisy and will not become part of high society forever.Gatsby’s failure, to some extent, has indicated the failure of the American Dream, his struggle is the embodiment of American spirit, the failure of him is the declaration of recession in the American spirit. His tragedy arose because he built his ideal on the illusion than reality, his desires to succeed, but when he realized the dream of money he fell into the spirit of the post-crisis. He preferred to escape in stead of facing it bravely. The competition between Tom and Gatsby was not only a battle between rivals in love, but also a battle between representatives of the two different social classes. So his failure is inevitable. The former lovers, Nick and Jordan, were the spectators of the whole story, they have witnessed this dirty and evil history. The height of material prosperity has brought desolation and twisted soul, which hidden under the appearance of carnival fun.The whole community is suffering from this mental illness --- a no way out of the loss and suffering. Therefore, the disillusionment of American dream has become a necessity.ConclusionAfter collecting information and completing this essay, we can understand better the appearance, development and disillusionment of Gatsby’s love and dream. Now we can not only feel empathetic about Gatsby’s intricate and pessimistic life, but also see the inhumanity and cruelty of society.Through this novel, Fitzgerald shows the collapse and disillusionment of pe ople’s dream, no matter what kind of concepts it has, money, social status or simply of happiness. The most catastrophic collapse, however, is the American dream itself. Here, heroes and heroines in this book including Gatsby, Daisy, Tom, Nick and Jordan together serve as metaphors by Fitzgerald to reveal the paradox of American dream: when materialism is elevated into having spiritual values, it can only confuse its disciples. He also pointed that, for the reality of life can not compare to idealistic dream, as well as the ideals are usually far too perfect to be paralleled in reality. Then the collapse of American dream is unavoidable.However, this novel is not only a criticism of the corruption of money on American dream. It is also an appealing for abandoning materialism and returning to traditional moral values. What’s more, Nick Carraway, the narrator, provides a successful foil for the degradation of the American dream. He is the voice of morality and humanity in this novel and the only one who regist er the human loss and measures the disparity between Gatsby’s unrealistic dream and the reality upon which it was based.All in all, this novel, The Great Gatsby, can be absolutely termed as the masterpiece of Fitzgerald. From it we can get some hidden information about the author himself. Fitzgerald said that sometimes he doesn’t know whether he and his wife are real or they are just characters in his novel. This novel, actually, ensured Fitzgerald’s position as a serious and talented writer. In more recent years Tony Tanner claimed it to be “the most perfectly crafted work of fiction to have come out of American.”BibliographyB enson, Will. The Great Gatsby and the obscene word. College Literature, 2005.Fitzgerald, F.Scott. The Great Gatsby. Penguin Classics, 1994.Harbison, John. Where Is the Old, Warm World?,From the Great Gatsby. HAL LEONARD PUB CO, 2001.Lauter, Paul, Richard, Yarborough, Jackson, Bryer, Charles, Molesworth & King-Kok,Cheung. The Heath Anthology of American Literature:Volume D:Modern Period (1910-1945). Heinle, 2005.Malcolm, Cowley. What is the Meaning of the Jazz Age. New York University Press, 1986Miller, James E. F. Scott Fitzgerald----His Art and Technique. New York University Press, 1964.TruslowAdams, James. The Epic of America. New York University Press, 1931Burnam, T. A Re-Examination of The Great Gatsby. College English,1952.Wang Qiong. The Narrative Technique in “The Great Gatsby” from the Point View of Narration. Journal of Huzhou Teachers College, 1996.Wu Dingbai. An Outline of American Literature. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1998.Yang Qishen. Selected Readings in American Literature, Volume 2. Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Press, 1987.Zhao Hongwei. The definition of American Dream 2003, Shanghai Language Education Press, 1998.杨慧群.菲兹杰拉德的小说了不起的盖茨比浅析.江苏广播电视大学学报, 2002.Dai Yawa. On disillusionment of American Dream from the Great Gatsby.:1010/Teacher/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=1345, 2007.。
《论苔丝悲剧的成因》OnCausesofTess’sTragedy范文
《论苔丝悲剧的成因》On Causes of Tess’sTragedy摘要：《德伯家的的苔丝》被认为是哈代的悲剧剧作品的代表作，这也是他的的最著名的悲剧小说。
这部部以副标题为“一个纯洁的女女人”的长篇小说于18999年出版，对于这部小说读者者的反应不一。
这部小说讲的的是一个乡村女孩苔丝的爱情情故事，她是怎样由一个单纯纯的女孩变成一个杀人犯。
爱爱情在苔丝的生活之中扮演十十分重要的角色，虽然爱情使使她幸福但同时也给她带来灾灾难。
一系列的不幸构成了苔苔丝的生活且慢慢地毁灭了她她的人性。
苔丝家的马的死去去是她的首先的不幸，这意味味着苔丝命运的转变。
丧失了了家庭的依靠苔丝非常自责，，苔丝对她的家庭的强烈的责责任意识是这部小说的最重要要的部分。
自始至终苔丝都是是受害者，她的悲剧是由内外外因素造成的。
她被动，屈服服，单纯，缺少怀疑的精神，，所以最容易成为环境，社会会和男性唯心主义的俘虏。
尽尽管她一生都在苦苦挣扎与命命运较量，但最终她还是被她她的负罪的自我毁灭意识，对对生命的否定意识和两个残忍忍的男人所击垮。
关键词：：哈代苔丝爱情悲剧纯洁贫穷资本主义社会会Abstrac t: Tess of the D‟Urber v v illes is ge n n erally rega r ded as Hard y y‟s tragic m a a sterpiece, a a nd certainl y y it is his m m ost ambitio u u s tragic no v v el. This no v v el, subtitl e e d …A Pure W o o man‟ was fi r st publishe d d in 1891to a mixed rec e e ption. For H H ardy himsel f, the haunt i ng and trag i c figure of Tess was th e e character w w ho meant th e e most to hi m m. This nove l is basical l y the story of a countr y y girl, Tess whose fate i s tragic an d d in the end she becomes a …tragic h e e roine‟. The book reveal s s Tess‟s lif e e, how the f i rst-present e e d innocent g g irl turns i n n to a tragic heroine. Lo v v e plays an i mportant ro l e in Tess‟s life becaus e e love does n n ot mean hap p p iness to he r but it cau s s es her trag e e dy. Her lif e e is a serie s s of misfort u u nes which s l owly destro y y s her perso n n ality. The f irst misfor t une is of T e e ss‟s family when their h h orse dies i n n a fatal ac c c ident. The d d eath of the horse can b e e interprete d d as the sym b b ol of …chan g g e‟, her lif e e changes in t o a series o o f tragedy. T T ess blames h h erself for l oosing the f amily‟s mea n n s of liveli h h ood. Tess‟s sense of re s s ponsibility for her fam i ly is one o f the book‟s most import a a nt elements.Tess Durbey f ield is a v i ctim of ext e e rnal and un c c omprehended forces. Pas s s ive and yie l ding, unsus p p icious and f undamentall y y pure, she s s uffers a w e e akness of w i ll and reas o o n, struggli n n g against a fate that i s s too strong for her. Te s s s is the ea s s iest victim of circumst a a nce, societ y y and male i d d ealism, who fights the h h ardest figh t yet is des t royed by he r ravaging s e e lf-destruct i ve sense of guilt, life denial and t he cruelty o o f two men.Key Words:Hardy Te s s s Love T T ragedy pu r e poor c c apitalist s o o cietyC O O NTENTSI.I n n troduction (1)II. Anal y y sis of the C C auses of Te s s s‟s Tragedy (2)2.1Capita l istSociety (2)2.1.1EconomicPov e e rty (2)2.11.2 The Unju s s t Law Syste m m (2)2.1.3 The Hyp o o critical Re l igion and S u u perstition (33)2.1.4 The H H ypocritical Morality (3)2.1.5 The C C apitalist E x x ploitation (3)2.2 The P P oor Family (3)2.2.1 The D i sintegratio n n of Peasant r y (3)2.2.2 Th e e Old Wessex......................................................... .. (44)2.3 Tess Hers e e lf (4)2.3.1 Te s s s‟s Beauty (4)2.3.2 Tess‟s s Purity (4)2.3.3 Tess‟s Ch a a racter (5)2.3.44Tess‟s Opi n n ion on Love (6)2.44Other Pers o o n (7)2.4.1 A l ec D‟Urberv i lle (77)2.4.2 Ange l Clare (8)2.5 Coincidents (99)III.Con c c lusion (10)《论苔苔丝悲剧的成因》On C C auses of Te s s s‟s TragedyI Introduc t ionThomas H H ardy(1840-19928)the repr e e sentative o f critical r e e alism was b o o rn and brou g g ht up in Do r set, an agr i cultural di s s trict in th e e south ofE n n gland. Son o o f an archit e e ct, he star t ed out to f o o llow his fa t her‟s profe s s sion. After studying in Dorset and t hen in Lond o o n, he retur n n ed to settl e e down in hi s s native pla c c e. Architec t ure did not really inte r est him so h h e turned to literature.When Tess o o f the d‟Urb e e rvilles app e e ared in 18911, Thomas Ha r dy was one o o f England‟s leading men of letters.He had alre a a dy authored several wel l known nove l s, includin g g The Return of the Nati v v e, Jude the Obscure, Un d d er the Gree n n wood Tree, T T he Mayor of Casterbridg e e, The Woodl a a nders and n u u merous shor t stories.D e e spite this s s uccess, the novel was o n n e of Hardy‟s s last. Tess brought him notoriety, i t was consi d d ered quite s s candalous. H H e was deepl y y wounded by some of the particularl y y personal a t tacks he re c c eived from r eviewers of the book. I n n 1892, he w r ote in one o o f his noteb o o oks, quoted in The Late r Y ears of T h h omas Hardy,1892-1928, c c ompiled by F F lorence Emi l y Hardy, “W e e ll, if this sort of thi n n g continues no more nov e e l-writing f o o r me. A man must be a f o o ol to delib e e rately stan d d up to be s h h ot at.”In s s pite of his reputation,Hardy had d i fficulty fi n n ding a peri o o dical willi n n g to publis h h the book w h h en he offer e e d it for se r ialization t o London‟s l eading revi e e ws. The sub j ect matters a milkmaid T T ess, who is seduced by A A lec Clare, m m arried and r ejected by A A ngel Clare a a nd eventual l y murdered t he first on e e. It was co n n sidered unf i t for publi c c ationswhic h h young peop l e might rea d d. To appeas e e potential p p ublishers, H H ardy took t h h e novel apa r t, re-wrote some scenes and added o t hers. In du e e course, a p p ublisher wa s s secured. W h h en it came t ime to publ i sh the nove l in book fo r m, Hardy re a a ssembled it as it was o r iginally co n n ceived.Har d d y is a Vict o o rian writer,and while t he evils of the Industr i al Revoluti o o n surround h h im, so do t h h e wonders o f science an d d progress s u u ch as the s t eam engine.Rather than hide from E n n gland‟s new industrial s s ociety, the Victorians,and Hardy, b b elieved tha t the ills o f society co u u ld be fixed if, instead of running a a way, we fac e e d the probl e e ms head on.Such as his description s s of the Tal b b othay‟s Dai r y, it encom p p asses a rou n n der perspec t ive. Hardy does not ta l k about a r e e turn to chi l dhood innoc e e nce; he tal k k s about a g i rl getting p p regnant out of wedlock w w ith a baby w w ho dies sho r tly after b e e ing born. H a a rdy‟s Natur e e is idyllic in that it i s free from social conv e e ntion, but i t is filled with life a n n d death. Ha r dy‟s Nature is more pra c c tical and u s s eful. Hardy does not ru n n away to Na t ure to esca p p e; he sets u u p his Natur e e as a model to explore t he idea tha t middle cla s s s Victorian values caus e e many of th e e ills of so c c iety.Tess o o f th e d‟Urb e e rvilles dea l s with seve r al signific a a nt contempo r ary subject s s for Hardy,including t h h e struggles of religiou s s belief tha t occurred d u u ring Hardy‟s s lifetime. H H ardy was la r gely influe n n ced by the O O xford movem e e nt, a spiri t ual movemen t involving e e xtremely de v v outthinkin g g and action s s. Hardy‟s f a a mily member s s were prima r ily orthodo x x Christians and Hardy h i mself consi d d ered enteri n n g the clerg y y, as did ma n n y of his re l atives. Y et Hardy event u u ally abando n n ed his devo u u t faith in G G od based on the scienti f ic advances of his cont e e mporaries, i ncluding mo s s t prominent l y Darwin‟s O O n the Origi n n of Species.Hardy‟s ow n n religious e e xperiences c c an thus be s s een in the c c haracter of Angel Clare, who resist s s the conser v v ative relig i ous beliefs of his pare n n ts to take a a more relig i ous and sec u u lar view of philosophy.The novel a a lso reflect s s Hardy‟s pr e e occupation w w ith social c c lass that c o o ntinues thr o o ugh his nov e e ls. Hardy h a a d connectio n n s to both t h h e working a n n d the upper class, but f elt that he belonged to neither. Th i s is reflec t ed in the p e e ssimism con t ained in Te s s s of the d‟U U rbervilles t oward the c h h ances for T e e ss to ascen d d in society and Angel‟s precarious p p osition as n n either a me m m ber of the u u pper class n n or a workin g g person equ i valent to h i s fellow mi l kmen at Tal b b othays. Aga i n, like Ang e e l Clare, Th o o mas Hardy f o o und himself torn betwee n n different s s ocial spher e e s with whic h h he could n o o t fully ali g g n himself. T T ess of the d d‟Urber ville s s reflects t h h at The fac t that Tess‟s s fate moves the readers so directly and profoun d d ly somehow o o bscures the beauty of t h h e book, its aesthetic d e e pth and sub t lety. Donal d d Davidson o n n ce wrote, “A A ction, not d d escription,is always f o o remost; the event domin a a tes, rather than motive, or psychol o o gy, or comm e e nt.” But th e e descriptio n n and psycho l ogy are ver y y important i nthe novel; from these we could kn o o w what caus e e s Tess‟s tr a a gedy.As En s s tice points out, “two o p p posing elem e e nts struggl e e for domina n n ce with Tes s s: the law o f nature and the law of V V ictorian mo r ality”. Har d d y asserts i n n the subtit l e that Tess is a faithf u u lly present e e d pure woma n n instead of a morally l o o ose woman a s s many Victo r ian critics believed. T h h ough Tess l o o oses her ch a a stity she i s s pathetic. W W e should kn o o w Tess‟s tr a a gedy is cau s s ed by socie t y, family, t wo men, her s s elf. Among t hese societ y y is the sou r ce of her t r agedy; Hard y y criticized the bourgeo i s society r e e lentlessly.From this t h h esis we wil l get some k n n owledge abo u u t the cause s s of Tess‟s t ragedy, esp e e cially the c c apitalist s o o ciety in Vi c c torian time s s.II Anal y y sis of the C C auses of Te s s s‟s Tragedy2.1 Capita l ist SocietyIt is obviou s s that Hardy tried to sh o o w how all t h h e supposedl y y criminal o r immoral ac t ions commit t ed by Tess----from her i mproper rel a a tions once a a nd again wi t h Alec to h e e r final act of murder----are the co n n sequences o f economic c o o nditions as well as the legal, mora l and the re l igious stan d d ards of bou r geois socie t y, for only the utter p o o verty of Te s s s‟s family,the double m m oral standa r d for man a n n d woman and the religio u u s concept o f sin made i t inevitable for her to g g o to work o n n the farms a a nd to fall i nto the tra p p s of Alec a n n d the accus a a tions of An g g el untilhe r remorse an d d her bitter n n ess over he r fate led u p p to the mur d d er. She is a a victim of e e conomic opp r ession and s s ocial injus t ice. Though much of the story has t o o do with lo v v e and marri a a ge, the rea l theme of t h h e novel has a much wide r significan c c e, it is th e e social tra g g edy of Tess from the la b b ouring mass placed agai s s t the moral and religio u u s prejudice s s as well as the legal a n n d education a a l systems o f a class so c c iety. To Ha r dy the conf l ict seems t o o be one bet w w een an indi v v idual and t h h e society, a a ctually it i s the confl i ct between a a n individua l of the opp r essed and t h h e society o f bourgeois o o ppression. H H ardy‟s defi a a nce against the status q q uo of Victo r ian England is both fie r ce and unre l enting and t hat is why t he novel me t with terri f ic accusati o o ns from the bourgeois a u u thorities a n n d the criti c c s.2.1.1 E E conomic Pov e e rty本科毕业论文，Q Q Q583301131。
An Interpretation of The Great Gatsby from the Per
An Interpretation of The Great Gatsby from the Perspective ofAristotle’s Theory of UnityFrancis Scott Fitzgerald is the spokesman of the 1920s America which is also known as “the Jazz Age”. He totally has written four novels in his life，among which，The Great Gatsby is the most striking one.In The Poetics，Aristotle put forward the definition of tragedy. He says that the tragedy is an imitation of a whole and complete action，and it must be whole and one. Besides，every tragedy must have some elements which determine its quality. These elements include a fable or plot，characters，diction，thought，spectacle，and melody. This thesis will be engaged in applying the three crucial elements of plot，character and diction to illustrate their contributions to the thematic construction in The Great Gatsby.1. Plots in The Great GatsbyAccording to Aristotle，“The plot，then，is the first principle and the soul of a tragedy” （Aristotle，1997：37）. In order to guarantee the unity of plot，a tragedy must have a beginning，a middle，and an end “with its several incidents so closely connected that the transposal or withdrawal of any one of them will disjoin and dislocate the whole” （Aristotle，1997：37）. In The Great Gatsby，the plots are developed through the process of beginning，middle，and the end，which are reflected as Gatsby’s experiences of building up a dream，pursuing the dream and the collapse of the dream.As for the beginning，Gatsby built up his American dream when he was young. He has ambitions to get involved in the world of the traditional noble class and to get his old love Daisy back，which promotes Gatsby to approach his unchangeable fate step by step. Then，the process of pursuing his dream is the middle of the tragic plot. Gatsby believes that wealth can help him get a high social statue and lives in an illusion that his success can get Daisy back. However，his “successful life” needs lots of lies to cover up. He disguises himself as a person who is “the son of some wealthy people in the Middle West” （Fitzgerald，2003：86）. Gatsby pursues his American dream in a self-deceiving way，which lays a foundation for his tragic ending. Finally，Gatsby’s death is the end of the tragic plot. When the truth is revealed by Tom about Gatsby’s illegal money，Gatsby’s American dream begins to fall through and totally collapses when Gatsby is killed by Wilson.The three stages of Gatsby’s story are connected to each other as a whole. The beginning part of building dream buries a root for Gatsby’s tragedy，the middle part illustrates how and why the hero destroys his dream and the end proves that tragicending. In The Great Gatsby，these three parts become a unity and helps to build the theme of the novel.2.Character in The Great GatsbyIn The Poetics，Aristotle insists that “character come in as subsidiary to the actions”，which presents the relationship between plot and character. In The Great Gatsby，the character of Gatsby is consistent with his tragic end. According to Aristotle’s idea，the tragic end of a good person can arouse pity and fear. In the novel，Gatsby is loyal and sincere. He holds numberless extravagant parties only for attracting Daisy. He never changes his love，and when the car accident happens，Gatsby is willing to be Daisy’s scapegoat as if it is his responsibility to protect her. However，when Daisy knows the wealth of Gatsby is illegal，she leaves him stoutly，and when Gatsby is killed because of her mistakes，she shows no regret at all. Daisy’s attitude is contrasted with Gatsby’s loyalty，which successfully arouses readers’pity of Gatsby’s fate and inspires the tragic effect of the novel. The character of Gatsby is designed in tune with the plot development in the novel and successfully highlights the theme of this novel.3.Diction in The Great GatsbyIn The Poetics，Aristotle defines diction as “the expression of the meaning in words” （Aristotle，1997：60）. In The Great Gatsby， a new form of diction—symbolism is widely used and contributes a lot to the thematic construction.In the novel，the green light appears several times. When Nick sees Gatsby in his mansion，he says that Gatsby glances “a single green light” at the end of a dock” （Fitzgerald，2003：17）. For Gatsby，the green light means the hope of regaining Daisy and achieving his American dream. Nevertheless，although the green light is not far from Gatsby，he can never touch it. The green light here is in a unity with the plot to reveal Gatsby’s unattainable dream. Besides，the east and west egg also have their implying meanings：“Twenty miles from the city a pair of enormous eggs，identical in contour and separated only by a courtesy bay” （Fitzgerald，2003：11）. The West Egg where Gatsby lives represents the power of the new emerging rich class，and the East Egg Daisy and Tom lives represents the traditional upper class. Although the two eggs are not far from each other，the bay separates them absolutely，which reveals an irremovable boundary between Gatsby’s real life and his dream. It shows that no matter how rich Gatsby is，he cannot belong to the true sense of upper class.In conclusion，through analyzing The Great Gatsby from the perspective of Aristotle’s unity theory，a conclusion can be found that three important elements including complex plots，the character and the diction in the novel are inalienably connected with each other and contribute to building a tragic story of Gatsby and finally reflecting the disillusionment of his American dream.References[1]Aristotle. 1997. The Poetics. London：Penguin Classics.[2]Fitzgerald，Francis Scot. The Great Gatsby. Qingdao：Qingdao Press，2003.。
2024年《苔丝》英文读后感
Tess was deceived and she lost Angel for the second time! The strengh of her love was so strong that she had forgotten the difference between right and wrong. Before that she had done nothing wrong but when she killed Alec, everything really changed! She became a criminal! How could it be? She was as pure and innocent as the good wife in the Bible. Her whole character was honest and faithful. Angel figured out at last that a person should be judged not only on what he has done but also on what he wanted to do!
The Failure of the American Dream
The Failure of the American Dream—Analysis of The Great GatsbyAbstractJay Gatsby is the victim of American dream and his life is fullof tragedy, ranging from his dream and his pursuit of the dream to the wreckage of his dream. His experience is just the reflection of American life in the first half of the twentieth century. The wrongideas and cruel reality destroy him, and make his dream shatter evenhis life.Key words: the American dream; Gatsby’s dream; failure of thedre摘要主人公杰伊·盖茨比是美国梦的牺牲品, 他的一生充满了悲剧性的色彩, 首先是他的梦想, 其次是梦想的追逐, 最终是梦想的破灭。
这种经历正是美国二十世纪前半期的写照, 他的这种梦想也是美国当时心态的反映。
错误的观念和残酷的现实使他一败涂地, 最后他失去了所有的梦想甚至自己的生命, 这不能不说是当时的社会观念美国梦造成的悲剧。
关键词：美国梦；盖茨比的梦；梦的破灭ContentsACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
ABSTRACT . (I)摘要 ....................................................................................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
英语专业毕业论文外文翻译_浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比的悲剧根源
毕业设计（论文）任务书（指导教师填表）研究所（教研室）主任签字： 2011 年1月6日河南科技大学毕业设计（论文）开题报告（学生填表）院系：外国语学院河南科技大学毕业设计（论文）题目申请表（指导教师填表）院系：外国语学院研究所（教研室）：英语系填表日期：2010年12月15日注：1.课题类型一栏填写：工程设计、硬件设计、论文或软件工程。
2.课题来源一栏填写：科研、生产或自拟。
3.本表一式两份，一份由院系保存，一份由研究所（教研室）保存。
河南科技大学毕业论文题目An analysis of Gatsby’s Tragic Roots in The Great Gatsby 浅析《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比的悲剧根源姓名院系外国语学院专业英语指导教师2011 年 5月20日ABSTRACTFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald was a Jazz Age novelist and short story writer who is considered to be among the greatest twentieth-century American writers. The Great Gatsby, one of the finest novel of Fitzgerald, is regarded as a brilliant piece of social commentary, offering a vivid peek into American life in the 1920s.In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald offers up commentary on a variety of themes — justice, power, greed, betrayal and the American dream, which many Chinese and foreign scholars have analyzed. And this thesis mainly analyze The Great Gatsby from the perspective of Gatsby’s tragic roots.This paper consists of three parts. PartⅠbriefly introduces F.Scott Fitzgerald and The Great Gatsby. PartⅡmainly describes Gatsby’s American dream.Part Ⅲoffers three factors to support the reasons of Gatsby’s tragic roots.From the point of view of Gatsby’s tragic roots, the paper aims at making people understand this novel more deeply and contributing to building healthy values in today’s society.KEY WORDS: The Great Gatsby; American Dream; Tragic Roots摘要菲茨杰拉德是公认的二十世纪美国最杰出的爵士时代的小说家。
On Personal Reasons for Gatsby’s Tragedy
On Personal Reasons for Gatsby’s Tragedy李林卉【期刊名称】《海外英语(上)》【年(卷),期】2014(000)006【摘要】The Great Gatsby is a tragedy of both Gatsby, an individual, and his generation. The times he is from is widely accepted as the cause of his tragedy. But he should also be blamed due to his idealism, and lack of moral sense. This paper tries to analyze the reasons of Gatsby’s tragedy on his own part.【总页数】2页(P167-168)【作者】李林卉【作者单位】南开大学，天津210093【正文语种】英文【中图分类】I106【相关文献】1.On the Hero’s Tragedy in The Great Gatsby [J],2.Causes of Gatsby’s Tragedy──A comment on the novel "the Great Gatsby [J], 无3.On the Characteristics of the Foil Atmosphere of Gatsby’s Tragedy Seen from the Aesthetic Angle [J],4.On Personal Reasons for Gatsby’s Tragedy [J], 李林卉5.The Great Tragedy──About Tragedies in The Great Gatsby [J], Li Yujuan 因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
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英文 The Analysis of Gatsby’s Tragedy Reasons in The Grate Gatsby 中文分析《了不起的盖茨比》中盖茨比人生斯.斯哥特.菲茨杰拉德是二十世纪初美国著名作家，他所代表的 美国人起初对战后的世界抱有幻想，但到头来大失所望，陷入迷惘和悲观之中，显示了未经历战争的 一代人对“美国梦”的幻灭。 （1）在著作《了不起的盖茨比》中，菲茨杰拉德真实而生动的描述了这一时期的美国风貌，并结合 自身经历揭示了隐藏在他内心深处的美国梦情节以及对美国梦的幻灭感。 （2）“美国梦”深深根植于美国文化之中，是美国文化的一个重要组成部分。本文通过对《了不起的 盖茨比》写作背景的分析，具体阐述了当时美国的社会状况，并对“美国梦”的产生、发展、破灭过程 进行了详细的描写，为接下来盖茨比“美国梦”的描写作了铺垫。 （3）本文通过分析《了不起的盖茨比》中的主人公盖茨比对“美国梦”的追求，其理想的破灭和最终 的死亡来阐述“美国梦”的本质。 （4）从盖茨比的性格以及社会因素具体分析他悲剧人生的原因，并通过阐述菲茨杰拉德的“美国梦” 与盖茨比的“美国梦”之间的关系，使人们对造成盖茨比悲剧的原因有进一步的了解。 2．选题的研究现状（文献综述不少于 800 词） ： Fitzgerald is one important American writer. The great Gatsby's made him become well-known in American literatus. As the spokesman of the "jazz age", Fitzgerald’s extraordinary life experiences provided a rich source for his creation, made him understand the United States more objectively and deeply than other writers at that time. His silence to the society and the most subtle analysis method realistically describe the true American society in the "jazz age". As the representative works of Fitzgerald,The great Gatsby perfectly expresses the disillusionment about the American dream . 1.previous domestic studies on The Great Gatzby So far, the United States only has two hundred years history, but its writers have produced a large number of works. These works of art have a profound impact on the world. In these works, the "American dream" is one of hot spots. The great gatsby is a good works which reflects the "American dream" in the jazz age. According to the studies about The Great Gatsby, some scholars have only focused on the analysis of the characters’ personality and artistry (王晓慧, 2007: 4). Many scholars have done research on American social life or through the social background analysed the causes for Gatzby’s tragedy. For example, some scholars have analyzed Gatsby’s disillusionment about "American dream" to study the root reason for Gatzby’s tragedy. And it also reveals the dark and empty aspects of American society (赵宏伟, 2005: 95). Some scholars have thought of Gatzby’s tragic life to reveal the decline and deterioration of the "American dream" (王慧丽, 2008: 96). Some scholars regard The Great Gatsby as the fable story of American society in the 1920s. Gatsby's dream is the embodiment and representative of the "American dream". Gatsby's death is the result of the serious opposition and clash between materialism and idealism, which symbolizes the bursting of the "American dream" (范登伟, 2006:1). Some scholars have analyzed the love triangle from three aspects, which are the "American dream" in the money society, the "American dream" in the symbolism, and the "American dream" in the contradiction between the ideal and the reality to discuss the inevitability of Gatsby’s death (董永义, 2009:3). Some scholars have claimed that Gatsby is a dream chaser. He looked forward to finding a way back with his former lover Daisy. And he innocently believed that love is undying devotion.But he ignored that all the things that he believed are set up in a colorful balloon which is captivating and like floating in mid-air.It is doomed that Gatsby’s life ended in tragedy (江虹, 2010: 185). 2. Previous studies on The Great Gatzby in abroad
In abroad, there are a lot of studies and description on "American dream". By analyzing the causes of the disillusionment about the Gatsby’s "American dream" in The Great Gatsby, Lehan Richard revealed that “Gatsby's dream is the dream for an era”(Richard, 1990). John f. Callahan has portrayed the American "jazz age" and showed the young generation’s disillusionment about "American dream" (Callahan, 1996). Analyzing the characteristics of the "jazz age" and the origin and essence of "American dream" , Marius Bewley discussed the bust of "American dream" and the tragic inevitability of the lost generation (Bewley, 1985). Gatsby is a representative of the "jazz age". David f. Trask, from the perspective of culture, interpreted the reasons of the bust of “American dream”. Donaldson Scott revealed the true appearance of American society during the 1920s and the disillusionment about the hero’s "American dream". And the real reasons for the Gatsby’s tragedy are analyzed(Trask, 1960). 3. Deficiencies of Previous Studies Scholars have studied "American dream" from many aspects and revealed the bust of Gatsby’s "American dream" and its inevitability. But nobody discusses the development of "American dream" and the relationship between "American dream" of Fitzgerald and "American dream" of Gatsby. Although some scholars have studied the characteristic of Gatsby, nobody discusses the root reason of the collapse of his "American dream" by analyzing the characteristics of the protagonist in the novel. Fitzgerald's works are mostly "half autobiography" novels, and The Great Gatsby is such a novel. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald's own life experience is reflected everywhere. This paper studies the tragedy of Gatsby from a new angle. It starts from the background of The Great Gatsby to reveal the development of "American dream" and further explains the relationship between the "American dream" of Fitzgerald and Gatsby's American dream. It reveals the cause of the bust of Gatsby's American dream, too. At the same time, this paper discusses the reasons of Gatsby's tragic life. Most of works only analyzes the reasons of Gatsby’s tragedy with the base of the background. This paper analyzes the reasons of tragedy not only from the aspect of Gatsby's background, but also through the Gatsby's own factors to further reveal the causes of the tragedy. 3．研究的主要内容： 《了不起的盖茨比》以一个爱情悲剧为主线，是对美国梦的实质的批评。本文通过深入了解“美国 梦”形成的社会因素以及发展历程，结合分析盖茨比悲剧的必然性。从盖茨比的美国梦形成及破灭的 过程中， 我们不难看出有作者菲茨杰拉德的影子， 本文通过了解菲茨杰拉德的生活背景以及人生经历， 从而分析菲茨杰拉德与盖茨比的联系。 对于社会背景的研究我们可以看出盖茨比美国梦的破灭的必然 性。 盖茨比美国梦破灭的必然性不仅有其深刻的历史原因， 而且与盖茨比性格中的天真单纯等原因有 关，文章从社会因素以及盖茨比的性格因素两方面分析盖茨比人生悲剧的原因。 4．研究步骤和研究方法： 研究步骤 第一步：资料查阅、收集、分析、整理； 第二步：与指导教师就论文选题及提纲进行多次沟通、交流； 第三步： 撰写论文初稿； 第四步： 完成论文修改； 第五步： 完成论文定稿。 研究方法 （1）文献查阅法 （2）分析法 （3）归纳法