河北大学中国财政制度比较2013年考博专业课初试博士研究生考试真题
财科院财政学考博—真题（财政学理论与政策方向）
财科院财政学考博—真题（财政学理论与政策方向）财政理论与政策方向【2014】一、简答题（每小题15分，共30分）1、简论财政是国家治理的基础和重要支柱2、简论运用“公私合作伙伴关系”（PPP）模式提供某些准公共产品或服务的理论依据和现实意义。
二、论述题（任选两题。
每题35分，共70分）1、试论在我国建立现代财政制度的基本思路和要领。
2、如何认识我国地方政府债务的现状、问题及其风险防范制度建设？3、试论以财税手段促进环境保护建设生态文明。
一、简述题：（每题15分，共30分）1. 简述公共产品理论与马克思“社会扣除”理论的内在关联。
2. 简述政府购买公共服务的内涵、机理及其在我国现实生活中的机制创新意义。
二、论述题（第一题必答，后两题任选一题，每题35分，共70分）1. 试论现阶段我国地方财政体制存在的主要问题是什么？并请提出你的基本对策思路。
2. 试论财政在稳步推进我国新型城镇化发展中的只能作用及政策重点。
3. 试论财政支持我国生态文明建设的必要性及可供选择的政策手段。
一、简述题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述公共财政的基本特征及公共财政导向下预算管理改革的主要内容。
2. 简述衡量国债规模的主要指标，简要评价我国国债规模现状，并简述国债、地方债的预算管理。
3. 如何进一步完善我国政府间转移支付制度？二、论述题（任选两题，每题35分，共70分）1. 试论财政对于改善国民收入分配的功能及其作用机制。
2. 试论财政在推动资源性产品价格改革中的作用与基本手段。
3. 试论目前欧元区国家主权债务危机的原因、影响及对我们的启示。
一、简述题（每题15分，共30分）1. 简述财政分权理论的要点及我国财政分权改革历程与前瞻。
2. 简述我国建立完整的预算体系的基本内容及意义。
二、论述题（任选两题，每题35分，共70分）1. 试论我国运用财税政策引导和提振居民消费、扩大内需的背景、意义和主要措施。
2. 试论我国的公共债务制度建设与风险管理（包括地方隐形债的风险防范）。
财科所历年考博试题
财政部财政科学研究所博士研究生入学考试试题经济学综合2001年一、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1．如何理解马克思支出的利息的出现使得利润“从量的分割转化为质的区别”？2．简述公共领域的含义。
3．简述我国行业垄断的表现及危害。
4．简述风险投资的含义及其机制原理。
二、论述题（每题30分，在下列3小题中任选2题，共60分）1．试分析资本市场对我国经济的影响。
2．请从我国改革与发展历程来阐述政府与市场的关系。
3．试评述我国经济中的“价格大战现象”。
2002一、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1．简述马克思对社会必要劳动时间的不同定义。
2．国有产权委托——代理关系的含义及类型。
3．政府投资的乘数效应。
4．我国股票市场中非流通股的种类及特点。
二、论述题（每题30分，在下列3小题中任选2题，共60分）1．凯恩斯的有效需求不足理论能否解释我国内需不足的现象？请阐述你的理由。
2．请从经济结构演变的角度论述我国农民增收的主要途径。
3．试述你对“转轨经济学”的认识理解。
2003一、试论劳动价值论在马克思主义经济理论体系中的地位，并结合我国实际谈谈怎样发展劳动价值论。
（30分）二、比较分析供给学派与货币学派两者政策主张的异同。
（25分）三、（以下2题任选1题，每题45分）1．如何看待我国转轨时期的经济波动？2．如何看待我国转轨时期的居民收入分配差距？2004一、试述马克思主义社会再生产原理的要点。
（30分）二、以下2题任选1题，每题30分1．试述新凯恩斯经济学与新古典经济学的主要区别。
2．菲利普斯曲线所表示的基本经济关系及其政策含义。
三、以下2题任选1题，每题40分1．试述我国二元经济背景下的工业化问题。
2．如何看待消费进步对中国国民经济发展的作用。
2006年博士学位研究生入学考试财政学专业财政理论与政策方向一、简答题（20分）1、简答政府采购的定义与政策功能2、简答制度经济学与财政学的关系二、简述题（40分）1、试述“瓦格纳定理”（政府活动与经费递增规律）并对其作出评论2、论述中外企业所得税并轨的必要性、可能性和配套事项。
中共中央党校2013年博士入学考试试题及答案解析
2013年中央党校博士研究生入学考试英语试题Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (20 points)Direction: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choicesmarked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentences. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Reaching a deal on tax reform would be a huge undertaking, with potential politicalpitfalls that could doom it.A. triteB. rifereveling D.triflingC.2. Much as officials still say that China cannot carry the burden of international governance, theyare the idea that it should sign up as a stakeholder in a set of rules made in Washington.of B.todisincentivedismissiveA.D.dissipatingdisturbingC.3. David Cameron put Britain’s future , in an audacious gamble that united his Conservative Party but which could have profound implications for the party and the country.A. in lineB. in the lineC. on lineD. on the line4. The Malaysian government announced in a written statement last week that the policy to restructure society in 1970 would come to an end by the end of the year.A. to formulateB. to be formulatedC. as formulatedD. so as to formulate5. Development programs initiated in the tribal-dominated areas often adversely affected the tribalway of life and economy, which was frequently followed by the on traditional tribalareas or land by non-tribals.expansionencroachment B.A.C. enormityD. elevation6. Nye argues that the interests of the international community are not illusory, that they are of our national interests, which can not be achieved without help from other nations.A. particleB. part and parcelandpartsparcelsC.particles D.7. Ethnicity should not be the sole criteria in the restructuring process because it has the powerto lull consciousness of the implementers and make them those who are from different groups.A. dominant … bear the sight ofB. disproportionate … set their sights onC. uncanny … lose sight ofD. inherent … catch sight of8. Americans have a profound longing for heroes—now perhaps more than ever. On some level,we still the myth of the man in the white hat.subscribetoB.A.tosucceedD.intosubsideC.succeedagainst9. A landscape architect must be familiar with mathematics, science, engineering, art and technology. He must also be at dealing with politicians, public interest groups and government agencies.reluctantA.enthusiastic B.C. adaptD. adept10. The nutrition of a common-wealth the plenty, and distribution of materials conducing to life.inconsistsB.consistsofA.C. is consistent withD. is composed of11. She is a living proof that a TV celebrity with the highest aspirations can survive in a medium that too often seem to be racing .atbottom B.thebottomofA.outthebottomontoC.thebottom D.12. Ms. Turkle can sound primly , complaining that the sight at a local café of people focusing on their computers as they drink their coffee bothers her.sanctityB.sanctimonyA.sanctuaryC.sanctimonious D.13. We are in the midst of a great investigation of those environmental questions. We do the Earth and ourselves the greatest in imaging that addressing them lies outside our lives and choices.A. gratitudeB. benefitsC. disserviceD. favor14. A man who becomes conscious of the responsibility he bears toward a human being who affectionately waits for him won’t be able to throw away his life. He knows the “ “ for his existence, and will be able to bear any “ “.A. how … whyB. why … howC. when … whatD. where … how15. Hope helps. It keeps us going in bleak times and amid news. But hope has more credibility when we can point to the reason for it.disheartened B.dishearteningA.enlightenedenlightening D.C.16. Their solution was to enroll their children in private schools, which, because they received no tax money, were free to operate without being subject to racial .A.segregationdiscrimination B.apportionmentD.C.controversy17. If no acquisition was organized as rightful even in a provisional way entering the civil condition, the civil condition itself would be impossible.A. anterior beforeB. posterior topriorbefore D.toC.prior18. He was the king of farce and the most influential neoclassical playwright. His characters were used to real people, and he was interested in showing the reality of human weakness as much as possible.A. depictB. ridiculeC. amuseD. imitate19. Examine the data over time, and you’ll find irrefutable evidence of progress: the decline of war, the increase in life span; of literacy, democracy, and equal rights, of privilege based on race, gender, heredity and beliefs.A. the spread … the waningB. the spreading … the waneC. the spreads … the wanesD. the spreading … the waning20. The audience cheered as Number three had rowed himself out and was slumped over his oar at the .line B.linefinisheddeadA.C. finishing lineD. finish lineⅡ Cloze (10 points)Directions: For each of the blanks, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best fits the blank and mark your choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Broadly speaking, I 21 the experience of would-be public intellectuals into two forms. In the period of the 1960s and 1970s, those working for social justice 22 intellectual work against the background of a “world under construction”—thought and action remained allied and the link to policy remained 23 for intellectuals to move beyond mere word games.In the 1980s and early 1990s, those intellectuals working for social justice in education faced a “world under deconstruction”—many of 24 projects were dismantled or came under sustained attack. In this later period, detached from action and divorced from policy, the public intellectual was force into an increasingly abstract position of arguing though words for policies and activities that 25 discourses of disavowal, displacement and derision. This is a harsh terrain to occupy and yet there are many examples of people who continued to 26 social justice in race, gender and class terms.I am reminded of a film I watch on the American Civil War. As the South was progressively defeated, 27 land was occupied—just a few towns and strips of land. In the end, the commentator said all that was left was a “confederacy of the mind”—a collective memory of an aspiration.28 , that has been the fate of movements for social justice and of associated intellectual work 29 the past two decades. But we should not underestimate the confederacy of mind”. For one 30 I will make with great force is that the largest problem the attempted reconstruction of the past two decades 31 --the attempt to demolish the welfare state—is people’s “collective memory” of good public service, of commitments to provision for all, 32 it be schools or hospitals. The vital task now is to 33 , reenergize and reinvent new projects and programs for social justice, for memories and predispositions in Britain remain 34 resilient. We should now be 35 define a new role for the educational researcher in 36 Britain, and do so in ways informed by collective memories of social justice initiatives. This should, hopefully, presage a new investigation of the role of educational researcher as public intellectual, moving us 37 a new phase after the hopeful years of the 1960s and early 1970s and the reversal in the two decades that followed. Now we can hope again there are postmodern prospects 38 . I should note that I am not 39 re-establishing some old master narrative of social justice—more 40 voices and visions, a moving mosaic of intentions and plans.divided B.haddivided21.A.havebeendividing D.dividingC.hadbeenC.acceptundertakeaccepted D.undertook22.A.B.23. A. far enough B. enough far C. close enough D. enough closemostdearlyB.theA.the24.dearlyC. dearlyD. the more dearly25. A. were subject B. were subjected toareto D.tosubjectedsubjectareC.26. A. argue against B. argue for C. argue with D. argue to27. A. more and more B. more C. less D. less and less28. A. In some way B. In some ways C. In a way D. In ways29. A. of B. for C. in D. by30. A. assertion B. announcement C. allege D. assessmentD.hasfacedfacedA.31.face C.willface B.32. A. rather B. whether C. either D. evenreinforce D.reeducate33. A. Reentrant B. reinvigorate C.remarkableremarked D.34. A. remarkably B. remarking C.35. A. looking into B. looking onto C. looking to D. looking forward toD.millenarymillennial36. A. millenarian B. millennium C.37. A forward to B. away to C. into D. onto38. A. for exploring B. to explore C. with exploration D. for exploration39. A. talking with B. talking about C. talking over D. talking to40. A. a lot of B. a bit of C. a number of D. a set ofⅢ Reading Comprehension (40 points)Section A (30 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Machine-scoring Answer sheet.Passage 1Why pick up what literary history so resolutely discards? Any study of bestsellers confronts the same question as does the decaf, no-fat latte drinker in Starbucks: “Why bother?” One justification, and the easiest demonstrated, is their interesting peculiarity. Like other ephemera of past times, bestsellers offer the charm of antiquarian quaintness. And, so short is their lifespan, that today’s bestsellers become yesterday’s fiction almost as soon as one had read them.Looking back through the lists is to uncover delightful cultural oddities. Consider, for example, the top-selling novel of 1923 in the United States, Black Oxen, by Gertrude Atherton. Recall too that the discriminating reader of that year had James Joyce’s Ulysses, T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land.The allusion signals grand literary pretension; pretension absurdly unmerited. None the less, the novel’s theme was, for the first time, both topical and sensational—rejuvenation. For humans, that is, not cattle.The narrative opens in a New York theatre. A brilliant young newspaperman, Lee Clavering, is struck by a beautiful woman in the audience. Investigation reveals that she is facially identical with a young “belle” of thirty years before, Mary Ogden. Miss Ogden married a Hungarian diplomat, Count Zattiany, and has never been heard of since. Speculations rages, but eventuallythe truth comes out: Ogden/Zattiany has been rejuvenated in Vienna by Dr Steinach’s new X-ray technique. By bombarding a woman’s ovaries at the period of menopause, the ageing process is reversible.When news of the wonderful process hits the newspapers, “civil war threatens”. And luckless Clavering finds himself in love with a woman old enough to be his mother. On the other side, he himself is obsessively loved by a flapper, Janet Oglethorpe, young enough to be his daughter, who drinks illegal hooch and attends “petting parties”. The plot thickens, madly, thereafter. It is nonsense—just as, medically, Steinanch’s X-ray miracles was nonsense. In 1922 Atherton herself had received the Viennese doctor’s rejuvenation treatment. It seems, from publicity pictures, to have done little for her beauty. But tosh fiction and quack science as it may be, Black Oxen fits, hand-in-glove, with its period. And no other period.However absurd it seems to the modern reader, Atherton’s novel reflects, and dramatizes, contemporary anxiety about women’s freedoms. The 1920s was the era of the “flappers”—the perpetually young girl-woman. British women in this decade had, after long struggle, the vote—but only if they were over 30, after which the heyday in the female blood was conceived to have been sufficiently cooled to make rational political decisions.Black Oxen, the top novel in the US in 1923, is inextricably “of” its period. It could have been published 15 years later. But out of its immediate time-and-place frame, Black Oxen would have no more “worked” than a fish out of water. Nor would it, in other days, have been what is was, “the book of the day”. The day made the book, as much as events of the day made newspaper headlines in1923. This hand-in-glove quality is inextricably linked with the ephemerality of bestsellerism.41. Why does the author mention Ulysses and The Waste Land in paragraph 2?A. They were bestsellers just second to Black Oxen in 1923.B. They were more popular than Black Oxen in 1923C. As contemporary novels of Black Oxen, they were not popular in 1923.D. As bestsellers of 1923, they were not as popular as Black Oxen.42. According to the passage, all of the following art true about Black Oxen EXCEPT.A. Though the writer of Black Oxen did get a treatment for keeping young, but it lookedunsuccessful.B. Black Oxen implied that the X-ray technique was welcomed by women who were inmenopause.C. Black Oxen was very popular in 1923 when people believed in pseudo science about arenewal of youthfulness.D. Count Zattiany appeared in Black Oxen as a minor-character.43. The word “rage” in the passage is closest in meaning to .prevailuncontrollablygreatly B.angerA.presumeup D.daringlyrakeC.44. Which of the following sentence can best express the meaning of the highlighted sentence in the last paragraph?A. The ethos of 1923 for Black Oxen is just like water for fish.B. Without its time-and-space, Black Oxen would have enjoyed its popularity for a longertime.C. Without water, Black Oxen would lose its popularity.D. Black Oxen would not have been produced if it wasn’t treated like a fish.45. According to the passage, which of the following is true about a bestseller?A. A bestseller only caters for its own time.B. A bestseller is liable to tell a love triangle story.C. A bestseller cannot be written by an old female writer.D. A bestsellers is a great literary work, though it is strange.Passage 2Classics is a subject that exists in that gap between us and the world of the Greeks and Romans. The questions raised by Classics are the questions raised by our distance from ‘their’ world, and at the same time by our closeness to it, and by its familiarity to us in our museums, in our literature, languages, culture, and ways of thinking. The aim of Classics is not only to discover or uncover the ancient world (though that is part of it, as the rediscovery of Bassae). Its aim is also to define and debate our relationship to that world. This book will explore that relationship, and its history, starting from a spectacle that is familiar, but, at the same time, as we shall see, can become puzzling and strange: dismembered fragments of an ancient Greek temple put on show in the heart of modern London. In Latin the word “museum” once indicated “a temple of the Muses”; in what respects is the modern museum the right place to preserve treasures from a classical temple? Does it only look the part?The issues raised by Bassae provide a model for understanding Classics in its widest sense. Of course, Classics is about more than the physical remains, the architecture, sculpture, pottery, and painting, of ancient Greece and Rome. It is also about the poetry, drama, philosophy, science, and history written in the ancient world, and still read and debated as part of our culture. But here too, essentially similar issues are at stake, questions about how we are to reed literature which has a history of more than 2,000 years, written in a society very distant and different from our own.To read Plato’s writings on philosophical topics, for example, involves facing that difference, and trying to understand a society, the ancient Greece, in which writing came not in printed books but on papyrus rolls, each one copied by the hand of a slave; and in which “philosophy” as still thought of as an activity that went on in the open air life of the city, and was part of a social world of drinking and dinner. Even when philosophy became a subject for study in lecture and classroom, in its own right, it remained a very different business from our own academic tradition—for all that Plato’s school was the original “Academy” named after a suburb of Athens.On the other hand, remote or not, to read Plato is also to read philosophy that belongs to us, not just to them. Plato is still the most commonly read philosopher in the world; and as we read him now, we inevitably read his as part of “our” philosophical tradition, in the light of all those philosophers who have come since, who themselves had read Plato.Every survival form the classical world is, of course, unique. At the same time, as this book will show, there are some problems, stories, question, significances that all those survivals hold in common; there is a place in “our” cultural story that they (and only they) share. That, and reflection on that, amounts to Classics.46. According to the passage, which of the following can be inferred about Classics?A. Classics can only be understood from the treasure in the modern museums.B. Classics may just be snapshots of the ancient world.C. Classics are not only for one age but also for all the time.D. Only those appearing in ancient Greece can be call Classics.47. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of Plato?A. Plato lived in a time when paper was made from the papyrus plant.B. Plato lived in a time when philosophy is part of people’s daily life.C. Plato’s writings were found in the TEMPLE OF Bassae.D. Plato’s writings are read by all people both in ancient times and at present.48. The word them in paragraph 4 refers to .A. the ancient peopleB. Plato’s studentsD.philosophersslavesGreektheC.49. The passage is more likely a part of .A. conclusionB. afterwordreviewbookpreface D.C.50. The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is .PhilosophyClassics B.andPlato andThem:A.UsD.ClassicsClassicsMuseumC.andPassage 3In 1871 the Paris Commune which, as mentioned, was the first socialist revolution, was also the last one to take place in a country that was part of the capitalist center. The twentieth century inaugurated—with the “awakening of the peoples of the peripheries”—a new chapter in history. Its first manifestations were the revolution in Iran (1907), in Mexico (1910-1920), China (1911), and “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905. This awakening of the peoples and nations of the periphery was carried forward in the Revolution of 1917, the Arabo-Muslim Nahda, the constitution of the Young Turk movement (1908), the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, and the formation of the Indian Congress (1885).In reaction to the first long crisis of historical capitalism (1875-1950), the peoples of the periphery began to liberate themselves around 1914-1917, mobilizing themselves under the flags of socialism (Russia, China, Vietnam, Cuba) or of national liberation (India, Algeria) associated to different degrees with progressive social reforms. They took the path to industrialization, hitherto forbidden by the domination of the old imperialism, forcing the latter to “adjust” to this first wave of independent initiatives of the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries. From 1917 to the time when the “Bandung project” (1955-1980) ran out of steam and Sovietism collapsed in 1990, these were the initiatives that dominated the scene.I do not see the two long crises of aging monopoly capitalism in terms of long Kondratieff cycles, but as two stages in both the decline of historical globalized capitalism and the possible transition to socialism. Nor do I see the 1914-1915 period exclusively as “the 30 years” war for the succession to “British hegemony.” I see this period also as the long war conducted by the imperialist centers against the first awakening of the peripheries (East and South).This first wave of the awakening of the peoples of the periphery wore out for many reasons, including its own internal limitations and contradictions, and imperialism’s success in finding new ways of dominating the world system (through the control of technological invention, access to resources, the globalized financial system, communication and information technology, weapons of mass destruction).Nevertheless, capitalism underwent a second long crisis that began in the 1970s, exactly onehundred years after the first one. The reaction of capital to this crisis were the same as it had had to the previous one: reinforced concentration, which gave rise to generalized monopoly capitalism, globalization (“liberal”), and financialization. But the moment of triumph—the second “belle époque” from 1990 to 2008, echoing the first “belle époque”, from 1890 to 1914—of the new collective imperialism of the Triad (United States, Europe, and Japan) was indeed brief. A new epoch of chaos, wars and revolutions emerged. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominate positions, other than through the military control of the planet.51. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as revolution in the passage?A. The “semi-peripheral” Russia in 1905B. The British hegemonyC. The Egyptian Revolution of 1919ParisCommuneTheD.52. The word “Kondratieff cycles” in the third paragraph most probably refers to .A. a term in politicsB. a term in economicsC. a term in ecologyD. a term in sociology53. How do the peoples, nations, and states of the peripheries force the historical capitalism to“adjust” to their first wave of independent initiatives?A. through socialismB. through national liberationC. through industrializationD. through financial globalization54. Which of the following can best explain the idea of last sentence of the passage?A. The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery had already started,which now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions. In this situation, the imperialism had to resort to the military control of the planet.B. The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (which had alreadystarted) now couldn’t accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant positions and they had to resort to the military control of the planet in this situation.C. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery hadalready started, which now couldn’t accept the collective imperialism of the Triad maintaining its dominant positions through the military control of the planet.D. In this situation, the second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery (whichhad already started) now refused to allow the collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions, let alone to allow it to achieve this aim through the military control of the planet.55. Which of the following statements can best explain the main idea of the passage?A. The second wave of the awakening of the nations of the periphery now refused to allowthe collective imperialism of the Triad to maintain its dominant positions.B. People in the periphery have no alternative than to opt for a different development path.C. The initiative of the historical development spontaneously passes to the peoples andnations of the periphery.D. The twentieth century inaugurated—with the “awakening of the peoples of theperipheries”—a new chapter in history.Passage 4Davos 2012 is shaping up to be the year when the forum’s bank participants try to fade into the background and finally put the financial crisis behind them. Public panels include only two or three devoted to financial services. At the more productive private meetings around the fringes, bankers say discussion is more upbeat than it has been since the crisis began half a decade ago. Improving euro-zone sentiment and a slowly brightening mood among banks’ corporate clients is heartening for bankers. All the same, no one can let go of the topic that has most vexed them for years: ever-increasing regulation.On the core euro-zone discussion, the tone is of cautious optimism. “The system is slowly coming back to life,” said one investment bank boss, pointing to steady signs of euro-zone recovery, most recently evident in this week’s Spanish sovereign debt auction. “There’s definitely a change of tone,” added the board member of a US bank. “Our clients are definitely more upbeat.” Around that average sentiment views ranged widely, stretching from the complacent to the doom-laden. “It’s hard to see what could go wrong,” said one investment bank boss. This was in stark contrast with a warning from Axel Weber, chairman of UBS and ex-president of Germany’s Bundesbank, who said that patchwork fixes by central banks were just disguising problems that will return. “We’re living a better life now at the expense of future generations,” Mr. Weber said.As at recent Davos forums, the regulatory agenda has provided a focus. Bankers this year have bemoaned the breakdown in an international regulatory framework. Mr Weber said: “You need a global standard. But this is not happening.” He warned that, without a harmonized rule book, the dangers in the global banking system would increase. He contrasted the “Alpine” capital requirements in Switzerland with the diverse structural reforms under way in the US, the UK and potentially the EU.Worse still was the failure of policy makers to look across the financial services industry and join up the thinking on how banks and insurers should be regulated, critics said. One chief executive of a large US financial group said the regulatory situation was “really horrific”. “If you take a nice business like the insurance business,” the chief executive said. “Here’s an industry that went through the crisis and had almost no problems. They’ve put in a whole new regulatory regime to make sure they can’t make money. It’s astonishing.” Another bank boss said privately he was “extremely worried” about the inability of European insurance companies to finance banks, under the prospective Solvency II rules. Tijuana Thiam, chief executive of UK insurer Prudential, said: “There is a lack of joined-up thinking. The insurance industry is [traditionally] the biggest investor in the banking industry but Solvency II says we can’t invest in banks.”Friction was also evident between investors and companies – particularly financial groups. Paul Singer, head of Elliott Capital Management, slammed banks for “completely opaque” disclosures that made it impossible to know whether they were “risky or sound”. Most pernicious of all among the regulatory initiatives, several bankers said, was the ongoing – and arguably worsening – sense of uncertainty over what regulators and politicians have in mind next,。
(NEW)河北大学管理学院872财政与社会保障历年考研真题汇编(含部分答案)
目 录2014年河北大学872财政与社会保障考研真题（A卷）2012年河北大学872财政与社会保障考研真题2011年河北大学856财政学、社会保障学考研真题2010年河北大学财政与社会保障考研真题（含部分答案）2009年河北大学公共财政与社会保障考研真题2008年河北大学财政学与社会保障学考研真题2007年河北大学851财政学、社会保障考研真题2005年河北大学社会保障学考研真题2014年河北大学872财政与社会保障考研真题（A卷）2012年河北大学872财政与社会保障考研真题2011年河北大学856财政学、社会保障学考研真题2010年河北大学财政与社会保障考研真题（含部分答案）适用专业：社会保障考试科目：财政学、社会保障学一、名词解释（本题共30分，每小题5分）1．公共财政2．财政投融资3．自动稳定的财政政策4．制度化的社会保障5．社会福利6．社会救助二、简答题（本题共60分，每小题12分）1．简述财政收入分配职能的公平准则及其实现方式。
2．简述影响财政收入规模变化的因素。
3．简述社会保障制度对劳动力供给的影响。
4．简述社会保险与商业保险的区别。
5．简述社会保障制度的基本特征。
三、论述题（本题共60分，每小题30分）1．试分析我国1998年和2008年两轮积极财政政策之间的差异。
2．论权利与义务相结合原则在发达国家社会保障制度中的实践。
部分参考答案：河北大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试卷适用专业：社会保障考试科目：财政学、社会保障学一、名词解释（本题共30分，每小题5分）1．公共财政答：公共财政是指国家（政府）集中一部分社会资源，用于市场提供公共物品和服务，满足社会公共需要的分配活动或经济行为。
它是适应市场经济发展客观要求的一种比较普遍的财政模式。
这种以满足社会公共需要为口径界定财政职能范围，并以此构建政府的财政收支体系的财政模式，在理论上被称为“公共财政”。
公共财政就是市场经济下政府的财政，公共财政实质是市场经济财政。
2016年中国财政科学研究所考博试题 经济学(会计)
中国财政科学研究院
2016年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试
经济学综合（会计学专业）试题
一、简述题（每题8分，共40分）
1.简述恩格尔系数的含义及作用。
2.简述机会成本的概念及其意义。
3.简述价值是如何转化为生产价格的。
4.简述GDP的基本概念及该指标的局限性。
5.简述库兹涅茨曲线的含义。
二、论述题（任选两题，每题30分，共60分）
1. 请比较马克思的流通费用理论与科斯的交易费用理论，两者有何现实意义？
2.试论我国供给侧结构性改革的基本思路及其与西方“供给学派”政策主张的区别。
3.运用经济学原理，分析世界经济自2008年以来持续八年低迷的原因。
财政部财科所考博英语历年试题题型分析
财政部财科所考博英语历年试题分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
1.考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
2.考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
财科院财政学考博—真题(经济学基础)
2014年经济学综合（财政学专业）试题
一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）
1、简述马克思劳动二重性学说。
2、简述“凯恩斯革命”的意义及局限性。
3、经济学所研究的是什么？为什么要做这种研究？
二、论述题（第1题必答，后两题任选一题，每题35分，共70分）
1、试论改革的核心问题是正确处理政府与市场的关系。
2、试论西方供给学派的理论演变及其贡献。
3、试论魁奈“经济表”，马克思“社会再生产图示”和列昂惕夫“投入产出表”内在逻辑的契合与思路传
2014年经济学综合（会计学专业）试题
一、简答题（每题8分，共40分）
1、简述一般均衡与局部均衡的联系与区别。
2、什么是垄断？其成因和不良效应是什么？
3、简述不变资本，可变资本与剩余价值。
4、何为现代企业制度？
5、什么是市场失灵？什么是政府失灵？
二、论述题（第1题必答，后两题任选一题，每题30分，共60分）
1、试论改革的核心问题是正确处理政府与市场的关系。
2、试论政府促进房地产业健康发展的基本思路和政策要领。
3、试论我国基本经济制度的重要实现形式是混合所有制。
2013年经济学综合（财政学专业）试题
一、简答题（每题10分，共30分）
1.简述马克思的剩余价值理论
2.简述马克思的投资乘数理论
3.简述“恩格尔系数”。
历年中央财经大学博士入学考试专业基础课经济学基础试题整理
中央财经大学2005年经济学考博试题一、社会主义市场经济理论（一）简述1．简述非公有制经济的地位和作用。
2．评“国企应从竞争性领域全部退出”论。
3．股份制为什么能成为公有制的重要实现形式。
4．体制模式的变化与经济增长方式转变的关系。
（二）论述1．论述WTO条件下我国对外开放的战略选择。
2．论述社会主义市场经济条件下居民收入差距扩大的原因及治理。
二、西方经济学（一）简述1．影响宏观经济的变量有哪些？这些变量有什么特点？2．简述边际税率的变动对收入的影响。
3．在索洛模型下，储蓄率的变动对消费有什么影响？4．如果实际经济偏离国际收支均衡，对收入和利率的调整压力。
5．在什么情况下，央行采用不变的货币存量增长率，会使货币政策无效？（二）论述生产要素价格上涨对宏观经济的影响。
06年博士入学考试专业基础课试题第一部分社会主义经济理论一、简述题（28’）1、简述社会主义市场经济中的政府职能及我国如何实现政府职能的转化？2、结合产业结构演进的一般规律简述我国产业结构发展的方向。
3、简述公有制与市场经济为什么能够兼容？4、简述“三农”问题的解决对我国社会主义现代化建设的经济学意义。
二、论述题（32’）5、从政府与市场的关系组合论述公平与效率的关系。
6、试对国有企业改革的历史进行评析并说明如何进一步深化国有企业改革。
第二部分西方宏观经济学三、简答题（20’）7、请说明全部要素生产率及其重要性。
8、请说明负投资对收入的动态影响。
9、请推证和说明，边际进口倾向变化对收入的影响。
10、假定，穷、富两国分别以对方为唯一贸易伙伴，请推证和说明。
两国不同的进口依赖程度对各自持久收入的不同影响中央财经大学07年博士入学考试专业基础课试题招生专业：财政学、金融学、国际贸易、跨国公司管理、政治经济学、国民经济学、区域经济学、劳动经济学、产业经济学、统计学、国防经济学、产业经济学、数量经济学、经济信息管理、投资学考试科目：经济学（201）第一部分社会主义经济理论一、简述题（28’）1、简要对比我国国有经济与西方发达国家国有经济的定位？2、简述计划和市场的功能与失灵。
人大财政学考博历年真题汇总(内部资料)
中国人民大学《财政学综合》专业博士试题2006年一、谈谈促进建设社会主义新农村的财税政策与措施（40分）。
二、根据马斯格雷夫—罗斯托的经济发展阶段论分析我国当前财政支出结构的优化（30分）三、根据外部性理论论述我国生态环境税收体系的建设（30分）。
2007年一、试论在构建和谐社会中财政可以发挥的作用以及应采取的政策措施（35分）二、请说明“两税合并”的重要意义，并分析它是否会对我国吸引外资产生影响（35分）。
三、我国多年来财政收入增长幅度均大于GDP的增长幅度，请从理论和实践角度评析出现这种现象的原因（30分）。
2008年一、试述我国现行个人所得税制度存在的问题及改革方向。
（30分）二、请分析财政在“加快建立覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系，保障人民基本生活”方面应采取哪些措施？（35分）三、“十七大”报告提出“健全中央和地方财力与事权相匹配的体制，提高一般性转移支付规模和比例，加大公共服务领域投入”。
请用相关财政理论分析其意义和内容。
（35分）2009年一、根据财政学的基本原理，阐述财政税收政策在扩大内需的作用及其措施。
（35分）二、请分析2008年以来我国的税制改革措施及其政策效应。
（35分）三、谈谈你对我国地方政府发行公债的看法。
（30分）2010年一、试述财政在国民收入分配格局调整中如何发挥作用。
（35分）二、试述如何通过结构性减税政策推进我国经济结构调整。
（35分）三、今年全国财政预算安排10500亿赤字，你对此有何看法。
（30分）2003年一、简述题（每题15分，任选二题共30分）1．简述政府干预的缺陷2．简述现实经济增长与潜在经济增长的区别3．什么是科斯定理？该定理在解决外部性问题时有何局限性？二、论述题（每题35分，任选二题共70分）1.在宏观经济学中，今年来在某些长期有争议的淋浴已达成一些共识，请归纳总结出这些已达成共识的观点（五个方面以上）。
2.简述ISLM模型，并运用该模型分析我国近年来实施的积极财政政策和稳健的货币政策的效应。
财政部财政科学研究所考博英语2013年试题及解析
2013年财科所博士研究生入学考试英语试题PART ONE: Grammar (10 points)Directions: Below each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Please write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. ________ I have already mentioned, cardio surgery is one of the amazing new surgical techniques that have been developed in recent years.A. WhichB. WhatC. AsD. This2. We held a meeting to sum up our experience ________ we finish the work.A. incidentallyB. whileC. immediatelyD. before3. _________ that as both birds and mammals become larger, their metabolic rates per unit of tissue decrease, and they generally live longer.A. The truthB. It is trueC. If trueD. To be true4. Our modem civilization must not be thought of as _______ in a short period of time.havingcreatedcreated B.A.beingC. having been createdD. creating5. Sometimes _________ to place physics and chemistry into separate categories.A. that is difficultB. is difficultC. it is difficultD. that is difficult6. The teacher said that he wouldn't tolerate ________ late every day.A. for me to arriveB. me arrivedC. me to arriveD. my arriving7. __________ the financial means to remain independent, Thomas Edison was compelled to seek employment as a night telegraph operator.A. He was deprived ofB. That he was deprived ofC. Although he was deprived ofD. Deprived of8. What do you think of Tom's proposal that ________ put on the play at tonight's ceremony?A. we will notB. we notC. we hadn'tD. we wouldn't9. In the last few years, intensive design and development effort _______ to the introduction of electronic exchanges.A. have been appliedB. has been appliedC. is being appliedD. would be applied10. Among the first plans to grow the land regions of Earth ________, which in prehistoric times grew to immense size.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscriptionPART TWO: Cloze (5 points)Directions: Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage. Please write your answer on the Answer SheetA child who has once been pleased with a tale likes, as a rule, to have it retold in identically the same words, but this should not lead parents to treat printed fairy stories as sacred texts. It is always much better to tell a story than read it 11 of a book, and, if a parent can produce 12 in the actual circumstances of the time and the individual child, is an improvement on the printed text, so much the better.A charge made against fairy tales is that they harm the child by frightening him or arousinghis sadistic impulses. To prove the 13 , one would have to show in a controlled experiment that children who have read fairy stories were more often guilty of cruelty than those who had not. Aggressive, destructive, sadistic impulses every child has had,_ 14 on the whole, their symbolic verbal discharge seems to be Father a safety valve than an incitement to overt action. As to fears, there are, I think, well-authenticated cases of children _15_dangerously terrified by some fairy stow. Often, however, this arises from the child having heard the stow once. Familiarity with the story by repetition turns the pain of fear 16 the pleasure of a fear faced and mastered.There are also people who object to fairy stories on the grounds 17 they are not objectively true, that giants, witches, two-headed dragons, magic carpets, etc., do not exist; and that, instead of indulging his fantasies 18 fairy tales, the child should be taught how to adapt to reality by studying history and mechanics. I find such people, I must confess, so unsympathetic and peculiar that I do not know how to argue with them. If their case 19_ sound, the world should be full of madmen attempting to fly from New York to Philadelphia on a broomstick 20 covering a telephone with kisses in the belief that it was their enchanted girl-friend. No fairy stow ever claimed to be a description of the external world and no same child has ever believed that it was.PART THREE: Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter on the Answer SheetPassage 1 (5 points)The word for "The Da Vinci Code" is a rare invertible palindrome. Rotated 180 degrees on a horizontal axis so that it is upside down, it denotes the maternal essence that is sometimes linked to the sport of soccer. Read right side up, it concisely conveys the kind of extreme enthusiasm with which this riddle-filled, code-breaking, exhilaratingly brainy thriller can be recommended. That word is wow.The author is Dan Brown (a name you will want to remember), hi this gleefully erudite suspense novel. Mr. Brown takes the format he has been developing through three earlier novels and fine-tunes it to blockbuster perfection. Not since the advent of Harry Potter has an author so flagrantly delighted in leading readers on a breathless chase and coaxing them through hoops. Consider the new book's prologue, set in the Grand Gallery of the Louvre. (This is the kind of book that notices that tiffs one gallery's length is three times that of the Washington Monument.) It embroils a Caravaggio, an albino monk and a curator in a fight to the death. That's scene leaving little doubt that the author knows how to pique interest, as the curator, Jacques Sauniere, fights for his life.Desperately seizing the painting in order to activate the museum's alarm system, Sauniere succeeds in buying some time. And he uses these stolen moments? Which are his last? To take off his clothes, draw a circle and arrange himself like the figure in Leonardo's most famous drawing, "The Vitruvian Man." And to leave behind an anagram and Fibonacci's famous numerical series as clues.Whatever this is about, it is enough to summon Langdon, who by now, he blushes to recall, has been described in an adoring magazine article as "Harrison Ford in Harris tweed." Langdon's latest manuscript, which "proposed some very unconventional interpretations of established religious iconography which would certainly be controversial," is definitely germane.Also soon on the scene is the cryptologist Sophie Neveu, a chip off the author's earlier prototypes: "Unlike the cookie-cutter blondes that adorned Harvard dorm room walls, this woman was healthy with an unembellished beauty and genuineness that radiated a striking personal confidence." Even if he had not contrived this entire story as a hunt for the Lost Sacred Feminine essence, women in particular would love Mr. Brown.The book moves at a breakneck pace, with the author seeming thoroughly to enjoy his contrivances. Virtually every chapter ends with a cliffhanger: not easy, considering the amount of plain old taking that gets done. And Sophie and Langdon are sent on the run, the better to churn up a thriller atmosphere. To their credit, they evade their pursuers as ingeniously as they do most everything else.When being followed via a global positioning system, for instance, it is smart to send the sensor flying out a 40-foot window and lead pursuers to think you have done the same. Somehow the book manages to reconcile such derring-do with remarks like. "And did you know that if you divide the number of female bees by the number of male bees in any beehive in the world, you always get the same number?""The Da Vinci Code" is breezy enough even to make fun of its characters' own cleverness. At one point Langdon is asked by his host whether he has hidden a sought-after treasure carefully enough. "Actually," Langdon says, unable to hide his grin, "that depends on how often you dust under your couch."21. Why does the author use the word "wow" to describe the novel The Da Vinci Code?A. Became the word reads the same backwards.B. Became it is also linked to the sport of football.C. Became the novel is imbued with perplexing enigmas and smartly wrought.D. Became the novel is a bestseller22. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?A. Dan Brown, author of "The Da Vinci Code" has published so far four novels.B. The Da Vinci Code begins with a mysterious murder case in the Gallery of Luvre.C. In his earlier novels, Dan Brown has created characters like Spohie Neveu.D. The Da Vinci Code wins the popularity among women became Dan Brown is a fervent feminist.23. It can be inferred from the passage that Harry Potter is all the following EXCEPT______A. It is also a bestseller around the worldB. It attracts readers with heart-throbbing suspenseC. It is characterized by hoax and unreliable plotsD. It has achieved immense popularity with readers24. The major factor that contributes to the success of The Da Vinci Code isA. the engrossing prologueB. the depiction of the female protagonist Sophie NeveuC. the breakneck pace and a cliffhanger at the end of almost every chapterD. the colorful description of the cleverness of the characters25. The author's attitude towards "The Da Vince Code" isA. criticalB. indifferentC. affirmativeD. sarcasticPassage 2 (5 points)Ever since the Industrial Revolution brought workers from small shops into factories,supervision have been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has industrial management grown into a highly organized set of modem methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.The manager's a job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The tip manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers' efficiency, and foremen give on-the-job training to workers. Industrial mangers employ specialists to keep machines working properly and to ensure the supply of spare parts. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers of equipment. Each step in manufacturing is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully calculated. Supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques. Personnel managers have learned to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving morale through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities--even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of modern electronic devices had led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry--not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems, organization systems and control systems. Within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of all the functions of management is coordination, the harmonious combination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.26. From the first paragraph, we know that______.A. industrial management depends on the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economiesB. industrial management is indispensable to the successes of all kinds of businesses and of national economies.C. the success of all kinds of businesses and of national economies has nothing to do with industrial managementD. industrial management did not develop until the last fifty years27. The top manager________.A. is responsible for selecting other managers and help them do things efficientlyB. gets other managers to choose and train themselvesC. manages other managers' operationsD. learns new techniques from other managers28. All managers employ_______.A. various methods to solve their practical and complex problemsB. specialists to keep machines working properlyC. workers who give on-the-j ob trainingD. advisers to handle practical and complex problems29.Personnel managers provide rest periods, safety devices, recreation facilities, etc._______.A. because the labor unions demand themB. just to improve the workers' moraleC. to obtain greater efficiency from workersD. to ensure the good working conditions30. The essence of all management functions is_______.A. to combine individual efforts to achieve the objectives of the enterpriseB. the coordination of the functions of managementC. the harmonious coordination of organization efforts for the achievement of individual objectivesD. to coordinate the systems for planning, organization and controlPassage 3 (5 points)Millionaires can breathe a bit easier. While President Barack Obama says he wants to let income tax cuts that benefit only the wealthiest Americans expire in 2013, several states are rolling back tax increases for top earners.New York's highest tax rates on incomes exceeding $500,000 will fall back to 7.85 percent, from 8.97 percent, this year. Maryland's 6.25 percent tax on incomes above $1 million expired at the end of 2010, while California's top tax rate for Millionaires has dropped to 10.3 percent from 10.55 percent.At least seven states instituted temporary so-called millionaire taxes during the recession Those levies are becoming harder to justify now that state revenues are rebounding. Overall, state tax revenue grew 12 percent in April compared with a year earlier, which may trim $20 billion from estimated states budget shortfall, according to a recent Goldman Sachs (GS) report. The soak-the-rich drive "just petered out", says Joseph Henchman, vice president for legal and state projects at the Tax Foundation in Washington, a group focused on lowering taxes. "All of these states are backing away now."Business groups have been vocal opponents of the temporary hikes. The Business Council of New York State has opposed efforts to maintain the tax increase on the grounds that such measures are an indirect tax on business income. More business owners who are paid by partnerships or S corporations report business income on their individual returns. Kenneth J. Pokalsky, the Business Council's' senior director of government affairs, says 25 percent of revenue generated from the state's tax on higher earners came from business income. In California. the Silicon Valley Leadership Group, whose members include Bank of America (BAC), Apple (AAPL), and Microsoft (MSFT), along with 12 other business groups, have told lawmakers that tax increases should be extended only if lawmakers agree to "structural reform" of the budget.Republicans, who typically oppose tax hikes, now hold a majority of governorships-29-and many were elected last year after campaigning against tax increases. New Jersey governor Chris Christie, a Republican, received national attention after vetoing a bill that would have extended a tax on millionaires in the state.Some Democrats are also fighting the higher taxes. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo sparked a battle with fellow party members in the legislature earlier this year by opposing legislation that would maintain the higher rates on individuals earning more than $1 million. Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley, a Democrat, didn't push to extend his State's millionaire tax last year. "I would like to think it's because these are not very good policies," Henchman says, "Ifyou're a conservative, you don't really like these taxes. If you're a liberal, these services should be so important that everyone should have to pay for them".The American public is almost evenly divided on the questions of whether the wealthy should shoulder a higher tax burden. A Gallup poll released on June 2 found 49 percent respondents opposed higher taxes on the rich, while 47 percent supported them.31. Barack Obama wants to________A. cut income tax in 2013B. extend millionaire tax to 2013C. benefit the wealthiest Americans by cutting income taxD. roll back tax increases for top earners32. ______is one of the possible reasons why state revenues revived?A. Initiating temporary millionaire taxes during the depressionB. Levying tax on at least seven states institutionsC. Trimming $20 billion from state budgetD. Estimating state budget shortfalls33. What can be inferred from Joseph Henchman's words?A. The state that instituted millionaire taxes are going to abolish it.B. All of these sates are focusing on the soak-the-rich drive now.C. The soak-the-rich drive has just started out.D. Only a handful of these states are focusing on lowering taxes.34. Which of the following statements about the Silicon Valley Leadership Group is correct?A. It was 15 members in total.B. It agrees to extend tax increase.C. It proposed to make a "structural reform" of the budget.D. It would agree the extension of tax increase provided that lawmakers agree to "structural reform" of the budget.35. Which is probably the best title for this passage?A. The Wealthy Are Willing to Shoulder a Higher Tax BurdenB. Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax CutC. Obama Is Proposing an Income Tax Cut ExtensionD. States Are Rejecting Millionaire TaxesPassage 4 (5 points)For a large number of young adults in Britain homeownership has become increasingly difficult to achieve, viewed as a distant goal attainable only later in life, if at all.That is a significant shift in Britain. For years owners occupy a higher percentage of homes in Britain than in the United States, France, or Germany. One reason homeownership is so attractive in Britain is because property values dropped less drastically than in the United States, in part because of a shortage in housing. Prices in some large cities, including London, have even increased recently. People still perceive a home to be a better and safer investment than a pension fund, said Andrew Hull, research fellow at the Institute for Public Policy Research. "Homeownership is also culturally entrenched," he said. "Owning a home is the main way of showing you made it."The big shift toward homeownership came in the 1980s when Mrs. Thatcher issued right-to-buy policy, which allowed many in rented government housing to buy their homes. Abouttwo million homes were sold, earning the government tens of billions of pounds. At the same time, the rental market became increasingly unattractive. Unlike Germany and other Continental European countries, Britain's private rental market is highly fragmented, with many landlords and laws that generally favor the property owner. Most leases are for six months only, with landlords rarely agreeing to commit to longer terms; this makes renting highly insecure.But as the pain of government-imposed austerity sinks in disposable income has shrunk and loan requirement have toughened, forcing more and more Britons into renting rather than buying. Over the last 10 years the number of people who owned homes here dropped to 67 percent from 70 percent. Meanwhile, the number of people in private rented house rose to 16 percent from 10 percent over the same period, according to the Office for National Statistics. Rising demand has pushed up rents by. an average of 4.4 percent over the last year, according to LSL Property Service. In London rents increased 7.8 percent."A growing number of young would-be buyers are preparing for lifelong-renting .... by necessity rather than choice,' said Jonathan Moore, director of easy roommate, co. uk, a property Web site. Charlotte Ashton, 30, has lived in rented accommodations ever since she left her parent's home to attend university. She said she was saving for a down payment to buy her own home. "I do believe in the fundamentals of owning bricks and mortar as security for the future, more than leaving my money in the banks as a low interest rate", said Ms. Ashton, who works in public relations. "But now it seems unless you have a very well paid job and are willing to save every penny, it's unfeasible to buy without the help of the bank of Mum and Dad."Some economists are concerned that as more people are forced to wait to buy a home, it could open up a widening of the wealth gap that already exists between homeowners and non homeowners, endangering the retirement prospects for a swelling group of young adults they call "generation rent." It could also have implications for the cohesion of neighborhoods, Alison Blackwell, a research director at the National Center for Social Research and author of the Halifax report said. Renters tend to be less involved in local communities because they are forced to move more often. And the economy as a whole may suffer because renters tend to curb spending to save for a deposit.36. For British people, buying house is__________.A. a distant goalB. a symbol of successC. a compulsory choiceD. nothing but an investment37. Mrs. Thatcher's right-to-buy policy has lead to_______A. the homeownership bustB. the economic recoveryC. the homeownership boomD. the economic recession38. Which of the following statements about Generation Rent is true?A. They consider renting as a lifelong plan rather than a temporary choiceB. They are in face of economic downturn and a risk of early retirementC. They despise the idea of asking parents for money to buy houseD. They still believe in the blessing of house just like their previous generation39. It can be inferred from the passage that_______.A. the rental market and the buying market always develop in reverse directionB. It is impossible for the first-time buyers to get a mortgage under current economic situationC. buying house is a more profitable investment than buying fund under current economic situationD. Britain's real estate market is less volatile than that of other European countries40. More people's inclination to rent rather than buy a house will not_____.A. enlarge the wealth disparity between the haves and have notsB reduce the renter's commitment to the communityC. slow the recovery of economyD. curb social mobilityPART FOUR (20 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.Human beings: in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.41 Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus Subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversify in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth."Anthropology" derives from the Greek words anthropos "human" and logos "the study of." By its very name, Anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind, Anthropology is one of the social sciences. 42. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.43. The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present ,makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthropology analysis rests heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor's formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 44. Tylor defined culture as "....that complex whole which includes belief, art .morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." So profound in its simplicity, this insight opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor's definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.45. Thus, the Anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.PART FIVE (20 points)Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English. Your translation must be written on the Answer Sheet.46．当有人对我说，他们喜爱动物是因为动物有感情，然后又虐待动物，我就对他们说，幸亏他们不喜欢我。
2013年农科院农经所农业经济管理考博真题
2013年农科院农经所农业经济管理考博真题
1、英语，较简单，词汇比较多，有难度，考语法比较多，阅读不是很难，完形也比较简单，不是很难，作文是关于'如何提高英语写作？"但是总的要求现在还没有出分，估计比较难
2、经济学，比较重视基础的经济学知识和应用能力，经济学共三道大题。
有关于CPI和PPI 的概念，还有请用图示说明价格的决定模型，并用此模型来分析我国从2004年以来粮食9连增之后，为什么粮食产量大幅度增加而价格没有下跌？用经济学价格决定模型进行分析，至少三种。
第二道题目记得有关于ZF的职能，怎么处理和市场的关系？ZF管理市场的手段，好像有这些题目。
最后一道题目是关于美联储第三次实施量化宽松的货币政策的这么一个案例，说明什么是货币政策？以及美国的货币政策对我国经济会有什么影响？应该怎么应对？
3.农业经济学，考到了2013年的中央一号文件，就是关于农业经营体质创新的具体内容，重在运用相关经济学原理进行分析和结合三农实际说明，为什么国家会在这个阶段涉及这些政策及其相关影响。
最后一个是说说当前的农村社会保障的主要内容。