解读加强施工时间工程造价操控的办法中英文
关于项目法施工工程成本管理中英文对照
关于项目法施工工程成本管理中英文对照On the project cost management system of Construction Engineering in Chinese and English.摘要：项目法施工是施工企业以中标的单项工程为基础，组建一个以项目经理为首的项目经理部，对整个项目的实施实行全过程的管理。
面对竞争激烈的建筑市场，施工企业只有降低项目成本，才能使企业具有竞争力、具有更大的利润空间。
显然，有效的项目成本管理，对于施工企业的生存与发展，极其重要。
Abstract: the project law construction is the construction enterprise to the single project as the basis, the formation of a led by Project Manager Project Manager Department, for the entire project implementation of the whole process of management. Facing the fierce competition in the construction market, construction enterprises have to reduce project cost, can make the enterprise competitive, with greater profit space. Obviously, effective project cost management, for the enterprises to survive and develop, extremely important.关键词：项目法成本管理成本控制Keywords: project cost management cost control随着我国建筑行业的迅速发展，建筑施工企业的市场竞争激烈，为了获得经济效益的最大化，项目法施工中如何加强施工成本管理对施工企业效益有举足轻重的作用。
外文翻译-工程造价管理浅论(中英文对照)
the stage of the project cost managementAbstract：Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives.Keywords：project cost；the current stage of the project；project cost management；Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community，China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However，the current budget for the construction projects - estimate，budget，Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost.As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process，stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage，the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages，use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.Engineering and cost management work of the current status of project cost management system was formed in the 1950s，1980s perfect together. Performance of the country and directly involved in the management of economic activities. Provisions in the design stage to different estimates or budget preparation as well as government; Nothing relevant departments to formulate a budget，content，methods and approval，the budget will provide the fixed cost of equipment and materials and fixed price of the budget preparation，approval，management authority，and so on.With the historical process，after recovery，reform and development，formed a relatively complete budget estimate of quota management system. However，as the socialist market economic development，the system's many problems have also exposed. Generally speaking，the budget estimate is based on direct participation in the management of national economic activity as a precondition. Enterprise is not the actual economic entities. Due to the characteristics of the planned economy，and，at the time under the conditions of productivity，will inevitably become a shortage in the economy.In severe shortage of commodities under the conditions，as long as a certain level of investment，will be certain outputs. In this environment，the project planning and technical argumentation there can be no economic analysis. State control of the project cost constitute key factors equipment and materials prices，wages and taxes of artificial distribution. In this relatively stable economic environment，the budget estimate for the system approved project cost，help the government to carry out investment plans to play a major role.As the socialist market economic system established，requires us to predict project investment and control. In recent years，international investment project developed to the requirements of prior pre-control and in the middle of control. China，the traditional practice in an objective light onthe cause decision-making，implementation heavy，light the economy and technology，First，the consequences of victimization，Due to the technical personnel of the project technical and economic concepts and a weak awareness of cost control，cost management makes the quality difficult to raise. Project Cost control is difficult to achieve long-term goals.Second，the various stages of the project management view of the above circumstances，My first academia in the 1980s made the whole process of cost management and control concept，building departments will study the feasibility of projects and the budgets and final accounts to two extended at the request of the corresponding regulations put our cost management concepts and methods referred to a new height.Our task now is to be modern and cost management in line with China's national conditions of the market economy system goal，learn from the advanced experience of the developed countries，and establish sound market economic laws of project cost management system，efforts to increase the project cost levels. An investment decision-making phase of the project cost management construction project investment decision-making stage is proposed project proposals; conduct a feasibility study to determine investment estimation and the final preparation of design task. At this stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，of the construction project cost of the project after the completion of the economic benefits have a decisive influence，The construction cost is an important stage control.China's current stage of the project cost for the project management for the purpose of clearing price，and focusing only on the construction process of cost control，neglected before the start of the project investment decision-making stage of cost control. Investment decision-making phase of investment projects is estimated an important basis for decision-making. Ithas a direct impact on national economic and financial analysis of the results of the reliability and accuracy. Because of this phase is the preliminary work of projects，the information cannot be fully，comparable works more or less that information accumulated relatively small，estimated inadequate and unscientific. Makes project cost management and cost workers is difficult at this stage do something.The various stages of the project cost control in the decision-making phase project cost control. Right project planning phase of the cost，many owners have the wrong understanding that the lower the cost the better. Cost control is not a unilateral issue，and should be a number of factors，a combination of practical，comprehensive consideration. The construction project investment decision-making stage，the project's technical and economic decision-making，Cost of the project after the completion of the project and the economic benefits，with a decisive role in project cost control is an important stage，rationally define and control the direction of the project cost of accurate positioning and building Optimization guiding role.In the decision-making phase of the most important is to do a good job feasibility study，the work is done well，returns on investment and can form a good proportion. Otherwise，invest more，less effective，resulting in loss of control and waste of investment.At present，some of the projects planned the owners of departure from the subjective desires of a feasibility study on the lack of scientific proof. Feasibility Study untrue，false or engineering functions obtaining the approval of their superiors，actually put into the feasibility study will be awarded in the study for the project after the smooth functioning buried a lot of hidden problems，lead to insufficient follow-up funds for the project andhad to extend the time limit so that the project could not have planned the use of cost-effective，even become hopeless completion of the beard works.Therefore，in order to phase in the investment decision-making effectively control construction costs，we must do the following aspects: Implementationof the construction project and corporate accountability，Construction of the project from planning to implementation of the entire process and the use of the funds to repay responsibilities to the people. in addition to establishing a legal system and the project supervision matching mechanism by the departments in charge of the industry and supervision departments for setting up a monitoring group to oversee the use of funds.A realistic approach to market analysis，to avoid the blindness of the project decision-making，reduces and reduces investment risk. Fully consider building projects in the future market competitiveness，design task more scientific and reliability.Capital financing must have a formal commitment document，the parties must do investment funds in place，and funds must have documents to ensure that the project can be approved after the scheduled implementation. To the various loan conditions should be carefully analyzed to minimize the burden of interest and repayment pressure.To strengthen the engineering geology，hydrology，geology and land，water，electricity，transport，environmental projects such as external conditions for the work of depth to make the investment estimate there are sufficient grounds.Taking extensive investigation and research，comparison of similar projects，seriously functional analysis，multi-program comparison and choice. After full technical appraisal and economic evaluation，and the final technologically advanced，functional and reliable. Reasonable economic projects，thus calculate a more accurate and realistic estimation of theamount of investment，so that the project cost from the start positioning in a more reasonable level.The design phase of the project cost control for a long time，China's building control very effective，- investment projects is not uncommon，this will affect owners of investment returns，it adds to the owners and within budget，as well as difficulties in fund owners，the impact on the future management or the owners make payments in arrears，and so on. Hence，the control of the project cost is of great significance，however the project cost is the primary means of control design，Currently most of the property owners in the design stage seldom works on cost control，and they found that the cost of the design will not have a great impact，it is wrong，on the contrary，Design phase of the project cost control is the most important step. Because it determines engineering design，construction methods，materials and equipment types，models of the project cost is of critical significance，design optimization phase of the program or minor changes，project cost will have a significant impact，Design phase of the project cost control of the total project cost of 70%. Following is how to control the project from design to create the Law: As the owners must design，the design selected on the quality level is a direct impact on the quality of product design level，and the design quality products in the level of direct influence on the pricing of the works. Different design units on the same project design are different. the same item of different design institute works between certain aspects of the project cost on the existence of differences between，We assume that with a design from two different design institute to design，Construction plans after the completion of a requested advisory unit cost to do the budget，certainly different design institute the total cost of the project is absolutely not the same，and most of the difference between the two over 10% even more than30%，and not necessarily high cost than the design of low cost，and good design is often low cost，We all know that different people have different design styles and different levels，the design works naturally，therefore chosen to design units is the control on the first step. Through tender to select the design of the units is a good method，the tender documents to elaborate on this particular aspect of the requirements，cost control targets，and so on.Otherwise，in the subsequent design process design units will put an increase in the cost of the design requirements; through tendering the project design into the market，compared to select the best design units.Promoting the design bidding and design optimization campaign mode design units assessed by experts using scientific group France，in accordance with applicable，economic，aesthetic principles and advanced technology，reasonable structure to meet building energy efficiency and environmental requirements，comprehensive assessment of the merits of the program design，selection of the best determination of the successful program.Successful investment program estimated to be close to the general construction project scope of investment. This means two design contracts will help design the program of choice and competition to ensure that the selected design advanced technology，unique novelty，adaptability，as well as to control the cost of the project. Design units should strive to improve their quality of the project design clever idea，contemporary reducing the project cost on to rack their brains to improve design quality，strive to put the design phase of the project cost control approval of the investment ceiling.Strengthening the design stage of the design phase to strengthen supervision of the Commissioner to determine a reasonable design，maturetechnology，reduction in the construction phase major design changes and changes in the program，in the effective control of the project cost will play a role. 1 to the design of the project if the project supervision to get involved，excluding unfavorable factors may generally is excluded from the 80% errors. In the entire process of building cost control，construction began at best to save and invest 20%，the key lies in the construction phase of the identification and control costs. Supervision of the design phase include : Design Institute under the design drawings and notes help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditure to develop the preliminary estimates，to ensure that the investment can be most effectively utilized. With the owners of the Commissioner include:According to the Design Institute to provide design drawings and notes to help owners deal with different design options for the economy，capital expenditures to develop the preliminary plan to ensure that investment can be most effectively used; with the owners of different design options，the need to calculate their own materials and equipment to conduct a cost analysis and study，to the design staff costs，to assist them in the investment limit within limits designed to save and invest. To seek a one-time small investment and economic good design program made the most rational economic indicators.Design actively promote the so-called cap limit design，even with the approval of the design task and investment estimates，guarantee the functional requirements of the premise. The preliminary design and control budget，according to the preliminary approval of the total budget for the design and construction design control. Limits，and every one professional，each of whom have a design threshold of a target. In the design process，designers should progress to more programs，design optimization，ensuring that the design is technically advanced and reasonable，innovative，stylish，and do not break the limit investment objectives，thus eliminating theengineering design raise the factor of safety and design standards，or only consider the technical feasibility of the program，rather than economic rationality phenomenon，the project cost to ensure effective control.Also known as the value of value engineering analysis，is a modern scientific management technique，is a new techno-economic analysis，is the product of functional analysis to conserve resources and reduce the cost of the purpose of an effective method. It made up for the traditional cost management simply focus on cost reduction and quality management only emphasizes improving the quality deficiencies，construction is conducive to resolving the long-standing long period，a lot of wastage，poor quality，high-cost problems. Value Engineering laws generally divided into three steps: assessment of the design of object technology and economic Score; Calculation of the target group of technical and economic indicators; calculate the geometric design of the object，on average; From comparison choose the best design.Construction phase of the project implementation unit construction cost management to control the cost of the project is reasonable in the project to meet quality standards premise，in the investment decision-making stage，the design phase and construction phase of the project put the project approval occurred in the control limits，strive in various construction projects rational use of human，material and financial resources to achieve good investment returns and social benefits.The project cost control and management is a dynamic process. The dynamic market economy，to make the investment in the identification and control become more complex，this will require the construction units to the management of project cost to the project runs through the entire process，it is necessary to have a comprehensive focus. The implementation phase of the projects. The implementation phase of the project cost management is theimplementation of the entire process of project management. Project implementation phase of the project cost management can be divided into three parts: the tender management，construction management and settlement management.Bidding for the construction phase of the construction units Bidding system control engineering cost effective means，bid organization can improve the cost-effectiveness of construction projects and ensure the quality of construction projects，shortening the construction cycle return on the investment，construction units can take full advantage of bidding for the effective means of cost control.Construction No. 10 on the 7th ministerial decree issued a "contract with the Construction Contract Pricing Management." clearly pointed out in bidding for projects using inventories. This requires the building of units conducting the tender exercise，in the tender document to include not only the usual content，like tender notes before schedule，tender notes，the conditions of the contract，the contract terms of the agreement，contract format，technical specifications，drawings，tender documents and other reference format，it is also necessary to provide the engineering inventory，Bidding as a reference document of the important components.Construction units in the tender document for the project inventory，in accordance with state or local rules promulgated by the calculation that the reunification of the divided projects，unified measurement units and the reunification of the engineering calculation rules，according to design drawings to be calculated and statistical arranged，obtain the list. Quantities to be followed in the preparation of an objective，impartial，scientific，and rational principle. Compilers must have strong manly budget，and should have certain knowledge of the engineering design and construction experience，and the material and mechanical construction technology forcomprehensive scientific knowledge，in order to calculate the volume of the works without heavy missed. The basis of which must be in accordance with state regulations engineering calculation rules，and the sub-projects division engineering units，and in accordance with design drawings，design essential Love tender documentation requirements are calculated.Quantities of the project should have a testing general，the entries must be simple，while not appear Lousing wrong items Pricing should guarantee the correctness of the project. Should the requirements of the different grades separate engineering division，the situation was different; We may have different prices for the items separately. This requires the preparation of the list compilers，seriously study design drawings，Analysis of the tender documents include the elements of the work and the different technical requirements，all familiar with the process，and to the scene of serious investigation，is forecast to make possible the construction of the case，right will have an impact on the Price of projects to be broken down. In addition，because the project inventories to calculate the amount of the project is not complete engineering and consider the interests of the construction units，clearly paying the price for the same overall price，the quantity list by the number of actual construction is a practical terms.In the evaluation and review of the tender offer should do the units total individual Price quotations and the comprehensive assessment. Price does not meet the requirements of individual shows Price meets the requirements，and the lowest total Price could not explain the single lowest bidder. Bidders often know the total cost to maintain the same circumstances; the project is likely to change smaller projects to lower the price.Changes may be larger projects price increases to achieve the completion of clearing works will be added for the purpose. We would also do price and the corresponding quantity of comprehensive engineeringassessment of the large volume of projects to focus on the price analysis. Price will do with the contents of the work，construction program，a comprehensive technical evaluation process，thereby preferred choice of a construction unit. Construction of the construction phase of the contract cost control basis. Signed tight construction contract，while strengthening the construction contract management can guarantee that the contract price is reasonable，legitimacy and reduce the performance of the contract A，B in disputes and safeguard the interests of both the contract，effective control of the works investment costs.After the signing of the contract，to do the management contract documentation，contract and the supplementary contract agreement until the regular meeting site in minutes. Work contacts such as a single content of a contract extension and explained that the integrity must be preserved，in addition to establishing a technical files，Implementation of the contract for dynamic analysis，results of the analysis to take proactive measures.Construction phase in the construction phase construction plan is based on the budget or Ken works contract price of the target，Ken control the cost of the project. At this stage of conservation has room for a small，but the possibility of waste is great. Thereby to control the cost of the project to give sufficient attention.Construction program to strengthen the comparative technical and economic construction program is construction design of a re - to the contents of the work，a reasonable construction plan，shorten the construction period and ensure the quality of the project，improving economic efficiency，Construction of the program right from the technical and economic evaluation were compared，through qualitative and quantitative analysis，the quality，time，Cost three technical and economic indicators，be rational，and effective use of manpower，material and financial resources，achieve better economic efficiency，good construction management relations，a comprehensive cost management is an important way.Strictly related changes to the project budget control in the proposed budget. Construction of the changes caused by many reasons，including works poorly designed，so that the engineering contract with the drawings provided inconsistent; The current market supply of materials does not meet the standard specifications of the design requirements. These issues have to leave breadwinner project cost factors. Therefore，in the construction process，we must tighten customs change，through no design changes to expand the scale and improve the design standards; increase the construction and contents，the best implementation of the "grade control，visa quota" system. Right to change the design，particularly as it relates to the cost of the design changes must be approved by the design units，construction units scene representatives，supervision engineers common signature，and should be ahead of this type of change，reduce losses，because it has been completed or partially completed project will entail the demolition of the contents，it is bound to cause major changes to the loss. Therefore，the construction units should be assigned to the project cost management professionals Permanent construction site，to grasp at any time. Control project cost of the changes.Works on the scene visa formalities through strict control of the construction project supervision system，the establishment of specialized departments，Professional use of the professional management of projects and to avoid project management personnel just visas，not economic account of the phenomenon. Investment out of control caused serious consequences. To serious change visa procedures to be taken to the building，Supervisor，the construction site together representatives signed the way toensure that change，visa authenticity，legitimacy，economic and avoid fraud and the resulting phenomena arising from the dispute.In the course of construction，the construction units to enhance on-site construction management，supervision and construction side according to the drawings，and strictly control the change of the negotiations，materials substitution，the scene visas，and various additional extra budgetary labor costs for the necessary changes should be done first afterwards，after money，Change event on the timely change in the calculation of the workload and the cost of change occurred to grasp at any time cost of the project level，things to avoid a backlog of work that the true cost of the project.Construction unit representatives to the scene to supervise doing a good job record，particularly concealed records and visas，reduce clearing the passing phenomenon. Many works visa scene is not as serious，works to bring a very large settlement of the trouble，lead to considerable economic losses，the scene strict visa management of the construction phase of the project cost control key.Of project list rigorous review of the project on the review of inventories，Engineers’ monitor list of measures to control the project. BOQ to provide the list of measures is to complete construction projects，occurred in the pre-construction engineering and construction process technology，life and safety aspects of non-engineering projects entities. At this stage because many projects are in construction plans and the construction site of the imperfections on the tender wait until the construction tender of the project design and actual scene have better access. Management Engineer addresses the gathering first-hand information on the original，itemized checking identification，inconsistent make revisions.Control material consumption，rationally define material prices. Cost of the project control materials price control is the main，the cost of materials in engineering often holds substantial proportion，usually accounts for the estimated costs of 70%，representing the direct costs of 80%. It is necessary in the construction phase in strict accordance with the contract amount of material control; material set reasonable prices，so as to effectively control the cost of the project. Market economy material supply a variety of channels，variety and price range materials，construction unit budget management and field personnel should pay close attention to market rates，with the progress of the scene，the market，hand in the construction of the information and materials for the completion of the accounts provide a strong basis.Technology and economic integration，strengthening investment control. Effective control of the investment，from organizational，technical，economic，contracts，and other measures. Therefore，the construction units must strengthen management，engineering and technical personnel of the "economy" concept，the quality of education，Training pragmatic working style，the construction side to help improve construction design，reasonable security，financial，and material resources. Accelerate the pace of work to improve the quality of the projects. Construction should encounter problems in a timely manner with the designer linked to choose both economic and scientific potential solutions，overcome the waste caused by command，to give due attention to the importance of investment in conservation，is responsible for the engineering technician with the combination of economic officers from the tender，contract negotiations，costing the budget，signed paid to the progress of the completion of the accounts，a cost analysis，the whole process management and strictly control the cost of the project.。
外文翻译-如何搞好建设项目的工程造价控制-精品概要
附录1How to improve construction project cost controlA construction project the importance of cost control of construction project cost control of projects through the entire process, that is, decision-making phase of the project, the project design stage, project implementation and completion stages of phase related to the construction project cost control. Statistics show that the decision-making stage in the project and design stage, the impact of the possibility of project cost 30% -75%, and in the implementation phase of the impact of the possibility of project cost is only 5% -25%. It is obvious that the key to cost control is the implementation of the project prior to decision-making and the design phase of the project, the project is the deciding factor in decision-making, and is a key factor in design. Control project cost not only to prevent breakthrough investment limit, meaning a more active is to promote the construction, engineering, and design units to strengthen the management of human, material and financial resources with limited resources can be fully utilized to obtain the best economic and social benefits . So do a good job in project cost control, to ensure and accelerate the economic development thinking has a certain significance.Second, construction project cost control measures for construction project cost control is effective decision-making in the investment phase, design phase, construction phase contract, the contract implementation phase of the construction project cost control in the amount of the approved project cost limit, occur at any time to correct deviations, and ensure the realization of investment objectives of the project to various construction projects in a reasonable manner to the use of human, material and financial resources to obtain better investment returns, and ultimately to enable the completion of audited accounts to control the amount of the budget to avoid the "three super - "phenomenon, in order to effectively control the project cost should be doing the work of the following aspects: (a decision-making phase of the project cost to determine the cost of control engineering and control projects through the entire process, but the technical andeconomic decision-making stages of policy-making, project cost of the project very much affected by something, especially to determine the level of construction standards, building site selection, technology selection, equipment selection, etc., is directly related to the level of project cost. According to the data in various stages of construction projects, investment decision-making phase of the impact of the highest degree of project cost, for a total of 80-90%. Therefore, the decision-making phase of the project is to determine the content of the decision-making project cost basis, a direct impact on decision-making phase of the various construction phases of the project cost to determine and control whether or not scientific, reasonable question. First, the preparation of estimates of the need for investment. Preliminary estimates of capital investment is an important part in the work of one. Decision-making document, it is research, analysis of the construction project an important basis for economic effects. Work in the economy should be reflected in the design of practical content, reflecting the building of the region's economic situation, started from the estimates reflected the accuracy and completeness of the construction investment project. Second, the investment must be designed to estimate a true reflection of the investment estimates should be realistic and reflect the design of content, which requires designers and project from the engineering content of the size of a true reflection of design intent. The main technology to be relatively more programs, programs to optimize the design of the program is not only technically feasible but also economically more reasonable. Therefore, the project economy-building programs from the beginning of the optimization, it should penetrate into the whole process designed to, in accordance with the principles of project cost management, a reasonable estimate of projected changes in a variety of dynamic factors, as far as possible, do not play enough to stay investment gap This is the preparation of estimates of key investment is also an important basis for the next stage. (B the design phase of project cost control project engineering design was to conduct a comprehensive planning and specific intent to describe the process of implementation is the soul of the construction, dealing with technology and the critical link in economic relations, is todetermine and control the focus of project cost stage. First, optimized design, the design of effective control of project cost if the quality and try to meet the national requirements,functions are used to meet requirements related to construction projects only a one-time investment to meet the application requirements, not only construction projects related to the number of one-time investment, but also in the completion After delivery of the impact of the economic benefits of the project. Foreign experts pointed out that although the design of the project costs represent a small proportion of total investment, less than 1%, but the impact of its project cost to achieve the level of 75%. It is clear that the project design stage to do a good job of cost control is cost effective control of the key, re-construction, light design concept must be overcome to control the cost of the project design should start. Therefore, the construction units and design units in the review of the design, attention should be paid to design optimization, the use of various indicators of the overall plan of the factory, industrial building design analysis of space compared to the design of these two aspects of the project cost, not only have a significant impact, and after the construction and operation of the production, management has a significant impact. Second, the implementation of projects designed to control project cost limit, in the design process used in the design limit. The so-called limit is in accordance with the approved design of the investment feasibility study to estimate the preliminary design of the control, in accordance with the approved budget for the preliminary design of the total control of the technical design and construction design, at the same time ensure that the goals of the profession under the premise of the use of function, according to the allocation of investment limit control design, and strictly control unreasonable change to ensure that the total amount of investment will not be a breakthrough. The preliminary design stage should be in accordance with the approved feasibility study stage of the investment estimate for the limit design, control of budget estimates do not exceed the investment, mainly in engineering and equipment is, the control material. To this end, the preliminary design phase of the limit amount of design engineering phase of the feasibility study should be validated and equipment designengineering, material standards as the basis, the feasibility study stage of certain types of projects is not easy to determine the amount of light design and universal design or Similar projects have been built to determine the amount of physical works. Quota at the preliminary design, the design of the professional staff to enhance awareness of project cost, in strict accordance with the decomposition of the limit design and control of investment projects, as well as to ensure that under the conditions of the use of functional design, sought to project cost control and engineering in the limit .(C the implementation phase of project cost control project is the implementation phase of the formative stages of building physical, human, material and financial resources of the main stage of consumption. Large projects involving a wide range of influencing factors, and construction cycles, policy changes, materials and equipment prices, large fluctuations in market supply and demand and so on. . To improve the quality of the construction, control project cost, investment returns to play, it is necessary to the implementation phase of the project to strengthen project management and oversight functions in order to enhance the full range of construction projects, the whole process of cost control. Due to the complexity of construction projects, the impact of factors of variability of the characteristics of the implementation phase of projects often have some unexpected costs. First, the effective control of engineering change and economic access at the project site construction projects, engineering and on-site visa change is inevitable, but there is capacity to control. During the construction plans in order to prevent loopholes in the design, with the exception of the audit checks should Party B in a joint hearing of the drawings, the technical advice and design to eliminate, in a word, should be started prior to the eradication of the. Design changes should be advanced as far as possible, change occurred earlier, the smaller the loss, the greater the contrast. To this end, the design of change management must be strengthened as much as possible the design change control early in the design phase, in particular the impact of the project cost for major design changes, but also to use accounts after the first solution to change, so that the effective control of project cost. Second, a rigorous examination ofthe budget in accordance with construction plan the progress of the construction design plans and the actual progress of the construction site, construction plans approved budget in time.third, in-depth at the scene to collect the relevant information and master the construction of the project construction process, pre-trial and the cost of price control officers often go to the construction site, see construction of the control drawings, sometimes with the supervision, the general contractor and construction personnel in an informal discussion, understanding, the collection of project information, timely information ondevelopments on site; to assist owners in a timely manner due to design changes to audit, on-site cost of visas, etc., and adjust the control objectives, and for the eventual settlement of the project to provide a basis and make the necessary preparations.Third, at the end of the construction project cost control and investment in the determination of the substance of the principle is the use of science and technology and economic and legal means to address the construction activities of technical and economic, business and management of practical problems, only in the various phases of project construction, the use of scientific methods and realistic valuation of the valuation basis, a reasonable estimate of investment, the preliminary design of the budget estimates and working drawings in order to improve investment returns.References:Joel Dean《Capital budget》;Fama Miller《Financial Management》;Harry Markowitz《Modern Portfolio Theory》附录2如何搞好建设项目的工程造价控制一、建设项目工程造价控制的重要意义建设项目的造价控制贯穿于项目的全过程,即项目决策阶段、项目设计阶段、项目实施阶段和竣工阶段都关系到建设项目的造价控制。
关于工程项目管理中的造价管理中英文翻译
关于工程项目管理中的造价管理中英文翻译English translation of cost management of project management in the论文摘要：工程造价控制是工程建设管理工作的重要组成部分，如何合理确定和有效控制工程投资，是工程项目管理的一大难题。
本文系统地分析了工程项目整个过程的造价控制的主要影响因素，并提出了有效的、切实可行的造价管理措施。
Abstract : the project cost control is an important part of project construction management work, how to determine a reasonable and effective control of project investment, is a big problem in the project management. This paper systematically analyzes the main influence factors of cost control of the whole process of engineering project, and proposes effective, feasible cost management measures.论文关键词：工程；项目管理；造价管理Keywords: engineering cost management; project management;在工程项目建立和实施过程中，如何有效地利用投入建设工程的人力、物力、财力，以尽量少的劳动和物质消耗，取得较高的经济和社会效益，是工程项目管理中的一个十分重要的问题。
工程造价管理。
工程造价管理的目的不仅在于控制项目投资不超过批准的造价限额，更在于从项目的整体利益出发，合理地使用人力、物力、财力，以取得最大的投资效益。
建筑工程施工阶段的质量控制 中英文对照
关于建筑工程施工阶段的质量控制中英文对照On quality control of construction engineering construction stage in Chinese and English【论文摘要】施工是形成工程项目实体的过程，也是形成最终产品的重要阶段。
所以，施工阶段的质量控制是工程项目质量控制的重点。
本文将主要对建筑工程施工阶段质量控制的内容进行分析，就如何加强施工阶段的质量控制提出一些看法。
[ Abstract ] construction is the formation process of the project entity, also formed an important stage of the final product. Therefore, the quality control of construction phase is the key of project quality control. This article will focus on the quality control of the construction phase of the content analysis, on how to strengthen the quality control in construction stage and put forward some opinions.1. 建筑工程项目施工阶段质量控制的工作程序Quality control 1 architectural engineering project construction phase of the work program 在建筑工程项目的施工阶段过程中，为了保证建筑工程项目的施工质量，应对建筑工程建设生产的实物进行全方位、全过程的质量监督和控制。
它包括事前的建筑工程项目施工准备质量控制、事中的建筑工程项目施工过程中的质量控制、以及事后的各单项及整个工程项目完成后，对建筑工程项目的质量控制。
浅谈专业工程造价与成本控制管理中英文翻译
浅谈专业工程造价与成本控制管理中英文翻译Introduction to professional engineering cost and cost control management in both Chinese and English translation摘要：市政工程建设与工业工程建设一样，按照国家主管部门的统一规定，将一项建设工程划分为建设项目、单项工程、单位工程、分部工程、分项工程五个等级。
控制与管理市政工程造价的成本关系着一个项目的收益其重要性不言而喻。
本文先谈谈造成市政工程造价成本控制困难的原因，接着提出一套解决性措施，希望能对同行有所启发。
Abstract: the municipal engineering construction and industrial construction projects, in accordance with the unity of the competent department of the state regulations to divide a construction project for the construction project, single items of projects, unit projects, divisions, subdivisional work five grades. Cost control and management of municipal construction cost of the relationship between its importance is self-evident. The profitability of a project This article talk about the causes of difficult control of municipal engineering cost, and then puts forward a set of measures to solve, hope to inspire peers.关键词：市政工程工程造价成本控制管理策略Keywords: municipal engineering cost control of construction cost management strategy一、引言One, the introduction市政工程建设与工业工程建设一样，按照国家主管部门的统一规定，将一项建设工程划分为建设项目、单项工程、单位工程、分部工程、分项工程五个等级。
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
工程造价论文中英文资料对照外文翻译Risk Analysis of the International Construction ProjectABSTRACTThis analysis used a case study methodology to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of a building housing the headquarters of the Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ). In particular, it examined the prior roles played by the team of construction professionals. The analysis revealed that the SAZ’s traditional construction project was generally characterized by high risk. There was a clear indication of the failure of a contractor and architects in preventing and/or mitigating potential construction problems as alleged by the plaintiff. It was reasonable to conclude that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It appeared justified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects. The risk analysis facilitated, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. It further served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. Clients do not want surprise, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.KEY WORDS:Arbitration, claims, construction, contracts, litigation, project and risk The structural design of the reinforced concrete elements was done by consulting engineers Knight Piesold (KP). Quantity surveying services were provided by Hawkins, Leshnick & Bath (HLB). The contract was awarded to Central African Building Corporation (CABCO) who was also responsible for the provision of a specialist roof structure using patented “gang nail” roof trusses. The building construction proceeded to completion and was handed over to the owners on Sept. 12, 1991. The SAZ took effective occupation of the headquarters building without a certificate of occupation. Also, the defects liability period was only three months .The roof structure was in place 10 years before partial failure in December 1999. The building insurance coverage did not cover enough, the City of Harare, a government municipality, issued the certificate of occupation 10 years after occupation, and after partial collapse of the roof .At first the SAZ decided to go to arbitration, but this failed to yield an immediate solution. The SAZ then decided to proceed to litigate in court and to bring a negligence claim against CABCO. The preparation for arbitration was reused for litigation. The SAZ’s quantified losses stood at approximately $ 6 million in Zimbabwe dollars (US $1.2m) .After all parties had examined the facts and evidence before them, it became clear that there was a great probability that the courts might rule that both the architects and the contractor were liable. It was at this stage that the defendants’ lawyers requested that the matter be settled out of court. The plaintiff agreed to this suggestion, with the terms of the settlement kept confidential .The aim of this critical analysis was to analyse the issues surrounding the partial collapse of the roof of the building housing the HQ of Standard Association of Zimbabwe. It examined the prior roles played by the project management function and construction professionals in preventing/mitigating potential construction problems. It further assessed the extent to which the employer/client and parties to a construction contract are able to recover damages under that contract. The main objective of this critical analysis was to identify an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. The importance of this study is its multidimensional examination approach.Experience suggests that participants in a project are well able to identify risks based on their own experience. The adoption of a risk management approach, based solely in past experience and dependant on judgement, may work reasonably well in a stable low risk environment. It is unlikely to be effective where there is a change. This is because change requires the extrapolation of past experience, which could be misleading. All construction projects are prototypes to some extent and imply change. Change in the construction industry itself suggests that past experience is unlikely tobe sufficient on its own. A structured approach is required. Such a structure can not and must not replace the experience and expertise of the participant. Rather, it brings additional benefits that assist to clarify objectives, identify the nature of the uncertainties, introduces effective communication systems, improves decision-making, introduces effective risk control measures, protects the project objectives and provides knowledge of the risk history .Construction professionals need to know how to balance the contingencies of risk with their specific contractual, financial, operational and organizational requirements. Many construction professionals look at risks in dividually with a myopic lens and do not realize the potential impact that other associated risks may have on their business operations. Using a holistic risk management approach will enable a firm to identify all of the organization’s business risks. This wi ll increase the probability of risk mitigation, with the ultimate goal of total risk elimination .Recommended key construction and risk management strategies for future construction projects have been considered and their explanation follows. J.W. Hinchey stated that there is and can be no ‘best practice’ standard for risk allocation on a high-profile project or for that matter, any project. He said, instead, successful risk management is a mind-set and a process. According to Hinchey, the ideal mind-set is for the parties and their representatives to, first, be intentional about identifying project risks and then to proceed to develop a systematic and comprehensive process for avoiding, mitigating, managing and finally allocating, by contract, those risks in optimum ways for the particular project. This process is said to necessarily begin as a science and ends as an art .According to D. Atkinson, whether contractor, consultant or promoter, the right team needs to be assembled with the relevant multi-disciplinary experience of that particular type of project and its location. This is said to be necessary not only to allow alternative responses to be explored. But also to ensure that the right questions are asked and the major risks identified. Heads of sources of risk are said to be a convenient way of providing a structure for identifying risks to completion of a participant’s part of the project. Effective risk management is said to require amulti-disciplinary approach. Inevitably risk management requires examination of engineering, legal and insurance related solutions .It is stated that the use of analytical techniques based on a statistical approach could be of enormous use in decision making . Many of these techniques are said to be relevant to estimation of the consequences of risk events, and not how allocation of risk is to be achieved. In addition, at the present stage of the development of risk management, Atkinson states that it must be recognized that major decisions will be made that can not be based solely on mathematical analysis. The complexity of construction projects means that the project definition in terms of both physical form and organizational structure will be based on consideration of only a relatively small number of risks . This is said to then allow a general structured approach that can be applied to any construction project to increase the awareness of participants .The new, simplified Construction Design and Management Regulations (CDM Regulations) which came in to force in the UK in April 2007, revised and brought together the existing CDM 1994 and the Construction Health Safety and Welfare (CHSW) Regulations 1996, into a single regulatory package.The new CDM regulations offer an opportunity for a step change in health and safety performance and are used to reemphasize the health, safety and broader business benefits of a well-managed and co-ordinated approach to the management of health and safety in construction. I believe that the development of these skills is imperative to provide the client with the most effective services available, delivering the best value project possible.Construction Management at Risk (CM at Risk), similar to established private sector methods of construction contracting, is gaining popularity in the public sector. It is a process that allows a client to select a construction manager (CM) based on qualifications; make the CM a member of a collaborative project team; centralize responsibility for construction under a single contract; obtain a bonded guaranteed maximum price; produce a more manageable, predictable project; save time and money; and reduce risk for the client, the architect and the CM.CM at Risk, a more professional approach to construction, is taking its place along with design-build, bridging and the more traditional process of design-bid-build as an established method of project delivery.The AE can review the CM’s approach to the work, making helpful recommendations. The CM is allowed to take bids or proposals from subcontractors during completion of contract documents, prior to the guaranteed maximum price (GMP), which reduces the CM’s risk and provides useful input to design. The procedure is more methodical, manageable, predictable and less risky for all.The procurement of construction is also more business-like. Each trade contractor has a fair shot at being the low bidder without fear of bid shopping. Each must deliver the best to get the projec. Competition in the community is more equitable: all subcontractors have a fair shot at the work .A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.A contingency within the GMP covers unexpected but justifiable costs, and a contingency above the GMP allows for client changes. As long as the subcontractors are within the GMP they are reimbursed to the CM, so the CM represents the client in negotiating inevitable changes with subcontractors.There can be similar problems where each party in a project is separately insured. For this reason a move towards project insurance is recommended. The traditional approach reinforces adversarial attitudes, and even provides incentives for people to overlook or conceal risks in an attempt to avoid or transfer responsibility.It was reasonable to assume that between them the defects should have been detected earlier and rectified in good time before the partial roof failure. It did appearjustified for the plaintiff to have brought a negligence claim against both the contractor and the architects.In many projects clients do not understand the importance of their role in facilitating cooperation and coordination; the design is prepared without discussion between designers, manufacturers, suppliers and contractors. This means that the designer can not take advantage of suppliers’ or contractors’ knowledge of build ability or maintenance requirements and the impact these have on sustainability, the total cost of ownership or health and safety .This risk analysis was able to facilitate, through its multi-dimensional approach to a critical examination of a construction problem, the identification of an effective risk management strategy for future construction projects. This work also served to emphasize the point that clients are becoming more demanding, more discerning, and less willing to accept risk without recompense. They do not want surprises, and are more likely to engage in litigation when things go wrong.国际建设工程风险分析摘要此次分析用实例研究方法分析津巴布韦标准协会总部（SAZ）的屋顶部分坍塌的问题。
工程造价工程变更毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
工程变更中英文资料外文翻译文献Highway engineering change reasonanalysis and cost of the project of influenceAbstract: in the implementation stage because of highway engineering design factors, environmental factors, the influence of various engineering changes happened is more common, combining with engineering practice, this paper discusses the causes and engineering change of project cost.Keywords: engineering change, Reason, CostDue to the highway project period, long, long line, so broad in construction of various causes by the engineering change is inevitable. Engineering change could lead to increase of construction cost or time limit of the owner and the contractor, between the claim will claim and the cost of the project.Owner of change and the causes of the costAnd when the owner change engineering bidding of construction conditions of commitment. "SanTongYiPing" referred to in the preceding paragraph, the engineering tight finish, delay purpose will increase the contractor's settlement fee, but little impact on total cost, the owner or project quantity change projects. Increase the project content or quantity, will increase the cost, Project content or cancel or reduce the number will reduce cost, but may affect the use function of engineering, because the owner with agreements for the existence of incomplete, or in the contract when division, can increase content of missing the contract cost, and the owners' requirements, and shorten delivery of finished ahead of the original contract period, invest more in construction unitcost of manpower and material resources, to increase, and improve the design standard requirement owner, beautiful Angle from security requirements of engineering structure change type, elevation, baseline, location, size and strength, make cost increase, and the owner to change in the construction organization design has approved the construction plan, cost increase, and the owner of the contract with the owner of the materials or equipment supply for the category and quantity, cause cost increase or decrease, and the owner of the contract specifies unreasonable, can make the cost is increasedThe design of change and the causes of the costThe design adopts the new standard, new technology, new technology, to replace the original design of the project, and put to use more favorable for owner reduce project cost, the depth of the design documents, cannot satisfy the relevant provisions of the relevant design phase of engineering change and requirements, cost increase or decrease, and when designing units in the preliminary design to fully consider the network planning, and in local government and related departments (e.g., environmental protection, water conservancy, electricity, gas, communication, navigation, etc.) and the requirements of the project, the main structure change shape and size change etc, make the cost increase, and design personnel errors or omissions caused engineering change. Due to the "two SanShen school system to implement the change that cost is increased, Unit, uncoordinated cooperation between designers, or the highway facilities with the principal part of the project design, cause sync job change, make cost increase, and the design drawing not timely delivery time delay, provide, construction, make the cost compensation shutdown caused by increased.Tthe contractor to change and cause the influence. CostThe contractor is unable to perform the contract or can't completely, the contractor shall take remedial measures proposed change, this kind of change of engineering cost, can increase by contractor burden loss, the contractor has been approved changes when bidding of construction project, this kind of change of cost, but almost no effect for the contractor may save construction cost, and the contractor for construction is convenient, or to shorten the construction period, or to reduce the investment of construction, and puts forward such reasons, and more economical and reasonable, optimizing design scheme, this kind of change if owner recognized, can reduce the construction cost, also can reduce the cost of the owner and the contractor, mutually beneficial, According to the contract, the contractor couldn't finish, engineering construction contractextension, the owner may terminate the contract terms, according to the content of construction contract in whole or in part, by the contractor, this kind of other changes generally does not make owner cost increase, but will make the contractor under loss, due to the contractor technology or management of the error caused by engineering change, this kind of change to the contractor, the owner may claim generally do not increase the cost, stipulated in the contract, the contractor change by owner procurement materials, using other kinds of materials, and therefore model brand damage by contractor, unless the owner to approbate, generally do not add costthe supervisor of change and the causes of the costSupervision by the owner, commissioned by the cause of the change of the owner or expenses directly influence the cost. 1 and supervision engineer in order to coordinate the contractor's operation, or section of this project contractors to coordinate with relevant departments or units where the relations of production, easy cause engineering change caused by increased cost. the site supervision engineers in actual situation in the contract and the technical specification for the design, according to local modification and perfect or by design, this kind of change unit may cause increased cost. and supervision engineers work and coordination ability damage caused by lack of rework, engineering cost change work. and supervision engineer proposed optimization design or construction, the design optimization or contractor agree, can reduce engineering changes caused by the project cost.The environment factors and impact on the cost of changeEngineering geology unknown or insufficiency in design, engineering cost increased to. and highway engineering construction projects from the construction, project feasibility study, design and construction drawing design to construction, due to various reasons, the project in the declaration and approval process, some problems existing in the construction stage, these problems caused by exposure to change, and engineering cost increase. and national policies, laws and regulations and standard, the change of change, resulting in increased cost. Four, the local government of the people's production and life convenient scheme adopted by engineering change after that cost increase. whose house is caused by delay, the work of engineering change, could lead to increased cost.Highway engineering change of a variety of reasons, this means that the appraisal work for engineering changes are complex and difficult to decrease the cost, the change of the effects are also different. Through the analysis, is looking for engineering changes the various causes, andthrough the analysis of the cost control are not isolated, control cost, the key is to establish and perfect the scientific management system. Based on control cost, quality assurance and accelerate the progress, the principle of efficiency to determine the necessity and feasibility of engineering change. Only in this way can we truly achieve the effective control of the construction project cost and improve the economic benefit and social benefit.公路工程变更原因分析及其对工程造价的影响摘要：公路工程在实施阶段由于设计因素、环境因素等多方面的影响，发生工程变更是较常见的，文章结合工程实践，探讨工程变更的原因及其对工程造价的影响。
五、建安成本控制措施
五、建安成本控制措施英文回答：Construction Cost Control Measures.In the construction industry, effective cost control measures are essential to ensure project success and profitability. Implementing these measures can help minimize unexpected expenses, enhance efficiency, and maintain financial stability throughout the project lifecycle.1. Establish a Clear Budget and Track Expenses Regularly:A well-defined budget serves as a roadmap for project expenses. It should include detailed estimates for all materials, labor, equipment, and other costs. Regular monitoring of actual expenses against the budget allows for timely identification of variances and corrective action.2. Optimize Procurement and Supply Chain Management:Negotiating competitive pricing with suppliers, establishing long-term contracts, and implementingefficient inventory management practices can significantly reduce procurement costs. Effective supply chain management ensures timely delivery of materials and minimizes delays and disruptions.3. Enhance Labor Productivity and Efficiency:Improving labor efficiency through effective work planning, training, and supervision can reduce labor costs. Utilizing technology, such as construction management software, can optimize scheduling, resource allocation, and communication.4. Implement Value Engineering and Design Optimization:Value engineering involves critically examining project designs to identify and eliminate unnecessary costs whilemaintaining functionality. Design optimization focuses on maximizing efficiency and minimizing material usage, leading to cost reductions.5. Leverage Technology for Cost Control:Construction management software can streamline project management, facilitate collaboration, and provide real-time insights into costs and progress. Advanced technologies, such as drones and building information modeling (BIM), can enhance efficiency and reduce rework, thereby controlling costs.6. Establish Performance Benchmarks and Monitor Progress:Setting clear performance benchmarks provides a basis for measuring progress and identifying areas for improvement. Regular monitoring of key performance indicators (KPIs) allows for early detection of potential cost overruns and timely corrective action.7. Foster Collaboration and Communication:Clear communication and collaboration among project stakeholders, including contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers, promote teamwork and shared accountability. This facilitates effective problem-solving, minimizes misunderstandings, and contributes to cost control.8. Implement Risk Management and Contingency Planning:Identifying and assessing potential risks and developing contingency plans can proactively mitigate cost overruns. Risk management includes measures such as insurance, bonding, and establishing contingency funds to cover unexpected expenses.中文回答：建安成本控制措施。
施工阶段控制工程造价的方法
施工阶段控制工程造价的方法摘要：建设项目实施阶段,即通常讲的施工阶段,把设计图纸和原材料、半成品、设备等变成工程实体的过程,是建设项目价值和使用价值实现的主要阶段。
施工阶段的工程造价控制,是实施建设工程全过程造价管理的重要组成部分。
关键词：施工阶段；控制；工程造价；方法Abstract: the construction project implementation stages, namely usually speak of stage of construction, the design drawing and raw materials, semi-finished products, and equipment into engineering entity of the process, is the value of the project construction and service value of its main stages. The construction phase of the project cost control, is construction project cost management in the implementation of the whole process of the important component.Keywords: construction stage; Control; Project cost; methods工程造价的控制是工程建设管理的重要组成部分。
所谓工程造价控制,就是在投资决策阶段、设计阶段、建设实施阶段,把工程造价的发生控制在批准的造价限额内,随时纠正发生的偏差,以保证工程造价管理目标的实现,以求在各个建设项目中合理使用人力、物力、财力,取得最大的投资效益。
建设项目实施阶段,即通常讲的施工阶段,把设计图纸和原材料、半成品、设备等变成工程实体的过程,是建设项目价值和使用价值实现的主要阶段。
施工成本核算的计划及控制措施
施工成本核算的计划及控制措施英文回答：The planning and control measures for construction cost accounting are crucial for ensuring the successful completion of a construction project within budget. Here are some key strategies and measures that can be implemented:1. Accurate cost estimation: The first step in cost accounting is to accurately estimate the costs involved in the construction project. This includes estimating the costs of materials, labor, equipment, and any other expenses. A detailed cost breakdown should be prepared to ensure all aspects are accounted for.2. Regular monitoring and reporting: Regular monitoring of costs is essential to identify any deviations from the estimated budget. This can be done through regular progress reports and cost tracking tools. Any significant variationsshould be immediately addressed to prevent cost overruns.3. Cost control measures: Cost control measures should be implemented to ensure that the project stays within the budget. This can include measures such as value engineering, where cost-effective alternatives are explored without compromising the quality of the project. Additionally,strict control over material wastage, labor productivity, and equipment usage can help in minimizing costs.4. Contract management: Effective contract managementis crucial for controlling costs. Contracts should clearly define the scope of work, payment terms, and any penalties for delays or cost overruns. Regular reviews of contracts and proper documentation can help in avoiding disputes and additional costs.5. Change management: Construction projects often encounter changes in scope, design, or other factors that can impact costs. A proper change management process should be in place to assess the impact of changes on costs and make informed decisions. This can include formal changeorder procedures and regular communication with stakeholders.6. Benchmarking and best practices: Benchmarking with similar projects and industry best practices can provide valuable insights into cost control measures. Learning from past experiences and implementing proven strategies can help in avoiding common pitfalls and reducing costs.中文回答：施工成本核算的计划和控制措施对于确保施工项目在预算内成功完成至关重要。
建筑工程成本控制的方法
建筑工程成本控制的方法Controlling the cost of construction projects is a crucial aspect of managing a successful project. 成本控制是建筑工程管理成功的一个关键方面。
It involves managing the expenses associated with labor, materials, equipment, and other resources to ensure that the project stays within budget. 这涉及管理与劳工、材料、设备和其他资源有关的费用，以确保项目在预算范围内。
There are various methods and strategies that can be employed to control construction project costs, and it's essential to understand and utilize these techniques effectively. 有各种方法和策略可以用来控制建筑工程项目成本，了解并有效利用这些技术是至关重要的。
One of the fundamental methods for controlling construction project costs is to create a comprehensive budget at the outset of the project. 控制建筑工程项目成本的基本方法之一是在项目开始时制定全面的预算。
This means carefully estimating the costs of labor, materials, equipment, and other resources required for the project and allocating specific amounts to each aspect of the project. 这意味着仔细估计所需的劳工、材料、设备和其他资源的成本，并为项目的每个方面分配具体的金额。
造价控制流程及方法
造价控制流程及方法Cost control is an essential part of any construction project to ensure that the budget is managed effectively and efficiently.造价控制是任何建筑项目的重要组成部分，以确保预算得到有效和高效的管理。
One of the most important aspects of cost control is the establishment of a comprehensive and detailed budget at the beginning of the project.造价控制最重要的一点是在项目开始时制定全面详细的预算。
This budget should include all anticipated costs, from materials and labor to permits and equipment rental.这个预算应该包括所有预期的成本，从材料和劳动力到许可证和设备租赁。
By detailing all potential expenses, the project team can monitor and measure actual spending against the budget throughout the project. 通过详细列出所有潜在的开支，项目团队可以在整个项目过程中监测和衡量实际支出与预算的比较。
Regular meetings should be held to review the budget and identify any areas where costs are exceeding the original estimates.定期会议应该进行预算审查，以确定成本超出最初估算的领域。
加强施工进度管理方案
加强施工进度管理方案英文回答：Enhancing Construction Progress Management Plan.Construction progress management is crucial for ensuring timely completion of projects. A well-designed and implemented plan can help in monitoring and controlling the progress, identifying potential delays, and taking corrective actions to keep the project on track. Here are some strategies to strengthen the construction progress management plan:1. Define clear project objectives and milestones: Clearly defining project objectives and setting specific milestones will help in measuring progress accurately. This will enable the project team to identify any deviations from the planned schedule and take necessary actions to mitigate delays.2. Develop a detailed project schedule: A comprehensive project schedule should be developed, incorporating all the tasks, their dependencies, and durations. A critical path analysis can be performed to identify the criticalactivities that directly impact the project timeline. This will help in prioritizing activities and allocating resources efficiently.3. Implement a robust communication system: Effective communication is vital for successful progress management. Establishing a communication plan that includes regular project meetings, progress reports, and updates will ensure that all stakeholders are well-informed about the project status. This will help in identifying any issues or bottlenecks early and resolving them promptly.4. Utilize project management software: Implementing project management software can greatly enhance progress management. These tools provide features like Gantt charts, resource allocation, and real-time tracking of tasks. They enable efficient collaboration among team members and provide visibility into the project progress.5. Monitor and measure progress regularly: Regular monitoring and measurement of progress against the project schedule is essential. This can be done through site visits, progress reports, and periodic reviews. Any deviations from the planned schedule should be analyzed, and appropriate actions should be taken to bring the project back on track.6. Conduct risk assessments: Identify potential risks and uncertainties that may impact the project schedule. Conducting a thorough risk assessment will help in developing contingency plans and proactive measures to mitigate any delays caused by unforeseen circumstances.7. Empower the project team: Empowering the projectteam with the necessary authority and resources will enable them to make timely decisions and take corrective actions. Clear roles and responsibilities should be defined, and the team should be encouraged to collaborate and share information effectively.8. Continuous improvement: Regularly evaluate theprogress management plan and identify areas for improvement. Implement lessons learned from previous projects and adopt best practices to enhance the efficiency of progress monitoring and control.中文回答：加强施工进度管理方案。
施工中+质量与成本的协调措施
施工中+质量与成本的协调措施英文回答：When it comes to coordinating quality and cost in construction, there are several measures that can be taken to ensure a balance between the two. Here are some strategies that I have implemented in my experience:1. Setting clear quality standards: It is important to establish clear quality standards from the beginning of the project. This includes defining the desired level of craftsmanship, materials, and finishes. By clearly communicating these standards to the construction team, we can ensure that everyone is on the same page and working towards the same goal.2. Regular inspections and quality control: Regular inspections and quality control checks are crucial to maintaining the desired level of quality throughout the construction process. This involves conducting inspectionsat different stages of the project to identify anypotential issues or deviations from the standards. By catching and addressing these issues early on, we can prevent costly rework or repairs later in the project.3. Value engineering: Value engineering is a process that involves analyzing the project design and identifying opportunities to reduce costs without compromising quality. This can include exploring alternative materials or construction methods that provide the same level of performance at a lower cost. For example, instead of using expensive imported tiles for a flooring project, we may opt for locally sourced tiles that offer a similar aesthetic but at a lower cost.4. Effective communication and collaboration: Open and effective communication between all stakeholders is essential for coordinating quality and cost. This includes regular meetings and discussions to address any concerns or challenges that may arise. By fostering a collaborative environment, we can ensure that everyone is working together towards the common goal of delivering a high-quality project within the allocated budget.5. Continuous improvement: Continuous improvement is an important aspect of managing quality and cost in construction. This involves learning from past projects and implementing lessons learned to improve future projects.For example, if we encounter a quality issue in one project, we can analyze the root cause and implement measures to prevent similar issues in future projects.中文回答：在施工中协调质量和成本，有几项措施可以采取，以确保两者之间的平衡。
工程造价控制英语
On the design stage of the project cost controlConstruction project cost control throughout the entire process of project construction, including the investment decision-making, design, construction, completion of final phases, each phase of construction projects of varying degrees of cost. According to statistics, investment decision-making stage accounted for 75% to 95%; design accounted for 35% to 75%; the construction phase of 5% to 35%; final stages of completion accounting for 0 to 5%, we can see that the focus of cost control should be The greatest impact on investment decisions and design upfront investment in the project investment decision making, control project cost is the key to the design. Is in project investment phase, design phase, bidding phase and construction and implementation phase, the occurrence of the project cost control within the approved cost. General contractor for the project, the design goal of cost control is the approved cost breakdown structure. The professional structure should be based on the decomposition of the project to determine the design limits of the professional, guaranteed to use the functions in the premise, the quota design, strict control of the unreasonable design changes to ensure that cost is not a breakthrough. Investment projects in which decomposition and limit the amount of control is the implementation of design, implementation, cost effective ways and means of control. In order to make the investment control limits, the project manager responsibility system should be adopted. Project Manager will approve the costs should be organized decomposition of charge to all professionals, design and cost control manager correspondent, on equipment selection, process, general layout, building programs for repeated comparison of the specific measures of investment control And finalize the design professional to limit the amount of the investment amount and project control limit. Limit the total issued ordinary degree of design should be controlled in 90% of direct project costs within the project manager to leave some room for adjustment. Cost officer may at any cost tracking the situation on the design of accounting, more practical work and real investment and limit the amount of the deviation between the designers with timely analysis of deviations with reasons, to find countermeasures. Designers to completely change the original design habits. If you find that do need more than the original control limits, the design professional person in charge to the cost in time, designers, managers and project managers control report for approval before implementation.Project cost is designed, not a vacuum calculated cost engineer, cost control design stage, prior control of project managers fully reflect the guiding ideology, but also the largest owner wishes to invite project managers. Therefore, in the construction design stage, the project manager to actively promote and implement the quota design guidelines. And to design the preliminary design in accordance with theapproved total budget, control of construction design. Meanwhile, the requirement to ensure the professional design features and requirements of owners to use the premise, according to the investment allocation of quota control design, and strictly control unreasonable design and construction design changes to ensure that the total investment limit is not exceeded. Now for the construction project cost control, the main or most of the construction and implementation (construction) phase, generally focus on the construction budget, the settlement before the implementation of the neglect of cost control; only pay attention to the neglect of the construction design; haggling and focus only on Lower prices while ignoring the scientific and reasonable pricing; only focus on cost control in the form of neglect of the real - - whether it is a real sense of control. The result is duplication of efforts, cost control is not ideal. Cost control is the design stage Hua Xiaoqian doing big things, if done so, is the real sense of control costs. The stage of cost control is not just the surface of the sense of control estimate, budget, budget, and its actual significance is calculated by controlling the three, to improve the design quality and reduce the cost of the project purpose, ie to make real sense of control costs.Engineering design project is to build a comprehensive implementation plan and specific description of the process of intention is the soul of construction, science and technology into productive forces of the bond, a key deal with the technical and economic aspects, is a concrete realization of the process of technical and economic unity of opposites Is identified with the key stages of project cost control. Control design stage prior cost control is also fully embodies the idea. Design phase of the project to be implemented without the implementation stage, construction stage in order to avoid unnecessary modifications designed to reduce the project cost due to negotiated increases, the design should be painstaking, in-depth. Because every line of every piece of design is to invest to achieve, so do not start before the off to good design is important, once the design phase cost control, and it will cost the construction phase will bring a negative control Impact. Now, some owners tend to drive cycles, lowering design costs, design did not control the cost of the program estimate, design or no budget does not meet the required quality is not high, the results to the construction stage to the cost control difficult. Some Western countries, according to analysis, design, construction costs generally equal to one percent of the whole life cycle cost less, but it is less than one per cent of the cost of this project cost of the degree of accounting seventy-five% Above. Thus, the design quality of the entire project is critical to the effectiveness of the design phase of the construction cost management to improve design quality, promote the improvement of construction quality and accelerate the high efficiency in the construction of high quality, reducing risk of project cost Is also a great benefit. The so-called life-cyclecost, including construction and engineering project cost after the delivery of recurrent costs (including operating expenses, routine maintenance and repair costs, the use of major repair and partial renewal fees during the period) and the use of the project scrapped after the expiration of removal costs .Design is both necessary and cost management is effective, and cost control at this stage can also play a multiplier effect. After all, on paper the design phase, construction has not started construction of the project, therefore, is to adjust or change are relatively easy, and the construction phase much trouble to change it. A long time, generally ignored the design phase of construction project cost control, resulting in some poor design, inadequate depth of the preliminary design, design quality is not high budget, some projects do not even budget, approval of pro forma estimates, resulting in three ultra phenomenon (over budget estimates budget over budget, the settlement over budget) serious. Owner (construction unit) to control project cost is often the focus on the construction phase - - Audit Construction Budget, Construction Engineering and reasonable settlement of the purchase price, calculated Xi Zhang. Raise awareness of the standard design, promotion standard design. Construction standards and norms in design from the construction of practical experience and scientific research, is the construction must follow the scientific basis. Standard design is conducive to promoting a more significant reduction in construction cost, design cost savings, greatly accelerated the rate of provision of design drawings and shorten the design cycle. Component parts of prefabricated plant can process standard setting, easy to improve workers technology to improve productivity and unified parts, saving materials, components, fittings help to reduce costs. According to statistics, the construction of standard components can be reduced by 10% to 25% of the cost. Standard design has a strong universal, can be a lot of re-use, more economical. Limit the implementation of the design. Limit design is the primary means to control project cost, the so-called limit design is an investment estimated at the standard control preliminary design, preliminary design of the standard control of the total budget for the construction design, about the amount of investment on the stage of approval as the next design phase of investment control overall goal. In the design professional to use function in ensuring the premise, according to the investment allocation of quota control design to control the main contents of quantities, and strictly control unreasonable changes to ensure that the total amount of investment is not a breakthrough to overcome the three super, and the design and budget estimate to form an organic whole, to overcome the mutual accords. In the design process must be based on respect for the scientific and pragmatic attitude, to strengthen technical and economic unity of opposites, and strengthen awareness of the designer's construction cost, set designers a high degree ofresponsibility, through the design, equipment selection, parameter matching, efficiency analysis and other aspects of the design of optimal control. Really make the quota design implemented. Control design changes, design units do a good job review of the drawings, the drawings of the errors can be reduced, thus making the design phase of the construction drawing budget more accurate. Deep drawing or design their own imperfect enough, will result in the construction phase of the design changes to increase, leading to project cost increases. Design units to improve the design depth, sound design drawings should be noted: In the design stage construction of the final plan, to avoid a change in the construction phase; to enhance the design of preparatory work, such as exploration, drilling, etc.; select the appropriate design units, reasonable design costs; design units due to design changes caused investment arising out of control, to clarify its responsibilities. Through value engineering analysis on the product's features, so a lower total cost, reliable products to achieve the necessary features to enhance the product value of the set of scientific technical and economic methods. It is dealing with conflicts of project cost and features of a modern method of using this method can be refined through the function, the function of removing the excess of the high cost of implementation of key control functions, and ultimately reduced project cost and implementation of construction projects economic, social and environmental benefits of the best combination. Optimal design is an important step in the design stage, is an effective method to control project cost. Design scheme selection of the methods and purpose of tendering and design using design campaign, the use of value engineering design and design optimization of the technical and economic evaluation analysis. Function and value analysis by technical problems and economic issues will closely combine the economic effect evaluation in accordance with the principles of design features, cost, time, equipment, materials, labor and other aspects of consumption of quantitative and qualitative analysis to choose the technology advanced and economically rational, can meet the functional and technical requirements, but also reduce the project cost technical solutions. The combination of technology and economy is to control the cost of architectural engineering optimization means. Engineering design is the source of cost control of construction projects, to effectively control the project cost, to investment, the progress of fast, good quality results, we should control the focus on the design of this critical stage.In short, the cost of construction is the construction management to control an important part of the design phase of the cost control seems to be simple, in fact, is not simple, the whole control process is a systematic project. But it also is not unattainable. As long as we fully understand the design phase cost control management is the key to create the right conditions, set reasonable goals, using scientific methods, we will be able to improve the design phase of the constructioncost control.。
施工项目成本控制中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文资料翻译施工项目的成本控制1 引言项目是企业的形象窗口和效益源泉。
随着市场竞争日趋激烈，工程质量、文明施工要求不断提高，材料价格波动起伏，以及其他不确定因素的影响，使得项目运作处于较为严峻的环境之中。
由此可见成本控制贯穿工程建设的全过程，它是企业全面成本管理的重要环节，必须在组织和控制措施上给予高度重视，以提高企业的经济效益。
2 概述施工项目成本控制，指在成本发生和形成过程中，对生产经营所消耗的人力、物资和费用开支，进行指导、监督、调节和限制，及时预防、发现和纠正偏差从而把各项费用控制在计划成本的预定目标之内，以保障企业的生产经营效益。
3 施工企业成本控制原则施工企业成本控制以项目成本控制为中心，其是企业成本管理的基础和核心，项目经理部在对施工项目进行成本控制时，必须遵循以下基本原则：1）成本最低化原则。
施工项目成本控制的最终目的，在于通过成本管理的各种手段，不断降低施工项目成本，以实现目标成本最低的要求。
在实行成本最低化原则时，应注意降低成本的可能性和合理的成本最低化。
一方面挖掘各种降低成本的途径，使可能性变为现实；另一方面要从实际出发，制定通过主观努力可以达到的合理最低成本水平。
2）全面成本控制原则。
成本管理是全企业、全员和全过程的管理，亦称“三全”管理。
全项目成本控制有一个系统的实质性内容，包括各部门、各单位的责任网络和班组经济核算等等，应避免出现成本控制人人有责，人人不管的现象。
项目成本的全过程控制要求成本控制工作要随着项目进展的各个阶段连续进行，既不能疏漏，又不能时紧时松，应使施工项目成本自始至终置于有效的控制之下。
3）动态控制原则。
施工项目是一次性的，成本控制应强调项目的中间控制，即动态控制。
由于施工准备阶段的成本控制只是根据施工组织设计的具体内容确定成本目标、编制成本计划、制订成本控制的方案，为今后的成本控制作好准备。
而竣工阶段的成本控制，由于成本盈亏已基本定局，即使发生了偏差，也已来不及纠正。
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解读加强施工时间工程造价操控的办法中英文Strengthen the construction project cost control of time.跟着我国经济发展水平的进步，大家日益增长的修建多样性需求逐步得到满意。
但因为建造工程项目常常需求一个相对较长的建造时刻，在施工时间工程造价操控好坏会对施工公司的效益发作重要影响，因而，讨论加强施工时间工程造价操控的办法具有必定的现实意义。
Along with the economic development level of China's progress, people increasingly build diversity demand gradually satisfied. But because the construction projects often require a relatively long construction time, at the time of construction project cost control has important influence on the efficiency of construction company, and discuss how to strengthen the construction time of onset, the project cost control approach has a certain practical significance.一、强化施工本钱操控是加强施工时间工程造价办理的基本准则One, strengthen construction cost control is to strengthen the basic principles of construction project cost management time施工项目本钱操控就是在项目施行进程中对资源的投入、施工进程及效果进行监督、查看和衡量，并采纳办法确保项目本钱方针的完结。
本钱操控的对象是工程项目，其主体则是人的办理活动，意图是合理运用人力、物力、财政，降低本钱，添加效益。
为此，本钱操控的通常准则有以下几个方面：Construction project cost control is in the project implementation process of resource investment, construction process and the effect of supervision, check and measure, and take measures to ensure that the project cost policy end. Object cost control project, its main body is human management activities, intention is reasonab le use of human, material, financial, cost, profit. Therefore, usually cost control standards are as follows:1.1 方针操控准则。
在施行方针办理的进程中，将方案的方案、方针、办法等逐个分化落实到部分、班组直至自己，将作业责任与本钱责任相联系，做到责、权、利相联系，对责任部分或自己的成绩进行查看和考评，做到奖惩清楚。
/ /1.1 policy control standards. In the implementation of policies for the process, will plan, policy, measures to implement the part by differentiation, until his team, will work responsibility and cost responsibility associated, do associated responsibility, power and benefit, review and evaluation of responsibility or their results, do the rewards and punishments clearly.1.2 项目全员操控准则。
本钱操控涉及到项目安排中的一切部分、班组和职工的作业，并与每一个职工的切身利益有关，因而，应充分调动每个部分、班组和每一个职工操控本钱、关怀本钱的活跃性，实在树立起全员操控本钱的理念。
The 1.2 projects total control standards. Cost control involves the project arrangements of all parts, team and staff assignments, and with every worker's vital interest, therefore, should be active to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of each section, team and control every staff cost, cost of care, it set up the total control cost concept.1.3 项目全进程本钱操控准则。
项目本钱的发作涉及到项目整个周期，项目本钱的构成进程，从施工预备开端，经过施工进程直至竣工移送后的保修期完毕。
因而，本钱操控作业要随同施工的每一个时间。
1.3 project cost control process standards. Attack item cost relates to the entire cycle of project, project cost of the process, from construction preparation to start, through the construction process until the completion of the warranty period after the transfer. Therefore, the cost control work to accompany each time construction.1.4 动态操控准则。
本钱操控是在不断改变的环境下进行的办理活动，所以，有必要坚持动态操控的准则，即在施工进程将人工、资料、机械发作的实践值与方针值相比较，查看有无违背，若有违背找出详细缘由，并采纳相应办法。
1.4 dynamic control standards. Cost control is carried out in a constantly changing environment management activities, therefore, need to insist on dynamic control criterion, namely in the construction process will practice of artificial, mechanical attack data, compared with the policy value, see whether the violation, if there is violation to find the specific reasons, and take corresponding measures.1.5 节约准则。
就是节约项目施工的人力、物力和财力，活跃创造条件，本着事前监督、进程操控，从优化施工方案，进步项目科学办理水平中到达节约的意图。
/ /施工前，要联系施工图纸及现场实践状况、本身的机械设备、施工经历、办理水平和技能规范检验规范，编制一套实在经济可行的施工方案，该施工方案是工程施行的举动纲要。
因为，在工程总价承揽的状况下，中标价钱是断定的，本钱越低，盈余越高，所以，这就需求施工公司有必要合理安排施工，节约本钱，力求在办理中出效益。
1.5 save criterion. The construction of the project is to save the human, material and financial resources, to create conditions in active control, supervision, process, from optimization of construction scheme, the progress of the project of scientific management level of the intention to save. Before the construction, should contact the construction drawings and site practice condition, own mechanical equipment, construction experience, management level and technical standard inspection specification, preparation of a set of real economic and feasible construction scheme, the construction scheme is the outline of the project implementation. Because, in the project total contract situation, the price is determined, the cost is lower, profit is higher, so, this needs the construction company is necessary and rational arrangement of construction, cost savings, to the management efficiency.总归，施工时间是工程建造实体的构成进程，是运用价值的完结进程，是很多资金的投入进程。