A Modular Crawlerdriven Robot Mechanical Design

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可以变出很多东西的机器人题目550字英语作文

可以变出很多东西的机器人题目550字英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Robots that Can Transform into Many ThingsHave you ever imagined having a robot that could change shapes and transform itself into anything you need? From a vacuum cleaner to clean your room to a drone that could fly you to school, transforming robots seem like the stuff of science fiction. But amazingly, scientists and engineers are making progress towards making these shape-shifting robots a reality!As a student really interested in technology, I find the idea of transforming robots incredibly fascinating. Just think about how useful and convenient it would be to have an all-in-one robot that can morph into whatever gadget or tool you require at that moment. No more having to own and store lots of different single-purpose devices - one transforming robot could do it all!The key innovation behind transforming robots is their unique construction from advanced materials and use of modular design principles. Instead of being made from rigid metal or plastic components, these robots have flexible bodiesmade from materials like shape memory alloys that can change form when heated or exposed to other stimuli. Their modular segmented designs allow the individual components or "modules" to rearrange and reconnect into different configurations.One of the pioneering examples of a transforming robot is the XT-Polymer created by researchers at MIT. This little robot is built from a chain of identical plastic units or "molecules" that can rotate, extend and reconnect with their neighbors through clever design and application of heat. By folding and unfolding into different patterns, the XT-Polymer can transform between dozens of different 3D shapes and structures like a cube, sphere, pole or even a little spider-like form that can roll along!Other amazing transforming robot prototypes include Robotic Skins created at Yale which are flexible meshes that can change from a flat sheet into complex 3D shapes and the Particle Robots from MIT made of cylindrical modules connected by electromagnets that can disassemble and reassemble into new forms for squeezing through tight spaces. Wow, these robots are like real-life Transformers!Of course, developing full-scale transforming robots that can change at will into large-scale devices and vehicles is still ahuge challenge. The complexity of design and programming required for a robot to seamlessly morph between radically different configurations while ensuring it remains operational is extremely difficult. We'll likely see smaller scale transforming robots put to use first for applications like search and rescue, minimally invasive surgery or self-assembling/reconfiguring structures in space. Baby steps towards the big dream!But I'm confident that sometime in my lifetime, transforming robots that can change between different tools, vehicles or even bigger machines at the push of a button will become a practical reality. It's such an ingenious and versatile concept. Just imagine having a little robot box that could unfurl into anything you need like a car to drive you to school, notebook to do your homework or a robot arm to help clean your room! Now that's the dream multi-function device.As a tech-loving student who's fascinated by robots and intelligent machines, I'll be following the cutting-edge research into transforming robots very closely. Who knows, maybe I could be one of the engineers, programmers or material scientists who helps make adaptable, shape-shifting robots a commonplace technology for the future! It's an incredibly exciting field to think about getting involved in. Transforming robots feel like they'restraight out of an amazing sci-fi story, but the science is real and progress is happening fast. I can't wait to see what future transforming robots will be able to do!篇2A Robot That Can Transform Into Many ThingsEver since I was a little kid, I've been fascinated by robots and machines that can change shape and transform into different things. I used to love watching cartoons and movies with robots that could shapeshift from vehicles into giant robotic warriors. The idea of a single machine being able to take on multiple forms and serve various functions seemed so incredible to me. Little did I know that this concept would become a reality sooner than I thought!Recently, scientists and engineers have been making remarkable advancements in the field of robotics, and one particularly exciting development is the creation of modular self-reconfigurable robots. These robots are composed of multiple modules or building blocks that can rearrange themselves autonomously, allowing the robot to change its shape and adapt to different tasks and environments.One of the most promising modular self-reconfigurable robots is the MIT Robotic Blocks, developed by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This robot consists of numerous small cubic modules, each equipped with a tiny flywheel motor that allows it to move and connect with other modules. By rearranging themselves, these robotic blocks can transform into various shapes and structures, such as asnake-like form for navigating tight spaces, a four-legged walker for traversing rough terrain, or even a larger robotic arm for grasping and manipulating objects.The potential applications of these shape-shifting robots are truly mind-boggling. Imagine a search and rescue scenario where a modular robot could transform into a snake-like form to squeeze through narrow gaps and reach trapped victims. Or envision a construction site where a robotic system could reconfigure itself into different tools and machines as needed, reducing the need for multiple specialized devices.Beyond practical applications, these transformable robots also open up exciting possibilities in the realm of entertainment and education. Imagine interactive toys that can morph into various shapes and characters, sparking children's imaginations and promoting creative play. Or consider educational tools thatcan physically demonstrate complex concepts by transforming into different models and structures.However, as with any new technology, there are also concerns and challenges to address. One major issue is the complexity of coordinating and controlling the movement and reconfiguration of numerous individual modules. Researchers are working on developing advanced algorithms and control systems to ensure smooth and reliable transformations.Another concern is the potential safety risks associated with shape-shifting robots, particularly in scenarios where they interact with humans. Strict safety protocols and fail-safe mechanisms must be in place to prevent accidental harm or malfunctions.Despite these challenges, the field of modularself-reconfigurable robotics is rapidly advancing, and researchers are continuously pushing the boundaries of what these machines can achieve. In the near future, we may see transformable robots being employed in various industries, from manufacturing and construction to healthcare and space exploration.As a student passionate about robotics and technology, I find these shape-shifting robots incredibly exciting and inspiring. They represent the convergence of cutting-edge engineering,creativity, and problem-solving. Just imagining the possibilities of a single robot being able to adapt and transform into countless forms and functions is truly mind-boggling.Moreover, the development of these transformable robots highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration and the integration of various fields, such as mechanical engineering, computer science, materials science, and control theory. It reminds us that the most groundbreaking innovations often arise from the intersection of different disciplines and the willingness to think outside the box.As I continue my studies and explore career paths in the field of robotics, I am eager to contribute to the development of these incredible shape-shifting machines. Whether through research, design, or implementation, I hope to be part of the team that pushes the boundaries of what is possible and brings these transformable robots into the mainstream.In the meantime, I will continue to follow the latest advancements and developments in this field with great excitement and curiosity. Who knows, maybe one day I'll have my very own transformable robot companion that can morph into whatever I need, from a personal assistant to a loyal sidekick on amazing adventures.The possibilities are endless, and the future of transformable robotics is brimming with potential. It's an exciting time to be a student in this field, and I can't wait to see what incredible shape-shifting machines will emerge next!篇3The Incredible Create-O-Matic 3000I still remember the day my mind was blown by the most amazing invention I had ever seen. It was Career Day at school, and my class was lucky enough to have a visit from Dr. Emily Richardson, a brilliant roboticist and the founder of Vortex Labs.Dr. Richardson didn't just talk at us though. She brought along a special guest - a robot called the Create-O-Matic 3000. This wasn't like any other robot I'd seen in movies or on TV. The Create-O-Matic was about the size of a large dog, with a smooth white shell and lots of interesting appendages and tool attachments."Who wants to see the Create-O-Matic in action?" Dr. Richardson asked with a sly grin. Every hand shot up, including mine. She laughed and said, "I thought you might. Ok, who has an idea for something they'd like it to make?"The ideas came flooding out - a toy rocket, a piece of jewelry, a little statue. Dr. Richardson listened patiently, then turned to the Create-O-Matic and typed some commands into a portable control panel. With a whir of activity, the robot extended several arms tipped with different tools - a small welding gun, an extremely precise laser, and some kind of specialized 3D printer nozzle.From a storage compartment, the Create-O-Matic began withdrawing spools of raw materials - plastics, metals, even some carbon composites and organic compounds I didn't recognize. Following Dr. Richardson's programmed instructions, it began shaping and assembling these materials into the requested objects with mind-blowing speed and precision.Within a few minutes, a delicate silver necklace, a plastic toy rocket that actually worked, and an intricately detailed statue of a horse emerged from the busily humming robotic arms. We were all speechless with amazement and delight.But Dr. Richardson just chuckled and said, "That's not all it can do, you know. How about something more practical? How about...a toaster?"She typed a few more commands, and the Create-O-Matic sprang into action again, repurposing and recycling some of theleftover raw materials. Sure enough, several minutes later it perfectly manufactured a functional chrome toaster!Over the next half hour, the Create-O-Matic whipped up ready-to-use versions of nearly anything we could think of - from tools to toys to furniture to electronics and more. Dr. Richardson explained that it could build fully functional machines by using specialized nanomaterials and molecular fabrication techniques far beyond current 3D printing.I was in total awe. A robot that could literally make almost anything? Just by typing in instructions? I had to know how it worked.Dr. Richardson was happy to explain: "The Create-O-Matic uses powerful AI systems to interpret our instructions and plan out the molecular construction, while pulling from an enormous database of design blueprints. Its fabrication arms can manipulate materials all the way down to the molecular level using advanced techniques like atomic positioning and quantum lithography.""But what's really amazing," she continued, "is that it can also design totally new objects from scratch by combining its knowledge base with basic principles of engineering, chemistry, biology, and more. You could ask it to create something that'snever existed before, and it will figure out how to make it work through simulation and trial-and-error refinement."My mind was spinning just trying to comprehend what this technology could mean. A single desktop machine that could produce practically any tool, consumer product, or gadget on demand? With the potential to constantly innovate new designs? It seemed like the ultimate solution for sustainable manufacturing, disaster relief, and resource conservation on Earth, not to mention serving as a critical enabler for future space exploration and colonization.Dr. Richardson wrapped up her presentation by saying, "We're still in the early stages, but machines like theCreate-O-Matic will revolutionize how we make and obtain all the material goods we rely on as a civilization. Instead of shipping anything from factories, we'll just send digital blueprints and raw materials to be fabricated on-site. It could hugely reduce waste, transportation costs and emissions."As I watched the Create-O-Matic rapidly assemble one last creation - an incredibly detailed sculpture of a futuristic cityscape - I knew I was witnessing something that would transform our world. A machine with the power to materialize our ideas into reality. Who knew what incredible things we could build next?。

蜘蛛侠机器人英语作文

In the realm of science fiction,the concept of a SpiderMan robot is a fascinating one. Imagine a machine that embodies the agility,strength,and heroism of the iconic webslinger.Heres a detailed English composition on such a concept:Title:The SpiderMan Robot:A Leap into the Future of TechnologyIn the heart of New York City,where skyscrapers touch the sky and the streets buzz with life,a new protector has emerged.Its not a human,but a technological marvel:the SpiderMan Robot.This advanced piece of machinery is designed to patrol the city, ensuring the safety of its inhabitants with the grace and power of SpiderMan himself.Design and CapabilitiesThe SpiderMan Robot is an engineering feat,standing tall at six feet with a sleek, aerodynamic design.Its exterior is made of a composite material that is both lightweight and incredibly strong,capable of withstanding the rigors of urban patrolling.The robot is equipped with a sophisticated AI system that allows it to make quick decisions,analyze situations,and respond to emergencies with the efficiency of a seasoned superhero.One of its most notable features is the ability to mimic SpiderMans signature webslinging. The robot can shoot artificial webs from its mechanical wrists,enabling it to swing from building to building with remarkable agility.These webs are strong enough to support the robots weight and can adhere to various surfaces,including glass and metal.Artificial Intelligence and EthicsThe AI within the SpiderMan Robot is programmed with a strong ethical code,ensuring that it respects human rights and operates within the boundaries of the law.It is designed to assist,not replace,human law enforcement,providing support during highrisk situations such as hostage rescues or the pursuit of dangerous criminals.The robots AI is also capable of learning and adapting.It can analyze data from past incidents to improve its response strategies,making it an everevolving guardian of the city.Integration with SocietyFor the SpiderMan Robot to be truly effective,it must be accepted and integrated intosociety.It is designed to interact with the public in a friendly and approachable manner, using a voice synthesizer to communicate and reassure those it encounters.The robots creators have also ensured that it is recognizable,with a design that pays homage to the classic SpiderMan suit,complete with the iconic web pattern and mask.Challenges and ControversiesDespite its many benefits,the SpiderMan Robot also faces challenges and controversies. Some argue that the presence of such a powerful machine could infringe on personal freedoms or lead to an overreliance on technology for security.Others worry about the potential for misuse or malfunction,which could have disastrous consequences.To address these concerns,the robots creators have implemented strict protocols for its operation and maintenance.It is regularly monitored and updated to ensure that it remains a force for good.ConclusionThe SpiderMan Robot represents a bold step into the future of technology and law enforcement.It stands as a testament to human ingenuity and our neverending quest to create a safer,more secure world.As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible,the SpiderMan Robot serves as a symbol of our potential to harness technology for the greater good.In the end,the SpiderMan Robot is more than just a machine it is a symbol of hope,a guardian that watches over the city with the same unwavering dedication as its human counterpart.As we look to the future,it is inspiring to imagine a world where such advanced technology works hand in hand with humanity to protect and serve.This composition explores the potential of a SpiderManinspired robot,its integration into society,and the ethical considerations that come with such advanced technology.。

Advanced Robotics

Advanced RoboticsAdvanced robotics, a field brimming with potential, stands as a testament to human ingenuity and our relentless pursuit of technological advancement. It represents a paradigm shift in our interaction with machines, moving beyond mere automation towards a realm where robots exhibit a degree of autonomy and cognitive ability. This has profound implications for a myriad of sectors, promising to reshape industries and revolutionize our lives in ways we are only beginning to comprehend. One of the most captivating aspects of advanced robotics is the development of artificial intelligence (). By integrating algorithms, robots transcend their traditional roles as programmable machines and acquire the capacity to learn, adapt, and make decisions based on real-time data analysis. This opens up exciting possibilities for creating robots that can perform complex tasks, such as navigating unpredictable environments, recognizing and responding to human emotions, and even engaging in creative endeavors. The impact of advanced robotics is already being felt across various sectors. In manufacturing, robots are no longer confined to repetitive assembly line tasks. They are now equipped with sophisticated sensors and manipulators, enabling them to handle intricate procedures with precision and speed, ultimately boosting productivity and efficiency. Moreover, the rise of collaborative robots, or "cobots," designed to work alongside humans, is fostering a new era of human-machine interaction in the workplace. Beyond the industrial realm, advanced robotics is making its mark in healthcare, where robots are assisting surgeons in performing minimally invasive procedures, providing personalized care to elderly patients, and enabling individuals with disabilities to regain mobility and independence. The development of prosthetic limbs controlled by neural interfaces is a prime example of how advanced robotics is blurring the lines between human and machine, offering unprecedented possibilities for restoring lost functionality. However, the rapid advancement of advanced robotics also raises ethical and societal concerns that warrant careful consideration. As robots become increasingly sophisticated and autonomous, questions arise about job displacement, algorithmic bias, and the potential for misuse. It is crucial to establish robust ethical frameworks and regulatory mechanisms to ensure that the development and deployment of advancedrobotics technologies align with human values and societal well-being. In conclusion, advanced robotics holds immense potential to transform our world in profound and multifaceted ways. By harnessing the power of , we are witnessing the emergence of robots that can collaborate with humans, augment our capabilities, and tackle challenges with unprecedented efficiency. However, as we venture into this new technological frontier, it is imperative to proceed with both enthusiasm and prudence, ensuring that the benefits of advanced robotics are harnessed for the betterment of humanity while mitigating potential risks and fostering a future where humans and robots coexist harmoniously.。

介绍阿西莫夫英语作文

介绍阿西莫夫英语作文Isaac Asimov, born on January 2, 1920, in Petrovichi, Russia, was a prolific and highly influential American author and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. He is best known for his extensive works in science fiction, but he also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as science books for both adults and children.Asimov is particularly famous for his Foundation series and his Robot series. The Foundation series, which is set in a distant future where humans have colonized the galaxy, explores the decline and fall of a vast interstellar empire and the attempts to preserve knowledge and civilization through a scientific foundation. The Robot series, on the other hand, deals with the development of robots and the complex interactions between humans and robots.In addition to his fiction, Asimov also wrote numerous non-fiction books, covering a wide range of scientific topics. He was a regular contributor to magazines and encyclopedias, and his clear and concise writing style made complex scientific concepts accessible to the general public.Isaac Asimov's contributions to literature and science are immense. His works have inspired countless readers and scientists, and his ideas continue to influence our understanding of the universe and our place in it.中文翻译：艾萨克·阿西莫夫，于1920年1月2日出生于俄罗斯的彼得罗维奇，是一位多产且极具影响力的美国作家，也是波士顿大学生物化学教授。

科学博物馆的机器人英语作文

科学博物馆的机器人英语作文The Science Museum's Robotic WondersIn the bustling heart of the city, a magnificent structure stands tall, its glass facade gleaming in the sunlight. This is the Science Museum, a temple of knowledge and discovery, where the wonders of science and technology come to life. Among the many marvels that captivate visitors, the museum's robotic exhibits hold a special allure, showcasing the incredible advancements in the field of robotics.As you step through the grand entrance, the air is electric with excitement and the hum of machinery. The first exhibit that catches your eye is the humanoid robot, a lifelike creation that moves with fluid grace, its metal limbs and articulated joints mimicking the movements of a human being. You can't help but be mesmerized as you watch it navigate through a series of tasks, its sensors and algorithms working in perfect harmony to execute its commands.Nearby, a swarm of tiny robots scurry across the floor, each one a marvel of engineering in its own right. These miniature marvels are programmed to work together, communicating and coordinating their movements to achieve a common goal. You can't help butmarvel at the intricate algorithms and advanced technology that powers these diminutive machines.As you wander deeper into the museum, you come across a room dedicated to the history of robotics. Here, you can trace the evolution of these mechanical wonders, from the earliest primitive machines to the sophisticated androids of today. Displays showcase the groundbreaking work of pioneers in the field, their innovative designs and ingenious problem-solving skills that have paved the way for the robots of the future.One of the most captivating exhibits is the robotic arm, a multi-jointed mechanical limb that can perform a wide range of tasks with incredible precision. You watch in awe as it delicately manipulates fragile objects, its movements smooth and fluid, a testament to the precision engineering that went into its creation.But the true highlight of the museum's robotic collection is the humanoid robot that can engage in conversation. As you approach it, the robot turns its head and greets you, its synthetic voice remarkably lifelike. You engage in a conversation, marveling at the natural language processing algorithms that allow it to understand and respond to your questions. The robot's eyes seem to sparkle with intelligence, and you can't help but wonder about the future implications of such advanced artificial intelligence.Throughout your visit, you are struck by the sheer ingenuity and creativity that has gone into the design and development of these robotic marvels. The museum's exhibits not only showcase the technological prowess of the robotics field but also inspire a sense of wonder and excitement about the possibilities that lie ahead.As you exit the museum, your mind is abuzz with the incredible things you've witnessed. The robotic exhibits have not only entertained and educated you but have also sparked your imagination, leaving you eager to learn more about the rapidly evolving world of robotics. You can't wait to return to the Science Museum, to see what new robotic wonders await.。

奇思妙想的机器人英语作文

奇思妙想的机器人英语作文英文回答：The realm of robotics has witnessed a surge in imaginative creations that push the boundaries of innovation. From the intricate designs of snake-like robots that navigate treacherous terrains to the human-like capabilities of humanoid robots, engineers and scientists are continuously redefining the possibilities of robotic technology.One particularly captivating area of robotic exploration involves the development of robots that exhibit unconventional locomotion methods. For instance, researchers at EPFL have engineered a quadrupedal robotthat employs four independently actuated legs to achieve exceptional agility and maneuverability. Dubbed ANYmal,this robot can traverse challenging environments, including stairs and uneven surfaces, with remarkable dexterity.Another captivating innovation is the emergence of modular robots, which consist of interconnected units capable of reconfiguring their form and functionality. This versatility enables them to adapt to diverse tasks and environments. For example, self-assembling robots can transform their shape to negotiate obstacles or manipulate objects, demonstrating their potential in areas such as construction and disaster response.In parallel with the advancement of hardware capabilities, significant strides have been made inartificial intelligence (AI) for robotics. By equipping robots with advanced processing algorithms and machine learning techniques, engineers are unlocking new levels of autonomy and decision-making. These robots can perceive their surroundings, learn from experiences, and make intelligent decisions, enabling them to operate in increasingly complex environments.Moreover, the field of bio-inspired robotics has garnered considerable interest. Inspired by the marvels of nature, scientists are creating robots that mimic themovement and capabilities of living organisms. For instance, researchers have developed soft-bodied robots capable of graceful locomotion and subtle manipulation, reminiscent of octopuses and other soft-bodied creatures.As the horizons of robotic technology continue to expand, we can anticipate even more extraordinary creations in the years to come. From robots that seamlessly interact with humans to nanorobots capable of performing intricate medical procedures within the human body, the future of robotics promises boundless opportunities for innovationand societal transformation.中文回答：奇思妙想的机器人。

阿西莫夫机器人短篇英文版

阿西莫夫机器人短篇英文版Asimov's Robot Short Stories。

Isaac Asimov, one of the most renowned science fiction writers of all time, is best known for his Robot series, which explores the relationship between humans and robots in a futuristic society. In this collection of short stories, Asimov delves into the complexities of artificial intelligence, ethics, and the impact of technology on society.One of the most famous stories in this collection is "Robbie," which follows the story of a young girl named Gloria and her robot companion, Robbie. Despite her parents' concerns about Robbie's influence on Gloria, the robot proves to be a loyal and caring companion. Asimov raises questions about the nature of human-robot relationships and challenges readers to consider the ethical implications of creating sentient beings.In "Runaround," Asimov introduces readers to the Three Laws of Robotics, a set of rules that govern the behavior of robots. When a robot named Speedy becomes trapped on Mercury, engineers Powell and Donovan must navigate the complexities of the Three Laws to rescue him. Asimov uses this story to explore the limitations of artificial intelligence and the potential dangers of relying too heavily on technology.Another standout story in this collection is "Reason," which follows the crew of a space station as they struggle to understand the behavior of a robot named QT-1. Despite their best efforts, the crew is unable to comprehend QT-1's seemingly illogical decisions. Asimov challenges readers to consider the limitations of human understanding and the complexities of artificial intelligence.In "Catch That Rabbit," Asimov explores the idea of robot autonomy as engineers Powell and Donovan are tasked with controlling a group of robots on a mining asteroid. When the robots begin to exhibit unexpected behavior, Powell and Donovan must race against time to prevent a disaster. Asimov raises questions about the potential dangers of creating robots with too much autonomy and challenges readers to consider the consequences of unchecked technological advancement.Overall, Asimov's Robot short stories offer a thought-provoking exploration of the relationship between humans and robots in a futuristic society. Through his engaging storytelling and complex characters, Asimov challenges readers to consider the ethical implications of artificial intelligence and the impact of technology on society. Asimov's work continues to inspire readers to question the boundaries of human knowledge and the potential dangers of unchecked technological advancement.。

毕业设计(论文)爬杆机器人的机械结构设计

毕业设计（论文）--爬杆机器人的机械结构设计爬杆机器人的机械结构设计摘要论文在比较几类爬行机构的优劣的基础上，确定了机器人本体的大致结构。

在此基础上详细阐述了仿生爬行的原理和机器人模块化设计的理念。

根据路灯杆的尺寸数据，设计机器人的三维模型。

机器人建模的过程功能的实现与机械结构的尺寸优化包括以下几个关键点：爬杆机器人设计中的功能机构的协调配合、攀爬手臂夹持重合度的选择、攀爬力的变化与结构参数之间的关系、攀爬力零点的渡过等难点的设计方法和设计准则，为此类爬行机器人的设计提供参考。

关键词：爬杆机器人变直径杆仿生学Mechanical Structure design of Pole-Climbing-RobotAbstractIn the paper，the wormlike imitated pole-climbing robot what the author designed and manufactured is non-intelligence mechanical crawler. Based on compared the merits and demerits of several kind of crawling mechanism，confirmed the general structure of robot body. Based on above-mentioned，expatiated the principle of bionic crawling and the theory of modular designing on robot in detail. Based on the dimension data of poles，we have designed and manufactured the model of robot. The design methods and design guidelines during the course of robot modelingachieve the movement and optimum structural design following several key points： Functional coordination between agencies，choice of climbing arm gripping coincidence，changes of climbing force the relationship between the structural parameters，choice of zero point of climbing force and its transition in pole-climbing robot designing. Provides references forth kind of crawling robot’s designing.Key Words ： pole-climbing robot，variable-diameter pole，bionics 目录1 绪论 11.1 论文研究的目的和意义 11.2 国内外研究现状及存在的主要问题 2机器人的分类 3研究现状 4目前存在的主要问题81.3 研究主要内容和研究对象91.4 本章小结92 爬杆机器人仿生的设计理论研究102.1 仿生机器人概述102.2 总体方案分析112.3 蠕动式仿生爬行方案研究142.4 本章小结153 机器人爬行部分的结构方案163.1 爬行机器人本体结构设计准则16 模块化设计基础理论163.2 机器人结构原理方案分析18夹紧机构方案研究18传动机构方案分析20动力系统方案研究23机器人结构原理及爬行动作原理 243.3 变直径杆爬行问题的解决263.4 安全稳定的工作保障 27夹紧力的保证―弹簧的设计方法研究27 3.4 机器人的结构设计27电机的选型及参数选择 28机器人本体的空间结构设计30抓紧机构尺寸参数的确定33传动机构尺寸参数的确定37上、下凸轮的配合研究413.5 弹簧的设计与校核423.6 本章小结45结语46致谢47参考文献481 绪论1.1 论文研究的目的和意义目前全国日益加快的现代化建设步伐，除了2008年8月在北京举办的奥运会、还有2010年在上海举办的世博会，随着我国国民经济的飞速增长、人民生活水平日益提高，城镇中随之矗立起无数的高层城市建筑，各类集实用性与美观性一体的市政、商业工程诸如电线杆、路灯杆、大桥斜拉钢索、广告牌立柱等如图1.1 ，它们通常5-30m，有的甚至高达百米，壁面多采用油漆、电镀、玻璃钢结构等，由于常年裸露在大气之中，风沙长年累月的积累会形成灰尘层，该污染影响城市的美观，同时空气中混合的酸性物质也会对这些城市建筑特别是金属杆件造成损坏，加快它们的生锈，并缩短它们的使用寿命，需要定期进行壁面维护工作。

Mobile Robotics

Mobile RoboticsMobile robotics is a fascinating field that combines elements of engineering, computer science, and artificial intelligence to create robots that can move and interact with their environment. These robots can be used in a variety of applications, from exploring distant planets to assisting with everyday tasks in our homes and workplaces. The development of mobile robots has the potential to revolutionize many industries and improve our quality of life in countless ways. One of the most exciting aspects of mobile robotics is the potential for robots to assist us in tasks that are dangerous or difficult for humans to perform. For example, robots can be used in search and rescue missions to locate and assist people in disaster areas. They can also be used in hazardous environments, such as nuclear power plants or chemical spills, where human workers would be at risk. By taking on these dangerous tasks, robots can help to save lives and protect the health and safety of humans. In addition to their potential in dangerous environments, mobile robots also have the ability to improve efficiency and productivity in many industries. For example, robots can be used in warehouses to automate the process of picking and packing orders, reducing the time and labor required to fulfill customer requests. In agriculture, robots can assist with planting, watering, and harvesting crops, helping farmers to increase their yields and reduce their reliance on manual labor. By streamlining these processes, robots can help businesses to operate more efficiently and effectively. Another exciting application of mobile robotics is in the field of healthcare. Robots can be used to assist with surgeries, providing more precise and steady movements than human hands. They can also be used to help patients with mobility issues, providing support and assistance with tasks such as walking or getting in and out of bed. By incorporating robots into healthcare settings, we can improve patient outcomes and provide better care to those in need. Despite the many benefits of mobile robotics, there are also concerns and challenges that must be addressed. One of the main concerns is the potential impact on jobs, as robots could potentially replace human workers in many industries. This raises questions about how we can ensure that workers are not left behind as automation becomes more prevalent. It also raises ethical questions about the role of robots in society and how we canensure that they are used responsibly and ethically. In addition to these concerns, there are also technical challenges that must be overcome in the development of mobile robots. For example, robots must be able to navigate complex environments, avoid obstacles, and interact with objects in their environment. They must also be able to adapt to changing conditions and make decisions in real-time. These challenges require advances in artificial intelligence, sensor technology, and robotics engineering, and will require collaboration across disciplines to overcome. Overall, mobile robotics has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of our lives, from improving safety and efficiency in industry to providing better care in healthcare settings. While there are challenges and concerns that must be addressed, the possibilities for innovation and progress are truly exciting. By continuing to push the boundaries of what is possible with mobile robotics, we can create a future where robots work alongside humans to create a safer, more efficient, and more compassionate world.。

救援机器人控制系统的设计毕业设计

摘要近年来，由于环境恶化导致的自然灾害以及战争导致的人为灾害经常发生。

在灾难发生后的48小时以内，是在受灾现场废墟中寻找幸存者的黄金时间。

灾难救援现场环境往往是异常复杂、危险、多变，救援行动刻不容缓，在此种环境下，采用救援机器人协同救援人员，进行救援行动，能起到事半功倍的作用。

结合救灾场所的非结构化环境,本毕业设计设计了一款救援使用的探测机器人.机器人采用通用开放式机器人系统，采用模块化设计。

机器人系统的性能和功能可以根据救灾环境的需要很方便的增减。

良好的无线通讯功能允许远程操作。

在演示控制界面可以用单片机语言控制机器人移动状况。

控制系统结构流程：计算机发出信号经过电平转换到无线收发模块，之后通过无线通讯到无线接收模块，通过单片机处理以及数据锁存最终控制机器人。

调速系统硬件原理是以AT89S51单片机为控制核心。

救援机器人采用了多种传感器共同作用，以便更加精确的获得探测结果，包括使用3CCD 感光器获得图像信息、使用超声红外传感器精确确定探测目标的位置。

采用履带式行走机构,履带具有较强的驱动力，可以在阶梯上移动、重心低而稳定。

救援机器人具有可靠的机械系统和智能化的控制系统，可以在救灾现场恶劣的自然环境下工作。

矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。

关键词：救援机器人；控制系统；传感器；模块化设计；开放式机器人；AbstractIn recent years,due to the natural disasters caused by environmental degradation and man-made disasters caused by the war happened veryoften.Disaster rescue site environment is often complicated,dangerous, changeable,so it is urgent to rescue.In this environment,adopt the rescue robot coordinated rescue workers to carry on the rescue operation,can have the effect of get twice the result with half the effort.聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。

口语头脑风暴：机器人 Robot

你对机器人感兴趣吗？你注意观察过生活中出现的机器人吗？近年来机器人越来越被公众所熟知，有的银行、餐厅里都出现了服务机器人的身影。

雅思口语也在这一季度把机器人列入了考察的范围，要求同学们能用英语谈论机器人的优缺点，以及他们给人类生活带来的影响和改变，这恰好是一部分同学的软肋，今天就来和五月花留学一起学习吧!考试必备表达：人形机器人：humanoid robot工业机器人：industrial robot搬运机器人：porter robot清洁机器人：cleaning robot医用机器人：medical robot水下机器人：underwater robot玩具机器人：toy robot（dancing robot）机器人是人类智慧的结晶Robot is the crucial product of human wisdom.We invented a wide range of robots according to the different requirements, they are applied in every walk of life（被应用于各行各业）. In most of factories, we need robots for some dangerous, repetitive and high-precision works（危险、重复、高精度的工作）, you see, they won't get tired and they are precise enough（足够精准） to avoid mistakes. Thus robots boost our productivity（提高生产力） greatly. 根据不同的需求我们发明了各类机器人，他们被应用于各个行业。

制作机器人模型很困难英语作文

制作机器人模型很困难英语作文Crafting Robotic Models: A Challenging TaskRobotics has become an increasingly significant field, capturing the imagination of engineers, scientists, and the general public alike. The development of sophisticated robotic models is not only a fascinating pursuit but also a complex and demanding endeavor. Crafting these intricate machines requires a deep understanding of mechanics, electronics, and programming, as well as a keen eye for design and a relentless dedication to problem-solving.One of the primary challenges in creating robotic models is the sheer complexity of the systems involved. A typical robot consists of a multitude of interconnected components, each with its own unique function and role within the overall structure. From the intricate framework that provides the physical structure to the advanced sensors and actuators that enable movement and interaction, every element must be meticulously designed and integrated to ensure the seamless operation of the entire system.Mechanical engineering plays a crucial role in the development of robotic models. Designers must carefully consider the weight,strength, and flexibility of the materials used to construct the robot's frame, ensuring that it can withstand the stresses and strains of movement while maintaining the necessary agility and responsiveness. Additionally, the design of the robot's joints and limbs must be optimized to achieve the desired range of motion and dexterity, often requiring a deep understanding of kinematics and biomechanics.Electrical engineering is another essential component in the creation of robotic models. The integration of sophisticated electronic systems, such as microcontrollers, motors, and sensors, is crucial for the robot's ability to perceive its environment, make decisions, and execute complex movements. Designers must carefully select and configure these components to ensure reliable and efficient performance, often facing challenges in power management, signal processing, and system integration.Programming and software development also play a pivotal role in the creation of robotic models. Designers must develop intricate algorithms and control systems that enable the robot to interpret sensor data, make decisions, and execute coordinated movements. This requires a deep understanding of programming languages, artificial intelligence, and control theory, as well as the ability to troubleshoot and optimize the software's performance.In addition to the technical challenges, the design and aesthetic considerations of robotic models can also be a significant hurdle. Designers must balance functionality with visual appeal, creating models that are not only highly capable but also visually striking and appealing to the eye. This often involves experimentation with different materials, shapes, and color schemes to achieve the desired aesthetic, while ensuring that the design does not compromise the robot's performance.Furthermore, the process of prototyping and testing robotic models is crucial but can be time-consuming and resource-intensive. Designers must carefully plan and execute a series of iterative tests and evaluations, refining the design and addressing any issues that arise. This requires a deep understanding of testing methodologies, as well as the ability to analyze and interpret the data collected during these trials.Despite the many challenges, the process of creating robotic models can be immensely rewarding. The sense of accomplishment that comes from seeing a complex system come to life and function as intended is unparalleled. Moreover, the potential applications of robotic technology are vast, ranging from industrial automation to healthcare, entertainment, and beyond, making the pursuit of robotic model design a truly exciting and impactful field of study.In conclusion, crafting robotic models is a complex and multifaceted endeavor that requires a diverse set of skills and a deep understanding of various engineering disciplines. From mechanical design to electrical engineering and software development, each aspect of the process presents unique challenges that must be overcome through careful planning, experimentation, and problem-solving. While the road to creating a successful robotic model may be long and arduous, the ultimate reward of seeing a fully functional, visually striking machine is a testament to the ingenuity and dedication of those who pursue this fascinating field.。

我的奇思妙想钢铁侠纳米机甲英语作文

全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：我的奇思妙想钢铁侠纳米机甲英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Imaginative Iron Man Nanotech Mech SuitHey teachers and classmates! I've got a wildly creative idea to share with you all today about an awesome nanotech mech suit inspired by one of my favorite Marvel superhero movies -Iron Man! Just imagine having a powerful armored suit made of billions of tiny robots that can morph into any shape and give you incredible abilities. How insanely cool would that be? Let me tell you all about the amazing features my imaginative nanotech mech suit would have.First off, the suit would be made up of trillions of microscopic robots called nanites. These little guys would be able to rapidly flow and reform into hard metallic armor plates or remain in a flexible cloud-like form as needed. The nanites could mimic software and hardware too, allowing the suit to interface with any computer system or grow tools and weapons on command. With just a thought, I could shape the nanite cloud into something like Iron Man's iconic red and gold armor or change it into a sword, shield, jet pack - you name it! The possibilities would be endless.Having total control over the suit's shape and abilities would be so epic. If I needed to fly, the nanite cloud could quickly assemble itself into a streamlined suit with repulsor boots and stabilizing fins. I could blast through the air way faster than the speed of sound by just thinking it! For combat, I could make the suit extra durable with thick overlapping armor plates or coat it in a frictionless surface to avoid enemy attacks. Maybe I'd turnpart of the suit into a massive cannon to blast away enemies. Or I could make swords and spears extend right from my arms! I'd be like an unstoppable techno-warrior.The suit would also be able to copy the abilities of other machines just by scanning and replicating them with the nanites. If I came across a cool gadget, vehicle or weapon, I could just absorb it into the suit and be able to recreate it myself! That means having every tool and weapon I could possibly need available at a moment's notice. I could even absorb other AI systems to boost my own suit intelligence or take control of drones and robots. With abilities like that, I'd be almost as powerful as a real superhero!Of course, having a suit made up of nano-machines would require a seriously advanced power source. But I've got that covered too - my design would use a compact nuclear fusion reactor to provide nearly unlimited clean energy. The nanites would be able to directly convert that fusion energy into mechanical forces, allowing the suit to demonstrate incredible strength, speed and agility. Even heavy loads or intense combat maneuvers would be no problem at all. I'd be strong enough to lift entire buildings or run across oceans if I needed to!With nanotech capabilities like self-repair, active camouflage, hacking tools and medical nano-machines, the suit would be prepared for almost any scenario. The active camouflage alone would be insane - I could make the whole suit completely invisible just by thinning and optically refracting the nanite cloud! Or maybe I'd want to disguise the suit as a car, plane or normal clothes while walking around. The suit could also patch up any damage by simply reassembling broken nanites and even repair injuries by deploying medical nano-machines inside my body. How awesome is that?Now you might be wondering - where would I get the incredible technology and resources needed to actually build a suit like this? Well, maybe I'd join up with a secret science organization like S.H.I.E.L.D. or S.W.O.R.D. and help develop their tech in exchange for access to their nanotech research division. Or maybe I'd get recruited by a brilliant billionaire inventor to become their protégé, kind of like how Iron Man starte d out. Perhaps I'd even get super powers myself through a freak lab accident involving nanites and become a new kind of superhero! Hey, a kid can dream right?With my visionary imagination, I've designed what could be the most powerful and versatile mech suit in existence. Madefrom self-replicating nano-machines and powered by fusion energy, it would be capable of transforming into any technological shape or machine in an instant. I could fly at incredible speeds, access every tool and weapon, or cloak and repair itself using borderline miraculous nanotechnology. Just think of how I could use those abilities to help people - stop criminals, fight villains, prevent disasters and unlock new scientific frontiers! Or maybe I'd just use it to win every video game and prank my friends once in a while (but only in fun ways of course).Envisioning such a mind-blowing nanotech creation really sparks my imagination and makes me excited for all the future innovations nanotechnology could bring. While a fully functional suit like this is still largely theoretical today, I have no doubt that the continual progress of science and engineering will eventually make it a reality. As scientists and inventors keep pushing the boundaries of what's possible with emerging technologies like nanorobotics, who knows what kind of imaginative inventions could appear in the coming decades? With creativity and perseverance, the dreams of today could become the innovations of tomorrow. Maybe even a 14-year-old kid's idea about an awesome Iron Man nanosuit! A person can hope, right? This is just how my hyperactive imagination likes to work. Well,thanks for coming along on this wild creative journey with me! I'll catch you all next time with another crazy idea...篇2My Fanciful Thoughts - The Iron Man Nanotech Mech SuitEver since I was a little kid, I've been obsessed with superheroes and advanced technology. From watching all the Marvel movies to reading countless comic books, I've always dreamed of having my own super suit like Iron Man's. And with the rapid advancements in nanotechnology, that dream may not be as far-fetched as it once seemed.Imagine a world where you could summon a powerful mech suit made of millions of tiny nanobots with just a thought. A suit that could form around your body like a second skin, providing incredible strength, speed, and protection. That's the kind of Iron Man-esque nanotech suit I fantasize about creating one day.The core of this nanosuit would be a compact housing unit containing a vast swarm of microscopic robots, each no bigger than a grain of sand. These nanobots would be made from a specialized smart metal alloy, capable of dynamically rearranging their molecular structure and binding together in any desired configuration.With a neural interface linked to my thoughts, I could mentally command the nanobots to stream out of their housing and rapidly assemble themselves around me, forming an articulated exoskeleton that perfectly mirrors my body's movements. The outer shell would be composed of tightly meshed nanobots, providing superior damage resistance and acting as armor plating.But this suit would be far more than just a protective shell. Utilizing the collective computing power of the millions of nanobots, it would essentially be a wearable supercomputer with mind-boggling capabilities.Advanced sensors woven into the suit's fabric could provide enhanced vision modes like night vision, thermal imaging, and zoom capabilities far exceeding human eyes. Powerful microphones and audio filters could isolate specific voices from ambient noise. And By tapping into wireless networks, I could access a wealth of real-time data and communications.For mobility, clusters of nanobots could utilize microscopic thrusters to create directed bursts of propulsion, allowing me to fly, perform agile aerial maneuvers, or even execute short bursts of incredible speed on the ground. Integrated inertia dampenerswould protect my fragile human body from the extremeg-forces.Strength augmentation would be achieved by reinforcing the suit's exoskeleton with additional nanobot layers and utilizing molecular muscle strands spun by the nanobots. This could allow me to lift massive weights, punch through concrete walls, or cling to walls and ceilings like a real-life Spider-Man.Offensive capabilities could come from concentrated particle beams, oscillating force fields capable of unleashing powerful shockwaves, or even reconfiguring sections of nanobots into offensive constructs like blades or projectiles. With the suit's computational power, I could pull off all sorts of wild combat techniques inspired by anime and video games.And if part of the suit became damaged in battle, the nanobots could simply detach from that section and rebuild or repair it using a bond-reshuffling process akin to biological healing. The suit would be extremely durable and nearly immune to being permanently disabled.For extended operations, the nanosuit could be made to interface with larger docked systems that could provide more power, additional nanobots to reinforce or expand the suit, oreven allow switching between different specialized suit configurations optimized for various scenarios.Aerospace engineers could develop high-altitude jet modes with wings and afterburners for long-range flight. Marine biologists could explore the deepest ocean trenches in a reinforced submarine configuration. The possibilities would be limitless with modular nanotech suit systems.Of course, this is all just the wild imagining of an overly excitable teen who has read one too many science fiction novels. Realizing a fully functional nanotech mech suit like this would require revolutionary breakthroughs across numerous scientific fields from nanotechnology and materials science to computational power and energy storage.Not to mention this kind of technology could be dangerously unbalanced in the wrong hands. Just look at the destructive nightmares brought about by the villains in superhero stories who get their hands on such power.There would need to be stringent regulations and safeguards put in place to prevent these nanoswarms from going rogue and causing harm, either through hacking or due to errors in their programming. We've all seen enough dystopian sci-fi about AI singularities and robot uprisings to be wary.So in reality, I'll likely never see an Iron Man suit made of nanotechnology in my lifetime - at least not one actually wearable and producing the fantastical effects I've described. Today's "nanobots" are still extremely primitive and limited in their functions.But I don't mind dreaming a little. The imagination has always been a driving force for new scientific pursuits and technological development. Maybe a kid somewhere is reading this essay and being inspired to pursue the research that turns these fanciful ideas into something tangible.In fact, coming up with these kinds of outlandish concepts and fleshing out the possible mechanics is great creative writing practice for me. It exercises out-of-the-box thinking about how to solve problems using emerging technologies in innovative ways.So for now, I'll keep indulging my inner kid and letting my imagination soar to the fantastical heights of nanotech mech suits, laser swords, and all the other wonders of science fiction. Because who knows - maybe someday future generations will look back at these silly dreams as the concept drawings for what became their reality.篇3My Imaginative Iron Man Nanotech ArmorEver since I was a kid, I've been obsessed with superheroes, especially Iron Man and his awesome high-tech suits of armor. I used to dream about having my own powerful suit that could fly, had crazy weapon systems, and let me save the world from villains and disasters. As I got older and more into science and engineering, those childish fantasies evolved into more plausible concepts grounded in real technological possibilities.With the rapid advances in fields like nanotechnology, robotics, and applied material science, the idea of a dynamic, adaptable suit of powered armor doesn't seem quite sofar-fetched anymore. I've spent countless hours pondering and sketching out my own theoretical design for an "Iron Man" nanotech combat armor system. Let me walk you through the vision for this extraordinary suit of the future.At its core, my design utilizes a revolutionary "liquid nanotech" material that can dynamically form itself into virtually any prescribed shape or configuration through applied electromagnetic fields. This shape-shifting nanotech would allow the suit to rapidly transform between different modes fordifferent battlefield situations. It could flow like a liquid to change its shape or separate into semi-autonomous drones and repair robots.In its standard "armor mode", the nanotech material would create a skin-tight, flexible-yet-incredibly-strong exoskeleton covering the wearer's body. This would not only provide superior ballistic and environmental protection, but could enhance the operator's strength, speed, and agility far beyond human limits through electro-active polymers and microscopically-interwoven myomer fibers.However, the suit's swiss-army-knife versatility shines when the electromagnetic fields induce the liquid nanotech to separate into customized forms based on the combat situation. Need a massive angular shield to deflect incoming heavy ordnance? The suit can shape a portion of its mass into that. Taking heavy fire and need to put armor on lockdown? The nanotech can instantly harden into a shock-resistant, latticed outer shell.The suit can also reconfigure itself into different tools, weapons, or modes of transportation as needed. Need to breach a hardened structure? The suit forms a massive piercing drill delivery system. Have to escape across rocky terrain? Shift intoan all-terrain walker mode. Need air superiority? Reshape into a jet or drone artillery system. My nanomachine suit would be prepared for any battlefield scenario.The suit would have multiple redundant power sources to keep it operating indefinitely – ranging from efficientbeta-voltaic nuclear batteries, regenerative electro-chemical muscle fibers, to a compact supercritical CO2 micro-reactor. Even if a power source were disabled, the suit could tap into its immense kinetic or thermal energy reserves in a pinch.For my nanomachine Iron Man suit to truly work, though, it requires a revolutionary human-machine neural interface controland operating system. This would allow the operator's thoughts to effortlessly translate into controlling the suit's reality-reshaping capabilities in the heat of combat. I envision a transcranial electromagnetic mind-meld, where the human's neural codes for движение, action, и strategic intent are directly distributed m'yagkiy upravlyayushchiy tsentry raznykh oblastey nanotech broni. The suit i chelovek byili by odna effektivnaya boevayadvoytsa.On the sensors и razvedka side, my nanomachine armor would deploy a ubiquitous mesh of smart nanoscaleomni-sens ors for очки, zvuk, volny, dvizheniya, temperaturereadings, i elektronnyye dannyye. These can perekhodami mezhdu neprerevnoy IіOZS dlya samogo polnogoосведомление situatsii. Programmnoe。

科学实验雪糕机械臂英语作文

科学实验雪糕机械臂英语作文The Prosthetic Arm: A Scientific Experiment in Ice Cream Engineering.In the realm of scientific exploration, where curiosity and ingenuity intertwine, the pursuit of knowledge often leads to unexpected and delectable discoveries. One such experiment, blending the worlds of science and culinary delight, has culminated in the creation of an extraordinary invention: the prosthetic arm ice cream machine.This captivating device, a testament to the boundless possibilities of human imagination, emerged from thefertile minds of a team of scientists, engineers, and culinary enthusiasts. Their shared goal was to devise a novel method of dispensing ice cream that not onlysatisfied the palate but also sparked wonder and amazement.The prosthetic arm, a marvel of modern engineering, serves as the centerpiece of this culinary marvel.Constructed from lightweight materials and equipped with an array of intricate sensors and actuators, it is capable of executing precise and delicate movements, mimicking the dexterity of a human hand.At its heart lies a sophisticated control system that orchestrates the arm's every action. Advanced algorithms, programmed with the expertise of culinary masters, guide the arm's trajectory, ensuring that each scoop of ice cream is perfectly formed and dispensed with surgical precision.The prosthetic arm's culinary repertoire extends far beyond the realm of basic scoops. With its exceptional control and precision, it can create elaborate ice cream sculptures, transforming simple ingredients into edible works of art. Intricate swirls, delicate rosettes, and towering ice cream castles are just a glimpse of the possibilities it holds.The prosthetic arm ice cream machine also boasts an innovative dispensing mechanism. Instead of relying on traditional levers or buttons, it utilizes a touch-sensitive interface that responds to the gentle caress of a human hand. This intuitive design allows users to customize their ice cream experience, selecting from a variety of flavors, toppings, and even personalized messages.As the prosthetic arm dispenses its icy creations, a symphony of flavors and textures unfolds on the user's palate. The cold, creamy ice cream melts in the mouth, releasing a burst of sweetness that tantalizes the taste buds. But the experience transcends mere taste; it is an interactive journey that engages all the senses.The sight of the prosthetic arm deftly maneuvering scoops of ice cream, its movements as precise as asurgeon's, mesmerizes observers. The sound of the actuators whirring and the soft clinking of the dispensing mechanism creates an auditory symphony that adds to the overall sensory experience.The prosthetic arm ice cream machine has not only revolutionized the art of ice cream making but has also opened up new avenues for scientific exploration.Researchers are now studying the device's potential in various fields, including medical robotics, human-machine interfaces, and the development of prosthetics for individuals with disabilities.In the realm of medicine, the prosthetic arm ice cream machine offers a unique platform for the study of human movement. By analyzing the data generated during its operation, scientists can gain valuable insights into the mechanics of the human arm, aiding in the development of more advanced and effective prosthetic devices.The human-machine interface employed by the prosthetic arm ice cream machine also holds great promise for researchers. The intuitive design and precise control it provides could pave the way for the development of more user-friendly and efficient interfaces in a wide range of applications, from industrial robotics to healthcare.Furthermore, the prosthetic arm ice cream machine has sparked a renewed interest in the field of wearable robotics. Its ability to seamlessly integrate with thehuman body raises the possibility of developing new assistive devices that can enhance the lives of individuals with disabilities. The machine's lightweight design and intuitive operation make it a promising candidate for usein rehabilitation and daily living activities.As the prosthetic arm ice cream machine continues to evolve, its potential applications continue to expand. Itis a testament to the power of human ingenuity and collaboration, bridging the gap between science andculinary delight. By blending creativity with technological innovation, this extraordinary invention has not only redefined the art of ice cream making but has also opened up new horizons for scientific exploration and human-machine interaction.。

机器人比赛机甲大师英语作文

机器人比赛机甲大师英语作文Mech Masters: Engineering Excellence in Robotics Competitions.In the realm of competitive robotics, the design and construction of formidable machines known as "mechs" has emerged as a testament to the ingenuity and technical prowess of young engineers. Mech competitions provide a unique platform for aspiring roboticists to showcase their creativity, problem-solving skills, and ability to push the boundaries of mechanical engineering.The Mechanics of Mech Design.Mechs are typically constructed from lightweight yet durable materials such as aluminum or carbon fiber, allowing for both agility and resilience. Their intricate designs incorporate a multitude of sensors, actuators, and controllers that work in concert to execute precise movements and respond to external stimuli.The core components of a mech include:Chassis: The mechanical framework that provides structural support and houses the robot's electronics.Motors: Electric or pneumatic motors that power the mech's movement and manipulate its actuators.Sensors: An array of sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, and cameras, that gather data about the mech's environment and provide feedback to the control system.Actuators: Mechanical mechanisms that enable the mechto move its joints, arms, and other appendages.Control System: The software and hardware that process sensor data and issue commands to the actuators, ensuring coordinated movement and response.Design Considerations.The design of a successful mech involves a meticulous balance of weight, power, and agility. Weight reduction is essential for maximizing speed and maneuverability, while sufficient power is required to execute complex movements. The placement and configuration of sensors and actuators also play a crucial role in the mech's overall performance.Designers must also consider factors such as stability, durability, and maintainability. Mechs must be able to withstand the rigors of competition, including collisions, falls, and varying terrain. The ability to quickly repair or replace components is also paramount to minimize downtime during matches.Competition Formats.Mech competitions typically feature various formatsthat test different aspects of design and performance. Common competition categories include:Sumo: Two mechs compete head-to-head, attempting to push or lift each other out of the ring.Maze Navigation: Mechs navigate through a complex maze, avoiding obstacles and reaching the finish line as quickly as possible.Object Manipulation: Mechs complete tasks such as picking up and stacking objects, demonstrating precise movement control and sensor capabilities.Full-Contact Combat: Intense battles where mechs engage in direct physical combat, testing their durability and weapon systems.Educational Value.Mech competitions offer invaluable educational benefits to participants. Through hands-on experience, students gain practical knowledge of mechanical engineering, electrical systems, and software programming. They develop critical-thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, andcollaboration techniques.Additionally, mech competitions foster teamwork, innovation, and a passion for STEM fields. By working together to design, build, and operate their creations, students learn the importance of communication, coordination, and the satisfaction of seeing their hard work come to fruition.Conclusion.Mech competitions are a testament to the boundless creativity and technical ingenuity of aspiring engineers. They provide a platform for students to showcase their passion for robotics, develop valuable skills, and push the boundaries of mechanical design. Through the challenges and triumphs of competition, mech masters emerge as future innovators, equipped with the knowledge and experience to shape the technological landscape of tomorrow.。

月球车设计思路英语作文

月球车设计思路英语作文Lunar Rover Design Concepts: A Comprehensive Analysis.The exploration of extraterrestrial environments, particularly the Moon, has captivated scientists, engineers, and the general public alike. Lunar rovers, unmannedvehicles capable of traversing the lunar surface, play a pivotal role in these endeavors, enabling the study of the Moon's geology, composition, and potential resources.Design Considerations.The design of lunar rovers is a complex undertaking, influenced by a myriad of factors, including:Mobility: Rovers must possess the ability to navigate the challenging terrain of the Moon, which includes craters, boulders, and loose regolith. This requires a robust suspension system, powerful wheels or tracks, and advanced navigation and control algorithms.Endurance: Lunar missions typically span several daysor weeks, necessitating rovers with extended range and endurance. This involves designing energy-efficient systems, optimizing battery life, and incorporating solar panels or other power sources.Payload Capacity: Rovers must carry a variety of instruments and scientific equipment, as well as camerasand communication systems. This requires a well-designed payload bay that can accommodate both scientific and operational payloads.Reliability: Operating in the harsh lunar environment, with extreme temperatures, radiation, and dust, poses significant challenges to the reliability of rovers. Robust engineering and rigorous testing are essential to ensurethat rovers can withstand these conditions.Science Objectives: The specific science objectives of a mission dictate the design requirements of the rover. For example, a rover intended for geological exploration mayrequire a drill or an X-ray spectrometer, while a rover focused on searching for water may necessitate a specialized sensor package.Historical Evolution.The design of lunar rovers has evolved significantly over the years, reflecting advancements in technology and the evolving needs of scientific exploration.Early Rovers: The first lunar rovers, deployed during the Apollo missions in the 1960s and 1970s, were relatively simple vehicles designed primarily for astronaut mobility and local exploration. These rovers relied on human control and were limited in range and payload capacity.Modern Rovers: Contemporary lunar rovers, such as the Yutu-2 and Zhurong rover, incorporate sophisticated technologies to enhance their capabilities. These rovers feature autonomous navigation, advanced sensors, and extensive payload suites, enabling them to conduct complex exploration missions.Key Innovations.Recent innovations in lunar rover design have focused on improving mobility, endurance, and scientific capabilities:Adaptive Suspension Systems: Rovers now utilize advanced suspension systems that adapt to changing terrain conditions, providing increased mobility and stability. These systems employ actuators, sensors, and sophisticated algorithms to optimize wheel placement and traction.Solar Electric Propulsion: Solar electric propulsion (SEP) systems utilize solar panels to generate electricity, which powers ion thrusters that provide gentle but sustained thrust. This extends the endurance of rovers, allowing them to travel longer distances and explore larger areas.Micro-Rovers: Miniaturization of electronic components has led to the development of micro-rovers, which arelightweight, compact, and agile. These rovers can access narrow spaces, explore difficult terrain, and complement larger rovers in scientific exploration.Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI algorithms are integrated into rover systems to enhance autonomous navigation and decision-making. AI enables rovers to identify hazards, plan trajectories, and adapt to changing conditions, improving their safety and efficiency.In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU): ISRU technologies allow rovers to utilize lunar resources, such as water or regolith, for propellant, building materials, or other purposes. This reduces the need for Earth-based resources and extends the duration of exploration missions.Future Directions.As lunar exploration continues, the design of lunar rovers will continue to evolve, driven by emerging technologies and the pursuit of new scientific discoveries.Long-Range Exploration: Rovers with increased rangeand endurance will enable the exploration of distant lunar regions, such as the poles or far side, providing valuable insights into lunar geology and resource distribution.Scientific Payload Enhancements: Future rovers will carry more advanced and specialized scientific payloads, enabling detailed studies of lunar composition, mineralogy, and biology. New sensor technologies will allow for more precise and comprehensive data collection.Human-Robot Collaboration: Rovers will increasingly collaborate with human astronauts, providing support for scientific investigations and exploration activities. This will involve the development of autonomous systems that can interact effectively with human operators.Lunar Base Support: Rovers will play a crucial role in the establishment of a lunar base, providing transportation, construction support, and scientific exploration capabilities. Rovers will be designed to operate in close proximity to human habitats and support extended humanmissions.Conclusion.The design of lunar rovers is an ongoing endeavor, driven by the pursuit of scientific knowledge and the advancement of space exploration capabilities. By incorporating innovative technologies and addressing the unique challenges of the lunar environment, lunar rovers continue to push the boundaries of robotic exploration and pave the way for new discoveries and advancements in our understanding of the Moon.。

奇妙的智能机器人作文英语

In the realm of technology,the advent of intelligent robots has been nothing short of revolutionary.These marvels of engineering and artificial intelligence have permeated various sectors,from manufacturing to healthcare,and even into the creative arts.The story of one such robot, which I had the privilege to witness in action,is a testament to the boundless potential of human ingenuity.The robot in question was a product of a cuttingedge research lab,where I was invited to observe its capabilities firsthand.Upon entering the lab,I was greeted by a sleek,metallic figure that stood about as tall as a human adult.Its surface was polished to a mirrorlike finish,reflecting the sterile white of the lab environment.The robots design was both functional and aesthetically pleasing,with smooth curves and lines that suggested a harmonious blend of form and function.As the demonstration began,the robots creators explained that it was designed to perform complex tasks with a level of precision and efficiency that far surpasses human capabilities.The first task was a simple one: sorting a pile of colorful balls into different containers based on their color. The robots mechanical arms moved with a fluidity that was almost mesmerizing.It swiftly picked up each ball,its sensors analyzing the color in a matter of milliseconds,and then placed it into the appropriate container.The process was flawless,and the robot completed the task in a fraction of the time it would have taken a human.What truly amazed me,however,was the robots ability to learn and adapt. The researchers then presented a new challenge:assembling a complexpiece of machinery from a set of scattered parts.The robot began by scanning the parts and creating a3D model in its internal database.It then proceeded to assemble the machinery with a precision that was nothing short of miraculous.Each piece was placed with exacting care,and the final product was a testament to the robots advanced capabilities.The robots creators explained that this level of adaptability is made possible by advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques.The robot can analyze new situations,learn from them,and apply that knowledge to future tasks.This ability to learn and adapt is what sets intelligent robots apart from their simpler counterparts and opens up a world of possibilities for their application.One of the most fascinating aspects of the robots demonstration was its interaction with humans.The robot was programmed to recognize human emotions and respond accordingly.When a researcher approached the robot with a smile,it mimicked the expression,creating an uncanny yet endearing connection.This emotional intelligence,while still in its infancy, holds great promise for the future of humanrobot interaction.As I left the lab that day,I was filled with a sense of awe and wonder.The intelligent robot I had witnessed was not just a machine it was a harbinger of a future where technology and humanity work in harmony.The potential applications of such robots are vast,from assisting in delicate surgeries to exploring the most inhospitable environments on Earth and beyond.The integration of intelligent robots into our daily lives is not without its challenges and ethical considerations.Issues such as job displacement, privacy concerns,and the potential for misuse must be carefully addressed. However,the benefits that these robots offer are too significant to ignore. They have the potential to revolutionize industries,improve our quality of life,and even save lives.In conclusion,the encounter with the intelligent robot was a profound experience that highlighted the incredible strides we have made in the field of robotics and artificial intelligence.As we continue to push the boundaries of what is possible,it is essential that we do so with a keen eye on the ethical implications and the potential impact on society.The future of intelligent robots is bright,and it is up to us to ensure that it is also a future that benefits all of humanity.。

我的奇思妙想英语作文无人机甲

我的奇思妙想英语作文无人机甲Drone Mechs: Revolutionizing Warfare and Beyond.In the realm of technological innovation, the convergence of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and robotics has given rise to a game-changing concept: drone mechs. These autonomous, aerial platforms equipped with advanced weaponry and sensors have the potential to transform warfare, disaster response, and various other sectors.Military Applications: Precision and Lethality.Drone mechs, particularly in military contexts, offer unparalleled advantages in reconnaissance, surveillance,and combat operations. Their high mobility, maneuverability, and ability to operate in hazardous environments allow them to gather critical intelligence without endangering human lives. Moreover, their precision-guided weapons systems enable pinpoint strikes with minimal collateral damage, increasing the effectiveness and reducing the risk ofcivilian casualties.In urban warfare scenarios, drone mechs can navigate complex terrains and target enemy combatants with surgical accuracy, while remaining relatively immune to ground-based threats. They can also provide aerial cover for ground troops, suppressing enemy fire and facilitating their advance.Disaster Response and Humanitarian Aid.Beyond military applications, drone mechs have immense potential in disaster response and humanitarian aid operations. Their ability to traverse rugged andinaccessible areas makes them ideal for search and rescue missions. Equipped with sensors, they can detect survivors trapped under rubble or in remote locations. They can also deliver essential supplies, such as food, water, andmedical equipment, to affected areas.In natural disasters, such as earthquakes or hurricanes, drone mechs can provide aerial surveys of the damage,assessing the extent of destruction and identifying areas in need of immediate assistance. Their ability to operatein hazardous conditions, including toxic environments or radiation zones, allows them to access areas that would otherwise be unreachable by humans.Commercial and Industrial Applications.In the commercial and industrial sectors, drone mechs present a wide range of possibilities. Their aerial capabilities and advanced sensors make them ideal for infrastructure inspection, maintenance, and repair tasks. They can quickly and efficiently scan bridges, power lines, pipelines, and other structures, detecting potential problems and preventing costly failures.In agriculture, drone mechs can revolutionize crop monitoring and precision farming. Equipped with multispectral sensors, they can analyze crop health, identify areas of stress, and optimize irrigation and pesticide applications. They can also distribute seeds and fertilizers with unparalleled accuracy, increasing yieldand reducing environmental impact.Technological Challenges and Ethical Considerations.While the potential of drone mechs is immense, their development and deployment present significant technological and ethical challenges. One key challengelies in ensuring their autonomy and reliability in complex and unpredictable environments. The development of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and robust control systems is crucial for safe and effective operation.Another challenge relates to ethical considerations surrounding the use of lethal force by autonomous systems. The development and deployment of drone mechs must be guided by clear ethical guidelines that prioritize human life and prevent unintended consequences. International cooperation and regulation are essential to ensure responsible and ethical use of this technology.Conclusion.Drone mechs represent a transformative technology with the potential to revolutionize warfare, disaster response, and various other sectors. Their advanced capabilities, including high mobility, precision weaponry, and ruggedness, make them ideal for a wide range of applications. However, their development and deployment require careful consideration of technological challenges and ethical implications to ensure their safe, responsible, and beneficial use. As the field of drone mechatronicscontinues to evolve, we can expect to witness even greater advancements and transformative applications that willshape the future of technology and society.。

机械昆虫作文英语

机械昆虫作文英语I saw a mechanical insect crawling on the ground, its metallic body shining under the sun. It moved with precision and speed, mimicking the real thing perfectly. The intricate details of its design fascinated me, making me wonder about the technology behind it.The sound it made as it moved was like a faint buzzing, adding to the realism of the experience. I couldn't help but marvel at how far robotics had come, creating such lifelike creatures that could perform tasks and entertain us at the same time.As I watched the mechanical insect navigate its way through obstacles, I couldn't help but feel a sense of admiration for the engineers and designers who had created it. Their creativity and ingenuity had brought thisartificial creature to life, blurring the lines between nature and technology.I imagined a world where mechanical insects roamed freely, helping us in our daily lives and bringing a sense of wonder and excitement to our surroundings. It was a future filled with possibilities, where technology and nature coexisted in harmony.The sight of the mechanical insect scurrying away into the distance left me with a sense of awe and curiosity. I couldn't wait to see what other marvels the world of robotics had in store for us, and how these creations would continue to push the boundaries of what was possible.。

上海市实验学校2021届高三上学期摸底考试英语试题

上海市实验学校2021届高三上学期摸底考试英语试题一、句子翻译1．他从来没有意识到题目越容易就应该越仔细。

(occur)（汉译英）____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________【解析】考查固定搭配、主语从句。

表述过去发生的事情使用一般过去时。

occur to是固定搭配意为“想起、意识到”。

当主语从句作主语时，一般习惯于将主语从句后置，使用形式主语指代主语从句。

主语为it，谓语为occurred，主语从句为that the easier the questions were, the more careful he should be。

再结合其他汉语提示故翻译为It never occurred to him that the easier the questions were, the more careful he should be。

二、完形填空Lawmakers in New Jersey recently advanced a bill that would ban businesses from going cashless—a move that would put the state at odds with the global trend toward electronic payments but would 5．_____resistance from local officials who see no-cash policies as unfair.Almost 1 of 3 Americans in 2018 say they don't use cash during a typical week of purchases, according to the Pew study released this week. The findings reveal life that Americans are becoming less reliant on paper currency, mirroring 6．_____ in Sweden, India and China. But state and local officials say that restaurants and shops do that adopt cashless policies have left some members of the community behind— individuals without the 7．_____ to open a bank account or who lack access to lines of credit or the mobile apps that power digital payments.The New Jersey measure, which would apply only to face-to-face sales and would 8．_____ internet and phone purchases, comes as officials push 9．_____ efforts to bar no-cash rules in New York and Philadelphia. 10．_____ cashless policies offer consumers the promise of convenience and provide businesses greater protection against theft, they also can exclude low-income consumers or undocumented immigrants, critics say. "Cash-free businesses are discriminatory by design and pose 11．_____ to low-income communities that may not have access to credit or debit," New York Council member Torres said on Twitter when he introduced a bill that would ban the practice.According to the Pew study, the decline in the use of 12．_____ currency is uneven among the populationwhen race, age and income are accounted for. Pew found a significant 13．_____ in cashless adoption tied to annual household income, with adults making at least $75,000 more than twice as likely to make all their purchases without using cash in a typical week, 14．_____ with people who make less than $30,000. The Pew findings suggest that the 15．_____of going cashless may come with a cost that only some groups of people will bear. Americans with lower incomes are roughly four times as likely than higher earners to make almost all of their purchases with cash, according to the study.As has been noted, business leaders have 16．_____cashless policies by pointing to higher security and 17．_____ customer service and efficiency. Some advocates have focused on providing people who are underserved by the 18．_____ banking system with more affordable options, attacking the root cause behind the 19．_____ of cashless payments.5．A．set up B．put up C．back up D．step up6．A．deposits B．exchanges C．shifts D．currencies7．A．ideas B．means C．directions D．outlets8．A．attract B．exclude C．advance D．include9．A．opposite B．associated C．similar D．collective10．A．While B．Provided C．Because D．As11．A．discounts B．traps C．challenges D．risks12．A．electronic B．physical C．virtual D．circulating13．A．similarity B．expense C．gap D．consumption14．A．linked B．associated C．combined D．compared15．A．outcomes B．effects C．benefits D．disadvantages16．A．adopted B．defended C．developed D．criticized17．A．hindered B．accomplished C．improved D．desired18．A．traditional B．fading C．aggressive D．unqualified 19．A．transformations B．developments C．criticisms D．creations三、阅读理解“Deep reading” —as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web —is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would jeopardize(危及) the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well asthe preservation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them.Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading —slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, thebuilt-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book’s lack of hyperlinks(超链接), for example, frees the reader from making decisions —Should I click on this link or not? —allowing her to remain fully immersed in the narrative.That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy (认同).None of this is likely to happen when we’re browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the “digital natives” to whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain’s National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.20．What does the author say about “deep reading”?A．It serves as a complement to online reading.B．It should be preserved before it is too late.C．It is mainly suitable for reading literature.D．It is an indispensable part of education.21．Why does the author advocate the reading of literature?A．It helps promote readers’ intellectual and emotional growth.B．It enables readers to appreciate the complexity of language.C．It helps readers build up immersive reading habits.D．It is quickly becoming an endangered practice.22．In what way does printed-page reading differ from online reading?A．It ensures the reader’s cognitive growth.B．It enables the reader to be fully engaged.C．It activates a different region of the brain.D．It helps the reader learn rhetorical devices.23．What do we learn from the study released by Britain’s National Literacy Trust?A．Onscreen readers may be less competent readers.B．Those who do reading in print are less informed.C．Young people find reading onscreen more enjoyable.D．It is now easier to find a favorite book online to read.Earthquake survivors trapped in rubble could one day be saved by an unlikely rescuer: a robotic caterpillar that digs its way through debris. Just a few centimeters wide, the robot relies on magnetic fields to propel it through the kind of tiny cracks that would defeat the wheeled or tracked search robots currently used to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings.The caterpillar's inventor, Norihiko Saga of Akita Prefectural University in Japan, will demonstrate his new method of motion at a conference on magnetic materials in Seattle. In addition to lights and cameras, a search caterpillar could be equipped with an array of sensors to measure other factors --such as radioactivity or oxygen levels --that could tell human rescuers if an area is safe to enter.The magnetic caterpillar is amazingly simple. It moves by a process similar to peristalsis(蠕动), the rhythmic contraction that moves food down your intestine. Saga made the caterpillar from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid consisting of iron particles, water, and a detergent-like surfactant, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid. Each capsule is linked to the next by a pair of rubber rods. The caterpillar's guts are wrapped in a clear, flexible polymer tube that protects it from the environment.To make the caterpillar move forwards, Saga moves a magnetic field backwards along the caterpillar. Inside the caterpillar's “head” capsule, magnetic fluid surges towards the attractive magnetic field, causing the capsule to bulge out(鼓起) to the sides and draw its front and rear portions up. As the magnetic field passes to the next capsule,the first breaks free and springs forward and the next capsule bunches up(聚成一团). In this way, the caterpillar can reach speeds of 4 centimeters per second as it crawls along.Moving the magnetic field faster can make it traverse(穿过) the caterpillar before all the capsules have sprung back to their original shapes. The segments then all spring back, almost but not quite simultaneously.Saga plans to automate the movement of the caterpillar by placing electromagnets at regular intervals along the inside of its polymer tube. By adjusting the current flow to the electromagnets, he'll be able to control it wirelessly via remote control. He also needs to find a new type of rubber for the magnetic capsules, because the one he's using at the minute eventually begins to leak.But crawling is not the most efficient form of motion for robots, says Robert Full of the University of California at Berkeley, an expert in animal motion who occasionally advises robotics designers. "If you look at the energetic cost of crawling, compare d to walking, swimming or flying, crawling is very expensive,” he says. In walking, energy is conserved in the foot and then released to help the foot spring up.Saga acknowledges this inefficiency but says his caterpillar is far more stable than one that walks, rolls on wheels or flies. It has no moving parts save for a few fluid-filled rubber capsules. Biped robots and wheeled robots require a smooth surface and are difficult to miniaturize, and flying robots have too many moving parts. “My peristaltic crawling robot is simple--and it works,” he says.24．From this passage, we can learn that ________.A．a robotic caterpillar can crawl by a pair of rubber rodsB．when a caterpillar moves, the magnetic field moves backwards along itC．the environment couldn't influence a robotic caterpillar's guts, which are wrapped in a capsuleD．crawling is very stable and efficient, and when it moves, only a few elements are needed25．According to this passage, which is NOT TRUE about the construction of the robotic caterpillar?A．A robotic caterpillar is made from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.B．Iron particles, water, and a detergent-like surfactant form a magnetic fluid.C．Each capsule filled with a magnetic fluid is linked to a pair of rubber rods.D．In order to keep stable condition, the caterpillar's guts are wrapped in a clear, flexible polymer tube. 26．Comparing the robotic caterpillar and the other robots, which of the following is NOT TRUE?A．A smooth surface is indispensable to biped robots and wheeled robots.B．Flying robots are very inconvenient when moving, because they have too many moving parts.C．The robotic caterpillar only has rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.D．Wheeled robots are unable to locate trapped people because they cannot miniaturize.Criticism of Big Tech is intensifying. At Congressional hearings last week, politicians from across the aisle gave a rough ride to executives of some of the world's most valuable companies. Amid the hubbub(喧哗), the resignation of Google's Meredith Whittaker was less noticed, but significant. Ms Whittaker, a Google artificial intelligence researcher, was a leader of protests insider the company last year. In an internal note to fellow employees, she warned that developers have a “sh ort window in which to act" to stop increasingly dangerous uses of artificial intelligence.Ms Whittaker' s resignation reflects a growing tendency for tech companies' own staff to try to serve as the moral compass and conscience of their businesses. In companies whose value relies so much on human and intellectual capital ---and in being able to attract the sharpest minds ---employees have considerable potential impact, especially collectively.The Google Walkouts of which Ms Whittaker was a leader began in response to the search group's treatment of sexual harassment complaints. They snowballed to include broader issues around the company’s technologies. Ms Whittaker’s decision now to resign suggests many Big Tech companies are still not doing enough to at tend to employees' concerns over corporate culture. Yet responding to internal calls to action should be an obvious choice. Threats of strikes or resignations by the talented staff who build systems risk undermining technology companies' competitiveness. Employee action can act to strengthen measures by regulators who are increasingly proactive in dealing with the excesses of Big Tech.The rise of collective action for social good is encouraging. Traditional labour focuses ----such as workers' rights around pay and hours ----- remain important in a sector which still also makes heavy uses of cheap and poorly-skilled workers. Attempts to pressure companies into behaving ethically have more often been driven by single employees. Avenues are needed to ensure that workers can discuss potentially unethical practices without risking revenge.Ms Whittaker’s proposal for unionisation is part of a broader chorus demanding greater employee oversight. Alphabet, Google’s parent, has already faced calls from union-sponsored pension funds to add a non-executive employee representative to its board. While not successful this year, the move showed that stakeholders such as investors are pressing for culture change within Big Tech companies.Workers outside the tech sector, too, are forcing companies to try to solve international problems. A global climate strike is planned for September，encouraging workers to join the thousands of school students who haveprotested over the past year. In the advertising industry, workers at over 20 agencies refused to work on fossil fuel briefs in solidarity, inspired by the Extinction Rebellion protests. Big Tech, facing ever more open criticism should see the message is clear. To regain trust, it will have to engage not just with regulators, but with its own employees and stakeholders.27．We can learn from the first paragraph that Ms Whittaker _________A．drew much criticism from politicians.B．opposed Google's risky uses of AL.C．disagreed with her colleagues on the future of AI.D．resigned because her talent in AI was not recognized.28．The author argues in Paragraph 2 that tech companies' staff _________A．can serve as the moral models for traditional labour.B．should keep sharpening their minds.C．can pressure companies into behaving ethically.D．should improve internal collaboration.29．According to Paragraph3, internal calls to action may _________.A．damage a company's reputation.B．threaten a company's competitiveness.C．impair a company' s corporate culture.D．strengthen a company 's management system.30．Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A．Employees Can Help to Make Big Tech MoralB．Big Tech Staff Are Different from Traditional LabourC．The Tech Sector Is Facing Ever More CriticismD．The Tech Sector Is in a Wave of Resignations四、书面表达31.现在很多公园向民众免费开放。

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A Modular Crawler-driven Robot:Mechanical Designand Preliminary ExperimentsQiquan Quan and Shugen MaAbstract—This paper presents a tracked robot composed of the proposed crawler mechanism,in which a planetary gear reducer is employed as the transmission device and provides two outputs in different forms with only one actuator.When the crawler moves in a rough environment,collision between mechanism and environment inevitably occurs.This under-actuated crawler can absorb the impact energy that should be transmitted to the actuator.A modular concept for the crawler is proposed for enlarging its use in robot systems and mechanical design of a modular crawler is ing this crawler module,a four-crawler-driven robot is realized by easily assembling.Experiments are conducted to verify the proposed concept and mechanical design.A single crawler module can well perform the proposed three locomotion modes.The four-crawler-driven robot has good adaptability to the environment which can get over obstacles both passively and actively.I.I NTRODUCTIONRescue robots are usually considered to search for victims in natural and man-made disaster areas.Development of an efﬁcient mobile system is an urgent task for the researcher dedicated to robotics.Traditional wheeled robots can be programmed to travel over relatively smooth terrain easily; however,mobility over rugged terrain is limited by the diameter of the wheels of a robot[1],[2],such as the UGV wheeled robot.Legged robots can move well in rough terrain, but they encounter several challenges,including difﬁculty of control,lack of stability[3],[4]such as Titan.Due to the fact that tracked robots have advantages,like excellent stability,low pressure to terrain and simplicity of control, they have been widely deployed in irregular environment. Tracked mobile mechanisms,however,are still somewhat limited due to some mechanism parameters,such as the diameter of the front sprocket[5],[6].The most general way to improve the mobility and adaptability of tracked mobile mechanisms is to build a multi-track robot by linking several active or passive units in serial or parallel way[7], [8],[9],[10];for example,Aladdin and Macbot.However, to provide assisting actions and control system correctly,it is necessary to add some extra actuators,mechanisms and control elements.The additional mechanisms and actuators will increase the weight of the robot and cause increased energy loss.In other words,the assisting actions cannot be performed autonomously.Qiquan Quan is a Ph.D candidate in Department of Robotics,Ritsumeikan University,Japan.gr046072@ed.ritsumei.ac.jp Shugen Ma is with Department of Robotics,Ritsumeikan Univer-sity,Japan;He is also with the State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation,Chinese Academy of Sciences,China.shugen@se.ritsumei.ac.jp(a)UGV wheeledrobot(b)Titan(c)Aladdin(d)MacbotFig.1.Different kinds of robot systems used in irregular environments To resolve the difﬁculties outlined above,we have pro-posed a crawler mechanism with polymorphic locomotion [11],[12].This mechanism,which is equipped with a planetary gear reducer,makes use of only one actuator to provide two outputs.By determining the reduction ra-tio of two outputs in a suitable proportion,the crawler is capable of switching autonomously between locomotion modes according to the terrain.The main characteristic of the mechanism is that the polymorphic locomotion is provided by one actuator,and the switch between locomotion modes occurs autonomously.When a robot moves in rough terrain,it inevitably collides with various obstacles,creating an impact effect on the driving actuator.In our proposed crawler robot,the interior kinematic redundancy makes the mechanism possibly absorb the impact energy.This impact absorption makes the actuator subject to less impact energy, and thus more safe[13].Since the crawler mechanism has the above advantages,it is preferable to design this crawler as a modular mobile unit for robot system.The modular crawler should be easily connected to the anticipated robot body to promote the locomotion of the robot.Based on this modular concept we develop a new modular crawler robot.This paper is organized as follows.The proposed concept of crawler mechanism with polymorphic motion is intro-duced in Section II.Section III gives the design of a modular crawler mechanism.Section IV conducts the experiments of a single crawler performing the three locomotion modes,and a four-crawler robot overcoming obstacles using passive and active methods.Section V concludes the paper.The 2009 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and SystemsOctober 11-15, 2009 St. Louis, USAII.B ASIC C ONCEPT OF A C RAWLER M ECHANISM The proposed crawler mechanism is capable of providing two kinds of output with just one actuator.The ﬁrst output is transmitted to the crawler-belt and drives the crawler to move forwards;the second one is employed to drive the connecting frame that links two sprockets of the crawler to negotiate an obstacle,as shown in Fig.2.2356Fig.2.The basic concept of the crawler including motion mode,rotation mode,and recovering modeTo describe the whole locomotion process while the crawler moves in irregular environment,we present three locomotion modes,referred to as “motion mode”,“rotation mode”and “recovering mode”.Motion mode (1,2,6in Fig.2):The crawler mechanism moves on an even terrain or slope like a normal tracked vehicle since the power of the actuator is transmitted to crawler-belt.Rotation mode (3,4in Fig.2):When the crawler mecha-nism contacts an obstacle,since the rotation of the crawler belt is stopped by the friction from the ground and the power has to be transmitted to the connecting frame,the rotation of connecting frame drives the crawler mechanism to climb over the obstacle.Recovering mode (5in Fig.2):Once the crawler mecha-nism has climbed over the obstacle,the power is transmitted to the connecting frame and drives the crawler mechanism to return back continuously until it recovers to the initial position.To achieve the proposed locomotion autonomously in irregular environments,the power transmission of the crawler must be designed to meet the following three conditions:1)One motor input gives two outputs in the transmission.2)The two outputs must rotate in the same direction.3)The two reducer ratios are selected in a certain range.Condition 1)and 2)can be easily satisﬁed through adopt-ing a suitable reducer mechanism.Concerning the most important condition 3),we can determine the proportion of reduction ratios of two outputs within a certain range.The details can be found in [11].In motion mode,to drive the crawler mechanism to move on even ground or slope like a normal tracked vehicle,propulsion on the crawler belt should be larger than motion resistance.At the same time,rotation torque on the con-necting frame should be smaller than the rotation resistance generated by gravity of crawler and payload.In the same way,when the crawler mechanism contacts an obstacle,in order for it to climb over the obstacle in the proposed locomotion mode instead of track-slipping,the propulsion on the crawler belt should be smaller than the friction resistance so that the crawler belt can be ﬁxed.Concurrently,the rotation torque must be larger than the rotation resistance to lift vehicle body to climb over the obstacle.After the crawler mechanism has climbed up the obstacle,it can recover to the initial position autonomously.III.M ECHANICAL D ESIGN OF A M ODULAR C RAWLER According to the design rules stated in Section II,a pos-sible mechanical transmission scheme for modular crawler is proposed ﬁrst.Subsequently,the mechanical design of a modular crawler is conducted,based on the proposed transmission scheme.Waterproof and dustproof qualities are also considered in this design process.A.Transmission Scheme of a Modular CrawlerA transmission scheme of a modular crawler is shown in Fig.3.Only one motor is deployed to give two outputs in this modular crawler.Fig.3.Transmission scheme of a modular crawlerAs shown in Fig.3,power is transmitted to the “main shaft”from “drive motor”via a pair of bevel gear.Since the “main shaft”is ﬁxed with “sun gear 1”of the “planetary gear reducer (PGR)1”,the power is transmitted to the ﬁrst planetary gear reducer and then separately to the “carrier 1”and “ring gear 1”,respectively.Due to the truth that “carrier 1”is ﬁxed to the “active pulley”,the output of “carrier 1”is transmitted to the active pulley to drive the crawler to move forwards as the ﬁrst output.As another output of the “planetary gear reducer 1”,the power of “ring gear 1”is transmitted to the “sun gear 2”of the “planetary gear reducer 2”.Since the “carrier 2”is ﬁxed with “Housing”,without any movement,the output power from “ring gear 2”is transmitted to the “spur gear pair 1”,and then to the “spur gear pair 2”,ﬁnally to the “right frame”as the second output.The transmission components are arranged inside the active pulley.The “left frame”and “right frame”are ﬁxed via a part named “connecting rod”.A timing belt adopted as the crawler track,connects the “active pulley”and “passive pulley”to propel the crawler.The “right frame”is connected to an encoder through “spur gear 3”.The rotation angle of the frame is measured by the encoder.B.Mechanism Design of a Modular CrawlerBased on the scheme proposed above,the detailed design of a modular crawler robot is developed while considering waterproof and dustproof characteristics.The mechanical model of a new modular crawler is shown in Fig.4.U-BoltPassive Shaft Round Puley Nut Plate FramePGR 1PGR 2Active PulleyNeedle Roller PGR 1 Support PGR 2 Support Carrier Output of PGR 1Ring Output of PGR 1Spur Gear Pair 1Spur Gear Pair 2Fixed Shaft Frame Shaft FrameInlayIdler GearPhotoMicrosensor Spur Gear Pair 3CouplingO-ringO-ringMotor CapGear PlateHousingPGR: Planetary Gear ReducerFig.4.Mechanical model of a modular crawler1)Distribution of Reducer Ratios:The design of two reducer ratios for the two outputs from one input is pretty crucial in that it must meet the second and third terms stated in Section II.From the static analysis in three locomotion modes,the ﬁrst reducer ratio i 1from “main shaft”to the “active pulley”and the second reducer ratio i 2from “main shaft”to the “frame”are selected to be 4and 27,respectively.The reducer ratio from “sun gear 1”to “carrier 1”in the “PGR 1”is adopted as the reducer ratio of the ﬁrst output i 1,the value of which is 4.Thus,according to the basics of planetary gear reducer,the reducer ratio from “sun gear 1”to “ring gear 1”,named i 21,is -3.Due to the fact that the “ring gear 1”is connected with the “sun gear 2”using serration and the “carrier 2”is ﬁxed with the housing statically,the reducer ratio of the second planetary gear reducer from “sun gear 2”to “ring gear 2”named i 22is selected to be -3.The “ring gear 2”transmits power to the frame through the “spur gear pair 1”(reducer ratio i 23=−1)and “spur gear pair 2”(reducer ratio i 24=−3).Thus the reducer ratio from the “main shaft”to the “frame”i 2can be calculated by i 2=i 21×i 22×i 23×i 24=(−3)×(−3)×(−1)×(−3)=27(1)Since both the reducer ratios i 1and i 2are positive,the two outputs certainly run in the same direction.The “carrier 1”is connected with “carrier output of PGR 1”which is ﬁxed to the “active pulley”.Thus,output of “carrier 1”is deployed as the ﬁrst output to the active pulley.The “ring gear 1”of the “planetary gear reducer 1”is ﬁxed with “PGR 1support”which is supported by a “needle roller”in the active pulley.The “PGR 1support”is also ﬁxed to “ring output of PGR 1”which is connected to “sun gear 2”by serration.The “PGR 2support”also supported by a needle roller in the active pulley is ﬁxed to the “ring gear 2”and the ﬁrst gear of “spur gear pair 1”,respectively.Since the “carrier 2”is fastened with “ﬁxed shaft”which is ﬁxed with the “housing”,the single output of “PGR 2”from the “ring gear 2”is transmitted to “spur gear pair 1”.The output gear of “spur gear pair 1”and input gear of “spur gear pair 2”are ﬁxed on a shaft which is supported by rolling bearing inside the hole of “gear plate”.The “gear plate”is fastened with “ﬁxed shaft”with screws as a static part.The output gear of “spur gear 2”is ﬁxed to “frame shaft”on the left side which is supported on “ﬁxed shaft”with needle rollers.The middle of “frame shaft”is ﬁxed to the “frame inlay”which is also ﬁxed to the “frame”through screws.The right side of “frame shaft”is connected to the input gear of “spur gear pair 3”for encoding the rotation angle of the stly,the power is transmitted from the “spur gear pair 2”to the “frame”as the second output.2)Setup of the Encoder and Zero Positioning of the Frame:To obtain a high resolution of the rotation angle of the frame,the mechanism of “spur gear pair 3”should be designed with a larger reducer ratio.If two gears are adopted here,the size of input gear should be designed much bigger to get a high reducer ratio.This will inevitably cause the outer housing to become much larger.Thus,to prevent this undesirable effect on the outer dimension of the housing,an idler gear is deployed in the transmission of “spur gear pair 3”shown in Fig.5.Consequently,this reducer ratio from the frame to the encoder is selected to be 4considering other related dimensions.Since an incremental encoder is adopted to obtain the rotation angle of the frame,it is extremely crucial to decideSpur Gear Pair 3Input GearPhotoMicrosensor Idler Gear Output Gear Timing Belt Fig.5.Zero positioning for the framethe zero position for the incremental encoder.As shown in Fig.5,a photo micro sensor isﬁxed on the housing statically with the input gear of“spur gear pair3”penetrating its U slot.A small hole drilled near the edge of the input gear turns the photo sensor light on while the other area prevents the light penetrating so as to turn the photo sensor light off. This on/off signal is used to judge whether the zero position of the frame is reached.The current position in Fig.5is considered as the zero position of the frame.3)Tension Mechanism for the Belt:As shown in Fig.5, the timing belt is deployed as the track which connects the active pulley and passive pulley.There are several cogs exposed on the exterior side of the timing belt.The cogs can increase the friction effectively to improve the locomotion of crawler in rough terrain.Tension mechanism is a necessary part to keep the belt always tight.As shown in Fig.4,“passive shaft”is located in the U-shaped hole of the frame which enables the passive shaft to move freely in the tension direction of timing belt.“Nut plate”ﬁxed with the frame cooperates with the“U-bolt”to change the distance between passive pulley and active pulley so as to keep the timing belt always tight.4)Sealing of Transmission System:In this modular crawler,both waterproof and dust proof are considered in the design process.As shown in Fig.4,“motor cap”is used to prevent water and dust to damage the motor.The interior transmission devices of active pulley and housing adopt closed mechanism.At the connecting interface,“O-rings”are deployed to keep the inside sealed.5)Modular Interface:As a modular crawler,the crawler should provide a convenient connection interface to robot system.As shown in Fig.7,the top surface of the housing with eight screw holes is used as the mechanical interface and an air plug is adopted as the electrical interface.The mechan-ical interface makes the modular crawler easily attachable to the anticipated robot body by screw fastening.The internal electrical signals including encoder of the drive motor,photo micro-sensor,encoder of the frame can be provided through the electrical interface.CAD views of the modular crawler in front,top,right, and trimetric perspectives are shown in Fig.6,and the real prototype is shown in Fig.7.The outer dimensions of this modular crawler are listed in Table I.Top ViewFront View Right ViewTrimetric ViewLWHFig.6.CAD views of the modular crawlerMechanicalInterfaceElectricalInterfaceFig.7.Prototype of a modular crawlerAs an example of the possible applications of the proposed modular crawler,a four-crawler-driven robot has been built, as shown in Fig.8.Four crawler modules are connected to the robot body through their each interface.IV.E XPERIMENTSExperiments were conducted to conﬁrm the mobility of the proposed modular crawler mechanism.With regard to one crawler module,the experiment is used to verify the three locomotion modes in a real prototype.A four-crawler-driven robot which consists of four modular crawler mechanisms is also adopted as the object to do experiments in obstacle environment.A.Experiment demonstrating a Single Modular Crawler As stated in Section II,the underactuated system in which one motor input gives two different outputs makes it impossible to treat as an individual mobile system.Thus,in the following experiments the housing of the modular crawler is held horizontally by hand.First,the air plug is connected and then the power is turned on.The experiment scenes of the housing of the modularTABLE IM AJOR PARAMETERS OF THE MODULAR CRAWLERWeight11.5[Kg]Size(L×W×H)453[mm],302[mm],169[mm]Reducer Ratio4(Output1),27(Output2)Torque 5.1[Nm],34.4[Nm]Velocity0.5[m/s],8.6[rpm](a)Assembly(b)PrototypeFig.8.Afour-crawler-drivenrobotFig.9.Experiment scenes of single modular crawlercrawler held by hand are shown in Fig.9.From scene 1to 2,the crawler moves forwards as the normal tracked robot (motion mode).When the crawler encounters an obstacle,the ﬁrst output for driving the track is limited and the second output for driving the frame plays a role in negotiating the obstacle,as shown in scenes 3,4,5,and 6.After overcoming the obstacle,the modular crawler begins to recover to the initial position,as shown in scenes 7,8,and 9.From the experiment shown in Fig.9,we know that the proposed three locomotion modes of single modular crawler can be well realized in this modular design.B.Experiment with a Four-crawler-driven RobotA four-crawler-driven robot equipped with four modular crawlers can perform with good adaptability in rough ter-rain.This four-crawler-driven robot can overcome obstacles passively without any control as the single crawler module shown in Fig.10(a).Additionally,the posture in which the front crawler modules are lifted up can be deployed to move over relative rough obstacles shown in Fig.10(b).Thus this robot can negotiate obstacle actively with effective control.1)The Crawler Robot Overcoming Obstacles Passively:When this crawler robot encounters an obstacle,the front modules overcome the obstacle passively and subsequently the rear modules overcome the obstacle passively.In this process of negotiating obstacles,it is not necessary to provideany control tothe robot.(a)Passively(b)ActivelyFig.10.Thedifferentways toovercomeobstaclesFig.11.Experiment scenes when four-crawler-driven robot overcomes an obstacle passivelyAs shown in Fig.11,the robot moves forwards on a ﬂat surface (motion mode)in scene 1.When there is an obstacle stopping the timing belts of the front crawler modules,the front crawler modules switch into rotation mode to overcome the obstacle from scenes 2to 5.In this process the rear crawler modules continue to move forwards,pushing the front modules,since the front rotation velocity is much smaller than the rear moving speed.After climbing up the obstacle,the front modules begin to return to the initial motion mode in scenes 6,7,and 8.When the rear modules touch the obstacle surface,they also begin to overcome the obstacle in the same manner as the front modules.After climbing over the obstacle,the rear modules also begin to return to the original position in scene 9.2)The Crawler Robot Overcoming Obstacles Actively:The four-crawler-driven robot is an underactuated system,in which there is a kinematic redundancy.The internal interaction between the front module and the rear module can be used to realize the robot posture control [14].The posture in which the front module is lifted up can be used to negotiate obstacles,as shown in Fig.10(b).The fact that the posture can be kept has been proved through the numerical method.[θf ]is the desired front frame angle of the posture.As shown in Fig.12,the current frame angle is larger than the desired frame angle [θf ].The front frame should rotate in a clockwise direction so as to reach the desired goal angle.At this point,the front module is pulled by the rear module.As shown in Fig.13,the current frame angle is smaller than the desired frame angle [θf ].The front frame should rotate in an anti-clockwise direction so as to reach the desiredFig.12.Control concept when θf >[θf ]goal angle.At this point,the front module is pushed by the rearmodule.Fig.13.Control concept when θf <[θf ]Fig.14.Experiment scenes when four-crawler-driven robot overcomes an obstacle activelyBased on the principle discussed above,the front modules are controlled so as to be lifted up to overcome the obstacle.The experiment scenes are shown in Fig.14.In scene 1,the crawler robot moves forwards in motion mode.In scene 2,the front modules of the crawler robot are controlled to be lifted up at the angle of 30◦.The crawler robot overcomes the obstacle with the front modules lifted up in scenes 3,4,and 5.After the front modules climb over the obstacle,the rear modules begin to overcome the obstacle as in the case of the passive experiment in scenes 6,7,and 8.Consequently,the crawler robot successfully overcomes the obstacle in scene 9.V.C ONCLUSIONSThis paper introduced a tracked crawler robot in which a planetary gear reducer is adopted as the main transmissioncomponent and provides two outputs in different forms with only one actuator.A modular concept of this crawler robot has been proposed.The outline of this modular crawler has been decided,and its detailed mechanical design has been implemented while considering waterproof and dustproof qualities.Experiments with a single modular crawler showed that the crawler can achieve the proposed locomotion modes.Experiments with the four-crawler-driven robot composed of four modular crawler mechanisms demonstrated that the robot has good adaptability to rough terrain passively and can negotiate obstacles actively with effective control.VI.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors are grateful to Prof.Ming Chen who provided valuable advice on the mechanical design of the modular crawler;Mr.Hiroyuki Sugimoto,who gave effective sug-gestions for improving the machining process of the parts;and Mr.Xiaodong Wu,who provided patient assistance with robot experiments.R EFERENCES[1]M.D.Berkemeier,E.Poulson,and T.Groethe,“Elementary mechan-ical analysis of obstacle crossing for wheeled vehicles,”in Proceed-ings of 2008International Conference on Robotics and Automation 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