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询问关于某事某物的主观看法，对社交网站上的信息进行意见挖掘来产生答案。
Mishra, Amit, and Sanjay Kumar Jain. "A survey on question answering systems with classification." Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences 28.3 (2016): 345-361.
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I. 不同的分类依据的方法不一样 ① 解题方式 ② 问题性质 ③ 答案类型
II. 同一个问题可能归属多个问题类型
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缩写谜题
军事：SAS，这支精英英国军队与美国的Delta军队类似。 BEFORE&AFTER：13世纪的威尼斯旅行者，它是Ralph Lauren短袖上衣的领子。（Marco Polo shirt）在邮件中将所有的文本弄成大写意味着该人在做该动作（答案：shouting）法语中的水果：Pomme(答案：apple)
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bAbI的20种问答
bAbI: https:///downloads/bab!问答竞赛的问题类型
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建筑类：支撑托梁的大梁的名字，其字面上意味着围绕的东西（答案：a girder）
动词
答案是动词
翻译数字共同点答案是数字答案是一系列实体的共同点
1/8圆周等于多少度(答案：45) Mung,snap,string(答案：bean)
Lally, Adam, et al. "Question analysis: How Watson reads a clue." IBM Journal of Research and Development 56.3.4 (2012): 2-1.

The relationship between reading comprehension and critical thinking

The relationship between reading comprehension ORIGINAL ARTICLEand critical thinking:A theoretical studyAbdulmohsen S.AloqailiKing Saud University,College of Education,Department of Curriculum and Instruction,Saudi Arabia Received 11November 2010;accepted 11January 2011Available online 31October 2011KEYWORDSSchema theory;Reading comprehension;Critical thinking;Cognitive development processesAbstract The main purpose of the present study is to review and analyze the relationship between reading comprehension and critical thinking.The speciﬁc theatrical issues being discussed include schema theory as a rational premise for the connection between reading comprehension and critical thinking,cognitive development processes,critical thinking:its nature and deﬁnitions,critical thinking:skills and dispositions,and critical thinking and reading comprehension.The results revealed that:(1)there is well established relationship between reading comprehension and critical thinking,(2)schema theory provides a rational premise for that relation,and (3)there is no con-sensus regarding the deﬁnition of critical thinking which might be interpreted as a lack of an accepted framework for critical thinking.ª2011King Saud University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionIn recent years,the ﬁeld of research on reading comprehension and critical thinking has received much attention and became a popular area in cognitive psychology.Modern cognitivists have developed new trends and theories that provide theoretical models for explaining and conceptualizing reading comprehen-sion by utilizing a set of related concepts,such as criticalthinking,prior knowledge,inference-making,and metacogni-tive skills (Limbach and Waugh,2010;Zabit,2010).Among these trends is schema theory,which is considered to be a theory about knowledge:how knowledge is represented and or-ganized,and how that representation and organization facili-tates the use of a reader’s prior knowledge to improve reading comprehension.A schema is the organized knowledge that one has about people,objects,places,events,processes,concepts,and virtually everything that provides a basis for learning (Rumelhart,1984).Bos and Anders (1990)stated that,‘‘Schema theory explains how knowledge is structured in mem-ory and how these structures affect incoming information’’(p.49).Anderson and Wilson (1986)indicated that schema theory explains how people’s existing knowledge affects comprehension.Critical thinking can be considered as means to activate or construct schema.Norris and Phillips (1987)indicate that crit-ical thinking provides an explanation for activating existing schemata and for constructing new ones by contrasting ideas and engaging in reﬂective thinking.Moreover,Collins et al.E-mail address:aloqaili@.sa2210-8319ª2011King Saud University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.doi:10.1016/j.jksult.2011.01.001(1980)count inference-making as a way to activate schemata in terms ofﬁlling in the missing connections between the surface structure fragments of the text by recourse to content and knowledge about the world.McNeil(1992)asserts that schema theory has special rele-vance for teachers of reading comprehension in that it ques-tions the traditional view that students should learn to reproduce the statements being read in the text.In contrast to this older view of reading comprehension,schema theory stresses an interactive approach that views teaching reading comprehension as a process,meaning that students are taught techniques for processing text,such as making inference,acti-vating prior knowledge,and using critical thinking(McNeil, 1992;Aloqaili,2005a;Orbea and Villabeitia,2010).Tierney and Pearson(1986)explain that schema theory has the major inﬂuence on new views of reading and reading com-prehension.They stated that:New views have forced us to rethink the act of reading.Fora long time we thought reading was the reproduction of theideas on the page;our goal was to have students produce a ‘‘photocopy’’of the page.Schema theory has moved us away from a reproductive view to a constructive view.In that view,the reader,rather than the text moves to the cen-ter of the construction process(p.3).According to schema theory,there are no deﬁnitive orﬁnal conclusions that can be reached for the text(Norris and Phillips,1987;Yu-hui et al.,2010).That is,schema theory deals with the reading comprehension as an interactive process between readers’prior knowledge and the text being read. Sometimes a reader may end up with a different understand-ing,based on his or her total previous experiences:their rich-ness or paucity.Therefore a reader with a rich background will comprehend better than one who has a poorer back-ground.In short,schema theory believes in open text or con-text.The interpretation is relative(Aloqaili,2005b).For the purpose of the study,reading comprehension can be deﬁned as the meaning constructed as a result of the complex and interactive processes relating a reader’s critical thinking,prior knowledge,and inference-making.2.Cognitive development processesPiaget(1952)presented three cognitive processes which he used to explain how and why cognitive/concept development occurs.These processes are assimilation,accommodation, and equilibrium.Marshall(1995)believes that Piaget made a key contribution to schema theory with his focus on how sche-mata develop and change.So,the following section will be devoted to a brief explanation of Piaget’s work related to cog-nitive development processes.Piaget(1970)proposed that cognitive growth occurs when the learner establishes mental categories(schemata)comprised of concepts about subjects and events sharing some general or spe-ciﬁc features.He views schemata as cognitive structures by which individuals intellectually adapt to and organize the environment.Piaget(1952)provides three cognitive mechanisms which interpret how children develop,acquire,classify,or organize their schemata or cognitive structures.These cognitive pro-cesses or mechanisms are assimilation,accommodation,and equilibration.2.1.AssimilationAccording to Piaget(1952)assimilation is a continuous process that helps the individual to integrate new,incoming stimuli into the existing schemata or concepts.That is,assimilation includes adding new information to old schemata.To illustrate the assimilation processes,Rubin(1997)presents an example of young children who tend to classify all similar four-footed animals as dogs;the children are assimilating.What they do is that they have assimilated all four-food animals into their existing schemata.Wadsworth(1996)points out that the assimilation process elaborates the size or growth of schemata,however,it does not alter them,and it is simply like adding air into a balloon.He stated the following:Assimilation theoretically does not result in a change of schemata,but it does affect the growth of schemata and is thus a part of development.One might compare a schema to a balloon and assimilation to putting more air in the bal-loon.The balloon gets larger(assimilation growth),but it does not change its shape.Assimilation is a part of the pro-cess by which the individual cognitively adapts to and orga-nizes the environment’’(p.17).Thus,assimilation allows for the growth of schemata by adding or taking in new information to old.However,the assimilation process does not change or create new schemata. Change and creation of schemata are the functions of another cognitive development process,which is accommodation.2.2.AccommodationPiaget(1952)indicates that accommodation is the process of developing new categories by a child rather than integrating them into existing ones.That is,accommodation is the way by which children create new schemata or change old ones with new information.Wadsworth(1996)explains that if the child meets with new stimulus that cannot be assimilated because there are no schemata into which the stimulus would ﬁt,the alternative is either to construct new schemata in which to place the stimulus(a new index card in theﬁle),or change or modify the existing ones toﬁt with new stimulus.That is, accommodation has two aspects or forms:creation of new schemata or modiﬁcation of old schemata with new ones.Wadsworth(1996)clariﬁes the difference between assimila-tion and accommodation by stating that‘‘accommodation accounts for development(a qualitative change)and assimila-tion accounts for growth(a quantitative change;together these processes account for intellectual adaptation and the develop-ment of intellectual structures’’(p.19).Rubin(1997)asserts that in spite of the importance of both assimilation and accommodation as a cognitive process devel-opment,children should be aware of making a balance between these two processes.Therefore,balancing between assimilation and accommodation is the function of the third cognitive mechanism,which is equilibrium.A brief explana-tion of equilibrium is provided below.2.3.EquilibriumAccording to Piaget(1952)equilibrium is a balance between the assimilation and accommodation processes.Wadsworth36 A.S.Aloqaili(1996)indicates that if a child overassimilates,he or she will end up with a few too large schemata,and will be unable to ﬁnd out the differences in things,because most things seem similar to him or her.In contrast,if a child overaccommo-dates,he or she will have too many small schemata.This over-accommodation would prevent him or her from detecting similarities,because all things seem different to him or her.Rubin(1997)explains that a child with equilibrium process would be able to see similarities between stimuli and thus assimilate them,and also would be able to determine when new schemata are needed for adequate accommodation of a surplus of categories or schemata.3.Critical thinking:its nature and deﬁnitionsThe literature indicates that there is no consensus regarding the deﬁnition of critical thinking.A multiplicity and variation of deﬁnitions of critical thinking are reﬂective of the way in which educators and scholars deﬁne it(Aloqaili,2001;Minter, 2010).Romeo(2010)explains that there is currently a lack of an accepted framework for critical thinking,so that there is not a widely acknowledged and accepted theoretical deﬁnition. Some educators and psychologists deal with critical thinking as a narrow concept,whereas others view critical thinking as a broad concept.For example,Beyer(1987)deﬁned critical thinking in a narrow sense as convergent thinking.He stated clearly that‘‘critical thinking is convergent’’(p.35),in contrast to creative thinking which is divergent.Beyer(1985)has argued that‘‘critical thinking is not a pro-cess at least not in the sense that problem solving or decision making are processes;that is,critical thinking is not a uniﬁed operation consisting of a number of operations through which one proceeds in sequence’’(p.303).Mcpeck(1981)has offered this broad deﬁnition for critical thinking,‘‘The propensity and skill to engage in an activity with reﬂective skepticism’’(p.8).Ennis(1993)criticizes Mcpeck’s deﬁnition because it focuses on‘‘reﬂective skepti-cism,’’and according to Ennis,‘‘critical thinking must get beyond skepticism’’(p.180).Ennis(1962)has dealt with crit-ical thinking with a narrow sense.He stated that critical think-ing is‘‘the correct assessing of statements’’(p.6).However, Ennis(1985)has replaced his narrower deﬁnition with the broader one which viewed critical thinking as‘‘reasonable, reﬂective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do’’(p.46).One of the main differences between Ennis’deﬁnitions of critical thinking is that the broader deﬁnition includes creative elements,but the narrower one tried to exclude them.Ennis (1987)explains and analyzes his broader deﬁnition of critical thinking as follows:Critical thinking,as I think the term is generally used,is a practical reﬂective activity that has reasonable belief or action as its goal.There areﬁve key ideas here:practical,reﬂective, reasonable,belief,and action.They combine into the following working deﬁnition:Critical thinking is reasonable reﬂective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do. Note that this deﬁnition does not exclude creative thinking. Formulating hypotheses,alternative ways of viewing a prob-lem,questions,possible solutions,and plans for investigating something are creative acts that come under this deﬁnition (p.10).Lewis and Smith(1993)indicate that although Ennis does not use the term problem solving in his deﬁnition of critical thinking,he refers to the usual steps in problem solving as cre-ative acts which are a part of his deﬁnition.In other words, Ennis separates critical thinking and problem solving while pointing out their interdependence in practice.Ennis(1987)explains that he abandoned his narrower def-inition of critical thinking‘‘because,although it provides more elegance in theorizing,it does not seem to be in accord with current usage’’(p.11).Kennedy et al.(1991)point out that current usage of the term‘‘critical thinking’’generally reﬂects Ennis’broad deﬁnition.According to Ennis(1993),for a person to reasonably and reﬂectively go about deciding what to believe or do,most of the following things characteristically must be done interdependently:Judge the credibility of sources.Identify conclusions,reasons,and assumptions.Judge the quality of an argument,including the acceptabil-ity of its reasons,assumptions,and evidence.Develop and defend a position on an issue.Ask appropriate clarifying questions.Plan experiments and judge experimental designs.Deﬁne terms in a way appropriate for the context.Be open-minded.Try to be well informed.Draw conclusions when warranted,but with caution.Another scholar who has provided a broad deﬁnition for critical thinking is Facione(1984)who developed a deﬁnition of critical thinking that incorporates evaluation and problem solving.Facione indicates that it is possible to evaluate critical thinking by evaluating the adequacy of the arguments that ex-press that thinking.He stated that‘‘critical thinking is the development and evaluation of arguments’’(p.259).Lewis and Smith(1993)point out that what is new in Facione’s deﬁnition is that he views critical thinking as an active process which involves constructing arguments,not just evaluating them.According to Facione(1984)construct-ing arguments include the usual steps of problem solving which are:(1)determining background knowledge,(2)gener-ating initially plausible hypotheses,(3)developing procedures to test these hypotheses,(4)articulating an argument from the results of these testing procedures,(5)evaluating the arguments,and(6),where appropriate,revising the initial hypotheses.Facione(1984)stated that‘‘Learning argument construc-tion means learning the methodologies that generations of researchers have reﬁned for the speciﬁc needs of each disci-pline’’(p.259).In this study,critical thinking refers to the pro-cess by which the reader thinks reasonably and reﬂectively for the purpose of meaning construction.4.Critical thinking:skills and dispositionsThere is an argument between educators regarding whether critical thinking involves both skills and dispositions.If so, which skills and which dispositions?Skills(or abilities)are the more cognitive aspect of critical thinking,however,dispo-sitions(or attitudes)are the more affective aspect.The relationship between reading comprehension and critical thinking:A theoretical study37Beyer(1984)views critical thinking as a set of nine discrete skills,including:(1)distinguishing between veriﬁable facts and value claims,(2)determining the reliability of a source,(3) determining the factual accuracy of a statement,(4)distin-guishing relevant from irrelevant information,claims or rea-sons,(5)detecting bias,(6)identifying ambiguous or equivocal claims or arguments,(7)recognizing logical incon-sistencies or fallacies in a line of reasoning,(8)distinguishing between warranted or unwarranted claims,and(9)determin-ing the strength of an argument.A number of researchers in critical thinking disagree that critical thinking is only a set of skills,and they maintain that critical thinking also involves dispositions.So in the literature the importance of dispositions has been heavily stressed (Ennis,1987;Norris,1985;Baum and Newbill,2010;Facione, 2010;Zori et al.,2010;Sternberg,1985).Paul(1984)makes a useful distinction regarding the dispo-sitions of the thinker.He deals with critical thinking in two dif-ferent ways:critical thinking in the weak sense and critical thinking in the strong sense.He asserts:In a weak sense,critical thinking skills are understood as a set of discrete micrological skills ultimately extrinsic to the character of the person;skills that can be tacked onto other learning.In the strong sense,critical thinking skills are understood as a set of integrated macro-logical skills ultimately intrinsic to the character of the person and to insight into one’s own cognitive and affective processes (p.5).Paul(1991)indicates that critical thinking in the strong sense involves approaching issues from multiple perspectives and demands open-mindedness to understanding points of view with which one disagrees.Among those who advocated skills and dispositions were Ennis(1985),who deﬁned critical thinking as‘‘reasonable, reﬂective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do’’(p.46).Based on his broad and working deﬁnition of critical thinking,Ennis(1987)developed a taxonomy of critical thinking skills which includes thirteen dispositions and twelve abilities that together make up critical thinking.For example, some of the dispositions of a critical thinker,as mentioned by Ennis(1987)are:(1)Seek a clear statement of the thesis or question.(2)Take into account the total situation.(3)Keep in mind the original and/or basic concern.(4)Look for alternatives.(5)Use one’s critical thinking abilities.(6)Be sensitive to the feelings,level of knowledge,anddegree of sophistication of others.(7)Be open-minded.In addition to these dispositions,there are some abilities, such as:(1)focusing on a question,(2)analyzing arguments, (3)asking and answering questions of clariﬁcation and/or challenge,(4)judging the credibility of a source,(5)deducing and judging deductions,(6)inferring explanatory conclusions and hypotheses,and(7)identifying assumptions.Each of these abilities contains a large number of sub-abilities(Ennis, 1987).5.Critical thinking and reading comprehensionThe relationship between critical thinking and reading is well established in the literature.For example,Norris and Phillips (1987)point out that reading is more than just saying what is on the page;it is thinking.Moreover,Beck(1989)asserts ‘‘there is no reading without reasoning’’(p.677).Also,among those researchers and theoreticians who recognize that reading involves thinking is Ruggiero(1984).He indicates that reading is reasoning.Yu-hui et al.(2010)stated clearly that reading is a thinking process to construct meaning.Utilizing and combining schema theory with principles of critical thinking are one of the effective ways of enhancing the concept of reading comprehension(Norris and Phillips, 1987).They explain that critical thinking provides a means of explaining the ability to work out ambiguous text by gener-ating alternative interpretations,considering them in light of experience and world knowledge,suspending decision until further information is available,and accepting alternative explanations.They conclude that critical thinking is the pro-cess which the reader uses to comprehend.Schema theory provides powerful rationales for making links between students’individual backgrounds,speciﬁc sub-ject area knowledge,and critical thinking(Marzano et al., 1988;Aloqaili,2005c).According to Anderson(1994),there are six ways in which schemata function in thinking and in remembering text information.These six ways are:(1)Most new knowledge is gained by assimilating newinformation into existing structure;therefore,subject matter learning should build on prior knowledge when-ever possible.(2)The students’existing schemata help to allocate atten-tion by focusing on what is pertinent and important in newly presented materials.(3)Schemata allow and direct the inferential elaboration ofincoming information and experience.(4)Schemata allow orderly searches of memory by provid-ing learners with a guide to the types of information that should be recalled.(5)Schemata facilitate the thinking skills of summarizingand editing.(6)Schemata permit inferential reconstruction when thereare gaps in memory,which means that they help the learner generate hypotheses about missing information.It is obvious,based on the previous six schemata functions, that prior knowledge plays a signiﬁcant role regarding estab-lishing connections between thinking critically and processing text information.This connection consequently leads the read-ers to reach the critical comprehension level.In accordance with this notion(the relationship between prior knowledge and critical thinking),the literature reveals an agreement between researchers concerning the idea that an individual’s familiarity with the subject matter of a text plays an important part in the person’s performance on think-ing tasks in that area(Glaser,1984;Norris,1985;Sternberg and Baron,1985).Knowledge and thinking skills can be viewed as interdependent(Nickerson et al.,1985).Comprehension itself has been seen as a critical thinking process.For instance,from a schema theory description of38 A.S.Aloqailireading,comprehension can be conceptualized as a critical thinking act(Anderson and Pearson,1984;Collins et al., 1980;Norris and Phillips,1987;Rumelhart,1980;Aloaili, 2005d).Lewis(1991)argues that viewing reading as a critical thinking act becomes more tenable when some of the compo-nents of the reading process are accepted as automatic and necessary(automatic processes like word identiﬁcation,deriva-tion of meaning for most words,and assignment of impor-tance),but not sufﬁcient for constructing text understanding.According to schema theory,the understanding and inter-pretation of the text are relative,which means that deﬁnitive conclusions cannot be reached.However,the readers should seek to arrive at a coherent and consistent understanding of the text being read.Lewis(1991)stated the following: Schema theory posits that there is no absolute meaning on the page to be interpreted the same by all-that is,there is no ‘‘correct’’comprehension.The goal of reading extended text is to arrive at a coherent representation of the text.This goal is achieved by readers’weighing and comparing data from their schemata,the text,and the context in which the act occurs(p.421).In order to enhance readers’ability to achieve and practice comprehension as a critical thinking act,researchers have shown that‘‘the critical thinker uses his or her metacognitive knowledge and applies metacognitive strategies in a planful, purposeful way throughout the critical thinking process’’(French and Rhoder,1992,p.191).Gallo,1987)uses metacognitive strategies to develop criti-cal thinking.She suggests that improved critical thinking re-quires developing the processes of observation,analysis, inference,and evaluation.Broek and Kremer(2000)made connections between infer-ence-making and critical thinking to promote reading compre-hension.They presented the idea that inferential and reasoning skills are closely related to other readers’characteristics and skills that affect text comprehension.Broek and Kremer (2000)state that:To be successful,readers must have the inferential and rea-soning skills to establish meaningful connections between information in the text and relevant background knowledge. Central to these skills is knowing what constitutes an inferen-tial or causal/logical relation and being able to recognize or construct one when needed in order to form a coherent mental representation of the text(pp.11–12).Ennis(1987)classiﬁed inference as critical thinking ability which includes three somewhat overlapping and interdepen-dent kinds of inference:deductive inference,inductive infer-ence,and inference to value judgments.According to Albrecht(1980),deduction is referred to as‘‘top-down think-ing’’because the conclusion or result is known and the search is for speciﬁc evidence that led to that particular conclusion. However,Clarke,1990pointed out that induction is often called‘‘bottom-up thinking’’because conclusions are drawn from speciﬁc instances,such as building on another unit the conclusion is reachedEnnis(1987)presented subskills or abilities under each of these three kinds of inference:deductive inference,inductive inference,and inference to value judgments.For example, deductive inference includes(1)class logic,(2)conditional logic,and(3)interpretations of statements.Also,inductive inference involves(1)generalizing,(2)inferring explanatory conclusions and hypotheses,and(3)giving reasonable assumptions.Moreover,inference to value judgments requires (1)background facts,(2)considering alternatives,and(3)bal-ancing,weighing,and deciding.Bizar and Hyde(1989)argued that inferential thinking con-tains two types:drawing inferences and drawing conclusion. Regarding theﬁrst one(drawing inferences),Bizar and Hyde (1989)stated the following:Inferential thinking involves putting together individual bits of information to derive a greater meaning than what one might expect from merely focusing on the bits themselves. When reading a passage,we infer a great deal;that is,we derive much more meaning than a literal interpretation of words’’(p.35).Another kind of inferential thinking,drawing a conclusion, involves taking pieces of information and synthesizing them into a meaningful idea which is greater than the separate pieces (Bizar and Hyde,1989).They concluded that drawing infer-ences and conclusions depend heavily on students’schemata. That is,if the student does not have the requisite knowledge or accurate schemata,he or she will not be able to build mean-ing from the materials being read.6.ConclusionThe literature reveals an agreement between theorists and researchers that there is a strong relationship among reading comprehension,critical thinking,and prior knowledge.This relation is interdependent,which means that prior knowledge serves as a foundation for critical thinking and inference-mak-ing.Critical thinking and inference-making work as effective means to activate prior knowledge.Prior knowledge and thinking skills can be viewed as interdependent.Schema theory provides powerful rational and theoretical premises of building an interactive model for interpreting how reading comprehen-sion develops by utilizing the connections between reading comprehension and critical thinking.Schema theory is consid-ered to be one of the most effective current theories that has had a major inﬂuence in terms of changing the face of reading instruction and reading comprehension.ReferencesAlbrecht,K.,1980.Brain Power:Learn to Improve Your Thinking Skills.Englewood Cliffs,Prentice Hall,NJ.Aloqaili,A.S.,2001.Perceptions of Saudi Arabian reading teachers of selected concepts related to schema theory.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,Ohio University,USA.Aloqaili,A.S.,2005a.An evaluation of Arabic teachers’education program in Teachers’Colleges in Saudi Arabia.Journal of the Faculty of Education29(4),301–382.Aloqaili,A.S.,2005b.Toward a modern standard of reading skills for elementary schools.Journal of Reading and Literacy49,77–146. Aloqaili,A.S.,2005c.The role of school in reading development of young learners.Paper presented at the International Conference Titled(Toward a Literate Arabic Society:Reading Supporting Policies:International Experiences),Casablanca,Morocco. Aloaili,A.S.,2005d.Arabic teachers beliefs and practices in Riyadh city in relation to constructivism.The Educational Journal19(76), 253–310.Anderson,R.C.,1994.Role of the reader’s schema in comprehension, learning,and memory.In:Ruddell,R.B.,Ruddell,M.R.,Singer,H.(Eds.),Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading,fourth ed.International Reading Association,Newark,DE,pp.469–82.The relationship between reading comprehension and critical thinking:A theoretical study39。

Transportation Research Part C Emerging Technologies

Transient dynamic analysis of a floating beam–water interactionsystem excited by the impact of a landing beam Original ResearchArticleJournal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 303, Issues 1-2, 5 June2007, Pages 371-390J.Z. Jin, J.T. XingClose preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractAn aircraft, idealised as an elastic beam with supporting system, lands with speed on anaircraft carrier or floating airport. The floating platform is idealised as a flexible beam floatingin an infinite water domain. The water is assumed incompressible and inviscid. The surface disturbance satisfies a linear free surface wave condition and an undisturbed condition atinfinity. A mathematical model is developed to describe this complex fluid–structureinteractive dynamical system, which exhibits strong coupling between the system'scomponents. An effective numerical scheme is established assuming that the two beam-likestructures are two solid substructures with motions represented by their respective modefunctions and the infinite fluid domain is modelled by a boundary element scheme. A mixedmode function-boundary element method is developed to solve the transient dynamics of thesystem in terms of the time histories of the beam displacement responses and waterpressure. The presented data demonstrates the applicability of the developed mathematicalmodel and numerical approach and some insights of the complex interactive processexhibited by the system.A rticle Outline1. Introduction2. Governing equations2.1. Fluid domain2.2. Landing beam2.3. Floating beam2.4. Fluid–structure interaction interface conditionPurchase$ 31.502.5. Initial conditions3. Mode equations of solid substructures3.1. Mode functions of a free –free beam3.2. Mode equation of landing beam3.3. Mode equation of floating beam4. Boundary element equation of the fluid domain5.Mixed mode function-boundary element equations6. Numerical solution7. Numerical results7.1. A simulation for a car running test7.2. An example simulating aircraft landing impacts8. ConclusionsAcknowledgements Appendix A. AppendixReferences427 Influence of modelling and solution methods on the FE-simulation of the post-buckling behaviour ofstiffened aircraft fuselage panels Original ResearchArticleComposite Structures , Volume 73, Issue 2, May 2006,Pages 229-236P. Linde, A. Schulz, W. RustClose preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractStiffened fuselage panels with laminated constructions play an increasing rolein aircraft design. The static behaviour through the buckling- and post-bucklingregime until failure has to be established. Apart from analytical calculations,experimental tests for different load combinations are indespensible, both ofwhich are expensive and time consuming.Purchase $ 31.50The virtual testing described here is based on a development project aiming at reducing the amount of experimental tests, and narrowing the numerical predictions to experimental results.A tool developed for parametric modelling and simulation of test shells is discussed.The numerical model is based on layered shell elements in ANSYS and for special purposes in LS-DYNA. It is outlined how far the behaviour of laminates (interaction of different and anisotropic materials, delamination and splices) can be simulated in this context.Results are given for welded panels and for fibre metal laminate panels. Comparison with experimental data is made. Recommendations for future research is provided.A rticle Outline1. Introduction1.1. General1.2. Objective1.3. Scope2. Model2.1. Geometry model2.2. Model for implicit analysis2.3. Model for explicit analysis2.4. FE-model for LS-DYNA2.5. Splices2.6. Delaminations2.7. Boundary conditions3. Computation 3.1. General 3.2. Static solution3.3. Implicit dynamic solution3.4. Explicit dynamic solution4. Results5. Summary, conclusions5.1.Summary5.2. Conclusions5.3. RecommendationsAcknowledgementsReferences428 Extratropical case study of stratosphere –troposphere exchange using multivariate analyses from mozaicaircraft data Original Research ArticleAtmospheric Environment , Volume 39, Issue 35,November 2005, Pages 6537-6549François Borchi, Emmanouil Oikonomou, Alain Marenco Close preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractA multivariate analysis methodology, applied to ozone, water vapour andpotential temperature data collected from MOZAIC aircraft allowed to identifyand to quantify three types of air masses directly linked tostratosphere-troposphere exchanges (STE). These air masses occurred inFebruary 1997 over the North Atlantic during the development of a Rossbywave, which is manifested in the form of four different structures, namelytrough, ridge, streamer and cut-off low (COL). Here a study is conducted on 20isobaric (i.e. at 230 hPa) flights crossing all these upper-level structures. It isshown that the first type of air mass corresponds to a mixed zone between thePurchase $ 35.95stratosphere and the troposphere when the tropopause is poorly defined and when there exist medium values and weak gradients of ozone, potential temperature and humidity. The second type of air mass reveals an irreversible transport from the troposphere to the stratosphere for all these structuresl eading to a ―wet‖ stratosphere with high values of water vapour. The third type of air mass corresponds to the classical stratosphere with high values of ozone and low values of water vapour. The comparison with the model results of Kowol-Santen et al. (2000) shows that these first two air masses are directly linked to either diabatic processes or turbulent diffusion depending on the orientation and the type of the structure. The western side of the trough (with no mixing zone on the eastern side) and the ridge are dominated by clear air turbulence (CAT). On the other hand, the decay of the COL seems to be the result of strong convection on its northern and eastern flanks. Concerning the decay of the streamer, it is found to be due to both diabatic and turbulent processes. The above results suggest that the existence of a mixing zone during STE seems to be a more realistic concept instead of that where the tropopause is considered as a surface.A rticle Outline1. Introduction2. The MOZAIC database3. Methodology of MA4. Evolution of a trough structure in February 19975. Air masses in the trough, ridge, COL and streamer structures5.1. The trough and ridge structures5.2. The COL structure5.3. The streamer structure6. Discussion and comparison with model result of KS007. Conclusions Acknowledgements References429 Adaptive actuator failure compensation for nonlinearMIMO systems with an aircraft controlapplication Original Research ArticleAutomatica, Volume 43, Issue 11, November 2007,Pages1869-1883Xidong Tang, Gang Tao, Suresh M. JoshiClose preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractA direct adaptive approach is developed for control of a class of multi-inputmulti-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems in the presence of uncertain failures ofredundant actuators. An adaptive failure compensation controller is designedwhich is capable of accommodating uncertainties in actuator failure timeinstants, values and patterns. A realistic situation is studied with fixed groupingof actuators and proportional actuation within actuator groups. The adaptivecontrol system is analyzed, to show its desired stability and asymptotictracking properties in the presence of actuator failure uncertainties. As anapplication, such an adaptive controller is used for actuator failurecompensation of a twin otter aircraft longitudinal model, with design conditionsverified and control structure and adaptive laws developed for a nonlinearaircraft dynamic model. The effectiveness of adaptive failure compensation is demonstrated by simulation results.A rticle Outline1. Introduction2. Problem statementPurchase$ 35.953. Adaptive failure compensation design4. Application to aircraft flight control5. ConclusionsReferencesVitae430 An aircraft acquisition decision model under stochastic demand Original Research ArticleJournal of King Saud University - Science, In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 28 December 2010Hooi Ling Khoo, Lay Eng TeohClose preview | PDF (445 K) | Related artic les | Related reference w orkarticlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractThis study proposes the probabilistic dynamic programming model to address the stochastic demand issue in aircraft acquisition problem. A probable phenomena is defined to comprehend the uncertain state variables so that the targeted level of service could be achieved profitably by the airline company. The objective function and the constraints have a linear expression with respect to the decision variables, and hence the proposed model is then converted as a linear programming model. The proposed model and the solution method are then examined with an illustrative case study to determine the number and the types of new aircraft that should be purchased at every time period. The results show that the proposed methodology is viable in providing the optimal solution.A rticle Outline1. Introduction2. Nomenclature3. Problem formulation3.1. Probabilistic dynamic programming model3.1.1. Stage, state variables and optimal decision3.1.2. Constraints3.1.3. Objective function3.1.4. The probable phenomena, s 1, … , s k3.1.5.The optimization model4. Solution method5. An illustrative case study5.1. Benchmark scenario5.1.1. Other scenarios6. Results and discussion7. Conclusions References431 Aerodynamic seal for reduction of noise generated on aircraft control surfacesSealing Technology , Volume 2009, Issue 2, February2009, Page 13Close preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Abstract | Figures/TablesNo abstract is available for this article. Purchase $ 31.50432 Partial substitution of hydrogen for conventional fuel in an aircraft by utilizing unused cargo compartmentspace Original Research ArticleInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy , Volume 35,Issue 3, February 2010, Pages 1463-1473Enis T. Turgut, Marc A. Rosen Close preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractOptions are being actively sought in aviation to switch from petroleum-based fuels to alternative fuels, of which hydrogen is a promising candidate, despite challenges associated with its production and storage. The possibility is Purchase $ 31.50demonstrated in this study of using hydrogen in place of some mission fuel without making substantial aircraft modifications and while utilizing only available unused baggage space in the lower-deck cargo compartments of aircraft. The environmental impact reduction and weight increase are obtained accounting for a broad range of factors including aircraft model, seat capacity, passenger and baggage load factors, annual landing and take off cycles, container type, and costs of metal hydride and gaseous hydrogen storage units of various sizes. It is found that, while there may be a cost increase, CO2 emissions are substantially reduced, by 25,000–570,000 tonnes annually in several cases and by up to 1.1 million tonnes annually for the 10 types of aircraft considered. It is also determined that with present technology, despite the low density of hydrogen, the weight of storage systems constitutes more of a challenge than their volume in aviation. Large-body aircraft are found to have more difficulties than the narrow-body aircraft regarding storage system weight. For the most frequently used narrow- and large-body aircraft considered, the number of the available containers within the required limits of weight and volume respectively are found to be 3 and 4 for the B 737-800 aircraft and 2 and 10 for the A 340-300 aircraft. Overall, the combined usage of hydrogen and kerosene investigated here may be feasible in the future, but is a challenging option with present technology and aircraft due to various factors.A rticle OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. Approach3. Hydrogen storage4. Lower-deck hydrogen storage5. Results and discussion 5.1. Case study 15.2. Case study 26. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsAppendixReferencesVitae433Noise radiation of aircraft panels subjected toboundary layer pressure fluctuationsOriginal ResearchArticleJournal of Sound and Vibration, Volume 314, Issues 3-5,22 July 2008, Pages 693-711Bilong LiuClose preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractIn this paper, a method which predicts the sound radiation of aircraft panelssubjected to turbulent boundary layer excitation is described. The method isthe extension of an earlier deterministic approach, where the modal expansionand modal receptance methods were used to predict random noisetransmission through curved aircraft panels with stringer and ring frameattachments. Here, with implementation of the Corcos and Efimtsov models tocharacterize the dynamic surface pressure cross-spectra, closed-formsolutions for the panel displacements, radiation and transmission pressuresare derived. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the effects of thestringers, ring frames, hydrodynamic coincidence, curvature, in-plane tension,structural dissipation and composite material on the structural and acousticresponse of the panel.Purchase$ 31.50A rticle Outline1. Introduction2. TBL-induced noise for a rectangular panel with stringer attachments2.1. Governing equations and velocity response2.2. Slightly curved panels with stringer attachments2.3. The radiated power spectrum3. Numerical study3.1. Solution for a typical aircraft panel3.2. Effects of the ring frame attachments3.3. Effects of the stringer attachments3.4. Damping influence3.5. Curvature and in-plane tension influence3.6. Metallic panel vs composite panel4.Concluding remarksAcknowledgementsAppendix A. The modal excitation termsReferences434 A computational study of Benders decomposition for the integrated aircraft routing and crew schedulingproblem Original Research Article Computers & Operations Research , Volume 32, Issue 6, June 2005, Pages 1451-1476Anne Mercier, Jean-François Cordeau, François Soumis Close preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractThe integrated aircraft routing and crew scheduling problem consists indetermining a minimum-cost set of aircraft routes and crew pairings such that Purchase$ 31.50each flight leg is covered by one aircraft and one crew, and side constraints are satisfied. While some side constraints involve only crews or aircraft, linking constraints impose minimum connection times for crews that depend on aircraft connections. We propose an enhanced model incorporating robustness to handle these linking constraints and compare two Benders decomposition methods—one with the aircraft routing problem as the master problem and one with the crew pairing problem. We also study the impact of generating Pareto-optimal cuts on the speed of convergence of these methods. Computational experiments performed on test instances provided by two major airlines show that the proposed approach yields high-quality solutions in reasonable computing times.A rticle Outline0. Introduction1. Mathematical formulation1.1. Aircraft routing networks1.2. Crew pairing networks1.3. Model2. Solution methodology2.1. Benders decomposition using the crew pairing problem as a master problem2.1.1. Three-phase algorithm2.2. Identifying strong cuts2.3. Step-by-step description of the improved algorithm3. Computational experiments3.1. Description of data sets3.2. Summary of computational experiments3.3. Comparisons with the extended crew pairing approach of Cohn andBarnhart [2]4. Conclusion AcknowledgementsReferences435Sample preparation and characterization of artificiallyaged aircraft coatings for microstructuralanalysis Original Research ArticleMaterials Characterization, Volume 55, Issue 3,September 2005, Pages 179-189Lisa M. Farrier, Stephen L. SzarugaClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractThe paper describes a method for metallographic preparation of artificiallyaged aircraft coatings. In order to better understand the in-serviceperformance and identify degradation mechanisms of an aircraft coating,complete characterization of the microstructure is essential. This paperdiscusses metallographic sample preparation and subsequent microscopytechniques (light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy) forcharacterization of a standard polyurethane aircraft coating system. Thepreparation method has proven to produce good, consistent results on a widerange of laboratory-produced simulated environmental exposures.The military specification coating system under study (MIL-PRF-85285C andMIL-PRF-23377G) degrades severely after accelerated weathering. Typicaldegradation includes deterioration of the polyurethane-based resin system inthe topcoat and is observed as a visible change in the color. Increasedporosity and some physical deterioration were also observed. In addition,some inorganic pigments in the primer appear to migrate into the topcoatPurchase$ 31.50during simulated exposure.A rticle Outline1. Introduction2.Experiment procedure2.1. Coating application2.2. Proposed metallographic method2.3. Method justification3. Results and discussion3.1. Microstructural characterization3.2. Free film transmissivity4. SummaryAcknowledgementsReferences436 Intelligent adaptive nonlinear flight control for a high performance aircraft with neural networksOriginal Research ArticleISA Transactions , Volume 45, Issue 2, April 2006, Pages 225-247Aydogan Savran, Ramazan Tasaltin, Yasar Becerikli Close preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Abstract | ReferencesAbstractThis paper describes the development of a neural network (NN) based adaptive flight control system for a high performance aircraft. The main contribution of this work is that the proposed control system is able to compensate the system uncertainties, adapt to the changes in flightconditions, and accommodate the system failures. The underlying study can be considered in two phases. The objective of the first phase is to model the Purchase$ 31.50dynamic behavior of a nonlinear F-16 model using NNs. Therefore aNN-based adaptive identification model is developed for three angular rates of the aircraft. An on-line training procedure is developed to adapt the changes in the system dynamics and improve the identification accuracy. In thisprocedure, a first-in first-out stack is used to store a certain history of theinput-output data. The training is performed over the whole data in the stack atevery stage. To speed up the convergence rate and enhance the accuracy forachieving the on-line learning, the Levenberg-Marquardt optimization methodwith a trust region approach is adapted to train the NNs. The objective of thesecond phase is to develop intelligent flight controllers. A NN-based adaptivePID control scheme that is composed of an em ulator NN, an estimator NN,and a discrete time PID controller is developed. The emulator NN is used tocalculate the system Jacobian required to train the estimator NN. Theestimator NN, which is trained on-line by propagating the output error throughthe emulator, is used to adjust the PID gains. The NN-based adaptive PIDcontrol system is applied to control three angular rates of the nonlinear F-16model. The body-axis pitch, roll, and yaw rates are fed back via the PIDcontrollers to the elevator, aileron, and rudder actuators, respectively. Theresulting control system has learning, adaptation, and fault-tolerant abilities. Itavoids the storage and interpolation requirements for the too many controllerparameters of a typical flight control system. Performance of the controlsystem is successfully tested by performing several six-degrees-of-freedomnonlinear simulations.437An integrated aircraft routing, crew scheduling andflight retiming model Original Research ArticleComputers & Operations Research, Volume 34, Issue 8,August 2007, Pages 2251-2265Anne Mercier, François SoumisClose preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesPurchase$ 31.50AbstractIn the integrated aircraft routing, crew scheduling and flight retiming problem, a minimum-cost set of aircraft routes and crew pairings must be constructed while choosing a departure time for each flight leg within a given time window. Linking constraints ensure that the same schedule is chosen for both the aircraft routes and the crew pairings, and impose minimum connection times for crews that depend on aircraft connections and departure times. We propose a compact formulation of the problem and a Benders decomposition method with a dynamic constraint generation procedure to solve it. Computational experiments performed on test instances provided by two major airlines show that allowing some flexibility on the departure times within an integrated model yields significant cost savings while ensuring the feasibility of the resulting aircraft routes and crew pairings.A rticle Outline0. Introduction1. Mathematical formulation1.1. Model1.2. A simpler formulation2. Solution methodology2.1. Benders decomposition2.1.1. Three-phase algorithm2.1.2. Dynamic constraint generation3. Computational experiments3.1. Description of data sets3.2. Summary of computational experiments4. ConclusionAcknowledgements References438 Low-crested coastal defence structures as artificialhabitats for marine life: Using ecological criteria indesign Original Research ArticleCoastal Engineering, Volume 52, Issues 10-11,November2005, Pages 1053-1071P.S. Moschella, M. Abbiati, P. Åberg, L. Airoldi, J.M.Anderson, F. Bacchiocchi, F. Bulleri, G.E. Dinesen, M.Frost, E. Gacia, L. Granhag, P.R. Jonsson, M.P. Satta, A.Sundelöf, R.C. Thompson, S.J. HawkinsClose preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractCoastal defence structures to protect sedimentary coastlines from erosion andflooding are increasingly common throughout Europe. They will become more widespread over the next 10–30 years in response to rising and stormier seasand accelerating economic development of the coastal zone. Building coastaldefences results in the loss and fragmentation of sedimentary habitats andtheir replacement by artificial rocky habitats that become colonised by algaeand marine animals. The engineering design and construction of thesestructures have received considerable attention. However, the ecologicalconsequences of coastal defences have been less extensively investigated. Furthermore, due to their rapid proliferation, there is a growing need tounderstand the role of these man-made habitats in the coastal ecosystems inorder to implement impact minimisation and/or mitigation measures.As part of the DELOS project, targeted studies were carried out throughoutEurope to assess the ecological similarity of low-crested coastal defencestructures (LCS) to natural rocky shores and to investigate the influence ofLCS design features on the colonising marine epibiota. LCSs can bePurchase$ 35.95considered as a relatively poor surrogate of natural rocky shores. Epibiotic communities were qualitatively similar to those on natural rocky shores as both habitats are regulated by the same physical and biological factors. However, there were quantitative differences in the diversity and abundance of epibiota on artificial structures. Typically, epibiotic assemblages were less diverse than rocky shore communities. Also, LCSs offered less structurally complex habitats for colonisation and in some locations experienced higher disturbance than natural shores. We propose several criteria that can be integrated into the design and construction of LCSs to minimise ecological impacts and allow targeted management of diversity and natural living resources.A rticle Outline1. Introduction2. Material and methods2.1. Study sites and general methodological approach2.2. Comparison of diversity between low crested structures and natural rocky shores2.3. Effects of LCS design features on epibiotic assemblages2.3.1. Orientation2.3.2. Location on the shore2.3.3. Habitat complexity2.3.4. Disturbance: structural stability and scouring of LCS3. Results3.1. Epibiota of LCSs versus rocky shore communities3.2. Effects of LCS design features on epibiota3.2.1. Orientation3.2.2. Location on the shore (tidal height)3.2.3. Habitat complexity3.2.4. Disturbance: structural stability and scouring4. Discussion 4.1. Can LCSs be viewed as artificial rocky shores?4.2. Influence of engineering design on epibiota: what can and cannot be modified5. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences439 Carbon fiber reinforced plastics in aircraft constructionOriginal Research ArticleMaterials Science and Engineering: A , Volume 412, Issues1-2, 5 December 2005, Pages 171-176 C. Soutis Show preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Purchase $ 41.95440Vibration-based skin damage statistical detection and restoration assessment in a stiffened aircraftpanel Original Research Article Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing , Volume 22,Issue 2, February 2008, Pages 315-337D.D. Rizos, S.D. Fassois, Z.P. Marioli-Riga, A.N. Karanika Show preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesPurchase$ 35.95 441Estimation of directivity and sound power levels emitted by aircrafts during taxiing, for outdoor noiseprediction purpose Original Research Article Applied Acoustics , Volume 68, Issue 10, October 2007, Pages 1263-1279C. Asensio, I. Pavón, M. Ruiz, R. Pagan, M. Recuero Show preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articles Purchase$ 41.95 442Strategic planning in fractional aircraft ownership programs Original Research ArticleEuropean Journal of Operational Research , Volume 189,Issue 2, 1 September 2008, Pages 526-539Yufeng Yao, Özlem Ergun, Ellis Johnson, William Schultz, J.M. Singleton Show preview | Related articles | Related reference w ork articlesPurchase $ 31.50。

同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、C反应蛋白、尿微量白蛋白联合检测

同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、C反应蛋白、尿微量白蛋白联合检测山东协和学院山东济南邮编 250109摘要：探究同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、C反应蛋白、尿微量白蛋白，这四项指标联合检测后对糖尿病肾病的病情判断研究。

随机选定历城区人民医院就医者，随机选取2022年9月—2023年2月临床被诊断为糖尿病肾病的患者77例为糖尿病肾病组，统计被确诊为糖尿病的患者77例为单纯糖尿病组；随机选定同院同期相应的77例健康体检者设定为健康对照组。

对三组患者均进行血清C反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白四项指标的检测，三组数据进行对比分析，综合各项指标进行比较分析然后加以评定。

经检测研究发现，单纯糖尿病组、糖尿病肾病组的血清C反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白各项水平相对于健康对照组明显提升（Ｐ均＜0．05）。

健康对照组、单纯糖尿病组、糖尿病肾病组血清C反应蛋白、同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白水平相对提高，各组之间检测的生化指标水平比较差异具有统计学意义（Ｐ均＜0．05）。

同型半胱氨酸、C反应蛋白、糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白对以上四项指标共同检测对糖尿病肾病的诊断具有一定的价值研究。

关键词：糖尿病肾病同型半胱氨酸糖化血红蛋白 C反应蛋白尿微量白蛋白1研究对象与方法1.1研究对象本实验中，选取历城区人民医院2022年9月至2023年2月临床确诊糖尿病肾病患者77例为糖尿病肾病组，统计糖尿病患者77例为单纯糖尿病组；另选取同院同期相应的77例健康体检者为健康对照组。

均进行血清同型半胱氨酸、糖化血红蛋白、C反应蛋白、尿微量白蛋白检测，对各组数据进行对比。

糖尿病肾病组男性34例，女性33例，年龄范围在55 ~75岁，本组年龄平均值为( 63±3)岁；单纯糖尿病组男性36例，女性31例，年龄范围在53 ~74岁，本组内年龄平均值为( 63±3) 岁；健康对照组男性数量33例，女性数量34例，年龄在54~76岁，本组组内平均值为( 63±3) 岁。

水质模型的分类及研究进展

水质模型的分类及研究进展王海涛;金星【摘要】模拟和预测水质参数的变化趋势对环境污染的预防和治理十分重要,水质模型是利用物质和能量守恒原理预测水质变化的有效工具.本文论述了水质模型的发展趋势和重要性,依据不同标准对水质模型进行分类,详细分析目前国际上应用比较广泛的水质模型系列和发展现状,展望未来水质模型和信息及与卫星技术结合的发展趋势.【期刊名称】《水产学杂志》【年(卷),期】2019(032)003【总页数】5页(P48-52)【关键词】水质;模型;水质模型;发展趋势【作者】王海涛;金星【作者单位】中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150070;中国水产科学研究院黑龙江水产研究所,黑龙江哈尔滨 150070【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S949;X832海洋、河流、湖泊、水库等水体是维持生物生存的基础物质水的来源，也是地表热量传递的重要一环，担负着保持地表温度的重任，在地球生物的繁衍生息和进化中也扮演了十分重要的角色。

随着人类文明的发展，尤其是工业革命以后，这些水体的水越来越多地作为工业的生产材料或降温等作用的辅助材料，生产和生活的废物也排放到这些水体中，使水质发生了变化，甚至污染[1-3]。

21世纪以来，工业用水需求的增加促进了水污染的修复和预警技术迅速发展。

相对于修复技术，能预判水质变化，尽早做出应对措施的预警技术吸引了科学界的注意，水质变化预测和模型因此快速发展起来。

Reder等[4]认为，水质模型能被用来分析污染物排放量和受纳水体水质的关系，预测水质的变化趋势，为水域管理部门提供技术支持。

本文通过分析水质模型的种类，阐述水质模型的发展现状，预测水质模型的发展趋势，以期为水质模型研究提供参考。

1 水质模型的种类自第一次发现水污染开始，人类就试图用简单的模型预测和模拟水质变化情况，所以水质模型发展历史悠久，种类也很多。

按照不同的分类标准，把水质模型进行分类[5,6]。

如按照变量的确定性来分类，可分为确定性模型、混合性模型、随机性模型；按照模拟空间性质来分，可分为零维模型、一维模型、二维模型、三维模型；按照评估水域来分，可分为河流模型、湖泊模型、海洋模型、河口模型；按照对水质变化的了解程度可分为，黑箱模型、白箱模型、灰箱模型；按照模型参数的性质来分可分为物理模型、化学模型等（表1）。

全身反应教学法TPR的效果 (国外论文参考资料)

ORIGINAL ARTICLEThe e ﬀects of Embodiment-based TPR approach on student English vocabulary learning achievement,retention and acceptanceFan-Ray Kuo,Chi-Chih Hsu,Wei-Chieh Fang,Nian-Shing Chen*Department of Information Management,National Sun Yat-Sen University,70Lienhai Rd.,Kaohsiung 80424,Taiwan,ROC Available online 24October 2013KEYWORDSEmbodied cognition;Motion sensing technology;Embodiment-based learning;Total physical response (TPR);Technology-enhanced English learningAbstract Research has shown that language learning with the formof human body could promote learner performance on the basis of theory of embodied cognition.Total physical response (TPR)has long been used to enhance vocabulary learning.However,TPR has its limitation that teachers are unable to attend to all individual students when the class size is beyond manageable.Thus,to enhance English vocabulary learning,this study proposes an integration of motion-sensing technol-ogy and theory of embodied cognition into the total physical response (TPR)approach,called Embodiment-based TPR approach.To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach,a total of 50ﬁfth-grade elementary students participated in this study.Experimental group adopted Embodi-ment-based TRP learning approach,while control group took conventional TPR learning approach.Cognitive performance and acceptance feedback for the proposed approach were col-lected in the experiment.Results showed that both the post-test and the delay test concerning Eng-lish vocabulary learning performance between the two groups had no signiﬁcant difference.However,the result of learning retention showed a signiﬁcant regression for the control group while the experimental group’s learning retention retained,which implies the Embodiment-based TPR approach could bring better learning retention than the conventional TPR approach.In addition,experimental group showed a highly positive level of acceptance toward the proposed learning approach.ª2013Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of King Saud University.1.IntroductionDue to the reality of global village in the 21st century,English learning has been an important educational issue in Asia.Eng-lish is regarded as a foreign language and has been included in elementary schools’language curriculum in Taiwan.However,English and Chinese differ greatly in writing system,pronunci-ation,and grammar structure.As a result,students may ﬁnd English learning quite a tough task and feel frustrated when it gets overwhelming.Furthermore,the environmental factors would limit the students to apply English in real life after school.*Corresponding author.Tel.:+88675252510;fax:+88675254799.E-mail addresses:revonkuo@ (F.-R.Kuo),gg54471@ (C.-C.Hsu),wfjohnny@ (W.-C.Fang),nschen@.tw (N.-S.Chen).1319-1578ª2013Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of King Saud University./10.1016/j.jksuci.2013.10.003There are various types of English teaching methods in ele-mentary schools,among which,total physical response(TPR) developed by(Asher,1966)is mostly used in conventional edu-cation settings.TPR is conducted based on the coordination of spoken and physical movement.It helps students develop lis-tening comprehension and oralﬂuency by reducing their pres-sure and fear in an interesting learning process(Asher,1968).Many TPR related researches have shown positive effects on students’learning performance,learning attitudes,conﬁ-dence and motivation(Asher and Price,1967;Kunihira and Asher,1966;Wolfe and Jones,2008;Wong,1983).It is espe-cially effective for teaching English as foreign language (EFL).These studies mainly emphasize teaching English vocabulary and grammar.In vocabulary teaching,studies which expanded TPR approach to pronunciation(Wolfe and Jones,2008)and meaning involving various word classes (Elliott and Yountchi,2009)have observed positive learning outcomes.Other researchers have also shown the effectiveness of TPR in the aspect of English prepositions(Nugrahaningsih, 2007;Widodo,2005).In traditional TPR teaching contexts, teachers usually conduct the activity using pictures andﬁlms for students to practice the pronunciations and actions for the given vocabulary in the course.Further,there is only one teacher whose main role is to give commands,monitor actions done by students and ensure that the TPR sequence goes on well.Thus,it is rather hard for the teacher to attend to every student’s learning status and ensure his/her full concentration on the learning content.Barsalou(2008)proposed the theory of embodied cogni-Much research concerning embodied cognition emphasizes the importance of body interactions with the environment. For example,Macedonia,Muller,and Friederici(2011)dem-onstrated that gestures accompanying speech have an impact on memory for verbal information in the speakers’mother tongue and foreign language learning.That is,meaningful and iconic gestures could help learners retain the verbal learn-ing material.With the combination of computer,Internet,and many other technology devices,some technology-assisted teaching methods have been developed in the digital education,such as computer-assisted learning,mobile learning,Virtual Reality (VR),Augmented Reality(AR)and Motion sensing technol-ogy in the educationalﬁelds.Among these technologies, Motion Sensing technology(e.g.,Kinect and Wii,etc.)has been applied in various subjects.It has been used in the enter-tainment,media,advertisement,healthcare and daily life (Chang et al.,2011).It started from a video game console named Wii which was released by the Nintendo Company in er can perform speciﬁc actions with a wireless control-ler in their hands.The controller can detect hands,gesture and movements,based on which the system can give different re-sponses.More recently,research on learning activity embed-ded with Kinect technique has been conducted,such as media advertisement,healthcare and digital education.In healthcare,researcher designed a system to assist the patients in the physical rehabilitation.The result showed that it could reduce the patient’s rejection of rehabilitation and increase their motivation(Vernadakis et al.,2012).In language learn-Figure1English vocabulary learning scenario in the Embodiment-based TPR system.64 F.-R.Kuo et al.enhancing learning in the EFL classroom.To examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach,ﬁftyﬁfth-grade ele-mentary school students participated and were distributed into two groups;the experimental group was conducted with the Embodiment-based TPR approach,and the control group was managed with the traditional TPR approach.The research questions are addressed below:(1)Is there any signiﬁcant difference in learning perfor-mance between the Embodiment-based TPR approachgroup and the traditional TPR approach group?(2)What is the level of acceptance of students in theEmbodiment-based TPR group?2.Learning system2.1.System designThe Embodiment-based TPR learning system used Microsoft’s Kinect sensing devices that enable wireless control and interac-tion by capturing full-body3D motions.The learning applica-tion was designed using C#in Windows Presentation Foundation.The system was designed with four learning stages based on the principles of TPR including watch stage, listen-watch-do-repeat stage,listen-do-repeat stage,and group race stage respectively,as shown in Fig.1.It can attend to each individual learner by encouraging acting-out of the vocabu-lary,providing corrective feedback,such as images and videos related to the given vocabulary,and engage learners to work at their own pace.2.2.Implementation of learning system onstrating a sport movie is played in the center of the screen. Learners are prompted to act out according to the video within 10s.When time is up,the system will automatically proceed to the next practice trial.Throughout the whole learning stage, learners can see themselves on the screen so as to adjust their movements.The system constantly responds to the moving body,based on which the immediate feedback is provided. All learners take turns taking part in this stage.2.2.3.Stage3:Listen-watch-do-repeat stageThis stage is designed to strengthen the connections between the sport movie and the newly learned vocuabulary or phrases (Fig.3).After the introduction,the system starts by giving voice commands and verbal commands as shown on the screen which require learners to act out.If a learner fails to act out correctly,a video will be provided as corrective feedback.All the missed trials will be given as extra practice at the end of the stage.All learners take turns taking part in this stage. 2.2.4.Stage4:Group raceThis stage serves as a review section.System only gives verbal commands for learners from each group to compete with each other(Fig.4).The verbal commands are given in Chinese or English.When a Chinese verbal command is given,learners are required to act it out and say its corresponding English translation(e.g.,Chinese-English or English-Chinese).The system will record the time spent on acting out the command, and serve as the competition report.All learners take turns taking part in the group race.3.Methods3.1.ParticipantsFigure2Listen-watch-do-repeat stage.The effects of Embodiment-based TPR approach on student English vocabulary65to four categories of sports,volleyball(spike,toss,underhand service),fencing(on-guard,lunge),boxing(boxing glove, straight punch,uppercut),and taekwondo(front kick,side kick,forward stance).The vocabularies concerning volleyball and fencing were arranged in theﬁrst cycle of TPR learning session,while those concerning both boxing and taekwondo were set in the second learning session.In the study,an English vocabulary test was developed by two senior English teachers,and used as the pretest,post-test and delay retention test with both multiple-choice quizzes and blank-ﬁlling questions concerning the vocabulary learned. The inter-rater reliability of the assessment reaches a Cron-bach’s a of0.83between the two senior English teachers,show-ing high internal consistency between the ratings of the various teachers(Cohen,1988).As for acceptance measurement,learn-ing attitude scale(4items,Cronbach’s a=.96)adapted from Liang et al.(2011),investigates the students’perceptions of the extent to which they perceive the inﬂuence of Embodiment-based TPR learning is useful,and intention to use scale(3 items,Cronbach’s a=.95)adapted from Davis(1989)mea-sures the level of student intention to use the proposed ap-proach in the learning activity in the future.The acceptance measurements adopted a7-point Likert-type response scale (1=strongly disagree,7=strongly agree).3.3.Experimental procedureThe experiment was conducted by applying the four stages of TPR approach in a vocabulary learning session as shown in Fig.5.A pre-test including a vocabulary test was given.In stage1(watch stage),the teacher introduced the to-be-learned vocabulary to the whole class for30min.In stage2(listen-watch-do-repeat stage)and stage3(listen-do-repeat stage), students worked in groups and went through the stages led by either the teacher or the system,according to the groups they were assigned to.An additional system instruction was gi-ven to the experimental group.For the experimental group, during stage2,the system served as a commander,leading the students to imitate and repeat the word by following the video.All the students took turns in interacting with the sys-tem for10min.During stage3,the system served as a com-mander again,having the students act out and repeat following the verbal and auditory command.This stage lasted for10min.In stage4,the system presented a game-basedFigure3Listen-do-repeat stage. Figure4Group race stage.context in which students were required to act out in response to the test questions randomly presented by the learning sys-tem for10min.The procedure in the control group was identical to that in the experimental group except the teacher leading the activities. Corrective feedback was also provided for both groups throughout the three stages.Upon the completion of the whole learning session,a post-test was conducted for30min and ques-tionnaires were given for collecting students’immediate learn-ing performance and emotional responses.Finally,a delay test was given to collect student’s learning retention after2weeks.4.Results4.1.Analysis of learning performanceFirst of all,normal distribution test was conducted before the formal variance analysis.It was found that students of control group present results of abnormal distribution by means of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and the Shapiro–Wilk tests.Non-para-metric Statistical analysis was employed to analyze the learn-ing performance difference between experimental group and control group.Independent samples t-test with Man–Whitney was conducted to investigate the difference of post-test and dif-ference of delay-test between two groups.The result shows no signiﬁcant difference of both post-test(Z=À0.89,p=>.05) and delay-test(Z=À1.86,p=>.05)between two groups,as shown in Table1.To further examine the retention of learning performance of each group,paired-sample t-test with Wilcoxon analysis was used to test the difference between post-test and delay-test in a group.The result showed no signiﬁcant difference in the experimental group,while there was signiﬁcant difference in the control group(Z=À3.10,p=0.003<.01),as shown in Table2.The result implies that students of experimental group have better learning retention for English vocabulary in com-parison to those of the control group.On the contrary,stu-dents of control group present signiﬁcant regression in learning performance for English vocabulary.In other words, the proposed learning approach for English vocabulary learn-ing could enhance students’learning retention in the English vocabulary learning context.4.2.Analysis of acceptance measurementsThe Acceptance measurements of experimental group con-sisted of two dimensions of the scale,learning attitude and intention to use,which were measured and analyzed using Independent sample t-test analysis method.Table3shows the signiﬁcant statistical difference of learning attitude (t=À3.17,p<.01),intention to use(t=À2.72,p<.05) and acceptance(t=À3.15,p<.01)between two groups. The acceptance measurement for experimental group student presents the high mean scores,ranging from6.12to6.29,for three dimensions respectively,indicating that students revealed a highly positive response to the learning activity under the Embodiment-based TPR approach.5.Discussion and conclusionsEnglish vocabulary learning is one important step for the mas-tery of English,especially for those who regard English as aFigure5Experimental procedure for the two groups.foreign language.Traditional total physical response (TPR)emphasizes the coordination of spoken and physical move-ment during the process of English learning,but the teacher can hardly attend to every student in the class at the same time,and ensure every student’s learning status.The research ﬁndings show that the posttest of English vocabulary learning performance between the two groups showed no signiﬁcant difference.This result may be attributed to the number of learning vocabularies given within the limited time.During each learning session,students need to complete seven or eight English vocabularies within four learning phases in 40min,implying that students would spend less than two minutes per vocabulary in each phase whether via Kinect tech-nology or a teacher assisted learning context.However,students of experimental group could retain bet-ter English vocabulary than those of the control group.This ﬁnding can be explained by the embodied cognition,which proposes that the body and the mind are inseparable in the constitution of cognition (Barsalou,2010).On the contrary,students of the control group present signiﬁcant regression in learning retention for English vocabulary learning.In other words,the proposed Embodied-based learning approach for English vocabulary learning could enhance students’retention in English vocabulary learning context,which conforms to the theory of Embodied cognition elaborating that different pro-cesses by which aspects of perceptual and motor processes are tightly joint to each other and higher order cognitive pro-cesses including language (Barsalou,2008;(Hostetter and Ali-bali,2008;Tellier,2008),and the result is also consistent with research ﬁndings that the provision of assistive information technology during the learning process,such as additional vi-sual images and feedbacks,can enhance learning retention (Cook et al.,2008;Karasawa and Maass,2008;Levie and Lentz,1982;Zwaan and Kaschak,2006).As for acceptance measurement,both learning attitude and intention dimensions for the experimental group students re-vealed a highly positive response to Embodiment-based TPR approach in the learning activity.This ﬁnding indicates that students of the experimental group think the Embodiment-based learning approach makes the activity of English vocabulary learning more engaging and acceptable than the conventional approach.Furthermore,they are willing to learn English via the proposed learning approach.The result of acceptance assessment is consistent with many studies concern-ing embodied cognition embedded in the learning activity (Gilakjani and Ahmadi,2011;Niedenthal et al.,2005).Such an effective measurement can reﬂect learners’attitude toward the integration of innovative technology into the learning ap-proach for the ﬁrst time or at the beginning of a learning activ-ity.In fact,the proposed learning approach provided learners with more natural interactions with computers via Kinect tech-nology than ever before.Previous studies indicated that learn-ing process with bodily action and environmental interventions may lead to a better learning performance and learning atti-Table 1Independent samples t test with Mann–Whitney analysis for post-test and delay-test between two groups.Dependent variable Test Experimental Control Z MeanSD Mean SD Learning performancePost-test 81.1718.0385.3516.89À0.89Delay-test85.4815.9274.0020.99À1.86Table 3Independent samples t -test of Acceptance measurement between the two groups.Dimension Group N Mean SD t Learning attitude Experimental 25 6.290.95À3.17**Control25 4.87 1.93Intention to use Experimental 25 6.12 1.35À2.72*Control25 4.68 2.14AcceptanceExperimental 25 6.22 1.08À3.15**Control254.791.89*p <05.**p <01.Table 2Paired-sample t -test via Wilcoxon analysis for learning retention of two groups.GroupPost-test Delay-test ZMeanSD Mean SD Experimental 81.1718.0385.4815.92À1.86Control85.3516.8974.0020.99À3.10****p <.01.68F.-R.Kuo et al.tude of learners(Borghi and Cimatti,2010;Borghi,2011; Clark,2006;Claxton,2012;Glenberg and Kaschak,2003; Johnson,2009;Karasawa and Maass,2008;Zwaan and Kas-chak,2006;Weiskopf,2010;Yang,2013;Zwaan and Yaxley, 2007).For example,Cook et al.(2008)experimentally manip-ulated children’s gesture during a learning activity of a new mathematical concept.Their researchﬁndings showed that asking children to gesture while learning the new concept would enhance knowledge gains during instruction.On the contrary,those who were required not to gesture while learn-ing the concept showed no signiﬁcant learning effects.Thus, they argued that gesturing could play a causal role in learning, an embodied way of representing new ideas,which improves children’s learning performance by encouraging them to move their hands.Another potential factor leading to student learning reten-tion could come to the information-processing perspective, accounting for mental development in terms of cognitive changes(Atkinson and Shiffrin,1968;Cariﬁo,1993).This change could directly facilitate encoding in long-term memory. In the study,presenting information with body movements, contextual information in the learning context may produce stronger memory traces for the experimental group than merely presenting information with unitary form of body ac-tion for the control group.Such aﬁnding conforms to previous studies(Claxton,2012;Essen and Nilsson,2003;Yang et al., 2012).To further evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed ap-proach,we attempt to involve more English vocabulary and invite more participants from elementary and secondary schools.In the future,it is worth investigating other factors that might affect students’learning performance,such as gen-der difference,prior knowledge,and the grouping strategies, learning styles and the effect of integrating Kinect technique into collaborative problem-solving activities. AcknowledgementThis study is supported in part by the National Science Coun-cil of the Republic of China under contract numbers NSC100-2511-S-110-001-MY3and NSC101-2511-S-110-003-MY3. 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基于Paragraph Vector模型的科研热点发现方法

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牛津大学：学术殿堂与知识源泉Oxford University, a world-renowned institution of higher learning, stands as a beacon of academic excellence. Its storied history, dating back to the medieval era, is intertwined with the development of Western civilization. The university's beautiful Gothic architecture, including its ancient libraries and stately quadrangles, creates a serene and inspiring academic atmosphere. Oxford is renowned for its rigorous academic standards and diverse courses, attracting students and scholars from across the globe. Its faculty comprises leading experts in various fields, contributing significantly to research and innovation. Moreover, Oxford's alumni have left indelible marks on society, politics, and culture. In short, Oxford University is not just an educational institution; it's a vibrant community of seekers of knowledge and truth.牛津大学，这所世界著名的高等学府，是学术卓越的灯塔。

2016年SCI工程类Engineering期刊杂志名字

AAASRI ProcediaAccident Analysis & PreventionActa AstronauticaActa Automatica SinicaActa Mechanica Solida SinicaAd Hoc NetworksAdditive ManufacturingAdvanced Cement Based MaterialsAdvanced Engineering InformaticsAdvances in Engineering SoftwareAdvances in Engineering Software (1978)Advances in Engineering Software and Workstations Aerospace Science and TechnologyAEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications Ain Shams Engineering JournalAir & Space EuropeAircraft DesignAlexandria Engineering JournalAnalytic Methods in Accident ResearchAnnals of Agrarian ScienceAnnual Review in Automatic ProgrammingAnnual Reviews in ControlApplied AcousticsApplied Clay ScienceApplied EnergyApplied ErgonomicsApplied Mathematical ModellingApplied Mathematics LettersApplied Ocean ResearchApplied Soft ComputingApplied SuperconductivityApplied Thermal EngineeringArchives of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringArtificial IntelligenceArtificial Intelligence in EngineeringAutomaticaAutomation in ConstructionBBeni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Biocybernetics and Biomedical EngineeringBiologically Inspired Cognitive Architectures BiomaterialsBiomedical Signal Processing and ControlBiosensorsBiosensors and BioelectronicsBiosurface and BiotribologyBiosystems EngineeringBiotechnology ReportsBiotribologyBuilding and EnvironmentBuilding ScienceCCase Studies in Construction MaterialsCase Studies in Engineering Failure AnalysisCase Studies in Fire SafetyCase Studies in Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation Case Studies in Structural EngineeringCase Studies in Thermal EngineeringCase Studies on Transport PolicyCement and Concrete CompositesCement and Concrete ResearchChinese Journal of AeronauticsCiência & Tecnologia dos MateriaisCIRP Annals - Manufacturing TechnologyCIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and TechnologyClinical MaterialsCoastal EngineeringCombustion and FlameCommunications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical SimulationComposite StructuresContains Open AccessComposites Part B: EngineeringComposites Science and TechnologyComptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIB - MechanicsComptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Astronomy Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Chemistry-Astronomy Comptes Rendus MécaniqueComputational Materials ScienceComputational Statistics & Data AnalysisComputer-Aided DesignComputer CommunicationsComputer Integrated Manufacturing SystemsComputer Methods in Applied Mechanics and EngineeringComputer NetworksComputer Networks (1976)Computer Networks and ISDN SystemsComputer Speech & LanguageComputer Vision and Image UnderstandingComputers & Chemical EngineeringComputers & Electrical EngineeringComputers & FluidsComputers and GeotechnicsComputers & Industrial EngineeringComputers in IndustryComputers & Mathematics with ApplicationsComputers & StructuresConstruction and Building MaterialsControl Engineering PracticeDData & Knowledge EngineeringDefence TechnologyDesalinationDesign StudiesDevelopment EngineeringDiamond and Related MaterialsDigital Communications and NetworksDigital Signal ProcessingDisplaysEElectric Power Systems ResearchThe Electricity JournalEnergy and BuildingsEnergy Conversion and ManagementEngineeringEngineering AnalysisEngineering Analysis with Boundary Elements Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence Engineering Failure AnalysisEngineering Fracture MechanicsEngineering Science and Technology, an International Journal Engineering StructuresEuro III-Vs ReviewEuropean Journal of ControlEuropean Journal of Mechanics - A/SolidsEuropean Journal of Mechanics - B/FluidsExperimental Thermal and Fluid ScienceExpert Systems with ApplicationsExtreme Mechanics LettersFFinite Elements in Analysis and DesignFire Safety JournalFlow Measurement and InstrumentationFluid Dynamics ResearchFrontiers of Architectural ResearchFusion Engineering and DesignFuzzy Sets and SystemsGGeomechanics for Energy and the Environment Geotextiles and GeomembranesHHBRC JournalHeat Recovery Systems and CHPHeliyonHormigón y AceroIICT ExpressIERI ProcediaIFAC-PapersOnLineIII-Vs ReviewImage and Vision ComputingIMPACT of Computing in Science and Engineering Industrial MetrologyInformation FusionInformation SciencesInformation Sciences - ApplicationsIngeniería, Investigación y Tecnología Integration, the VLSI JournalIntelligent Data AnalysisInternational Communications in Heat and Mass TransferInternational Journal of Adhesion and AdhesivesInternational Journal of Approximate ReasoningInternational Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight ConcreteInternational Journal of Critical Infrastructure ProtectionInternational Journal of Electrical Power & Energy SystemsInternational Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime EconomyInternational Journal of Engineering ScienceInternational Journal of FatigueInternational Journal of Heat and Fluid FlowInternational Journal of Heat and Mass TransferInternational Journal of Human-Computer StudiesInternational Journal of Impact EngineeringInternational Journal of Industrial ErgonomicsInternational Journal of Machine Tool Design and ResearchInternational Journal of Machine Tools and ManufactureInternational Journal of Man-Machine StudiesInternational Journal of Marine EnergyInternational Journal of Materials in Engineering ApplicationsInternational Journal of Mechanical SciencesInternational Journal of Mining Science and TechnologyInternational Journal of Multiphase FlowInternational Journal of Non-Linear MechanicsInternational Journal of Pavement Research and TechnologyInternational Journal of PlasticityInternational Journal of Pressure Vessels and PipingInternational Journal of Production EconomicsInternational Journal of Project ManagementInternational Journal of RefrigerationInternational Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining SciencesInternational Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake EngineeringInternational Journal of Solids and StructuresInternational Journal of Sustainable Built Environment International Journal of Thermal SciencesIRBMIRBM NewsISA TransactionsITBM-RBMITBM-RBM NewsJJournal of Advanced ResearchJournal of Agricultural Engineering ResearchJournal of Applied Mathematics and MechanicsJournal of Applied Research and TechnologyJournal of BiomechanicsJournal of Bionic EngineeringJournal of Building EngineeringThe Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications Journal of China University of Mining and TechnologyJournal of Computational Design and EngineeringJournal of Constructional Steel ResearchJournal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology Journal of ElectrostaticsJournal of Energy StorageJournal of Fluids and StructuresJournal of the Franklin InstituteJournal of Heat Recovery SystemsJournal of Hydrodynamics, Ser. BJournal of King Saud University - Engineering SciencesJournal of King Saud University - ScienceJournal of Loss Prevention in the Process IndustriesJournal of Manufacturing ProcessesJournal of Manufacturing SystemsJournal of Materials Processing TechnologyJournal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical MaterialsJournal of Mechanical Working TechnologyJournal of the Mechanics and Physics of SolidsJournal of MechanismsJournal of Network and Computer ApplicationsJournal of Non-Newtonian Fluid MechanicsJournal of Occupational AccidentsJournal of Ocean Engineering and ScienceJournal of Operations ManagementJournal of Parallel and Distributed ComputingJournal of Process ControlJournal of Rail Transport Planning & ManagementJournal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical EngineeringJournal of Safety ResearchJournal of Sound and VibrationJournal of Systems ArchitectureJournal of Systems Engineering and ElectronicsJournal of TerramechanicsJournal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology Journal of Visual Communication and Image RepresentationJournal of Wind Engineering and Industrial AerodynamicsJSAE ReviewKKnowledge-Based SystemsLLetters in Heat and Mass TransferMManufacturing LettersMarine PolicyMarine StructuresMaterials & DesignMaterials & Design (1980-2015)Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing Materials TodayMathematical and Computer Modelling Mathematics and Computers in Simulation MeasurementMécanique & IndustriesMechanical Systems and Signal Processing Mechanics of MaterialsMechanics Research CommunicationsMechanism and Machine TheoryMechatronicsMedical Engineering & PhysicsMedical Image AnalysisMethods in OceanographyMicroelectronic EngineeringMicroelectronics JournalMicroelectronics ReliabilityMicroprocessorsMicroprocessors and MicrosystemsMining Science and Technology (China)NNano Communication NetworksNano TodayNanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine NDT & E InternationalNDT InternationalNeural NetworksNew ScientistNon-Destructive TestingNonlinear Analysis: Hybrid SystemsNonlinear Analysis: Real World ApplicationsNonlinear Analysis: Theory, Methods & Applications Nuclear Engineering and DesignNuclear Engineering and Design. FusionNuclear Structural EngineeringOOcean & Coastal ManagementOcean EngineeringOcean ManagementOcean and Shoreline ManagementOptical Fiber TechnologyOptical Switching and NetworkingOptics & Laser TechnologyOptics and Lasers in EngineeringOptics TechnologyOptik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics PPacific Science Review A: Natural Science and Engineering Parallel ComputingPattern RecognitionPattern Recognition LettersPervasive and Mobile ComputingPetroleumPhilips Journal of ResearchPhysical MesomechanicsPolymer Gels and NetworksPrecision EngineeringProbabilistic Engineering MechanicsProcedia CIRPProcedia EngineeringProcedia IUTAMProcedia ManufacturingProcedia TechnologyProceedings of the Combustion InstituteProceedings of the Symposium on CombustionProgress in Aerospace SciencesProgress in Energy and Combustion SciencePropulsion and Power ResearchPump Industry AnalystRRadiology of Infectious DiseasesRare Metal Materials and EngineeringRBM-NewsReal-Time ImagingReliability EngineeringReliability Engineering & System SafetyRenewable EnergyRevista Iberoamericana de Automática e Informática Industrial RIAIRevista Internacional de Métodos Numéricos para Cálculo y Diseño en Ingeniería Revue Générale des Chemins de FerRevue Générale de ThermiqueRIBAGUA - Revista Iberoamericana del AguaRobotics and Autonomous SystemsRobotics and Computer-Integrated ManufacturingSSafety ScienceScientia IranicaSealing TechnologySensing and Bio-Sensing ResearchSensors and ActuatorsSensors and Actuators A: PhysicalSensors and Actuators B: ChemicalShe Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and InnovationSignal ProcessingSignal Processing: Image CommunicationSimulation Modelling Practice and TheorySimulation Practice and TheorySoil Dynamics and Earthquake EngineeringSoil and Tillage ResearchSoils and FoundationsSolid-State ElectronicsSpeech CommunicationStructural SafetyStructuresSustainable Cities and SocietySustainable Energy, Grids and NetworksSustainable Materials and TechnologiesSustainable Production and ConsumptionSwarm and Evolutionary ComputationSymposium on Combustion and Flame, and Explosion Phenomena Symposium (International) on CombustionSystems & Control LettersSystems Engineering ProcediaSystems Engineering - Theory & PracticeTTheoretical and Applied Fracture MechanicsTheoretical and Applied Mechanics LettersThin-Walled StructuresTransportation GeotechnicsTransportation ResearchTransportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies TribologyTribology InternationalTsinghua Science & TechnologyTunnelling and Underground Space TechnologyVVehicular CommunicationsWWater Science and Engineering WearWorld Patent InformationWorld PumpsZZeitschrift für Medizinische Physik。

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基于缺失率的不完整数据填补算法

统计与决策2021年第2期·总第566期理论探讨基金项目：齐齐哈尔市科学技术计划项目（工业攻关）（GYGG-201913)；黑龙江省教育厅基本业务专项理工面上项目（135209243）作者简介：刘佳星（1990—），女，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，硕士，研究方向：数据挖掘。

张宏烈（1966—），女，吉林怀德人，博士，教授，研究方向：大数据技术。

（通讯作者）刘艳菊（1974—），女，黑龙江齐齐哈尔人，博士，教授，研究方向：深度学习。

基于缺失率的不完整数据填补算法刘佳星，张宏烈，刘艳菊，刘彦忠（齐齐哈尔大学计算机与控制工程学院，黑龙江齐齐哈尔161006）摘要：机器学习和数据挖掘已经应用于诸多领域。

然而由于各种原因，真实数据集通常包含缺失值。

为了提高填补缺失值的准确率，文章基于不完整数据的不同缺失率，在R 平台上对7种插补方法进行评估。

实验结果表明，缺失森林和马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法的平均绝对百分误和误分类比率优于其他填补方法。

基于验证结果，提出了一种混合插补方法，即在计算数据集的缺失率之后，使用缺失森林估算缺失率小于等于5%的缺失值，然后使用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛填补缺失率为5%到10%的缺失值。

关键词：不完整数据集；缺失率；缺失森林；多重插补中图分类号：O212.1文献标识码：A 文章编号：1002-6487（2021）02-0039-030引言研究人员利用数据挖掘和机器学习方法从收集的数据中发现有价值的信息，分类、聚类、回归等预测方法可以在实际生活中使用。

根据不同的数据总量、实例数量、类数和不平衡程度，预测结果是不同的。

但是，数据集并不总是完整的，经常包含一些缺失值。

面对这些无法避免的缺失值，删除不完整数据是最直接的方法，但仅适用于缺失比例非常小的数据集。

随着缺失率的增加，使用这种方法将导致有价值的信息丢失。

因此，必需使用数据挖掘工具估算缺失值[1]。

文献[2]提到了3种主要的数据缺失类型：（1）完全随机缺失（MCAR ），即缺失值不依赖于观测到的数据。

优质高产大豆新品种吉育2511的选育

16--生物技术•遗传育种　引用格式：马铃铃，郑宇宏，孟凡凡，等. 优质高产大豆新品种吉育2511的选育[J]. 湖南农业科学，2022（1）：16-18.　DOI:10.16498/ki.hnnykx.2022.001.004大豆作为中国5大主要农作物之一，是人类植物脂肪和蛋白质的重要来源，在人们日常膳食结构中占有重要地位[1]。

我国的大豆产量和自给率都非常低，是世界上最大的大豆进口和消费国。

我国的大豆年产量只有1 000万t 左右，占比不足世界大豆总产量的10%，需求量却超过1亿t 。

2020年我国累计进口大豆10 033万t ，较2019年增加1 182万t ，刷新了2017年进口9 553万t 的记录。

在我国耕地资源紧缺的条件下，选育优良品种提高单产是扭转目前我国大豆主要依赖进口局面的有效途径之一[2]。

我国生产上使用的大豆品种90%以上来自常规育种，有性杂交育种仍是大豆育种的主要方法和重要手段[3-4]。

于是，吉林省农业科学院大豆研究所利用有性杂交的常规育种方法，经多代系谱法成功选育出了大豆新品种吉育2511。

1　选育过程1.1　亲本性状母本黑农48（原品系名哈98-3958）是黑龙江省农业科学院大豆研究所用哈90-6719×绥90-5888的后代经多代系谱法于2004年育成的高产、稳产、高蛋白大豆品种。

其综合品质优，百粒重22 g ，蛋白质含量45.23%，同时表现出很强的抗病能力，尤其对大豆花叶病毒高抗。

父本垦农23是黑龙江八一农垦大学以红丰10号×垦农5号的后代经多代系谱法于2012年育成的高产、稳产大豆品种。

百粒重21 g ，脂肪含量高达22.01%，属于高油大豆品种。

1.2　选育过程以高产、稳产、优质为主要育种目标，2015年夏季在公主岭用黑农48为母本，垦农23为父本配制杂交组合，同年冬季在海南种植F 1代；2016年在范家屯种植F 2代并选择高产单株；2016年冬季在海南种植F 3代并选择高产优质株行；2017—2018年在吉林省范家屯、龙井、敦化等地进行多点试验，2019—2020年参加吉林省大豆科企联合体区域试验，2020年同时参加了吉林省大豆科企联合体生产试验，于2021年通过吉林省农作物品种审定委员会审定，审定编号为吉审豆20210021。

综合性SCI期刊，都在这里

综合性SCI 期刊，都在这⾥根据2021年6⽉30⽇科睿唯安发布的IF2020，统计“综合性期刊”73本期刊的⾃引率，为需求者投稿选刊提供参考。

IF>40期刊根据IF2020，IF>40的期刊有2本，具体情况如下表所⽰。

期刊名IF2020⾃引率Nature 49.9621.29%Science47.7281.03%10<=IF<20期刊根据IF2020，10<=IF<20的期刊有7本，具体情况如下表所⽰。

其中国产期刊Science Bulletin ⼒压美国科学院院刊PNAS 。

期刊名IF2020⾃引率National Science Review 17.2753.62%Nature Communications 14.9192.63%Science Advances 14.1361.58%Nature Human Behaviour 13.6632.06%Science Bulletin11.7806.15%Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America11.2052.48%Journal Of Advanced Research 10.4791.41%6<=IF<7期刊根据IF2020，6<=IF<7的期刊有2本，具体情况如下表所⽰。

期刊名⾃引率Gigascience 3.80%Scientific Data3.62%5<=IF<6期刊根据IF2020，5<=IF<6的期刊有4本，具体情况如下表所⽰。

其中，Iscience 上榜。

期刊名⾃引率Frontiers In Bioengineering And Biotechnology 8.88%Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences2.41%Iscience1.96%Research Synthesis Methods 12.08%4<=IF<4.5期刊根据IF2020，4<=IF<4.5的期刊有6本，具体情况如下表所⽰。

胶原蛋白肽生理功能的研究进展

胶原蛋白肽生理功能的研究进展摘要胶原蛋白肽是胶原蛋白水解后得到的分子量较低的肽类产品，具有降血压、健骨、抗氧化和改善皮肤等多种生理功能。

本文综述了近年来胶原蛋白肽各种生理功能的研究进展。

关键词：胶原蛋白肽；水解；生理功能前言胶原蛋白是哺乳动物中最丰富的纤维蛋白之一，是构成牙本质和韧带的主要部分，是骨和牙本质中的大部分有机基质，其通常存在于皮肤、动脉、软骨和大多数细胞外基质中。

胶原蛋白肽是以富含胶原蛋白的新鲜动物组织为原料，经过提取、水解、精制生产的，相对分子量低于10000的产品[1]。

胶原蛋白肽作为一种新兴的功能性蛋白配料，具有很多显著的生理功能，并广泛应用于食品、生物医药、保健品和化妆品等领域。

本文对近年来胶原蛋白肽生理功能的研究进展作一综述。

1胶原蛋白肽的降血压功能血管紧张素酶(ACE)抑制剂具有降血压的作用，是治疗高血压的理想药物。

国内外大量的研究成果证明胶原蛋白肽具有明显的ACE抑制作用，可作为ACE抑制剂使用。

2018年Yang等[2]采用连续模拟胃肠道消化法对罗非鱼皮明胶进行水解并进一步分离，得到的水解肽具有ACE抑制活性。

2019年Abuine R等[3]对鱼皮中的明胶和胶原蛋白水解生成2～20个氨基酸序列的生物活性肽，其含有高含量的疏水性氨基酸，具有ACE抑制活性。

2020年Hua等[4]对从尼罗罗非鱼皮肤中提取出的酸溶性胶原蛋白进行水解，制备ACE抑制肽。

2020年Yu等[5]对鱼胶原蛋白进行水解，进一步分离成四个分子量范围，经测序鉴定，分子量在600～1000da之间的FCPH-Ⅳ具有较高的ACE抑制活性。

2胶原蛋白肽的健骨功能近年来的研究成果显示胶原蛋白肽具有强健骨骼，防止骨质疏松的功能。

2020年Liu等[6]报道了来源于白眼狭鳕皮肤的胶原蛋白肽显示出优异的抗氧化活性，可显著减弱H2O2诱导丙二醛和活性氧的上调，呈剂量依赖性下调超氧化物歧化酶，胶原蛋白肽促进细胞增殖和成骨分化，通过抑制成骨细胞的氧化损伤和促进骨形成来实现对骨质疏松的保护作用的。

关于时标上的适应△分数阶导数

关于时标上的适应△分数阶导数赵大方;游雪肖;程舰【摘要】引入了具有单位算子的时标上的适应△分数阶导数,讨论了该导数的基本性质,改进和推广了有关适应分数阶导数的相应结论.【期刊名称】《湖北师范学院学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2016(036)002【总页数】5页(P21-25)【关键词】分数阶微积分;适应△分数阶导数;时标【作者】赵大方;游雪肖;程舰【作者单位】湖北师范大学数学与统计学院,湖北黄石435002;湖北师范大学数学与统计学院,湖北黄石435002;湖北师范大学数学与统计学院,湖北黄石435002【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O172.1分数阶微积分是指对函数进行任意的实数次求积分或者求导数，至今已有300多年的历史. 然而在初期，由于缺乏应用背景支撑等多方面的原因，它并没有得到较多的关注和研究．随着自然科学和社会科学的发展、复杂工程应用需求的增加，尤其是20世纪七八十年代以来对分形和各种复杂系统的深入研究，分数阶微积分理论及其应用开始受到广泛关注．进入21 世纪以来，分数阶微积分建模方法和理论在高能物理、系统控制、经济学等诸多领域有了若干非常成功的应用，凸显了其独特优势和不可代替性，其理论和应用研究在国际上已成为一个热点[1～7]．然而，该理论也存在一些不足，比如分数阶导数的定义虽然多达几十种，但与整数阶导数相比，大多数仅满足线性运算法则，函数乘积、除法、链式求导法则皆不满足. 2014年， Khalil 等人在[8]中提出了conformable fractional derivative 的概念，随后文献[9～12]进行了相关讨论，尤其在[12]中，Nadia Benkhettou 等人讨论了时标上的conformable fractional derivative. 然而，该定义虽然满足上述运算法则，但它不具有单位算子. 本文引入了具有单位算子的时标上的适应△分数阶导数，从而改进和推广了上述文献中的相应结论．为方便起见，首先介绍时标理论的基本概念和性质.一个时标T 是指实数集的一个任意闭子集，它具有由诱导的拓扑即顺序关系. 设t∈T ，定义前跳算子和后跳算子为σ(t)=inf{s>t:s∈T}，ρ(t)=sup{s<t:s∈T}.规定inf=supT,sup=infT，如果分别满足σ(t)>t，σ(t)=t，ρ(t)=t，ρ(t)<t,则称点 t是右离散、右稠密、左离散、左稠密的. 为了度量时标上相邻点的位置关系，定义向前尺度函数μ(t)和向后尺度函数η(t) 分别为μ(t)=σ(t)-t,η(t)=t-ρ(t) ，由T 可定义集合 Tk:若supT<+∞且左离散，令 Tk:=t\<FounderNode name="WT" value=""/>supT，否则，令Tk:=T . 记fσ(t)=f(σ(t)) .定义1[15] 设函数f:T→，t∈Tk, 如果对任意的ε >0，存在t 的一个小邻域U，当s∈U 时，都有|fσ(t)-f(s)-f△(t)(σ(t)-s)|≤|σ(t)-s|则称f△(t)是 f在t点的△导数，此时称 f在t点是△可微的.定义2[12]设函数f:T→，t∈Tk，α∈(0,1] . 如果对任意的ε>0，存在 t的一个小邻域U，当s∈U时，都有|(fσ(t)-f(s))t1-α-Tα(f△)(t)(σ(t)-s)|≤ε|σ(t)-s|,则称Tα(f△)(t)是 f在t点的α阶适应分数阶导数，此时称 f在点 t是α阶适应分数阶可微的.2016年，Benkhettou N，Hassani S，Torres D F M在文献[12]中给出定义2及主要性质，将文献[8]中的相应结果推广到时标上. 但是定义2并不具有单位算子，即T0(f△)(t)≠f(t)而且要求变量t ≥0. 因此，该定义实际上是有缺陷的，本文通过引入调节函数h( α)修正了定义2，得到了具有单位算子的α 阶适应△分数阶导数的概念，得到一些新的结论，不仅推广了[12]中的主要定理，而且有利于进一步讨论适应△ 分数阶积分、泰勒级数、自伴适应方程以及Sturm-Liouville 适应微分方程等有关内容.规定调节函数h(α) 正值、连续且满足limα→0+h(α)=1, limα→1-h(α)=0.定义3 设函数f:T→，t∈Tk,α∈(0,1]，如果对任意的ε>0，存在t 的一个小邻域U，当s∈U时，都有|h(α)f(t)(σ(t)-s)+(1-h(α))(fσ(t)-f(s))t1-α-Tα(f△)(t)(σ(t)-s)|≤ε|σ(t)-s|则称函数Tα(f△)(t)是 f在点t 的α阶适应△分数阶导数，此时称 f在点 t是α阶适应△分数阶可微的. 显然，其单位算子T0(f△)(t)=f(t)，并且有T1(f△)(t)=f△ (t).下面我们给出α阶适应△分数阶导数的有关性质.定理1 设函数f:T →，t∈Tk,α∈(0,1].1) 若f 在点 t是α阶适应△分数阶可微的，则 f在点 t是连续的.2) 若 f在点 t连续且 t是右离散的，则f 在点t 是α阶适应△分数阶可微的且3) 若点 t是右稠密的，则 f在点t是α阶适应△分数阶可微的，当且仅当极限存在且有限. 此时有证明1) 由定义显然成立.2) 假设f 在点 t连续且t 是右离散的，由连续性可得因此，对任意的的ε>0 ，存在t 的一个小邻域U，当s∈U时，都有即.3) 假设 f在点t是α阶适应△分数阶可微的，点 t是右稠密的. 则对任意的ε>0，存在t 的一个小邻域U，当s ∈U时，都有|h(α)f(t)(σ(t)-s)+(1-h(α))(fσ(t)-f(s))t1-α-Tα(f△)(t)(σ(t)-s)|≤ε|σ(t)-s|由于σ(t)=t从而|h(α)f(t)(t-s)+(1-h(α))(f(t)-f(s))t1-α-Tα(f△)(t)(t-s)|≤ε|t-s|进一步得到对所有的s ∈U， st都成立. 因此另一方面，若极限存在且有限，则对任意的ε>0，存在 t的一个小邻域 U，当s∈U 时，都有|h(α)f(t)(t-s)+(1-h(α))(f(t)-f(s))t1-α-J(t-s)|≤ε|t-s|由于t 是右稠密的，从而得到|h(α)f(t)(σ(t)-s)+(1-h(α))(fσ(t)-f(s)t1-α-J(σ(t)-s)|≤ε|σ(t)-s|因此， f在点t 是α 阶适应△分数阶可微的且例1 考虑两种情形： T=和T=.1) 若T=，则f: →在点t∈是α阶适应△分数阶可微的当且仅当极限存在且有限. 此时有若α=1 ，则Tα(f△)(t)=f△(t)=f'(t).2) 若T=，则f:→在点t∈是α阶适应△分数阶可微的且Tα(f△)(t)=h(α)f(t)+(1-h(α))(f(t+1)-f(t))t1-α若α=1，则Tα(f△)(t)=f(t+1)-f(t)=△f(t)，其中△为向前差分算子.例2 设函数f:T→，t∈Tk,α∈(0,1]，1) 若f(t)=C ，其中C ∈是常数，则Tα(f△)(t)=Ch(α).2) 若f(t)=t ，则Tα(f△)(t)=h(α)t+(1-h(α))t1-α. 若α=1，则Tα(f△)(t)≡1.3) 若0}，则定理2 设函数f,g:T →在点t∈Tk是α阶适应△ 分数阶可微的，则有：1) 对任意常数λ1,λ2，函数λ1f+λ2g:T →在点t∈Tk是α阶适应△分数阶可微的且Tα((λ1f+λ2g)△)(t)=λ1Tα(f△)(t)+λ2Tα(g△)(t)2) 若函数 f和g 连续，则fg:T →在点t∈Tk是α阶适应△分数阶可微的且Tα(fg)△(t)=Tα(f△)(t)gσ(t)+f(t)Tα(g△)(t)-h(α)f(t)gσ(t)或者Tα(fg)△(t)=Tα(g△)(t)fσ(t)+g(t)Tα(f△)(t)-h(α)g(t)fσ(t)3) 若f(t)f σ(t)≠0，则在点t ∈Tk是α阶适应△分数阶可微的且4) 若g(t)gσ(t) ≠0，则在点t∈Tk是α阶适应△分数阶可微的且证明 1) 由定义显然成立.2) 若t 是右离散的，则由定理1 2)可得Tα(fg)△(t)Tα(f△(t)gσ(t)+f(t)Tαg△(t)-h(α)f(t)gσ(t)若t 是右稠密的，则由定理1 3)可得Tα(fg)△(t)Tα(f△)(t)gσ(t)+f(t)Tα(g△)(t)-h(α)f(t)gσ(t)同理可得Tα(fg)△(t)=Tα(g△)(t)fσ(t)+g(t)Tα(f△)(t)-h(α)g(t)fσ(t).3) 由例2可得 .从而得到因此4) 由定理2的2)和3)可得例3 设函数，其中 0}，则【相关文献】[1]Miller K，Ross B. An introduction to the fractional calculus and fractional differential equations [M]. NewYork: Wiley，1993.[2]Oldham K B，Spanier J. The fractional calculus [M]. New York and London:Academic Press，1974.[3]Podlubny I. Fractional differential equations [M]. San Diego:Academic Press，1999.[4]Herrmann R. Fractional Calculus:An Introduction for Physicists[M]. Singapore:World Scientific，2014.[5]Sabatier J， Agrawal O P， Machado J A T. Advances in Fractional Calculus: Theoretical Developments and Applications in Physics and Engineering [M]. Berlin-Heidelberg,New York:Springer，2007.[6]Tejado I，Valrio D，Valrio N.Fractional Calculus in Economic Growth Modelling:The Spanish Case[J]. Proceedings of the 11th Portuguese Conference on Automatic Control，2015，321:449～458.[7]Meilanov R P，Magomedov R A.Thermodynamics in Fractional Calculus [J]. Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics，2014，87(6):1521～1531.[8]Khalil R， Horani M A，Yousef A，et al. A new definition of fractional derivative[J]，J Comput Appl Math，2014，264:57～66.[9]Abdeljawad T. On conformable fractional calculus [J]. J Comput Appl Math，2015，279，57～66.[10]Abu Hammad I， Khalil R. Fractional Fourier series with applications [J]. American J Comput Appl Math，2014，6(4):187～191.[11]Batarfi H， Losada J， Nieto J J，et al.Three-point boundary value problems For conformable fractional differential equations [J]. J Funct Spaces，2015, Art ID 706383. [12]Benkhettou N，Hassani S， Torres D F M. A conformable fractional calculus on arbitrary time Scales [J]. Journal of King Saud University(Science)，2016，28(1)：93～98. [13]Hilger S. Ein Makettenkalkl mit Anwendung auf Zentrumsmannigfaltigkeiten [D]. Bavaria:Universtat Wurzburg，1988.[14]Hilger S. Analysis on measure chains：A unified approach to continuous and discrete Calculus [J].Results Math，1990，18:18～56.[15]Bohner M，Peterson A.Dynamic equations on time scales. 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改进的RANSAC圆检测算法

改进的RANSAC圆检测算法邓仕超;高阳;韩海媚【摘要】为解决传统随机抽样一致性(random sampling consistency,RANSAC)圆检测算法中无目的抽样耗时较长,检测结果准确性和稳定性较差等问题,提出一种改进的RANSAC算法.该算法先滤去较短的图形边缘,仅留下较长的边缘进行抽样.当第一次取到候选圆时,该算法还借助候选圆进一步排除无效点,大大减少了所需抽样次数.然后,用最小二乘法对这些候选圆参数进一步优化、筛选,提高了最终结果的稳定性和准确性.实验表明,该算法速度快、准确性好,完全能满足实际检测的需要.%To solve the problem of long sampling time,poor accuracy and stability of test results yielded by traditional RANSAC(random sample consensus)circular detection algorithm,an improved RANSAC algorithm was proposed to detect circle.Firstly,the image borders were filtered,only leaving longer bor-ders for sampling.Then,when the candidate circle was firstly picked,invalid points were further elimi-nated based on this candidate circle,which greatly reduced the required samplingtimes.Moreover, the least squares method were used to optimize parameters and choose the best circle among the candidates. Thus,the stability and accuracy of the final results were improved.According to the experimental re-sults,it was shown that the algorithm could fully meet the needs in actual visual inspection with fast speed and good accuracy.【期刊名称】《郑州大学学报（理学版）》【年(卷),期】2018(050)001【总页数】5页(P77-80,81)【关键词】RANSAC算法;圆检测;候选圆;最小二乘法【作者】邓仕超;高阳;韩海媚【作者单位】桂林电子科技大学机电工程学院广西桂林541004;桂林电子科技大学机电工程学院广西桂林541004;桂林电子科技大学机电工程学院广西桂林541004【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP391.410 引言图像处理中常用的圆检测算法有：基于Hough变换的圆检测[1-2]算法;基于随机抽样一致性(random sampling consistency,RANSAC)算法的圆检测.Hough变换圆检测算法要遍历三维参数空间，对内存和时间的消耗特别大，且检测结果精度受参数离散化程度的影响也大.文献[3]提出了随机Hough变换(RHT)算法，该算法随机抽取图像空间中的3个点，对应到参数空间中的1个点，再从参数空间中选取候选圆并进一步挑出真实圆，从而大大减少了内存消耗.RANSAC算法[4]与RHT算法相似，但其抽样的目的在于估计出一个能包含尽可能多的边界点的圆模型，只用圆模型上的点来拟合真实圆.这两种算法的共同缺点在于大量圆外点会带来大量无效抽样和累积.文献[5]用梯度法预先判断3点是否在候选圆上，减少了无效采样，但计算梯度本身也要消耗不少时间.文献[6]则对每条连续边界3等分，再分别取点进行圆拟合，该方法仅对连续边界进行取样，大大减少了对无效点的抽样.但这两种改进算法都只用3个点得到圆参数，准确度有限.文献[7]用最小二乘法改进了RHT算法，先用4点确定初始圆参数，再对得到的圆上点迭代使用最小二乘法，直至没有新点加入，该方法准确性较好，但所需迭代次数受初始参数影响大.本文设计了一种改进的RANSAC圆检测算法，可以进一步减少检测圆所需时间并保证其准确度.1 RANSAC算法传统RANSAC圆检测算法的具体步骤如下：1) 对待检测的图像进行预处理及边缘提取，建立由所有边缘点坐标构成的点集D.令当前循环次数k=0.2) 初始化局内点点集Inpts=NULL.从边界点点集D中随机抽取3个点，计算这3个点所确定的圆的参数[a, b, r](圆心(a, b). 半径r)，若圆的半径r的范围在预设的范围之内，则转3)；否则转6).3) 计算各边界点到2)中所得到的圆的圆心的距离d，若|d-r|≤ε(ε为可接受的局内点偏离裕度)，则认为该点为局内点，将其坐标存入局内点点集Inpts，否则视为局外点.4) 计算该圆上的局内点点数M，若M大于阈值Mmin，则认为此次估计出的圆模型足够合理，这些局内点也可视为有效点，转5)；否则转6).5) 对点集Inpts中的所有点用最小二乘法重新计算圆的参数模型，得到最终结果.6) k=k+1，若k>Kmax，则结束；否则转2).2 改进的RANSAC算法传统RANSAC算法中抽样耗时占算法总耗时的比重较大，而非圆边界点(即局外点)的数量又是影响所需抽样次数的最主要的因素.所以，减少局外点数量对减少算法总耗时有较大作用.另外，传统算法通过三点预估圆方法选取的局内点点集的随意性较大，这使得最终得到的检测结果的随意性也较大，为改善这一点，可以考虑综合使用多组局内点点集进一步地拟合和筛选.本文根据以上思路对原算法进行改进.2.1 图像预处理为减少边缘提取中伪边缘带来的非圆边界点，本文在预处理环节中采用陷波滤波[8]，针对性地滤去图像中金属本身的纹路.常用的边缘提取方法有：1) 使用Sobel、Canny等算子直接提取.2) 使用模糊分割等分割算法进行区域分割[9]，再用形态学算法提取边缘.综合考虑算法准确性和耗时长短，本文使用Canny检测法进行边缘提取.待处理的图像如图1所示.提取出的边缘如图2所示.从图中可以看出，凹痕圆的边界基本被提取，金属纹路伪边缘大大减少.接着，为进一步减少凹痕固有的小裂纹带来的非圆边界点，本文对提取出的边缘进行连通域检测，并对检测出的所有8邻接连通区域进行标记.8邻接的示意图如图3所示.然后，将这些连通区域存储到一个元胞数组中，每1个元胞代表1个连通区域(即一条连续边界).最后通过统计的方法将小边界去除，仅对较长的连续边界进行抽样.图1 待检测凹痕图像Fig.1 The picture of dent for detection图2 图1中提取的边缘Fig.2 The extracted edge of Fig.1图3 8邻接示意图Fig.3 The sketch of 8-adjacency pixels2.2 三点估计圆参数通常，由三点确定圆参数的方法是将三点的坐标代入圆的方程，联立三元方程求解得到.本文则利用圆的圆心到弦的中点的连线垂直于弦这一特性，联立二元方程求出圆心坐标，然后求圆心到任意一点的距离即可得出半径.由于只需求解二元方程，比原算法更为简便.假设圆心坐标为Z(a, b)，三点坐标分别为A(x1, y1)，B(x2, y2)，C (x3, y3)，可以得到二元方程：(1)从而可以很容易地得到圆心坐标(a, b)，而半径即为[5]2.3 寻找候选圆在判定某点是否属于局内点时，本文由原判定公式|d-r|≤ε，得出(r-ε)2≤d2≤(r+ε)2，若设某次估计出的圆的圆心为Z(a, b)，某点坐标为I(xi, yi)，则该公式变成(r-ε)2≤(xi-a)2+(yi-b)2≤(r+ε)2，从而避免了原方法中计算边界点到圆心的距离d时的开方运算，加快了速度.若抽样所得圆的局内点个数大于阈值Mmin，则可判定该圆为候选圆.由于后期还有进一步的筛选，阈值可以根据多次试验的结果取一个相对较小的值以减少抽样时间.如果是第一次取到候选圆，我们可以综合原来判定候选圆局内点时的阈值ε估计出一个阈值ε2(ε2>ε)，并认为满足|d-r|>ε2的点不属于所求圆的边界并将其排除，仅对剩下的点抽样以进一步提高后续抽样取到候选圆的概率.实验证明，在第一次得到候选圆后，可以很容易地连续得到候选圆.如果在随机抽样中，已经有3～4次能够得到候选圆，那么真实圆的边缘存在于这些候选圆局内点中的概率就已经很大了.再继续抽样的意义不大.为控制总的检测时间，本文以4次为阈值，只要4次取到候选圆，就可以结束抽样循环2.4 确定最终圆参数得到候选圆后，用最小二乘法对以上候选圆的局内点再进行圆拟合，可以得到更为精准的候选圆[10].然后，设定一个很小的距离阈值ε3(ε3<ε)，把原局内点中到新圆的边缘的径向距离小于阈值ε3的点作为新候选圆的局内点，比较各新候选圆局内点的个数N，选择N最大的新候选圆作为最终真实圆.相比原算法只选出一个候选圆进行最小二乘法拟合，本算法对多个候选圆进行拟合与精选，可以得到更准确更稳定的结果.2.5 本文算法的具体步骤1) 对待检测的图像进行预处理及边缘提取，检测边缘点中所有的8邻接连通区域，排除长度较小的连通域，用剩余的较长的连续边界上的点构建边界点集D，初始化候选圆局内点单元集Pcir=NULL，候选圆参数单元集P=NULL，当前循环次数k=0，候选圆个数Nt=0.然后，为最大抽样次数Kmax设定一初始值.2) 初始化局内点点集Inpts=NULL.从边界点点集D中随机抽取3个点，计算这3个点所确定的圆的参数[a, b, r](圆心(a, b)，半径r)，若半径r的范围在预设的圆的半径范围之内，则转3)；否则转6).3) 计算各边界点到2)中所得到的圆的圆心的距离d，若|d-r|≤ε(ε为可接受的局内点偏离圆的边缘的裕度)，则认为该点为局内点，将其坐标存入局内点点集Inpts，否则视为局外点.4) 计算该圆上的局内点点数M，若M大于阈值Mmin，则认为该圆可以作为候选圆，将局内点点集Inpts作为一个单元pcir，存入候选圆局内点单元集Pcir，转5)；否则转6).5) Nt=Nt+1,若Nt≥4，则结束循环，转8)；若Nt=1，则计算边界点到该候选圆的圆心的距离d，从边界点点集D中排除满足|d-r|>ε2的点，再转6)；若1<Nt<4，直接转6).6) k=k+1，若k>Kmax，则结束循环，转7)；否则转2).7) 若Nt<2，则Kmax自加10，再转2)；否则转8).8) 对各候选圆局内点单元pciri(i=1, 2,…，Nt)分别进行最小二乘法圆拟合，将得到的新的候选圆参数pi=[ai, bi, ri]作为一个单元存入候选圆参数单元集P中，计算各候选圆的局内点到由该候选圆重新拟合出的圆心[ai, bi]的距离di，从这些局内点中找出满足|di-ri|≤ε3的局内点，并排除pciri中其他的点.初始化候选圆局内点数目集NP=NULL，将新的候选圆局内点的个数存入NP中.比较各候选圆的局内点个数，找出局内点个数最大的候选圆，并将其参数[ai, bi, ri]作为最终得到的真实圆的圆参数.3 实验结果为了检验本文算法的有效性，用该算法在VS2013平台下编写了实验程序，并将其用于布氏硬度压痕直径自动化测量仪器研制中.图1即为用HB-3000B硬度计，10 mm直径淬硬钢球在用正火处理过的T10钢板上压出的凹痕图像，实验载荷为29.42 kN，成像用的CCD像素数为1 920×1 560.本实验用该方法在同一块钢板上共得到了10个凹痕(凹痕分布相对集中).实验要求测出凹痕直径并查表得出布氏硬度值[11].本文分别用上述3种算法对这10个凹痕进行检测，其结果如表1所示.其中随机Hough变换(RHT)圆检测算法的具体步骤见文献[3].表1中的参考直径是用读数显微镜对这10个凹痕进行测量所得到的直径的平均值(括号内为测量所得直径的取值范围).从表中可以看出，本文算法所得直径相比其他两种算法更接近参考值，测量结果的方差也比其他两种方法更小.因此，本文算法提高了测量结果的准确性和稳定性.从检测时间上看，本文算法的耗时也明显比其他两种算法更短.表1 3种算法检测结果Tab.1 The detection results of three algorithms检测结果RHT传统RANSAC本文算法参考直径d1/mm4108(4078～4126)平均直径点数d2636364236391平均直径d3/mm408741284107直径方差Sd/mm2683×10-6281×10-4383×10-6圆心坐标(a，b)(3801，4841)(3768，4825)(3787，4828)检测时间t/ms14711248用以上3种算法检测得到的圆参数在图2所示的边缘图像上画圆，其对比效果如图4所示.从图中可以看出，3种算法检测出的圆对左上角的边缘的贴合程度有微小差异.为了更清楚地看出这些差异，图5为图4左上角的局部放大图.从图中可以看出，本文算法所得结果对图像边缘的贴合效果也优于其他两种算法.图4 3种算法拟合的圆的对比Fig.4 The differences among the fitting circles in three algorithms图5 图4的局部放大图Fig.5 The partial enlargement of Fig.44 结论本文对传统的RANSAC圆检测算法从无效点的排除、候选圆的选取、真实圆的确定等方面进行了改进，实验结果表明，该算法结果在准确性、稳定性、运算时间3个方面均明显优于传统RANSAC圆检测算法，而且也优于目前常用的RHT圆检测算法，完全能够满足实时检测需求.参考文献：[1] LI G Q，ZHANG L X，YU Z P，et al．Research of edge detection algorithm based on Canny algorithm and Hough transform[J]．Advanced materials research，2014，1039：262-265.[2] BOUKHAROUBA A．A new algorithm for skew correction and baseline detection based on the randomized Hough transform[J]．Journal of King Saud university-computer and information sciences，2017，29(1)：29-38．[3] 王新，张元东，王莉．一种随机Hough变换检测圆的优化方法[J]．测控技术，2016，35(6)：112-116．[4] 袁清珂，张振亚，毕庆．改进的RANSAC算法在直线拟合中的应用[J]．组合机床与自动化加工技术，2015，1(1)：123-125.[5] 袁理，曹智睿．改进的随机Hough变换圆检测算法[J]．计算机应用，2010，30(S1)：174-176．[6] 陈小艳，王强，李柏林．改进的Hough变换检测圆方法[J]．计算机系统应用，2015，24(8)：197-201．[7] 霍建亮，曾翎，王德胜，等．基于最小二乘法改进的随机圆检测算法[J]．光电工程，2011，38(5)：145-150．[8] 阮秋琦．数字图像处理学[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2013．[9] 刘洪普，杨乐，侯向丹，等．一种改进的模糊C均值图像分割算法[J]．郑州大学学报(理学版)，2017，49(2)：66-71．[10] 牛方君，曹慧慧．利用最小二乘法测量半径样板半径[J]．电子产品可靠性与环境试验，2015，33(6)：56-58．[11] 文九巴．金属材料学[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，2011．。

基于OpenCV的畸形马铃薯识别方法

基于OpenCV的畸形马铃薯识别方法汪成龙;陈广财;陈国壮【摘要】为了研发基于OpenCV自动识别畸形马铃薯的计算机视觉系统,首先采集了93个的马铃薯样本图像,对其进行HSV颜色空间转换、颜色分割、中值滤波和轮廓提取,有效分割出马铃薯的边界轮廓;然后对其轮廓进行二维傅里叶变换,提取70个样本构成的训练集;采用广泛运用于计算机视觉领域的图像预处理及特征提取方法提取10个傅里叶幅度值,利用其构建并训练SVM分类器;最后通过训练好的SVM分类器对未知形状的23个马铃薯进行识别.结果表明:基于OpenCV的畸形马铃薯识别方法能正确判断马铃薯是否为畸形,识别准确率约为95.6％;其中,畸形马铃薯的识别率达到100％.这表明发展计算机视觉系统在自动检测和分类畸形农产品中有较大应用潜力.【期刊名称】《湖南农业科学》【年(卷),期】2018(000)004【总页数】3页(P85-87)【关键词】OpenCV;图像识别;傅里叶变换;马铃薯;形状【作者】汪成龙;陈广财;陈国壮【作者单位】惠州学院电子信息与电气工程学院,广东惠州 516007;惠州学院电子信息与电气工程学院,广东惠州 516007;惠州学院电子信息与电气工程学院,广东惠州 516007【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN957.52马铃薯是全球四大粮食作物之一，对人类生活具有重大意义。

随着计算机视觉技术的发展，效率高、精度高、操作灵活、运行成本低的计算机检测将逐渐取代效率低、成本高的人工检测在马铃薯分级处理中发挥重要作用。

在国内，黄星奕等[1]利用线性标记法对不合格脱水姜片进行标记；李革等[2]通过多视角的珍珠图像提取特征参数，进行有效的形状识别；郑冠楠等[3]通过对比大小、形状、颜色和边界4种特性对马铃薯进行综合分级；汪成龙等[4]提出了基于视觉显著性和H维图像的马铃薯区域分割方法，与H法相比，此方法能去除无效信息，降低计算量，提高分割速度。

在国外，Abdullah等[5]利用傅立叶变换对杨桃形状进行识别；Al-Mallahi等[6]通过在收割机中获取的带土马铃薯图像，有效检测出土块并去除，对马铃薯进行大小分级；AlOhali等[7]通过定义椰枣的外部质量特性，使用BP神经网络分类器对椰枣进行实时分级分类。

Bernoulli算子矩阵求解分数阶微分方程的数值解

Bernoulli算子矩阵求解分数阶微分方程的数值解杨晓丽;许雷【摘要】提出了一种基于伯努利(Bernoulli)多项式的分数阶微分方程数值求解的新方法,推导了分数导数的Bernoulli运算矩阵,结合Tau法和配方法将分数阶微分方程简化为代数方程组.通过实例说明了该方法的有效性和适用性.【期刊名称】《西昌学院学报（自然科学版）》【年(卷),期】2019(033)002【总页数】4页(P55-58)【关键词】伯努利多项式;分数阶导数;算子矩阵【作者】杨晓丽;许雷【作者单位】内江师范学院生命科学学院,四川内江641199;内江师范学院数学与信息科学学院,四川内江641199【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O241.80 引言分数阶微积分是常微分和积分到任意阶的推广。

与整数阶相比，分数阶微分方程在物理现象的模拟上有许多优势[1]。

近几十年来，分数偏微分方程被广泛用于描述工程过程和动力学系统。

越来越多的研究人员致力于研究求解分数微分方程以及解的存在性和唯一性。

由于分数阶微分算子具有全局性以及对偶算子不是其负算子的性质，很难对分数阶微分方程进行求解，因此很多学者对分数阶问题的数值方法进行了研究，针对不同类型的方程提出了不同数值方法。

常用的方法包括有限差分方法[2]，有限元方法[3]，谱 Galerkin 方法[4]以及正交多项式的方法。

常用的多项式方法有Legendre 多项式[5]、Chebyshev多项式[6]、Bernstein多项式[7]，以及Bernoulli 多项式[8]。

目前用Bernoulli 多项式求解分数阶微分方程的文献很少，且运算较为复杂，因此基于分数阶微分算子矩阵的方法，引入Bernoulli 多项式，结合Tau 法和配方法将分数阶微分方程转化为线性或者非线性方程组，以降低问题的复杂性。

1 预备知识1.1 Caputo意义下的分数阶微分[9]定义1：Caputo类型的分数阶微分定义其中，α>0，n是比α大的最小的整数，对于Caputo微分有DαC=0，C为常数。