Establishment of Surfactant-associated Protein A Suicide Gene System and Analysis of Its Activity
马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定
马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定张会敏1，邢岩2，仇润慷1，张丽梅2，倪贺3，赵雷1*（1.华南农业大学食品学院，广东广州 510642）（2.国珍健康科技（北京）有限公司，北京 100000)（3.华南师范大学生命科学学院，广东广州 510640）摘要：以活性物质示踪为导向，建立脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症模型对马齿苋中的抗炎物质进行跟踪，采用柱层析提取法、硅胶柱色谱分离法、制备液相色谱法及气相色谱-质谱联用技术对抗炎物质进行提取分离和结构鉴定。
结果表明，石油醚-乙醇、无水乙醇和纯水溶剂依次对马齿苋样品进行提取，三种粗提物将细胞中一氧化氮（Nitric Oxide，NO）的分泌量分别减少至33.13、25.83和20.53 μmol/L，其中石油醚相粗提物的抑制效果最强（P<0.05）。
对石油醚相进一步分离得到四个组分，Fr.1、Fr.2和Fr.3组分具有较强的抗炎效果，但Fr.1和Fr.2组分含有潜在的毒性成分，选择Fr.3组分继续分离。
Fr.3组分经硅胶柱分离得到三个组分，Fr.3.1组分表现出最强的抑制NO的分泌量效果（11.80 μmol/L）。
经制备液相色谱进一步纯化及气质分析，确定Fr.3.1组分的主要成分为硬脂酸（47.09%）、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯（13.21%）和其他成分。
该研究建立了一种从马齿苋中分离纯化出抗炎物质方法，为马齿苋的开发利用提供理论参考。
关键词：马齿苋；抗炎活性；提取分离；鉴定文章编号：1673-9078(2024)03-191-199 DOI: 10.13982/j.mfst.1673-9078.2024.3.0324Extraction, Separation and Structural Identification of Anti-inflammatory Active Substances from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)ZHANG Huimin1, XING Y an2, QIU Runkang1, ZHAGN Limei2, NI He3, ZHAO Lei1*(1.College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China)(2.Guozhen Health Technology (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing 100000, China)(3.College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510640, China)Abstract: To track the anti-inflammatory substances in purslane, the lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 macrophage inflammation model was established, which was guided by the tracer of active substances. The extraction, separation and structural identification of anti-inflammatory substances in purslane were performed by column chromatography (for extraction), silica gel column chromatography (for separation), and preparative high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (for analyses). The results showed that the three crude extracts obtained from purslane through sequential extractions with petroleum ether-ethanol, anhydrous ethanol and pure引文格式：张会敏,邢岩,仇润慷,等.马齿苋中抗炎活性物质的提取、分离及结构鉴定[J] .现代食品科技,2024,40(3):191-199.ZHANG Huimin, XING Yan, QIU Runkang, et al. Extraction, separation and structural identification of anti-inflammatory active substances from purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) [J] . Modern Food Science and Technology, 2024, 40(3): 191-199.收稿日期：2023-03-16基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（31771980）；广东省自然科学基金（2023A1515012599）作者简介：张会敏（1996-），女，硕士研究生，研究方向：活性物质分离提取，E-mail：；共同第一作者：邢岩（1981-），女，博士，助理研究员，研究方向：抗氧化与抗衰老，E-mail：通讯作者：赵雷（1982-），男，博士，教授，研究方向：天然产物绿色修饰及热带水果加工，E-mail：191water solvents reduced the secretion of nitric oxide (NO) in the cells to 33.13, 25.83 and 20.53 μmol/L, respectively, with the crude petroleum ether extract exhibiting the strongest inhibitory effect (P<0.05). The petroleum ether phase was further separated into four fractions, with the Fr.1, Fr.2 and Fr.3 fractions had stronger anti-inflammatory effects, though the Fr.1 and Fr.2 fractions contained potential toxic components. Therefore, the Fr.3 fraction was selected for further separation. The Fr.3 fraction was separated through a silica gel column to obtain three fractions. The Fr.3.1 subfraction exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect against the NO secretion (11.80 μmol/L). The Fr.3.1 subfraction was further purified by the preparative liquid chromatography and GC-MS analysis, and the main components of the Fr.3.1 subfraction were identified as stearic acid (47.09%), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (13.21%) and other components. This study established a method for separating and purifying anti-inflammatory substances from purslane, and provides a theoretical reference for the development and utilization of purslane.Key words: Portulaca oleracea L.; anti-inflammatory activity; extraction and isolation; identification炎症是机体受到外部刺激时做出的一种保护性生理反应，能够及时清除体内受损或死亡的细胞，帮助机体恢复内部平衡[1] 。
TBCC活化氧漂体系对纺织品有色污渍的去除性能
TBCC活化氧漂体系对纺织品有色污渍的去除性能郭雨宁;邵冬燕;柴文龙;孙昌;杜金梅;许长海【摘要】利用N-[4-(三乙基铵甲撑)苯酰基]己内酰胺氯化物(TBCC)对过碳酸钠在水溶液中所生成的过氧化氢的活化作用,构建了TBCC活化氧漂体系,与标准洗涤剂配合用于白色和染色纺织品洗涤,研究了在室温条件下对有色污渍(咖啡、红酒或茶)的去除性能.对洗涤溶液中的过氧化氢残留测试结果表明,洗涤溶液中加入TBCC和过碳酸钠后释放出的过氧化氢可被TBCC充分活化.室温条件下,加入适量的TBCC 和过碳酸钠即可有效去除白色织物上玷污的有色污渍而使其恢复至原有白度,也可以有效去除染色织物上玷污的有色污渍而不损伤其原有颜色.【期刊名称】《日用化学工业》【年(卷),期】2018(048)004【总页数】4页(P201-204)【关键词】洗衣粉;漂白活化剂;活化氧漂体系;纺织品;洗涤【作者】郭雨宁;邵冬燕;柴文龙;孙昌;杜金梅;许长海【作者单位】江南大学生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122;江南大学生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122;江南大学生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122;江南大学生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122;江南大学生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122;江南大学生态纺织教育部重点实验室,江苏无锡 214122【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ649.6+1通过向洗涤剂中加入过碳酸钠等含氧漂白剂，可以有效去除纺织品上沾染的有色污渍，而不会造成纺织品纤维严重损伤和原有颜色显著变化，但这些含氧漂白剂需在高于60 ℃的洗涤条件下才能发挥较为有效的作用[1，2]。
漂白活化剂是一种有机过氧酸前躯体，可与含氧漂白剂一起添加于洗涤剂中。
在洗涤条件下，漂白活化剂与含氧漂白剂所释放的过氧化氢反应，生成更加活泼的过氧酸，因此可在较低温度下去除纺织品上沾染的有色污渍[2]。
泛素化组学英文
泛素化组学英文全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：The development of high-throughput mass spectrometry techniques has greatly facilitated ubiquitinomics research. Mass spectrometry allows for the rapid identification and quantification of thousands of proteins in a single experiment. By combining mass spectrometry with specific ubiquitin-affinity purification methods, researchers can isolate ubiquitinated proteins from a cell lysate and analyze their ubiquitin modification sites.第二篇示例：One of the key techniques used in ubiquitinomics is mass spectrometry, a powerful analytical tool that allows for the identification and quantification of proteins in complex samples. By coupling mass spectrometry with advanced proteomics methodologies, researchers can uncover the intricacies of ubiquitin signaling pathways and elucidate the functional consequences of protein ubiquitination.第三篇示例：In cancer research, ubiquitin proteomics has been used to identify novel biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of cancer. By profiling the ubiquitinome of cancer cells, researchers have been able to identify specific ubiquitinated proteins that are dysregulated in cancer and may serve as potential targets for therapy. In neurodegenerative diseases, ubiquitin proteomics has shed light on the role of aberrant protein aggregation and clearance mechanisms in disease progression, offering new insights into potential therapeutic strategies.第四篇示例：The study of ubiquitinomics is challenging due to the dynamic and reversible nature of ubiquitination. Ubiquitin is rapidly added and removed from target proteins in response to various stimuli, making it difficult to capture the full landscape of ubiquitinated proteins in a cell. Additionally, ubiquitination can occur on multiple lysine residues within a protein, leading to a complex pattern of ubiquitin modifications that can be difficult to analyze.。
非洲加纳籽生物学特性及其化学成分（综述）
2013,42(1):86-90.Subtropical Plant Science非洲加纳籽生物学特性及其化学成分(综述) 谌迪1,2，林德钦2，郑志忠2,3，童庆宣2，林河通1，明艳林2（1.福建农林大学食品科学学院，福建福州350002；2.厦门华侨亚热带植物引种园药用植物与植物药研发中心，福建厦门361002；3.天医堂(厦门)生物工程有限公司，福建厦门361022）摘 要：现代植物化学研究发现，非洲加纳籽的主要化学成分为5-羟基色氨酸；现代药理研究表明，该植物具有抗抑郁、抑制肥胖和抗氧化等各种药理活性。
本文系统介绍非洲加纳籽的生物学特性及化学成分与药理药效的国内外研究进展，为其引种驯化与深度开发提供理论依据。
关键词：非洲加纳籽；引种驯化；化学成分；5-羟基色氨酸Doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-7791.2013.01.019中图分类号：Q949.95 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-7791(2013)01-0086-05Biological Characteristics of Griffonia simplicifolia and its Chemical Composition CHEN Di1,2, LIN De-qin2, ZHENG Zhi-zhong2,3, TONG Qing-xuan2, LIN He-tong1, MING Yan-lin2 (1.College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian China; 2.Research Center for Medicinal Plants and Plant Medicine, Xiamen Overseas Chinese Subtropical Plant Introduction Garden, Xiamen 361002, Fujian China; 3.Enjoye C&G (Xiamen) Bioengineering Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361022, Fujian China)Abstract: The modern phytochemistry study found that 5-hydroxytryptophan was the main chemical composition of Griffonia simplicifolia, and modern pharmacology researches showed that it had some pharmacological activities including depression, inhibition of obesity, antioxidation and so on. This article systematically introduced the biological characteristics of Griffonia simplicifolia and some correlative researches about its chemical composition and pharmacological efficacy, which provides a theoretical basis for its introduction, domestication and further development.Key words: Griffonia simplicifolia; introduction and domestication; chemical composition;5-hydroxytryptophan非洲加纳籽（Griffonia simplicifolia）为云实亚科加纳籽属植物，原产于加纳、科特迪瓦和多哥等西非国家[1-2]。
日用化学品体外哺乳动物细胞微核试验
日用化学品安全性评价体外哺乳动物细胞微核试验1范围本标准规定体外哺乳动物细胞微核试验的基本原理、规范性引用文件、术语及定义、试验方法、数据处理及结果评价和报告。
本标准适用于评价日用化学品及化学品原料的遗传毒性。
2规范性引用文件下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。
凡是注日期的引用文件，仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。
凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals:In Vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test(No.487),2016年GB/T28646-2012《化学品体外哺乳动物细胞微核试验方法》3术语及定义GB/T28646-2012界定的以及下列术语及定义适用于本文件。
为了便于使用，以下重复列出了GB/T 28646-2012中的某些术语及定义。
3.1非整倍体诱发剂aneugen任何与细胞有丝分裂和减数分裂周期中有关的成分相互作用后导致细胞出现非整倍体现象的物质或因子。
3.2染色体断裂剂clastogen任何引起细胞或生物体中染色体结构畸变的物质或因子。
3.3胞质分裂cytokinesis随着核分裂（有丝分裂和减数分裂）之后的细胞质的分裂。
3.4细胞阻滞cytostasis细胞生长被抑制。
3.5细胞毒性cytotoxicity对细胞结构或功能的有害作用，最终可导致细胞死亡。
3.6微核micronuclei独立于细胞核主核以外的小核，由有丝分裂或减数分裂末期滞后的染色体片段或整条染色体构成。
3.7胞质分裂阻断增殖指数cytokinesis-block proliferation index,CBPI使用细胞松弛素B时计算细胞毒性的方法。
处理组中二次分裂细胞数相对于对照组的比值。
3.8复制指数replication index,RI使用细胞松弛素B时计算细胞毒性的方法。
2020-2021某大学《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷(含答案)
2020-2021《生物专业英语》期末课程考试试卷一、短语翻译（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、醇类物质的命名；2. 诱导和反馈抑制3. 分支代谢途径调节4. 酶的固定化5、核苷酸和核酸6、微生物和病毒7、常规分批发酵法酒精生产工艺8、黑曲霉柠檬酸生产的生物化学9、L-谷氨酸的发酵10细菌的基因克隆;二、根据专业词汇的构词法翻译下列专业词汇（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、Dihydroxyacetone;2、Deoxyribonucleic acid；3、Monocarboxylic acid;4、Multilayered;5、Coenzyme；6、Immunoradioautography; 7、polysaccharide; 8、Tricarboxylic acid cycle；9、Macromolecule；10、Biodegradable surfactant;三、阅读理解（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）(一) Regulation of Branched Metabolic PathwayBiosynthetic metabolic pathways often have a common enzyme sequence and then branch leading to more than one end-product. Microorganisms have evolved feedback mechanisms, whereby a build-up of one end-product cause a feedback effect on the first enzyme of the branch leading to that product. In addition, mechanisms exist whereby the end-product of a branched pathway causes partial feedback inhibition of the first enzymes of the common sequence so that the flux of substrate passing through this sequence is proportionately reduced. This effect is achieved by use of isoenzymes, concerted feedback regulation and cumulative feedback regulation. These regulatory effect can be of two types: inhibition of enzyme activity and repression of enzyme synthesis. Where isoenzymes (multiple enzyme forms capable of catalysing the same reaction) are involved, the synthesis or inhibition of each enzyme form may be regulated by a different end-product. With concerted feedback regulation, only one enzyme is involved, but more than one product must be present to inhibit activity or repress enzyme synthesis. With cumulative feedback regulation, each end-product causes partial inhibition or repression and all end-products are required to completely block activity or synthesis.1.In the first sentence, ‘a common enzyme sequence’ means:(1)the reaction sequence catalysed by the enzymes(2)that the enzyme has the same amino acids sequence2.In concerted feedback regulation the enzyme is inhibited and repressed by(1)several kinds of end-products(2)only one kind of end-product3.The isoenzymes means:(1)the enzymes have different functions(2)the enzymes are capable of catalysing the same reaction4.With cumulative feedback regulation, each end-product causes:(1)complete inhibition and repression(2)partial inhibition or repression(二）Immobilization of enzymesEnzymes are often used as nonrecoverable chemical reagents, in which case they are added to the substrate incubated at the required temperature and pH for a period and subsequently destroyed. Amylase, proteases and other inexpensive bulk enzymes are used in this way. Alternatively, enzymes may be attached to an inert support (immobilized). This offers the advantages of (1) recovery and re-use of the enzymes, in batch reactors; or (2) the development of continuously operated enzyme reactions similar to continuous fermentation systems used for microorganisms; (3) the possibility of multi-enzyme systems; and (4) the enzyme does not remain in the processed solution. However, there are some disadvantages, the enzyme may be stabilized by immobilization but it may also lose activity, and the process becomes technically more complex.There are many ways to immobilize enzymes, the common procedures involve (1)absorption to an insoluble support of either organic or inorganic origin. Cellulose, dextran, nylon and bentonite are some of the many carriers that have been used. Attachment may be by physical adsorption, ionic binding or covalent bonding. (2) Entrapment methods in which the enzyme is localized within apolymer matrix are popular and include gel or fiber entrapment and microencapsulation in which the enzyme is enclosed within sperical semipermeable polymer membranes. (3) A simple but effective procedure is to immobilize the enzyme within the host cell by heat treatment or covalent cross-linking following by pelleting the cells.Are the following statements true or false?（1）Amylase, proteases and other inexpensive bulk enzymes are destroyed after the enzyme-catalyzed reaction is completed ( )（2）The advantages of immobilization of the enzymes include the stability of the enzymes and the increase of the enzyme activity ( )（3）By immobilization of the enzymes, it is possible to operate the enzyme reactions continuously ( )（4）In the last paragraph, the word “insoluble support” has the same meaning as the word “carrier”四、英译汉（共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）(1) Previously, enzymes were prepared mainly from animal organs and plant seeds. However, these sources of enzyme have their limits both in quantity and quality. Microbes, on the contrary, can be cultured at large scale by simple methods. Also, in this case, selective production of certain enzyme in large quantities is possible by adjusting the conditions of culture. Further, microbes have marked adaptability, and mutant species can be induced artificially. Thanks to these advantageous properties, enzymes which cannot be produced from animals and plants can be obtained from microbes.(2)The establishment of L-glutamic acid fermentation provided a significant impetus to the development of microbial production of primary metabolites. Encouraged by the establishment of the L-glutamic acid fermentation, various research projects have been carried out in the attempt to isolate wild strains or derive genetic mutants producing various kinds of amino acids. As a result, almost all of the amino acids are now commercially produced by fermentation.五、汉译英（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1. 化合物是一种可以分解成两种或两种以上元素的物质2. 这些微生物的相关特性是它们是非病原性的(nonpathogenic)，而且易于保存，培养时花费不多。
纳米混悬剂（Nanosuspension）
纳米混悬剂（Nano suspension）Nanosuspension research progressAuthor: Wangyu source of scientific information: Literature hits: 531 update time: 2007-4-3[keyword]: nanosuspension, sirolimus, aprepitant, insulinReuters health:At present, more than 40% of the drugs in development of the problem of poor water solubility, which makes the potential varieties not listed or can not give full play to effect. It is difficult to solve the solution problem of low bioavailability of drugs is very urgent. The commonly used solvent solubilization, cyclodextrin and emulsion technology has some limitations, such as the co solvent of organic solvents in toxicity, and drug release; the inclusion of the size of the drug molecules with special requirements; requires high drug solubility emulsion in oil phase.Suspension mixed Muller in 1994 in the research and development of nano (nanosuspensions) can better solve the above problem. The stabilizing effect of the surfactant, the drug particles dispersed in water by grinding or crystallizing technology to form a stable dispersion of nano colloidal. Whether the drug is difficult to dissolve in water or insoluble drugs in water and insoluble in oil, can be prepared by this method to obtain the corresponding nanosuspension. As an intermediate form, nanosuspension can further prepare for oral administration, injection or other dosage forms, so as to improve the absorptionand bioavailability of drugs. And nanosuspension can improve the content of drug formulations, especially suitable for large dose, insoluble drug oral and injection. In addition, the prescription is not included in the carrier and co solvent injection toxicity is very low.Preparation characteristicsColloidal drug nanoparticle suspension is the "pure" dispersion system. Different from the matrix type nano system in the traditional sense, nanosuspension without carrier material, it is through the stabilizing effect of the surfactant, the drug particles of nano scale dispersion system formed in water.Because of the characteristics of nanosuspension, which reflects the unique advantages in various administration (Table 1): such as simple prescription and preparation, is conducive to the rapid screening of active compounds to reduce the cost and improve the drug dissolution and bioavailability, without additional ingredients caused by irritating and toxic effect and low dose volume etc..Table 1 Characteristics of drug nanosuspensions-- -- --Drug dosage form characteristics-- -- --Oral administration of small size increase the drug absorption rate and absorption rate, improve the bioavailabilityMucosal adhesion increased high drug content, prolong the retention time of the gastrointestinal tract, reduce the absorption of individual differencesTo avoid the first pass metabolism, and can be targeted to the treatment of lymphatic system diseasesNo carrier injection or co solvent to reduce the toxicity, reduce the volume of Administration (especially muscle, subcutaneous and intradermal injection)The high drug content of monocyte phagocytosis, reduce toxicity, increase effectivenessBy Twain -80 to apolipoprotein E deposition on the nanoparticles,.The brain endothelial cell receptors promote brain uptakeInhalation of small particle size on alveolar macrophage targeted drug delivery, increased respiratory drug absorption, reduce systemic absorption-- -- --PreparationNanosuspension preparation mainly has two aspects, namely theprescription and technology. The prescription is mainly the choice of type and amount of surfactant, in order to improve the long-term stability of the product; process optimization by adjusting the production process such as pressure and cycle number and other parameters of the high pressure homogenizer, the ideal particle size distribution.Screening of surfactantsIn order to prepare stable nano suspension, avoid agglomeration of nanoparticles and increase of surfactant must be screened properly. The general choice of ionic and nonionic surfactants, nonionic surfactant nanoparticles can be generated between the electrostatic repulsion; non ionic polymer is the steric repulsion between particles. Research shows that the long-term stability of combination of two types of surfactants can make better preparations.Preparing nanosuspension by direct homogenization method, the long-term stability of the type and amount of surfactant affects only the product, does not affect the product size. MUller was prepared by direct homogeneous buparvaquone nanosuspension, adding poloxamer formulation (poloxamer) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 188, 3 months after the drug particle size did not change significantly. But when the drug content is up to 10%, 6 months after the drug has re dispersible difficult problem; prescription such as adding hydrogel or freeze drying products, the product can maintain stability in years.The trace precipitation or emulsifying preparation ofnanosuspension, surfactant type and dosage can affect the formation of crystals, choose different surfactants and their ratio can be obtained with different particle size distribution of the products. Kocbek by emulsification preparation of ibuprofen nanosuspension, prescription containing 0.25% Twain -80 product size of 158.1nm containing 0.5, twelve sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) when the particle size is 263.2nm, poloxamer188, PVA as the stabilizer or combination of several kinds of surfactant, the particle sizes of products are the difference.The preparation processPreparation method of nano suspension mainly milling method and ultrasonic method and high pressure homogenization method. The first two kinds of preparation methods are grinding medium or metal residue, and high pressure homogenization method for metal residue, and is easy for industrialized production.Direct homogenization method (direct homogenization)Direct homogenization method is cavitation and cavitation effect caused by high pressure homogenization, micronized drug particles will be further crushed for nano scale particles, while reducing drug particle size polydispersity (PI). To avoid the addition of organic solvent by direct homogenization method,Suitable for both insoluble drugs in water insoluble in oil, and the reproducibility of the process better. Research shows that the particle size is determined by the drug itself hardness,high pressure homogenization pressure and cycle number. By adjusting the pressure and cycle number of homogenizer can get proper particle size distribution of the product. With the increase of circulating pressure, the particle size is reduced, finally can reach a constant value, that is the optimal particle size; dispersion decreases with the increase of cycle number. But reduce the size increase of high pressure homogenization pressure and drug particle and no linear relationship, because the process of high pressure homogenization is the destruction of the drug particles is not perfect crystal, the smaller the particle size, drug crystal more perfect, crushing energy required is higher. The study showed that 1500bar pressure drugs can be crushed to smaller crystals, and the pressure is increased to 4000bar, and did not get finer crystals.Trace precipitation (microprecipitation)Trace precipitation is the first drug is dissolved in an organic solvent miscible with water, then the liquid is added to water, controlling the crystallization conditions to form nanoparticles. The initial crystallization of the crystallization involves the establishment and subsequent nuclear particle growth phase. The preparation of stable nano suspension to high nucleation rate but low growth rate and supersaturation and mechanical stirring speed rate is determined both in temperature and drug. So the trace organic solvent precipitation method to screening and appropriate proportion, and choose the appropriate crystallization temperature and stirring speed.The trace of precipitation is the drug from the dissolved stateinto the suspended state, so the mechanical consumption than the direct homogenization method, suitable for the poor stability of drugs. But due to the use of organic solvents in the preparation process, may lead to organic solvent residues, and may cause drug size change in removing organic solvent.Emulsification method (lipid emulsions)Emulsification method is the first drug prepared O/W nano emulsion, and then control the drug in the droplet precipitated in the prepared nanosuspensions. The drug is dissolved in an organic solvent and insoluble in water (such as ethyl acetate, three acetic acid esters of glycerol and chloroform); then the medicine liquid is added to an aqueous solution containing a surfactant, using high shear mixing to form colostrum, and then use the high pressure homogenizer will further homogenization for nano colostrum milk, finally nanoemulsion added to a large number of water, the organic solvent phase to aqueous phase diffusion, and the precipitation of drug nanoparticles. At the same time the drug precipitation combined with high pressure homogenizer can get better particle size distribution. This method is developed by using paclitaxel albumin nanosuspensions (Abraxane) has been listed in the United states.Physicochemical evaluationWhen the solid particle size less than 1 ~ 2 m, the solubility of particles by the influence of particle size, the solubility of small particles, and the solubility of small particles, which leads to small particles and large particles graduallydissolve gradually become larger, the phenomenon known as Ostwald ripening phenomenon (Ostwald ripening). In order to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon, must select proper prescription to increase the physical stability of nanosuspension, while optimizing the preparation process to ensure that the final product has a narrow particle size distribution.In addition, in order to study the drug release performance of nano suspension agent, also need the crystal type, the drug release rate were investigated.The particle size and polydispersityResearch shows that in addition to the surfactant, the particle size distribution is an important factor affecting the stability of nanosuspension, therefore in the process of R & D nanosuspension, decided the success of prescription must first examine the grain size and its distribution, and the accelerated test, the influence of temperature and mechanical force on the particle size and distribution effect.According to the different characteristics of nanosuspension, various technique can be used to measure the particle size and polydispersity. Proton correlation spectroscopy (PCs) can detect 3nm ~ 3 m in the range of particles, is commonly used detection particle size and polydispersity (PI < 0.3 has better stability) instrument; laser diffraction (LD) fast detection speed, can detect larger particles or aggregation of nanoparticles (detection range is 0.02 ~ 2000 m), of which 99% of the data on particle sensitive, has important significancein injection detection. In addition, in the preparation of injectable nano suspension, can also use the Kurt particle counting method.Nonionic surfactant and Zeta potentialThe nanosuspension, repulsion between particles is also conducive to long-term stability of the colloidal dispersion. If a single use of ionic surfactants, then achieve the lowest Zeta potential for the stability of about + 30mV; but the combined use of ionic and nonionic surfactant, even if the Zeta potential is lower than the critical value, but also has good physical stability, because the nonionic surfactant with particle steric repulsion effect enough, the Zeta + 20mV can reach as long as the potential.Study on the preparation of crystal form and appearanceIf the drug exists polymorphs, so different crystal types will affect the rate of drug release and drug efficacy. At present, usually by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction determination of crystalline state of the drug, can also be observed by nano suspension form.In the preparation of nanosuspensions can according to need to add appropriate suppression of grain, the control of the core drugs in the amorphous state. The general is adding a water soluble substance such as Miglyol is very low, it combined with drugs in reducing the interfacial tension of drug particles, while the formation of dense interface on the surface of the drug, reduce the internal diffusion of drug molecules to theaqueous phase, thereby inhibiting the Ostwald ripening phenomenon, the particle internal stability of amorphous.The solubility and dissolution rateRegardless of the route of administration, the nano suspension solid nanoparticle agent must dissolve into molecules form before they can play a role in treatment, the dissolution rate of drug molecules and the formation rate depends on the nano particles. In the dissolution medium, combined with dialysis and dissolution determination method can be used to determine the dissolution rate of mixed suspension of different nano. According to the Ostwald- Freundlich equation andNoyes-Whitney equation, improve the dissolution rate of the drug can increase the solubility of nanoparticles, so as to further improve the drug absorption and diffusion in the gastrointestinal tract. The determination method of dialysis and traditional saturated solubility (the drug solution under the condition of constant temperature stirring or shaking until the dissolution equilibrium with),The saturation solubility of nanoparticles in nano suspension can be measured. In addition, depending on the size of the drug, ultrafiltration or direct filtration can be used to determine the solubility of the drug.Application exampleIt often takes decades for a pharmaceutical technology to be transformed into an actual product, and a nano suspension is available in just a few years. The first nano crystal patentis at the beginning of 90s by Nanosysterms company (now Elan) application: by 2000 the first nanosuspension products of sirolimus (Rapamune) successfully listed, it is oral tablets, each containing 1mg or 2mg sirolimus, clinical results show its bioavailability than oral solution high 21%; then the first intravenous nanosuspensions by albumin bound paclitaxel nanoparticles injection suspension (Abraxane) is successful, it gets rid of the addition of surfactants Cremophor-EL, to avoid pre drug allergy treatment, improve the compliance of patients. At present, there are many other kinds of nano suspension in clinical research (Table 2).Table 2 formulations of solid particle suspensions listed and developed- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --Drug name (trade name) certification research and development company- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --Sirolimus (Rapamune) inhibits immune Elan NanosystemsArai Tan (Emend Elan Nanosystems) antiemeticPaclitaxel (Abraxane), metastatic breast cancer, American Life Sciences (AmericanBioscience)Cytokine inhibitors localized enteritis, Elan, NanosystemsDiagnostic agent, contrast medium, Elan, NanosystemsThymectacin anticancer Elan NanosystemsBai Xiaoan (Busulfan) anticancer SkyePharmaBudesonide (Budesonide), asthma, Elan, NanosystemsSilver eczema, atopic dermatitis, NUCRYSTCalcium phosphate herpes mucosal vaccine adjuvant BioSanteInsulin, diabetes mellitus, BioSanteNot publicly resistant to infection with Baxter NANOEDGENot publicly anti-cancer Baxter NANOEDGE- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --Advances in drug delivery routes by collaborative pharmaceutical companies- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --Wyeth (Wyeth) oral has been listedMerck (Merck) oral has been listedAmerican pharmaceutical partners (American venous phase III Pharmaceutical Partners)Cytokine PharmaSciences phase II clinical oralPhotogen I / II clinical veinNewBiotics./Ilex Oncology I / II clinical veinIntrathecal Supergen phase I clinicalSheffield Pharmaceuticals phase I clinical lungNo local phase I clinicalNo oral phase I clinicalNo oral phase I clinicalStudy on undisclosed pre clinical oral veinStudy on undisclosed pre clinical oral vein-- -- ---epilogueNanosuspension is a generally applicable to insoluble drug formulations, it was originally designed to improve drug bioavailability of insoluble through process and simpleprescription, while avoiding the side effects on patients with a large number of additional components. In recent years, researchers pay more attention to the surface modification agent nanosuspension, can change the objects within the drug pharmacokinetics; in addition, nano suspension of agent technology in peptide and protein drugs in the field is also highly anticipated. I believe, nanosuspension will have a more splendid future.。
中国农业大学研究生课程中英文对照表
课程名称课程英文名称发展社会学专题Development Sociology中国概况 A Brief Introduction of “The General Situation of China”英美经典短篇小说赏析 A Guide to Classic Short Stories in British and AmericanLiterature对策论 A Primer in Game Throry对策论 A Primer in Game Throry植物蛋白研究进展Aadvance of Vegetable Protein Research植物蛋白研究进展Aadvance of Vegetable Protein Research作物遗传育种专业英语Academic English作物遗传育种专业英语（必修）Academic English会计学Accounting高等农业机械化管理与模拟Adanvced Agricultural Mechanization Management and System Simulation高等农业机械化管理与系统模拟Adanvced Agricultural Mechanization Management and System Simulation调整型抽样Adjusting Sampling行政法Administrative Law高等动力学Advaced Dynamics动物传染病学专题Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物传染病学Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物传染病专题Advance in Animal Infectious Diseases动物病理学进展Advance in Animal Pathology动物病理学进展Advance in Animal Pathology植物病害生物防治进展Advance in Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物病害生物防治Advance in Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物逆境信号传递研究Advance in Plant Stress Signaling植物逆境信号传递研究Advance in Plant Stress Signaling先进制造技术Advance Manufacture Technology蛋白质互作的研究方法进展Advance of Methods for Analysis of Protein-protein Interaction 国际农药残留分析进展Advance of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Foreign Countries国际农药残留分析进展Advance of Pesticide Residue Analysis in Foreign Countries果蔬采后生理研究进展Advance of Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetable果蔬采后生理研究进展Advance of Postharvest Physiology of Fruit and Vegetable资源环境科学进展Advance of Recources and Enviromental Science高级建筑设计Advanced Garden Building Design高级园林建筑设计Advanced Garden Building Design高级生物气象学Advanced Biometeorology高级生物气象学Advanced Biometeorology高级会计理论与实务Advanced Accounting Theory and Practice高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械学Advanced Agricultural Machinery高等农业机械化管理Advanced Agricultural Mechanization Management高等农业机械化管理Advanced Agricultural Mechanization Management农业机械化工程新技术讲座Advanced Agricultural Mechanization New TechnologyLectures农业机械化工程新技术讲座Advanced Agricultural Mechanization New TechnologyLectures人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级人工智能Advanced Artificial Intelligence高级审计理论与实务Advanced Auditing Theory and Practice高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级生物化学Advanced Biochemistry高级生物信息SEMI.Advanced Bioinformatics Seminar高级生物信息学Seminar Advanced Bioinformatics Seminar高级害虫生物防治Advanced Biological Control of Insect Pests高级害虫生物防治Advanced Biological Control of Insect Pests高级蔬菜育种学Advanced Breeding of Vegetable Crops高级蔬菜育种学Advanced Breeding of Vegetable Crops高级财务管理Advanced Corporate Finance高级财务管理Advanced Corporate Finance高级园林植物遗传育种学Advanced Course of Ornamental Plant Breeding高级园林植物遗传育种学Advanced Course of Ornamental Plant Breeding高级作物育种学I Advanced Crop Breeding I高级作物育种学ⅠAdvanced Crop Breeding I高级作物育种学II Advanced Crop Breeding II高级作物育种学ⅡAdvanced Crop Breeding II作物生态学Advanced Crop Ecology高级作物生态学Advanced Crop Ecology高级作物生理学Advanced Crop Physiology高级细胞遗传学Advanced Cytogenetics高级发展学Advanced Development Studies高级发展学Advanced Development Studies高等结构动力学Advanced Dynamics of Structures高级计量经济学Advanced Econometrics高级计量经济学Advanced Econometrics高级园林植物生理生态学Advanced Eco-physiology of Ornamental Plants高级园林植物生理生态Advanced Eco-physiology of Ornamental Plants高等工程热力学Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics高等工程热力学Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics高级试验设计与数据分析Advanced Experimental Design and Data Analysis 高级试验设计与数据分析Advanced Experimental Design and Data Analysis 兽医免疫高级实验Advanced Experiments of Veterinary Immunology 兽医免疫高级实验Advanced Experiments of Veterinary Immunology 高级饲料分析技术Advanced Feed Analysis Technology高级饲料分析技术Advanced Feed Analysis Technology高级财务管理理论与实务Advanced Financial Management食品微生物学专题Advanced Food Microbiology动物遗传工程Advanced Gene Engineering高级基因工程Advanced Gene Engineering高级葡萄生理与分子生物专题Advanced Grape Physiology and Molecular Biology 高级葡萄生理与分子生物学专题Advanced Grape Physiology and Molecular Biology 高级昆虫生理生化Advanced Insect Physiology and Biochemistry高级昆虫生理生化Advanced Insect Physiology and Biochemistry高级昆虫毒理学Advanced Insect Toxicology高级昆虫毒理学Advanced Insect Toxicology高等内燃机学Advanced Internal-combustion Engine高等内燃机学Advanced Internal-combustion Engine高级实验动物学Advanced Laboratory Animal Science高级实验动物学Advanced Laboratory Animal Science高级园林设计Advanced Landscape Design高级园林设计Advanced Landscape Design高级园林工程Advanced Landscape Engineering高级环境绿地规划Advanced Landscape Planning高级宏观经济学Advanced Macroeconomics高级宏观经济学Advanced Macroeconomics高级管理会计理论与实务Advanced Management Accounting管理科学与工程专业Seminar Advanced Management Science and Engineering (Ph.D)管理科学与工程专业Seminar Advanced Management Science and Engineering (Ph.D)高级市场营销学Advanced Marketing高级市场营销Advanced Marketing高等金属学Advanced Metal高等金属学Advanced Metal高级微生物遗传学Advanced Microbial Genetics高级微生物遗传学Advanced Microbial Genetics高级微生物学进展Advanced Microbiological Seminar高级微生物学进展(全年）Advanced Microbiological Seminar高级微观经济学Advanced Microeconomics高级微观经济学Advanced Microeconomics高级运筹学Advanced Operations Research高级运筹学Advanced Operations Research高级果树生理学Advanced Physiology of Fruit Trees高级果树生理学Advanced Physiology of Fruit Trees高级植物与细胞生物学Seminar Advanced Plant and Cell Biology Seminars高级植物与细胞生物学Seminar Advanced Plant and Cell Biology Seminars高级植物营养学Advanced Plant Nutrition高级植物营养学Advanced Plant Nutrition高级植物生理生态Advanced Plant Physiological Ecology高级植物生理生态Advanced Plant Physiological Ecology高级植物生理学专题Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学Advanced Plant Physiology高级植物生理学专题Advanced Plant Physiology高级观赏植物采后生理Advanced Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants 高级观赏植物采后生理Advanced Postharvest Physiology of Ornamental Plants 高级植物营养进展Advanced Progress in Plant Nutrition高级设施园艺学Advanced Protected Horticulture高级设施园艺学Advanced Protected Horticulture高级可再生资源工程专题Advanced Renewable Resource Engineering现代可再生资源工程学Advanced Renewable Resource Engineering国际食品研究进展Advanced Research of Food Science植物细胞信号转导研究中的反向遗传学与细胞生物学研究技术与方法Advanced Reverse Genetic and Cell Biological Approaches to Study Signal Transduction in Plant高级生物化学与分子生物学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级生物化学与分子生物学SeminarAdvanced Seminar for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology高级遗传学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Genetics高级遗传学Seminar Advanced Seminar for Genetics高级生物质工程Seminar Advanced Seminar on Biomass Engineering高级社会统计Advanced Social Statistics高级社会统计Advanced Social Statistics高级生化专题Ⅲ（生物膜）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Biomembrane 高级生化专题Ⅲ（生物膜）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Biomembrane高级生化专题IV(酶学及代谢调控)Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Enzymology and Metabolism Control高级生化专题Ⅳ（酶学与代谢调控）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Enzymology and Metabolism Control高级生化专题II(核酸化学)Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Nucleic Acid高级生化专题Ⅱ（核酸化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Nucleic Acid高级生化专题Ⅰ（蛋白质化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Protein高级生化专题Ⅰ（蛋白质化学）Advanced Topics in Biochemistry：Protein农产品物料干燥技术特论Advanced Topics in Drying Technology：Drying of PorousMedia高级分子生物学专题Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology高级分子生物学专题Advanced Topics in Molecular Biology高级城市规划Advanced Urban Planning高级蔬菜生理学Advanced Vegetable Physiology高级蔬菜生理学Advanced Vegetable Physiology高级杂草学Advanced Weeds高级杂草学Advanced Weeds高级兽医寄生虫学Advanceds Veterinary Parasitology高级兽医寄生虫学Advanceds Veterinary Parasitology高级兽医微生物学Advances in Veterinary Microbiology高级兽医微生物学Advances in Veterinary Microbiology作物栽培新技术专题Advances in 4H Crop Cultivation作物分子生理与生物技术Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology农业水土工程研究进展Advances in Agricultural Water-soil Research农业水土工程研究进展Advances in Agricultural Water-soil Research动物育种专题Advances in Animal Breeding动物育种专题Advances in Animal Breeding动物病理生理学专题Advances in Animal Pathophysiology动物病理生理学专题Advances in Animal Pathophysiology动物科学研究进展Advances in Animal Science动物科学研究进展Advances in Animal Science害虫生物防治理论与实践新进展Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests害虫生物防治理论与实践新进展Advances in Biological Control of Insect Pests细胞生物学进展Advances in Cell Biology细胞生物学进展Advances in Cell Biology农副产品化学进展Advances in Chemistry of Agricultural Byproducts农副产品化学进展Advances in Chemistry of Agricultural Byproducts作物营养与水分生理专题Advances in Crop Nutrition and Water Physiology作物光合、产量与品质生理专题Advances in Crop Photosynthesis,Yield and Quality能源作物与生物质工程专题Advances in Crop Physiology and Ecology作物科学研究进展Advances in Crop Science作物科学研究进展Advances in Crop Science作物逆境生理专题Advances in Crop Stress Physiology发育生物学进展Advances in Developmental Biology数字农业研究进展Advances in Digital Agriculture Research 农作制度理论与技术专题Advances in Farming System Science果树学进展讨论Advances in Fruit Sciences果树学进展讨论Advances in Fruit Sciences现代果树遗传学研究进展Advances in Genetics of Fruit Crops分子遗传学进展Advances in Molecular Genetics病毒学进展Advances in Molecular Virology营养科学研究进展Advances in Nutritional Sciences营养科学技术研究进展Advances in Nutritional Sciences杀菌剂药理学及抗药性研究进展Advances in Pharmacology and Fungicide Resistance in Phytopathogen药理学与毒理学专题Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology药理学与毒理学专题Advances in Pharmacology and Toxicology植物同化物运输高级讲座Advances in Photoassimilate Transport Mechanisms 植物同化物运输高级讲座Advances in Photoassimilate Transport Mechanisms 植物生物学进展Advances in Plant Biology植物激素与化学控制专题Advances in Plant Hormones and Chemical Regulation 植物病毒学进展Advances in Plant Virus Research植物病毒学进展Advances in Plant Virus Research家禽营养与饲养技术（案例）Advances in Poultry Nutrition and feeding Technology 种子病理学进展Advances in Seed Pathology种子病理学进展Advances in Seed Pathology兽医免疫学进展Advances in Veterinary Immunology兽医免疫学进展Advances in Veterinary Immunology兽医科学进展Advances in Veterinary Medicine兽医科学进展Advances in Veterinary Medicine水资源研究进展专题Advances in Water Resource Science水资源研究进展专题Advances in Water Resource Science分子植物病理学研究进展Advances of Molecular Plant Pathology分子植物病理学研究进展Advances of Molecular Plant Pathology生物环境与能源工程综合专题Seminar Advances on Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程研究进展Advances on Agricultural and Bioenvironmental Engineering 食品保藏技术研究进展Advances on Food Preservation Technology食品保藏技术研究进展Advances on Food Preservation Technology水土保持与荒漠化防治新技术研究进展Advances on Soil and Water Conservation and Deforestation Control水土保持与荒漠化防治研究进展Advances on Soil and Water Conservation and DeforestationControl结构工程研究新进展Advances on Structure Engineering城镇与区域规划Advances on Urban and Regional Planning城镇与区域规划研究进展Advances on Urban and Regional Planning近代水文学及水资源研究进展Advances on Water Concervancy Project水利工程研究进展Advances on Water Concervancy Project农业商务管理Agri-business Management农业产业组织Agribusiness Organization核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用基础Agricultural Application Foundation of Nuclear Technology农业可控管理技术Agricultural Controllable Management Technology农业可控管理技术Agricultural Controllable Management Technology农业发展经济学Agricultural Development Economics农业经济理论与政策Agricultural Economics: Theory and Policy农业经济理论与政策Agricultural Economics: Theory and Policy农业装备开发与设计Agricultural Equipment Development and Design农产品期货市场Agricultural Futures Markets农产品期货市场Agricultural Futures Markets农业历史文献选读Agricultural History Literature农业历史文献选读（必修）Agricultural History Literature农业信息系统工程Agricultural Information and System Engineering农业信息系统工程Agricultural Information and System Engineering农业保险Agricultural Insurance农产品市场分析Agricultural Market Analysis农产品市场分析Agricultural Market and Analysis农产品市场分析Agricultural Market and Analysis有害生物治理的原理与方法Agricultural Pests Prevention and Control农业有害生物的预防与控制Agricultural Pests Prevention and Control农业资源与利用Agricultural Resources and Utilization核技术农业应用专论Agricultural Specialized Application of Nuclear Technology 核技术农业应用专论Agricultural Specialized Application of Nuclear Technology 农业系统工程Agricultural Systems Engineering农村技术创新与知识系统Agricultural Technology Innovation and Knowledge System 农村技术创新与知识系统Agricultural Technology Innovation and Knowledge System 农业与食品企业管理Agriculture and Food Corporate Managemnt农业信息学Agriculture Informatics农业科技与“三农政策”Agriculture Technology and Rural Development农业装备机电一体化技术Agricutural Equipment Mechantronics农业项目的计划与管理Agricutural Project Plan and Management农业工程项目规划Agricutural Project Plan and Management农产品国际贸易实务Agri-goods International Trade Practice农业生态系统分析Analysis and Simulation of Ecosystem生态系统分析与模拟Analysis and Simulation of Ecosystem农业关联产业分析Analysis of Agribusiness国情分析和发展战略Analysis of Country Situation and Development Stratagem 兽医临床病例分析Analysis of Veterinary Clinical Cases兽医临床病例分析Analysis of Veterinary Clinical Cases现代食品分析技术Analytic Technology of Modern Food Science现代食品分析技术Analytic Technology of Modern Food Science古汉语Ancient Chinese古汉语Ancient Chinese动物病理剖检诊断技术Animal Autopsy Technique for Pathological Diagnosis克隆动物与转基因动物Animal Cloning and Transgensis克隆动物与转基因动物Animal Cloning and Transgensis动物源食品卫生检验技术Animal Derived Food Inspection Technique动物实验方法Animal Experiment Technology动物消化道微生物Animal Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiology动物消化道微生物Animal Gastrointestinal Tract Microbiology动物遗传资源Animal Genetic Resource 动物卫生行政法学Animal Health Management 动物卫生行政法学Animal Health Management 畜牧工程Animal Husbandry Engineering 动物营养代谢病Animal Metabolic Diseases 动物营养代谢病专题Animal Metabolic Diseases 人类疾病模型的构建与应用Animal Models for Human Diseases 动物分子病毒学Animal Molecular Virology 动物分子病毒学Animal Molecular Virology 动物神经生物学Animal Neurobiology 动物神经生物学Animal Neurobiology 动物营养与免疫专题Animal Nutrion and Immunology 动物营养与免疫专题Animal Nutrion and Immunology 动物保护与福利Animal Protection and Welfare 动物生殖内分泌学Animal Reproduction and Endocrinology 动物生殖内分泌学Animal Reproduction and Endocrinology 动物繁殖学SeminarAnimal Reproduction Seminar 动物繁殖学SeminarAnimal Reproduction Seminar动物繁殖理论与现代生物技术（案例）Animal Reproduction Theory and Modern Biotechnology 动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology 动物生殖生理学Animal Reproductive Physiology动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology Experiment 动物生殖生理学实验Animal Reproductive Physiology Experiment 动物功能基因组学Animl Functional Genomics 动物功能基因组学Animl Functional Genomics 人类学与中国社会研究Anthropology and Chinese Society 人类学与中国社会研究Anthropology and Chinese Society 植物抗菌化合物专题Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants 植物抗菌化合物专题Antimicrobial Compounds from Plants 3S 技术农业应用Application of 3S in Agriculture 3S 技术在水利工程中的应用Application of 3S Techniques on Soil and Water Conservation生物多样性与应用Application of Biodiversity 生物多样性与利用Application of Biodiversity 生物多样性与利用Application of Biodiversity 3S 技术应用Application of GIS, GPS and RS 3S 技术应用Application of GIS, GPS and RS应用数理统计Application of Mathematical Statistics 应用数理统计Application of Mathematical Statistics 分子生物学在昆虫学中的应用Application of Molecular Biology to Entomology 分子生物学在昆虫学中的应用Application of Molecular Biology to Entomology 植物生理生态仪器Application of Plant Physiology and Ecology 植物生理生态仪器Application of Plant Physiology and Ecology 3S 在水文模拟中的应用Applications of "3S" to Hydrology Simulation电力系统最优化技术Applications of Optimization Method in Electrical Power System 电力系统最优化技术Applications of Optimization Method in Electrical Power System 稳定同位素在生态环境研究中的应用Applications of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Environment and Ecology 稳定同位素在生态环境研究中的应用Applications of Stable Isotopes in Studies of Environment and Ecology 应用数理统计Applied Mathematical Statistics应用经济学Seminar Applied Economics Seminar应用地质地貌与土地资源Applied Geology Geomorphology and Land Resource应用地质地貌与土地资源Applied Geology Geomorphology and Land Resource应用植物生物技术Applied Plant Biotechnology农业应用随机过程Applied Stochastic in Agriculture应用随机过程Apply Stochastic Processes园林设计研究进展Approach of Landscape Architecture风景园林研究进展Approach of Landscape Architecture观赏植物生理生态研究进展Approach of Ornamental Horticulture观赏园艺研究进展Approach of Ornamental Horticulture英语教学法Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching英语教学法Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching水生昆虫学Aquatic Entomology水生昆虫学Aquatic Entomology艺术设计Art Design人工智能原理Artificial Intelligence人工智能技术Artificial Intelligence结构抗震减震分析原理Aseismic Analysis Principle of Structure兽药安全评价技术Assessment Technique of Veterinary Drug Safety不对称合成Asymmetric Synthesis不对称合成Asymmetric SynthesisAutoCAD 二次开发技术Auto CAD Customization自动控制技术Automatic Control Technology自动控制理论Automatical Control Theory自动控制理论Automatical Control Theory自动机械设计Automatical Machine Design禽类生理学Avian Physiology禽类生理学Avian Physiology遗传分析原理Basic Concepts of Genetic Analysisi基础分子生物学实验Basic Experiment of Molecar Biology基础分子生物学实验Basic Experiment of Molecar Biology新能源发电技术基础Basic of Renewable Energy Generation Technology交通规划理论与方法Basic Theory and Method of Traffic-layou放射卫生防护知识Basical Knowledge of Radiation Protection放射卫生防护知识Basical Knowledge of Radiation Protection放射卫生防护知识Basical Knowledge of Radiation Protection土壤物理与作物学基础Basics of Soil Physics and Crop土壤物理与作物学基础Basics of Soil Physics and Crop篮球Basketball生化分析Biochemical Analysis生化分析Biochemical Analysis生物气候模型与信息系统Bioclimatological Model and Information System生物气候模型与信息系统Bioclimatological Model and Information System畜牧生物工程专业硕士生Seminar Bio-engineering Seminar in Animal配子与胚胎生物工程Bio-engineering Technology in Animal Gamete and Embryo 配子与胚胎生物工程Bio-engineering Technology in Animal Gamete and Embryo 植物小RNA的生物合成和功能Biogenesis and Function of Small RNAs in Plant生物地球化学Biogeochemistry生物地球化学Bio-geochemistry生物信息学Bioinformatics生物信息学Bioinformatics生物信息学Bioinformatics生物信息学算法Bioinformatics Algorithm生物信息学算法Bioinformatics Algorithm生物信息检测与处理专题Bioinformatics Detection and Processing Topic生物信息学SEMI.Bioinformatics Seminar生物信息学Seminar Bioinformatics Seminar植物病害生物防治Biological Control of Plant Diseases植物病害生物防治Biological Control of Plant Diseases生物饲料加工与利用Biological Feed Processing and Application植物病原细菌生物学Biology of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria植物病原细菌生物学Biology of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria生物质工程Bio-mass Engineering Theory生物质工程原理Bio-mass Engineering Theory生物膜与信号转导Biomembrane and Signal Transduction生物膜与信号传导Biomembrane and Signal Transduction生物物理学BiophysicsBioprocessing and Food Quality Bioprocessing and Food QualityBioprocessing Engineering Bioprocessing Engineering生物生产自动化与机器人Bio-production and Robot生物生产自动化与机器人Bio-production and Robot生化反应动力学与反应器Bioreaction Engineering生化反应动力学与反应器Bioreaction Engineering生物修复Bioremediation生物修复Bioremediation农业生物安全Biosafty for Agriculture生物系统动力学（Biosystem）Biosystem Dynamics生物系统动力学Biosystem Dynamics观赏植物生物技术Biotechnology of Ornamental Plants蔬菜生物技术Biotechnology to Vegetable Science植物源杀虫剂及作用机理Botanic Pesticide植物源杀虫剂及其作用机理Botanic Pesticide边界元法Boundary Element Method材料成型中的计算机应用Brief Introduction of Computer Application in Plastic Working 经济学流派Brief Introduction of Economics Schools经济学流派Brief Introduction of Economics Schools商务英语Business EnglishC语言程序设计 C LanguageC语言程序设计 C Language基于PRO-E的CAD/CAM集成制造技术CAD/CAM Based on Creo资本运营Capital Operation汽车网络通讯技术Car Network Communication Technology汽车网络通讯技术Car Network Communication Technology碳水化合物化学Carbohydrate Chemistry碳水化合物化学Carbohydrate Chemistry农业水土工程设计案例Case Analysis for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering国内外食品安全案例辨析Case Studies on Food Safety Incidents企业管理案例分析Case Study for Corporation Management企业管理案例分析Case Study for Corporation Management电子商务案例Case Study for E-Commerce细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞生物学Cell Biology细胞培养基础和实验Cell Culture Basics and Experiments细胞培养基础和实验Cell Culture Basics and Experiments动物细胞工程Cellular Engineering Technology in Animal动物细胞工程原理与方法（原细胞Cellular Engineering Technology in Animal工程 ）英语六级CET-6化学生态学Chemical Ecology临床化验及病理诊断技术Chemical Examination and Pathological Diagnostic Technique 化学计量学Chemistry Metrology化学计量学Chemistry Metrology中国概况China Panorama粮食经济Grain Economy粮食经济Grain Economy中国化的马克思主义研究Chinalized Marxism Studies中国化的马克思主义研究Chinalized Marxism Studies土木工程抗灾原理Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention Theory土木工程材料专论Civil Engineering Material Monogragh土木工程材料专论Civil Engineering Material Monogragh传统文化与现代企业管理系列专题Classical Cutlure and Modern Enterprise Management期货品种专题Classification of Futures Commodities气候与农业减灾研究专题Climate Resource and Agriculture Disaster Reduction Seminar 气候与农业减灾研究专题Climate Resource and Agriculture Disaster Reduction Seminar 临床病理诊断技术Clinical Pathological Diagnostic Technique临床兽医学专业Seminar Clinical Veterinary Medicine Seminar公共经济学理论专题Colloquium of Public Economics公共经济学理论专题Colloquium of Public Economics组合优化Combination Optimization组合优化Combination Optimization组合数学Combinatorial Mathematics组合数学Combinatorial Mathematics农业传播技术与应用Communication for Rural Development社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management社区基础的自然资源管理Community-based Natural Resource Management动物生殖生理学Comparative Animal Breeding动物比较育种学Comparative Animal Breeding比较基因组学与分子进化Comparative Genomics and Molecular Evolution比较政府与政治Comparative Government and Politics比较病理学Comparative Pathology比较病理学Comparative Pathology中外教育比较评价Comparative Studies of Sino-foreign Eduction 中外教育比较研究Comparative Studies of Sino-foreign Eduction 竞争情报研究Competitive Intelligence Research 竟争情报研究Competitive Intelligence Research 竞争情报研究Competitive Intelligence Research 综合测评Comprehensive Assessment 农产品加工与贮藏综合实验Comprehensive Experiments of Agricultural Products Processing and Storage 营养与食品卫生综合大实验Comprehensive Experiments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene 营养与食品安全综合大实验Comprehensive Experiments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene 营养与食品安全综合实验Comprehensive Experiments of Nutrition and Food Hygiene 生物质综合利用与转化Comprehensive Utilization and Conversion of Biomass Resources 计算流体力学Computation Fluid Dynamics 计算流体力学Computation Fluid Dynamics 两相流与多相流计算Computation of Two-phase and Multi-phase Flow 统计计算方法Computational Method for Statistic 统计计算方法Computational Method for Statistic 农业生物信息计算机采集与处理Computer Acquisition Agricultural Biological Information and Processing 计算机算法设计Computer Algorithm Design 英语多媒体网络教育Computer Assisted Language Learning 英语多媒体网络教学Computer Assisted Language Learning 计算机图形学Computer Graphics 计算机图形学Computer Graphics 计算机图形学Computer Graphics 计算机网络体系结构Computer Network Architecture 计算机网络体系结构Computer Network Architecture 现代干燥技术Computer Simulation for Farm Product Drying 现代干燥技术Computer Simulation for Farm Product Drying 土壤水土过程模拟Computer Simulation of Soil Physical ProcessesComputer simulation of soil-water processesComputer Simulation of Soil Physical Processes 计算机支持的协同工作与网络计算Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Grid Computing 计算机支持的协同工作与网格计算Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Grid Computing 机械系统计算机虚拟样机技术Computer Virtual Prototyping Technology for Mechanical System 基于PRO_E 的CAD/CAM 集成制造技术Computer Virtual Prototyping Technology for MechanicalSystem 机械系统计算机虚拟样机技术Computer Virtual Prototyping Technology for Mechanical System 计算机视觉Computer Vision 计算机视觉技术Computer Vision 家畜育种中的计算方法Computing Algorithms in Animal Breeding 家畜育种中的计算方法Computing Algorithms in Animal Breeding 混凝土结构原理Concrete Structure Theory 混凝土结构理论Concrete Structure Theory 共轭曲面理论Conjugate Surface Theory 生物质工程导论Conspectus of Biomass Engineering 工程材料本构关系Constitutive Relation of Engineering Materials 工程材料本构关系Constitutive Relation of Engineering Materials 信息资源建设与评价Construction and Evaluation of Information Resources 土木工程质量事故处理与分析Construction Quality Accident Analysis and Treatment中外城市建设史Constructual History on China and Foreign cities农产品需求分析Consumer Demand Analysis for Food and AgriculturalProducts现代区域发展规划与管理Contemporary Regional Development Planning andManagement现代区域发展规划与管理Contemporary Regional Development Planning andManagement可持续机械化生产系统Continuable Mechanization Production System可持续机械化生产系统Continuable Mechanization Production System连续介质力学Continuity Mechanics连续介质力学Continuity Mechanics连续型抽样Continuous Sampling畜禽寄生虫病防治Control of Parasite infection in Poultry and Animals 公司金融理论Corporate Finance Theory公司法与现代企业制度Corporation Law and Modern Enterprise System公司法与现代企业制度Corporation Law and Modern Enterprise System机电产品创新设计Creative Design of Mechantronic Product机电产品创新设计Creative Design of Mechantronic Product英美文学专题Critical Approaches to Literature发展研究前沿Critical Development Studies区域经济学前沿Critical Regional Economics作物生理与分析研究技术Crop Analysis Technology作物育种理论与案例分析Crop Breeding and Cases Analysis作物抗逆机理与育种Crop Breeding for Tolerance作物抗逆机理与育种Crop Breeding for Tolerance作物生理学SEMI.Crop Physiology Seminar作物生理学Seminar Crop Physiology Seminar作物生产系统分析与模拟Crop System Analysis and Simulation作物生产系统分析与模拟Crop System Analysis and Simulation当代国际贸易体制Current International Trading System当代国际贸易体制Current International Trading System现代生物学技术Current Techniques in Biological Sciences数据拟合Data Fitting数据拟合Data Fitting数据挖掘Data Mining数据挖掘Data Mining数据挖掘Data Mining数据挖掘Data Mining数据结构Data Structure数据结构Data Structure数据结构Data Structure数据、模型与决策Data, Model and Decision-making数据库与空间数据管理Database and Spatial Data Management数据库与空间数据管理Database and Spatial Data Management数据库原理与技术Database Principle and Technology数据库原理与技术Database Principle and Technology决策分析Decision Making and Analysis决策分析Decision Making and Analysis生态工程设计与应用Design and Application of Ecological Engineering绿地工程设计与建设Design and Construction of Landscape Project绿地工程设计与建设Design and Construction of Landscape Project试验设计与多元分析Design of Experiment and Mult Variate Statistical Anlylisis 试验设计与多元分析Design of Experiment and Mult Variate Statistical Anlylisis 有机合成设计Design of Organic Synthesis设计模式Design Patterns农业建筑结构设计原理Design Principle on Agricultural Structure车辆工程专业进展Development of Vehicle Engineering车辆工程专业进展Development of Vehicle Engineering信息资源开发利用技术Development and Utilization of Information ResourcesTechnology信息资源开发利用技术Development and Utilization of Information ResourcesTechnology发展经济学专题Development Economics发展经济学Development Economics发展研究方法Development Methods发展研究方法Development Methods发展研究方法Development Methods发展研究方法Development Methods中国发展模式Development Models of China食品科学技术研究进展Development of Food Science Technology Research食品科学技术研究进展Development of Food Science Technology Research葡萄酒化学进展Development of Wine Chemistry葡萄酒化学进展Development of Wine Chemistry农业工程专业Seminar Development of Agricultural Engineering农业工程专业Seminar Development of Agricultural Engineering农业装备工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Equipment Engineering农业装备工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Equipment Engineering农业机械化工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业机械化工程专业进展Development of Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农产品加工工程进展Development of Farm Product Processing Engineering农产品加工工程专业进展Development of Farm Product Processing Engineering食品质量管理进展Development of Food Quality Management食品质量管理进展Development of Food Quality Management食品安全研究进展Development of Food Security Research食品安全研究进展Development of Food Security Research物流工程技术进展Development of Logistics Engineering机械设计及理论专业进展Development of Mechanical Design and Theory机械设计及理论专业进展Development of Mechanical Design and Theory机械工程技术进展Development of Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化专业进展Development of Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation 现代制造前沿技术与进展Development of Modern Manufacturing Technology现代制造前沿技术与进展Development of Modern Manufacturing Technology发展规划Development Planning发展项目管理Development Project Management发展社会学Development Sociology发展社会学Development Sociology发展社会学Development Sociology发展理论与实践Development Theories and Practices自然辩证法Dialectics of Nature微分几何Differential Coefficient Geometry微分几何Differential Coefficient Geometry。
印度小企业研发计划资助生物企业名录
Development and clinical validation of methods for diagnosis of tuberculosis and bacterial drug resistance by smear microscopy, culture and polymerase chain reaction using processed clinical samples and kit thereof
Bangalore Biotech Labs Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore
Development of platform technology for adherent cells on microcarriers
Bejo Sheetal Seeds Private Limited, Jalna
Genetically modified vegetable crops for insect pest and disease resistance
Bejo Sheetal Seeds Private Limited, Jalna in collaboration with IARI, New Delhi
Avesthagen Ltd., Bangalore
Scale-up and evaluation of high-value biosimilar product (Etanercept) aimed at providing cost-effective healthcare solutions to the emerging markets
Development of drought tolerant genotypes of rice, corn & cotton through
组织工程中的英文名词解释
组织工程中的英文名词解释组织工程（tissue engineering）是一门交叉学科，旨在利用细胞和生物材料来创建替代体内脏器和组织的工艺。
该领域涉及多个学科领域，包括生物学、医学、化学和工程学等。
在组织工程中，有许多与这一领域相关的英文名词，以下将对其中几个重要的名词进行解释。
生物材料（biomaterials）是指那些用于修复、替代、增强或重塑生物组织和器官的物质。
这些材料可以是天然的，如骨骼、皮肤和血液等，也可以是人工合成的，如金属、塑料和陶瓷等。
生物材料必须具备与人体组织相容性，不引起免疫反应，并具有所需的生物功能和机械性能。
支架（scaffold）是一种将细胞组合成三维结构的支持材料。
支架提供细胞生长所需的物理和化学支持，并可以通过提供微环境来控制细胞的分化和功能。
支架可以通过各种材料制成，如天然聚合物、合成聚合物和生物陶瓷。
细胞培养（cell culture）是指在体外培养条件下维持和增殖活体细胞的过程。
细胞培养通常需要一定的生长培养基，其中包含维持细胞生长所需的营养物质和生长因子。
细胞培养是组织工程中制备组织或器官的重要步骤。
细胞移植（cell transplantation）是将体外培养的细胞或组织移植到体内的过程。
细胞移植可用于修复或替代受损组织，并且可以改善许多疾病的治疗效果。
细胞移植可以通过直接注射、植入支架或通过手术等方法进行。
生物陶瓷（bio-ceramics）是一类由人工合成的无机材料，具有生物活性和生物相容性。
生物陶瓷通常用于制备支架和人工骨髓等组织工程应用。
与其他生物材料相比，生物陶瓷具有良好的机械性能和生物活性，可促进骨组织的再生。
再生医学（regenerative medicine）是指通过利用生物学、工程学和医学知识修复或替代受损组织和器官的方法。
再生医学的目标是恢复受损组织的功能，并最终实现组织和器官的再生。
组织工程是再生医学的重要组成部分，通过组织工程技术可以构建人工组织或器官，并促进身体的自愈能力。
园艺英语试题及答案大全
园艺英语试题及答案大全一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "perennial" refers to a plant that lives for:A. One yearB. Two yearsC. More than two yearsD. Less than a year答案：C2. Which of the following is a common method of plant propagation?A. SeedB. BulbC. CuttingD. All of the above答案：D3. The process of grafting involves joining two plant parts so that they:A. Grow togetherB. Form a new plantC. DieD. Produce fruit答案：B4. What is the primary role of fertilizer in plant growth?A. Provide waterB. Provide nutrientsC. Provide lightD. Provide air答案：B5. The term "chlorophyll" is associated with:A. PhotosynthesisB. RespirationC. TranspirationD. Osmosis答案：A6. Which of the following is not a type of soil?A. SandyB. ClayC. LoamyD. Aquatic答案：D7. The purpose of pruning plants is to:A. Remove dead leavesB. Encourage growthC. Improve appearanceD. All of the above答案：D8. What is the main benefit of mulching in gardening?A. Provides shadeB. Retains moistureC. Increases temperatureD. Attracts insects答案：B9. The abbreviation "HD" in horticulture usually stands for:A. High DensityB. Heavy DutyC. HardyD. High Demand答案：C10. Which of the following is a common disease affecting plants?A. RustB. MildewC. BlightD. All of the above答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）1. The scientific classification of plants is known as__________.答案：Binomial nomenclature2. A plant that is grown for its flowers is called an__________.答案：Ornamental plant3. The process by which plants convert sunlight into energy is called __________.答案：Photosynthesis4. The part of the plant that absorbs water and nutrients is the __________.答案：Root5. The __________ is the process of a plant's growth and development.答案：Life cycle6. A plant that is adapted to dry environments is known as a __________.答案：Xerophyte7. The practice of growing plants in a greenhouse is called __________.答案：Hydroponics8. The study of plant diseases is known as __________.答案：Plant pathology9. The __________ is the central part of a flower, containing the reproductive organs.答案：Pistil10. A plant that is grown for its edible parts is called a__________.答案：Crop三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. What are the basic components of soil?答案：Soil is composed of a mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air.2. Explain the concept of photosynthesis.答案：Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods with the help of chlorophyll pigments.3. What are the main functions of a greenhouse in horticulture?答案：A greenhouse provides a controlled environment for growing plants, protecting them from harsh weather conditions and allowing for year-round cultivation.4. Describe the role of a gardener in maintaining a healthy garden.答案：A gardener is responsible for planting, watering, fertilizing, pruning, and protecting plants from pests and diseases to ensure a thriving garden.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the importance of proper watering techniques in plant care.答案：Proper watering is crucial for plant health as it ensures that plants receive the necessary hydration forgrowth and metabolism. Overwatering can lead to root rot, while underwatering can cause wilting and stress. Watering at the right time and in the right amount helps maintain soil structure and promotes healthy root development.2. Elaborate on the various methods of plant propagation and their applications.答案：Plant propagation can be achieved through various methods, including seed sowing, cuttings, layering, grafting, and division. Each method has its specific applications and is chosen based on the plant species and。
生物专业英语翻译
第一课Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance, which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane. Organelles are suspended within it, supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton. Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients, ions, soluble proteins, and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。
细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。
细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。
细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。
The Nucleus: Information Central（细胞核：信息中心）The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material (DNA) on chromosomes. (In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.) The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division. A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm. Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质存在于拟核中）。
fgr大鼠胎肺sp-b、sp-c、ttf-1和plagl2的变化
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of Master of medicineThe changes of SP-B, SP-C, TTF-1 and PLAGL2 in fetal lung of FGR ratsCandidate : Ge LiangfangMajor : Obstetrics & GynecologicalSupervisor : Prof. Ouyang WeixiangHuazhong University of Science & TechnologyWuhan 430074, P. R. ChinaApril, 2012独创性声明本人郑重声明，本学位论文是本人在导师指导下进行的研究工作及取得的研究成果的总结。
尽我所知，除文中已经标明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。
对本文的研究做出贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。
本人完全意识到本人将承担本声明引起的一切法律后果。
学位论文作者签名：日期：年月日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。
本人授权华中科技大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。
保密□，在_____年解密后适用本授权书。
本论文属于不保密□。
（请在以上方框内打“√”）学位论文作者签名：指导教师签名：日期：年月日日期：年月日目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT.............................................................................................. I II 中英文缩略词表 ...................................................................................... V I 前言 .. (1)第一章 FGR大鼠模型的建立 (3)1.1实验材料 (3)1.2实验方法 (4)1.3实验流程图 (6)1.4实验结果 (6)1.5讨论 (8)1.6结论 (9)第二章 FGR大鼠胎肺中SP-B、SP-C、TTF-1 和PLAGL2的变化 (10)2.1实验材料 (10)2.2实验方法 (12)2.3实验流程图 (18)2.4实验结果 (19)2.5讨论 (22)2.6结论 (24)附图 (25)参考文献 (29)综述 (32)致谢 (41)摘要第一章 FGR大鼠模型的建立目的用不同的方法建立FGR动物模型，比较其FGR发生率。
分子水平催化重整装置模型构建及应用
化工进展Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress2023 年第 42 卷第 7 期分子水平催化重整装置模型构建及应用王俊杰，潘艳秋，牛亚宾，俞路（大连理工大学化工学院，辽宁 大连 116024）摘要：在石化企业智慧工厂建设中，建立分子水平装置模型是企业向精细化、智能化生产模式转变的重要内容。
本文以国内某石化企业催化重整装置为背景，基于石脑油组成和分子类型-同系物（MTHS ）矩阵模型，建立含有270种分子的石脑油确定性分子库，构建石脑油分子重构模型，其模拟值与实际值吻合良好，实现了通过宏观物性作为输入信息来预测石脑油馏分详细组成的目标；基于催化重整的过程反应机理建立反应网络简化规则，创新性地将基于规则的自动网络生成器（RING ）应用到石脑油这类复杂混合物中，构建包含865个分子和6616个反应的催化重整过程反应网络，并采用遗传算法估算反应动力学参数，构建分子水平催化重整反应动力学模型，其用于装置产品组成的模拟值与实际值的绝对误差为0.85%，可实现分子水平上的产品预测。
本文的分子水平装置模型可用于催化重整装置的操作指导和智能化建设，模型的构建方法及思路可用于石化企业相关装置分子水平模型的构建。
关键词：催化重整；反应动力学；分子类型-同系物矩阵；反应网络；智慧工厂；遗传算法；计算机模拟中图分类号：TQ015 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1000-6613（2023）07-3404-09Molecular level catalytic reforming model construction and applicationWANG Junjie ，PAN Yanqiu ，NIU Yabin ，YU Lu(School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, China)Abstract: In the construction of smart factory in petrochemical enterprises, the establishment of molecular level device models is an important element in the transformation of enterprises to a refined and intelligent production model. In this paper, based on the naphtha composition and molecular type-homologue series (MTHS) matrix model, a deterministic molecular library of naphtha containing 270 molecules was established and a naphtha molecular reconstruction model was constructed, whose simulation values matched well with the actual values, achieving the goal of predicting the detailed composition of naphtha fractions by using macroscopic physical properties as input information. The reaction network simplification rules were established based on the reaction mechanism of catalytic reforming process, and rule input network generator (RING) was innovatively applied to a complex mixture such as naphtha to construct a catalytic reforming process reaction network containing 865 molecules and 6616 reactions. The genetic algorithm was used to estimate the reaction kinetic parameters and construct a kinetic model of catalytic reforming reaction at the molecular level, and the absolute error between its simulated and actual values for the product composition of the plant was 0.85%, and the product prediction at the molecular level can be realized. The molecular level model can be used to guide the研究开发DOI ：10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-0366收稿日期：2023-03-10；修改稿日期：2023-05-24。
生物工程师招聘笔试题与参考答案(某大型央企)
招聘生物工程师笔试题与参考答案(某大型央企)一、单项选择题（本大题有10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、以下哪项不是生物工程师在生物制药领域需要关注的关键技术？A、发酵工程技术B、细胞培养技术C、生物反应器设计D、化学合成方法答案：D解析：生物工程师在生物制药领域主要关注的是发酵工程技术、细胞培养技术和生物反应器设计等方面，这些技术直接关系到生物制药的效率和产品质量。
化学合成方法通常与有机化学或药物化学领域相关，不是生物工程师在生物制药领域的核心关注点。
因此，选项D是正确答案。
2、在生物工程中，以下哪种细胞工程技术常用于基因工程菌的构建？A、电穿孔技术B、显微注射技术C、基因枪技术D、PCR扩增技术答案：B解析：在基因工程中，显微注射技术是将外源DNA直接注入受精卵或早期胚胎细胞的方法，常用于构建基因工程菌。
电穿孔技术、基因枪技术和PCR扩增技术虽然在基因工程中也常用，但它们不是直接用于构建基因工程菌的主要技术。
因此，选项B是正确答案。
3、生物工程师在进行发酵罐设计时，以下哪个参数对发酵过程最为关键？A、发酵罐的体积B、发酵罐的搅拌速度C、发酵罐的冷却系统D、发酵罐的密封性答案：B解析：搅拌速度对发酵过程非常关键，因为它直接影响到微生物的混合均匀性、溶解氧的传递以及营养物质的均匀分布。
适当的搅拌速度可以保证微生物获得充足的氧气和营养物质，从而提高发酵效率。
4、在基因工程中，以下哪种酶用于切割DNA分子？A、限制性核酸内切酶B、DNA聚合酶C、DNA连接酶D、逆转录酶答案：A解析：限制性核酸内切酶（Restriction Endonucleases）是基因工程中用于切割DNA分子的酶。
这些酶能够识别特定的核苷酸序列并在这些序列上切割DNA，产生具有粘性末端的DNA片段，这对于构建重组DNA分子至关重要。
DNA聚合酶用于合成新的DNA 链，DNA连接酶用于连接DNA片段，而逆转录酶则用于将RNA模板转录成DNA。
合成与天然外源性表面活性物质治疗_省略_生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的meta分析_杨彤
·循证医学·合成与天然外源性表面活性物质治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的meta分析杨彤沈琪黄献文广西医科大学第五附属医院儿科（广西柳州５４５００１）摘要：目的评价合成与天然的表面活性物质治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的疗效和安全性。
方法检索Cochrane图书馆、PubMed、EMBASE、中国生物医学文献光盘数据库、中国期刊全文数据库和中国维普数据库等，检索时间均从建库至２００７年１２月３１日，由３名系统评价员进行资料提取和质量评价，对同质资料进行meta分析。
结果共纳入１３项研究（n＝４８４１）。
根据随机方法、分配隐藏、盲法和随访情况描述评分，１１项为A级，１项为B级，１项为C级。
meta分析结果显示：①蛋白类合成与天然的外源性表面活性物质对比治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征，其病死率（OR＝０．７６，９５％CI：０．５６－１．０４），慢性肺疾病（OR＝１．０６，９５％CI：０．８１－１．４０），慢性肺疾病和死亡（OR＝１．００，９５％CI：０．７７－１．３１），脓毒症（OR＝１．０１，９５％CI：０．７５－１．３６），动脉导管未闭（OR＝０．９７，９５％CI：０．５９－１．６２），气胸（OR＝１．００，９５％CI：０．６９－１．４５），差异均无统计学意义。
②非蛋白类合成与天然的外源性表面活性物质对比治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征，病死率（OR＝１．１３，９５％CI：０．９７－１．３２；χ２＝１４．３８，P＝０．１１）；慢性肺疾病（OR＝１．０８，９５％CI：０．９２－１．２６；χ２＝３．４５，P＝０．４９）；脓毒症（OR＝１．０５，９５％CI：０．９０－１．２１；χ２＝１３．１０，P＝０．０７）；动脉导管未闭（OR＝１．０２，９５％CI：０．８６－１．２１；χ２＝６．７４，P＝０．２４）；慢性肺疾病和死亡（随机效应模型）（OR＝１．０４，９５％CI：０．７９－１．３７；χ２＝６．５３，P＝０．０９）等差异均无统计学意义。
木质素的应用研究现状及展望_张诺瑶
收稿日期：2011-12-13作者简介：张诺瑶（1978-），女，山东省济宁市人，工程师，2004年毕业于西南科技大学机电一体化专业，现主要从事计算机应用技术工作。
文章编号：1002-1124（2012）02-0050-02Sum 197No.02化学工程师ChemicalEngineer2012年第02期醛树脂复合制备了碱木质素-酚醛复合胶黏剂；张杰[13]选用木质素作为脲醛树脂的改性剂，使脲醛树脂的耐水性明显改善；卜文娟等[14]系统介绍了木质素磺酸盐、碱木质素、甘蔗渣木质素、酶解木质素等代替部分苯酚应用于环保树脂胶的制备工艺及研究发展现状。
4在环氧树脂合成中的应用冯攀等[15]介绍了木质素在环氧树脂合成中的应用进展。
木质素用于环氧树脂合成的主要方式有3种：（1）与通用环氧树脂共混；（2）直接与环氧氯丙烷反应；（3）经过酚化、氢解、丙氧基化和酯化等化学改性，再进行环氧化合成制备环氧树脂。
木质素用于环氧树脂合成有利于实现木质素的高值化利用。
5在土木工程中的应用近年来，木质素在土木工程方面也得到应用和推广。
如罗振扬等[16]合成了不同木质素含量的氨基系减水剂，发现木质素磺酸盐含量为30%时，可以获得最优性价比的改性产物；江嘉运[17]等探讨木质素的结构特点、化学反应性能和改性方法结合制浆方法和原料种类，对制备改性减水剂的合理工艺进行了分析总结。
6木素在其它方面的应用木质素由于性能优越，结构复杂，可以应用于多个领域。
在农业方面，它可以用作肥料，比如木质素铁肥、木质素氮肥、木质素磷肥、木质素复合肥等，可以用作土壤疏松剂，亦可以用作农药缓蚀剂；在医药方面，木质素还可以用作药物，木质素高分子的一些集团，如烃基等可以消除细胞无知与致癌剂的结合，减少致癌作用；造纸黑夜中提取的木质素与天然木质素相比有分子量小的特点，可以帮助动物消化[18]。
除上所述，木质素还可以用作橡胶补强及、皮革鞣质剂、热稳定剂和交联剂等。