2005年北京科技大学考博英语真题考博英语试题博士研究生入学考试试题
2005年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2005年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：W: Congratulations! I understand you will be admitted to Peking University. When are you leaving for Beijing?M: You must be thinking of someone else. I’m still waiting to hear.Q: What does the man mean?1．A．He was waiting in the wrong place.B．He won’t have to wait any longer.C．The woman was mistaken.D．The woman should ask somebody else for help.正确答案：C解析：通过男士的话You must be thinking of someone else可知女士是认错人了。
听力原文：M: Hello, this is Jason Smith. I’m calling to see if my urine test results are in.W: Doctor White just sent them to the lab this morning. So the earliest data will be back in tomorrow’s afternoon.Q: What does the woman mean?2．A．The results might be ready tomorrow afternoon.B．The results might be ready tomorrow morning.C．The results will be ready this afternoon.D．The results were back this morning.正确答案：A解析：男士想知道自己的尿检结果，女士告诉他数据最早出来的时间是tomorrow’s afternoon。
05年10月考博英语A卷
05年10⽉考博英语A卷中国科学院博⼠研究⽣⼊学考试英语试卷2005年10⽉------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2005PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. Marine biologists are calling for Cardigan Bay to be redeveloped as a marine nature _______ to protect the dolphins.A. reservationB. rescueC. reserveD. refugee2. Police have planned a reconstruction of the crime tomorrow in the hope that thiswill ________ the memory of the passers-by.A. keepB. easeC. jogD. enhance3. Diamonds have little ________ value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.A. intricateB. intactC. intriguingD. intrinsic4. At the moment she is ________ the netball match between the Japanese team andthe Cuban team over at the playing field.A. arbitratingB. interveningC. refereeingD. deciding5. Any time ________, any period of waiting is because you haven't come and received the message.A. errorB. cutC. lackD. lag6. James Joyce was __________ as the greatest writer of the 20th century.A. salutedB. estimatedC. scaledD. measured7. As a moralist, Virginia Woolf works by indirection, subtly undermining officially accepted mores, mocking, suggesting, and calling values into question ______ asserting, advocating or bearing witness.A. rather thanB. other thanC. together withD. as well as8. Scientists hope the collision will produce a large crater in the comet’s surface in order to reveal the core and give some _________ to the origin of the solar system.A. sourcesB. interpretationsC. cluesD. observations9. The Japanese Prime Minister’s _________ is a seat on the UN Security Council, for which he will be lobbying at the summit.A. precedenceB. promiseC. priorityD. procedure10. This cycle of growth, reached its peak in 1986, when the annual rate of growthwas ________ 12 percent.A. in case ofB. in view ofC. in face ofD. in excess of11. How well a person __________ depends just as much on whether they’re self-confident as it does on particular skills and expertise.A. jumps outB. turns outC. covers upD. turns up12. The skin of the forest keeper _________ exposure to the harsh northwest weather.A.is tanned fromB.is colored fromC. is tainted byD. is encoded by13. The Court of Auditors of the EU is an _________ body and acts independently from all other institutions.A. indifferentB. imperativeC. impartialD. incoherent14. Since it is too late to change my mind, I am _________ to carrying out the plan.A. committedB. obligedC. engagedD. resolved15. The possibilities of an autumn election cannot be _________.A. struck outB. left outC. ruled outD. counted out16. Hotels and restaurants are an ____ part of the city; without them the city’s tourist industry cannot exist.A. insignificantB. integralC. interiorD. inevitable17. I reject any religious doctrine that does not _______ to reason and is in conflict with morality.A. applyB. appealC. attractD. attend18. There are three bodies of writing that come to _________ this question and wewill consider each in turn.A. bear onB. sort outC. figure outD. put on19. Success does not ________ in never making mistakes but in never making thesame one a second time.A. compriseB. conveyC. consistD. conform20. Thousands perished, but the Japanese wished to ________ the extent of the cruelacts committed by their soldiers.A. live up toB. mark downC. size upD. play downPART II CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions:For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Healthy guilt is a warning signal that either something dangerous is about to happen or something has already happened that needs ___21___. A feeling of distress is good when it keeps us from ___22___ our own values. It serves a useful function. Here is a(n) ___23___: If a fire broke out in someone's home ___24___ faulty wiring, he would not be content with ___25___ putting out the fire. ___26___, he would have the house rewired. When we feel guilty about something, we have to make the necessary changes in our character to prevent a ___27___.Unhealthy guilt is a distressful feeling which occurs without reason or persists even after appropriate steps have been taken to deal with a situation. A person with___28___ self-esteem may react to feelings of guilt in one of two ways: ___29___ that he has done wrong in order to protect his fragile ego; or experience the feeling as a ___30___ that he is just an unworthy person. An example involves the case of Mr. L. He has a ___31___ with Mr. Y and exchanges angry words. Later that day, Mr. Y gets sick. Mr. L may feel that he was the ___32___of Mr. Y's misfortune. Mr. L feels unwarranted guilt for the misfortune and thinks that his angry feelings caused the misfortune. This is irrational thinking and is ___33___ of pathological guilt.When people do research on a particular challenge and make a decision, the decision may ___34___ unfavorable consequences. Feeling distress and pain is normal. However, feeling guilty over the idea that you caused the consequences is unhealthy. As long as a decision is made with proper advice and with good intent, then the person remains morally right ___35___ having made the decision. There is no reason for guilt.21. A. connection B. correction C. recovery D. repetition22. A. underestimating B. displaying C. violating D. deteriorating23. A. hypothesis B. definition C. experiment D. analogy24. A. due to B. but for C. with D. under25. A. devotedly B. primarily C. timely D. merely26. A. Therefore B. Rather C. Anyway D. Consequently27. A. distress B. renewal C. conflict D. recurrence28. A. low B. exalted C. sincere D. much29. A. Imply B. Admit C. Deny D. Argue30. A. prescription B. communication C. confirmation D. perception31. A. contact B. disagreement C. relationship D. concern32. A. cause B. origin C. cure D. witness33. A. record B. proof C. evidence D. description34. A. attach to B. turn to C. lead to D. take to35. A. at B. in C. as D. forPART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by fourchoices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then selectthe choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneJeans were invented a little over a century ago and are currently the world's most popular, versatile garment, crossing boundaries of class, age and nationality. From their origins as pure workwear, th ey have spread through every level of the fashion spectrum, and are embraced internationally for their unmatched comfort and appeal.In the mid '40s, the Second World War came to an end, and denim blue jeans, previously worn almost exclusively as workwear, gained a new status in the U.S. and Europe. Rugged but relaxed, they stood for freedom and a bright future. Sported byboth men and women, by returning GI’s and sharp teenagers, they seem ed as clean and stron g as the people who chose to wear them. In Europe, surplus Levi's were left behind by American armed forces and were available in limited supplies. It was the European population's first introduction to the denim apparel. Workwear manufacturers tried to copy the U.S. originals, but those in the know insisted on the real thing.In the 50s, Europe was exposed to a daring new style in music and movies and consequently jeans took on an aura of sex and rebellion. Rock'n'roll coming from America blazed a trail of defiance, and jeans became a symbol of the break with convention and rigid social mores. When Elvis Presley sang in "Jailhouse Rock," his denim prison uniform carried a potent, virile image. Girls swooned and guys were quick to copy the King. In movies like "The Wild One" and "Rebel Without a Cause," cult figures Marlon Brando and James Dean portrayed tough anti-heroes in jeans and T-shirts. Adults spurned the look; teenagers, even those who only wanted to look like rebels, embraced it.By the beginning of the '60s, slim jeans had become a leisurewear staple, as teens began to have real fun, forgetting the almost desperate energy of the previous decade, while cocooned(包围在) in wealth and security. But the seeds of change had been sown, and by the mid '60s jeans had acquired yet another social connotation---as the uniform of the budding socialand sexual revolution. Jeans were the great equalizer, the perfect all-purpose garment for the classless society sought by the Hippy generation. In the fight for civil rights, at anti-war demonstrations on the streets of Paris, at sit-ins and love-ins everywhere, the battle cry was heard above a sea of blue.36.Jeans were first designed for _______.A.soldiersB.WorkmenC. TeenagersD. cowboys37.In the mid 40s, jeans gained popularity because ________.A. they made the wearer look clean and toughB. they were comfortable and looked friendlyC. they were the outward symbol of the mainstream societyD. they stood for freedom and a strong character38.What does the ―real thing‖ refer to in the second paragraph?A.authentic Levi’sB.workwearC. casual wearD. jeans of European style39.The popularity of Elvis Presley’s way of dressing illustrates that _________.A.teenagers wanted to look sexyB.people desired to look strong and manlyC.jeans went well with rock’n’rollD.D.Americans were more rebellious than Europeans40. The last sentence suggests that jeans were ________./doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html ed for military purposesB.the symbol of the ideal of social equalityC.worn by all kinds of peopleD. the outfit of social improvementPassage TwoThe ethnic group known as Ashkenazim is blessed with more than its fair share of talented minds, but is also prone to a number of serious genetic diseases.Researchers now suggest that intelligence is closely linked to several illnesses in Ashkenazi Jews, and that the diseases are the result of natural selection.The Ashkenazim are descended from Jewish communities in Germany, Austria, Poland, and Eastern Europe that date back to the 10th century. Today they make up approximately 80 percent of the world's Jewish population.Ashkenazim have the highest average IQ of any ethnic group, scoring 12 to 15 points above the European average. They are also strongly represented in fields and occupations requiring high cognitive ability. For instance, Jews of European ancestry account for 27 percent of U.S. Nobel science prize winners.But the group is also associated with several neurological disorders, including Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's, and Niemann-Pick. Tay-Sachs is a fatal hereditary disease of the central nervous system. Sufferers lack an enzyme needed to break down fatty substances in the brain and nerve cells. Gauchers and Niemann-Pick are similar, often fatal diseases.Because Jews were discriminated against in medieval Europe, they were often driven into professions such as moneylending and banking which were looked down upon or forbidden for Christians.Historians suggest that Jews with lucrative jobs often had four, six, or sometimes even eight or nine children. Poorer families, meanwhile, tended to be smaller, possibly because they lived in overcrowded areas in which children were more prone to disease. As a result, the researchers say, over hundreds of years the Jewish population of Europe became more intelligent than their gentile countrymen.But increased intelligence may have come at a cost, with genetic diseases such as Tay-Sachs being side effects of genes that facilitate intelligence. Researchers argue that it's highly unlikely that mutated genes responsible for these illnesses could have reached such high levels in Ashkenazim if they were not connected to cognitive performance.While the link is difficult to prove, there is some evidence that Gaucher disease does increase a person’s IQ. Around one in three people of working age who were patients of the Gaucher Clinic at the Shaare Zedek Medical Centre in Jerusalem had professions requiring an average IQ of more than 120. This group included scientists, academics, physicians, and accountants.Modern-day Ashkenazim are now far more likely to marry outside their ethnic group. A researcher says that he would expecta tendency for both higher IQs and associated genetic disorders to become less marked over time.41. According to the first paragraph, Ashkenazim are _______.A.more intelligent than other JewsB.more likely to be sick than other JewsC.endowed with natural ability because of genetic diseasesD.more likely to be born with genetic diseases42. According to the article, Ashkenazim are related to the Jewish people in ______.A.the whole Europe and Eastern AsiaB. B. Eastern Europe and a few other European countriesC.Eastern Europe and a few Asian countriesD.Eastern Europe and Germany43. Tay-Sachs, Gaucher’s and Niemann-Pick are _______.A.diseases caused by absence of an enzymeB.life-threatening genetic diseasesC.diseases that make people more intelligentD.the same disease with different terms44.The ―lucrative job‖ may most probably be a job which is _______.A.ProfitableB.unsteadyC.challengingD.permanent45.The underlined sentence in paragraph 7 roughly means that the researchersbelieve that _______.A. mutated genes have a negative influence on Ashkenazim’s intelligenceB. mutated genes have played a role in Ashkenazim’s intelligenceC. the Ashkenazim’s high intelligence is caused by the mutated genesD. the Ashkenazim’s illnesses have greatly handicapped their performance46.From the passage, it can be anticipated that in the future ________.A.Ashkenazim would be less intelligent but healthierB.there would be more outstanding Ashkenazim intellectualsC.Ashkenazim would be more intelligent and less healthyD.the cause of genetic diseases would be explored more deeplyPassage ThreeSometimes it's just hard to choose. You're in a restaurant and the waiter has his pen at the ready. As you hesitate, he gradually begins to take a close interest in the ceiling, his fingernails, then in your dining partner. Each dish on the menu becomes a blur as you roll your eyes up and down it in a growing panic. Finally, you desperately opt for something that turns out to be what you hate.It seems that we need devices to protect us from our hopelessness at deciding between 57 barely differentiated varieties of stuff - be they TV channels, gourmet coffee, downloadable ring tones, or perhaps, ultimately even interchangeable lovers. This thought is opposed to our government's philosophy, which suggests that greater choice over railways, electricity suppliers and education will make us happy. In my experience, they do anything but.Perhaps the happiest people are those who do not have much choice and aren’t confronted by the misery of endless choice. True, that misery may not be obvious to people who don't have a variety of luxuries. If you live in Madagascar, say, where average life expectancy is below 40 and they don't have digital TV or Starbucks, you might not be impressed by the anxiety and perpetual stress our decision-making paralysis causes.Choice wasn't supposed to make people miserable. It was supposed to be the hallmark of self-determination that we so cherish in capitalist western society. But it obviously isn't: ever more choice increases the feeling of missed opportunities, and this leads to self-blame when choices fail to meet expectations. What is to be done? A new book by an American social scientist, Barry Schwartz, called The Paradox of Choice, suggests that reducing choices can limit anxiety.Schwartz offers a self-help guide to good decision making that helps us to limit our choices to a manageable number, and ultimately derive greater satisfaction from the choices we make. This is a capitalist response to a capitalist problem.But once you realize that your Schwartzian filters are depriving you ofsomething you might have found enjoyable, you will experience the same anxiety as before, worrying that you made the wrong decision in drawing up your choice-limiting filters. Arguably, we will always be doomed to buyers' remorse and the misery it entails. The problem of choice is perhaps more difficult than Schwartz allows.47.The waiter mentioned in Paragraph 1 would agree that given a variety of choice_______.A. it is common for his customer to hesitate in ordering a mealB. it is impolite for his customer to order with hesitationC. it is difficult for his customer to expect quality foodD. it is possible to get to know his customer’s partner48.It is implied that it is the government’s inten tion to _______.A.improve the quality of TV programsB.try to offer greater choice over public service systemsC.make people realize that some lovers are interchangeableD.encourage the downloading of a variety of ring tones49.We can infer that the author’s attitude toward s choice is that _______.A.the more choice we have, the more freedom we can enjoyB.endless choice has only made us more miserableC.it is easy for people to make a wrong decision with few choicesD. before we make decisions, we want as many choices as possible50.The author mentioned ―Starbucks‖ in Paragraph 3 as an illustration of _______.A.happinessB.low life expectancyC. perpetual stressD. luxury51.From Barry Schwartz’s book, The Paradox of Choice, we can getrecommendation tips on _______.A. how to handle the situation of capitalist exploitationB.how to deal with your expense budgetC. how to avoid the feeling of missed opportunitiesD.how to save money by making a right choice52.We may conclude that it is NOT one of the author’s purposes to _______.AAA. stress the problem of choiceB.discuss decision-making paralysisC. make an analysis of buyers’ remorseD. promote the new book The Paradox of ChoicePassage FourMany things make people think artists are weird –the odd hours, the nonconformity, the clove cigarettes. However, the weirdest may be this: artists’ only jobs are to explore emotions, and yet they choose to focus on the ones that feel lousy. This wasn’t always so. The earliest forms of art, like painting and m usic, are those best suited for expressing joy. But somewhere in the 19th century, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring. In the 20th century, classical music became more atonal, visual art more unsettling.Sure, there have been exceptions, but it would not be a stretch to say that for the past century or so, serious art has been at war with happiness. In 1824, Beethoven completed his ―Ode to Joy‖. In 1962, novelist Anthoy Burgess used it in A Clockwork Orange as the favorite music of his ultra-violent antihero.You could argue that art became more skeptical of happiness because modern times have seen such misery. But the reason may actually be just the opposite: there is too much damn happiness in the world today.In the West, before mass communication and literacy, the most powerful mass medium was the church, which reminded worshippers that their souls were in peril and that they would someday be meat for worms. Today the messages that the average Westerner is bombarded with are not religious but commercial, and relentlessly happy. Since these messages have an agenda –to pry our wallets from our pockets –they make the very idea of happiness seem bogus(假的). ―Celebrate!‖commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attack.What we forget – what our economy depends on us forgetting – is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain. Thethings that bring the greatest joy carry the greatest potential for loss and disappointment. Today, surrounded by promises of easy happiness, we need someone to tell us that it is ok not to be happy, that sadness makes happiness deeper. As the wine-connoisseur movie Sideways tells us, it is the kiss of decay and mortality that makes grape juice into Pinot Noir. We need art to tell us, as religion once did, that you will die, that everything ends, and that happiness comes not in denying this but in living with it. It’s a message even more bitter tha n a clove cigarette, yet, somehow, is a breath of fresh air.53.What is most strange about artists?A. They wear special clothes.B. They rarely work in the daytime.C. They mainly depict distressing things.D. They are liable to take illegal drugs.54.What does the author mean by ―a stretch‖?A.a terrible thingB.an exaggerationC.a continuous period of timeD.an exception55.The example that ―Ode to Joy‖ was used in Burgess’s novel is meant to illustratethat _______.A.musicians and novelists share similar artistic tasteB.violent people have a strong desire to be happyC.serious art is often contradictory with happinessD.music is enjoyed by good and bad people alike56.The word ―Celebrex‖ in the advertisement ________.A.misleads people into buying dangerous drugsB.reminds people of a cheerful feelingC.boasts of the effectiveness of a drug/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html es from a religious term57.How could the economy depend on our forgetting things?A.The economy would not be boosted if everybody were satisfied.B.There are many new products designed for the forgetful.C.People will spend more money if we believe in easy happiness.D.We pay heavily for forgetting things easily.58.What does the author imply with the movie Sideways?A.Happiness can be found through pains and efforts.B.Happiness comes when everything dies.C.Happiness makes sadness deeper.D.Happiness is not a good thing.Passage FiveAs students return to school this fall, parents will again worry about new illnesses as kids come into contact with flu germs. There are other risks they should worry about—illnesses caused by the common bugs and rodents found in school buildings. Perhaps the even more dangerous pests however are those individuals who prevent school administrators from swiftly addressing these problems.Anti-chemical activists have pushed, and nearly 20 states and local governments have passed, laws to eliminate or drastically reduce the use of pesticides in schools. Yet pesticides are used to control roaches, mice, rats, mosquitoes, and other pests. The public health implications of allowing these things to get out of control should be obvious: increased allergies and illnesses related to insect and rodent bites.Some states have passed a seemingly more reasonable policy that demands that school administrators provide notification 48 to 72 hours before using pesticides. But such laws allow problems to escalate during waiting periods when an urgent response is warranted. Notification paperwork burdens also consume limited financial resources. Journalist Steve Milloy reported that the notification law of Maryland costs the state’s schools $32,000 annually.Parents should fear these laws and the pests they harbor more than the pesticides. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) pesticide standards are so exceedingly cautious that the risks are tiny when the product is used according to label directions. An analysis done by the University of Texas found that the EPA’s risk estimates overstate pesticide exposure damage at a level hundreds of thousands of times greater than the risk of actual exposure.Meanwhile, many of the pests in schools pose serious risks. Allergies and asthma are a particular concern. According to one study published in Environmental Health Perspectives: ―Allergens associated with dust mites and cockroaches are probably important in both onset and worsening of asthma symptoms for children who are chronically exposed to these agents.‖Cockroach allergies are particularly problematic. Children who suffered from this type of allergy missed more days of school and lost more sleep than children suffering from other allergies.Prudent use of chemicals—not reduced pesticide use—can be a big part of the solution. A study in the Journal of Allergies and Clinical Immunology showed that use of chemical baits and regular cleaning can reduce indoor cockroach allergens to levels below that which causes allergies.If people are truly concerned about public health in schools, it’s time to start looking at priorities. Rather than liberate the pests, they should liberate the schools from silly government regulations and dangerous vermin.59. The author implies that parents should be most concerned about __________.A.flu germsB.pestsC.school administratorsD.anti-chemical activists60. The author would most probably agree that the laws restricting the use of pesticides in schools _________.A.are necessaryB.are harmfulC.are quite effectiveD.reflect health concerns61. The third paragraph shows that in schools ________.A. sometimes pesticides should be used immediatelyB. the cost of using pesticides is very highC.the laws about using pesticides are not properly observedD. using pesticides is a daily routine62. Regarding pesticides, the author thinks that _________.A. their danger has been exaggeratedB. their effects have been proved by EPAC. they are not effective for killing some pestsD.they may cause some illnesses in children63. Allergens associated with cockroaches may ________.A. kill some insectsB. trigger genetic problemsC. cause asthma symptomsD. create environmental pollution64. As a result of cockroach allergies, children may have difficulty with _______.A.hearingB.digesting/doc/61c5a61755270722192ef7c4.html municatingD.sleeping65. What is the main idea of the passage?A. New chemicals should be developed to control pests.B. Pesticides should be used frequently to control pests.C.Some policies have ruined the efforts to control pests.D. Schools have ignored the need to control pests.Section B ( 20 minutes, 10 points)Direction: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choosethe most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks (numbered66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any ofthe blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneTHE LONDON terrorist attacks on July 7 and July 21 changed British Prime Minister Tony Blair. He had long been reluctant to make the fight against Islamo-fascist terror a domestic issue. Last week he outlined security measures to deal with radical clerics who incite violence.Of particular interest is a measure that reads in part: "It is now necessary, in order to acquire British citizenship, that people attend a citizenship ceremony [and] swear allegiance to the country." That's not much different from U.S. law. ___66___ This requirement would violate Section 203 of the U.S. V oting Rights Act, which requires that bilingual election materials and assistance be made available when a foreign language reaches critical mass in the general population. For example, California recall ballots in Los Angeles County were printed in English, Spanish, Chinese, Vietnamese, Japanese, Korean and Tagalog. ___67___U.S. law, in effect, tells new citizens that they can be fully engaged in U.S. democracy without understanding the language of its election campaigns. ___68___ Naturalized citizens must demonstrate a fundamental understanding of U.S. history and civics. Isn't it reasonable to expect them also to be able to communicate, at a basic level, in the language of U.S. politics?___69___ Requiring citizens to understand basic English isn't bias. But supporting a system that encourages American citizens to accept a life without meaningful participation in politics and civic life —that's bias.To end the separatism and disengagement that flourishes in part because significant portions of his country cannot speak English, Blair wants to make basic knowledge of English a requirement for British citizenship. There can be no true national。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编36.doc
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编36(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on ______(2005年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.consciousnessB.impulseC.instinctD.response2.The university has sought to ______ a special fund for physically disabled students. (2008年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.administerplimentC.performD.institute3.For many people, overeating and overspending are as ______ to Christmas as candles and holly.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.integralB.suitableC.inevitablepatible4.She did not go out because of the ______cold.（分数：2.00）A.tenseB.intenseC.intensiveD.extensive5.Efforts to reach the injured men have been ______ because of a sudden deterioration in weather conditions.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.enforcedB.intensifiedC.continuedD.strengthened6.As the pressure______the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.(2003年南开大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intensifiesB.magnifiesC.heightensD.deviates7.The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into______care.（分数：2.00）A.intensiveB.rigidC.tenseD.tight8.Charles has not the least______ of giving up his research.（分数：2.00）A.intentionB.ideaC.play9.She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my______to hurt her.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intentB.schemeC.intentionD.meaning10.Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, he would never allow his personal feelings to ______with an assignment(2007年3月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.interruptB.botherC.interfereD.intervene11.The poor reception on your TV is probably due to outside______.（分数：2.00）A.interferenceB.inaccessibilityC.interruptionD.irregularity12.The old man______the events of the time in accordance with his peculiar ideas.（分数：2.00）A.understoodB.forecastC.toldD.interpreted13.In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to ______ dreams were likely to be highly respected.(2005年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.interpretB.interveneC.inheritD.impact14.It's rude to______people when they are speaking.（分数：2.00）A.interruptB.disruptC.interfereD.intervene15.Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until her accountant______ with a satisfactory solution for both countries.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.interceptedB.interactedC.interpretedD.intervened16.He was very angry. He refused to give any______ to journalists.（分数：2.00）A.chanceB.opportunityC.interviewD.audience17.When one calls a man "Jack" instead of "Mr. Hill", he is on ______ terms with him.（分数：2.00）B.regularC.formalD.intimate18.A stateless young man may have felt______ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intriguedB.initiatedC.indicatedD.intimidated19.The novel's unusual name______ me, so I bought one without hesitation.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.invertedB.invadedC.intervenedD.intriguedmunication orally involves more than reading or talking: gesture, posture, movements may all be ______to it.(2002年10月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intrinsicB.coherentC.appealingD.submissive21.Diamonds have little______value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.(2011年四川大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.extinctB.permanentC.surplusD.intrinsic22.A new system of quality control was ______to overcome the defects in the firm's products.（分数：2.00）A.installedB.insertedC.introducedD.admitted23.It is very strange but I had an ______ that the plane would crash.(2011年四川大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.inspirationB.intuitionC.imaginationD.incentive24.AIDS is causing great public concern because the ______ fatal disease hits primarily young people.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.invariablyB.imperativelyC.transientlyD.deceptively25.In March Israel launched a major ______ of Lebanon, seizing about 10 percent of the land.（分数：2.00）A.intrusionC.invasionD.aggression。
2005年北京中科院考博英语真题
2005年北京中科院考博英语真题CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2005PAPER ONEPART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (20 minutes, 20 points)Section A (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be askedabout what was said. The question will be spoken only once. Choose thebest answer from the four choices given by marking the correspondingletter with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He needs more fresh air.B. He is willing to go out.C. He is too sick to go out.D. He opened the window.2. A. Their friends.B. Daily activities.C. Past experiences.D. Historical events.3. A. To buy a ticket.B. To pay a fee.C. To pay back a debt.D. To buy a gift.4. A. Give information.B. State preferences.C. Ask permission.D. Attract attention.5. A. In a gymnasium.B. In an art exhibition.C. In a shop.D. In a hotel.6. A. 19 dollars each.B. 38 dollars each.C. 30 dollars altogether.D. 36 dollars altogether.7. A. Jack is a gentleman.B. Jack does everything right.C. Jack is a desirable husband.D. Jack behaves immaturely sometimes.8. A. It was remarkable to both the man and the woman.B. It was not suitable for the woman.C. The man hated this kind of movie.D. The woman complained about its quality.9. A. See how much the jacket is.B. See if the jacket there is blue.C. See if there is a cell phone in the jacket.D. See if there was anything turned in this morning.10.A. The man has caught a cold.B. The woman was caught in a rainstorm.C. The weather forecast was inaccurate.D. It rained very heavily.Section B (10 points, 1 point each)Directions: In this section, you will hear three short talks. At the end of each talk, there will be a few questions. Both the talk and the questionswill be read to you only once. After each question, there will be apause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the fourchoices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single baracross the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Questions 11-13 are based on Talk 1.11. A. Language comes from physical labor.B. Language learning is a long-term endeavor.C. Language reflects history.D. Language study is very important.12. A. Constructing a wheel.B. Making a choice.C. Coming back.D. Turning around.13. A. The overthrow of a class.B. The overthrow of a tyrant.C. The overthrow of a belief.D. The overthrow of an act.Questions 14-17 are based on Talk 2.14. A. It’s a wonderful idea.B. It’s not a smart thing to do.C. It’s too difficult to put into practice.D. It’s interesting to the decision maker.15. A. Telling people about your degrees.B. Promising that you will make good achievements.C. Introducing your job responsibilities.D. Talking about the needs of the potential employer.16. A. The results which your potential boss wants to gain with your assistance.B. The results of making more money on an international market.C. The results that the employer has seen in the past.D. The results that your potential boss does not want to see.17. A. Proving that you are capable of doing the job.B. Seeking the position that is not too high or too low for you.C. Insisting that experience is more important than knowledge.D. Claiming that you are better than any other applicant.Questions 18-20 are based on Talk 3.18. A. They exercise dogs twice a day.B. They learn how to be responsible for dogs.C. They encourage dogs to go for long walks.D. They like dogs too much to care about other things.19. A. Working for the police.B. Relaxing with other dogs.C. Protecting businesses.D. Guiding the blind.20. A. Dogs ride in public transport.B. Dogs bite their owners when in a rage.C. Vehicles run over stray dogs.D. People always keep dogs on leads.PART II VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of yourchoice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. Giorgio, now fifteen, and Lucia, also in her teens, were reaching the _______of their adolescence.A. crisisB. criterionC. causalityD.credibility22. At first Jackie prayed, frozen in fear, but gradually his terror _______ curiosity.A. put up withB. lived up toC. did away withD. gave way to23. The International Olympic Committee rejects the accusations that Beijing’s budget-cutting move might _______ its preparation for the games.A. degradeB. deliberateC. deployD. defend24. You are not allowed to take a second job _______ your employer gives youpermission.A. so long asB. otherwiseC. unlessD. whereas25. They continued to _______ about and enjoy themselves until they became tired.A. strokeB. strollC. stammerD. string26. The survey asked 750 school children about the values and beliefs they_______ from television.A. pick upB. take upC. put upD. make up27. I am grateful for your _______ invitation, and I’d like to accept your offer with pleasure.A. delightedB. innocentC. graciousD. prestigious28. I must _______ you farewell right now, but on some future occasion, I hope to see you again.A. relayB. bidC. sendD. deliver29. Perhaps my dishes will not be as delicious as those which you are accustomedto eating, but I beg you to grant my _______ and have dinner with me.A. resentmentB. requirementC. requestD. reservation30. That singular achievement was not just about Korea’s arrival as a footballforce but as a self-confident mature nation to be ________ seriously.A. copedB. shownC. establishedD. taken31. Europe as a _______ unit did little by itself; it either sent for US help,or each European government acted on its own.A. incidentalB. apparentC. cohesiveD. descendent32. On 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences whichaffected him _______ at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously33. Embarrassed, I nodded, trying to think of some way to _______ my error.A. make do withB. make up forC. go in forD. go along with34. Furthermore, if I were to leave him, he would _______, for he cannot endureto be separated from me for more than one hour.A. prevailB. presideC. perishD. persecute35. With high hopes, the company sent samples of the substance to scientists,but they couldn’t _______ any practical uses for it.A. come up withB. do justice toC. get even withD. look up to36. He signed a new contract with the Dublin firm, Maunsel & Company, on morefavorable _______ than those Grant Richards had given him.A. itemsB. termsC. articlesD.specifications37. Most scientists agree this outpouring contributes to global warming, whichcould eventually lead to coastal flooding, _______ weather, and widespread crop loss.A. intensiveB. extremeC. unpleasedD. unique38. There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treatedhis employees with _______ contempt.A. utterB. soleC. intimateD. corresponding39. The source, who spoke on condition of anonymity, _______ to discuss theimplication of that conclusion.A. recededB. impliedC. compliedD. declined40. Childhood can be a time of great insecurity and loneliness, during whichthe need to be accepted by peers _______ great significance.A. takes onB. works outC. brings aboutD. gives in PART III CLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose the most suitable of the words orphrases marked A, B, C, and D for each blank in the passage. Mark thecorresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a singlebar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Can exercise be a bad thing? Sudden death during or soon after strenuous exertion on the squash court or on the army training grounds, is not unheard of. 41 trained marathon runners are not immune to fatal heart attacks. But no one knows just 42 common these sudden deaths linked to exercise are. The registration and investigation of such 43 is very patchy; only a national survey could determine the true 44 of sudden deaths in sports. But the climate of medical opinion is shifting in 45 of exercise, for the person recovering from a heart attack as 46 as the average lazy individual. Training can help the victim of a heart attack by lowering the 47 of oxygen the heart needs at any given level of work 48 the patient can do more before reaching the point where chest pains indicate a heart starved of oxygen. The question is, should middle-aged people, 49 particular, be screened for signs of heart disease before 50 vigorous exercise?Most cases of sudden death in sport are caused by lethal arrhythmias in the beating of the heart, often in people 51 undiagnosed coronary heart disease. In North America 52 over 35 is advised to have a physical check-up and even an exercise electrocardiogram. The British, on the whole, think all this testing is unnecessary. Not many people die from exercise, 53 , and ECGs（心电图）are notoriously inaccurate. However, two medical cardiologists at the Victoria Infirmary in Glasgow, advocate screening by exercise ECG for people over 40, or younger people 54 at risk of developing coronary heart disease. Individuals showing a particular abnormality in their ECGs 55 , they say, a 10 to 20 times greater risk of subsequently developing signs of coronary heart disease, or of sudden death.41.A. Then B. Though C. Since D. Even42.A. why B. how C. if D. what43.A. runners B. exercises C. patients D. cases44.A. initiation B. evidence C. incidence D.indication45.A. favor B. positive C. inclination D. bias46.A. good B. well C. much D. far47.A. weight B. amount C. degree D. quality48.A. however B. because C. but D. so49.A. at B. to C. for D. in50.A. taking up B. trying on C. getting over D. doingwith51.A. beyond B. by C. with D. of52.A. anyone B. none C. some D. nobody53.A. of course B. at all C. after all D. by far54.A. readily B. suddenly C. already D. ready55.A. having B. had C. having been D. have PART IV READING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passages in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some questions or incomplete statements. Eachquestion or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, andD. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that bestanswers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter ofyour choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage 1I myself first saw Samarkand from a rise across a wilderness of crumbling ruins and great graveyards which lie between it and the airport. Suddenly we caught a glimpse of painted towers and the great blue domes of mosques and tombs shouldering the full weight of the sky among bright green trees and gardens. Beyond the gardens and the glittering domes still were those watchful mountains and their evocative snow. I found myself thinking of the thrill I had on catching my first sight of Damascus after crossing the desert from Syria. The light, the orchards and many of the trees were the same but deeper still was the sense of coming into contact with one of the most astonishing cultures in history, the world of the one and only Allah and his prophet Muhammad. It was a world that completely overawed me.Yet the memory of Samarkand which stays with me most clearly is quite a humble one. Coming back to the city from the country on my last evening we passed someunusual elm trees and I stopped to have a look at them. They were, my guide told me, perhaps a thousand years old, older certainly than Genghis Khan. A flock of fat-tailed sheep (the same kind of sheep that my own ancestors saw a Hottentot keeping when they landed at the Cape of Good Hope 321 years ago), tended by some Tadshik children, moved slowly home in the distance. Then from the city came quite clearly the call to prayer from mosque and minaret. I had not expected any calls at all and it made no difference that some of the calls came over loud-speakers. Then beyond the trees an old man appeared on a donkey, dismounted, spread a prayer mat on the ground, and kneeling towards Mecca, he began to pray.From Samarkand I journeyed on to Bokhara which was once the holiest city in Central Asia. At one time it possessed over a hundred religious colleges and close to four hundred mosques. It drew adventurers of all races towards it as it did Marco Polo. Not many of them reached their destination. These days at what used to be one of the richest market places in the world, one buys ice-cream instead of slaves; watches and mass-produced trinkets and fizzy drinks instead of gold, silks and turquoise jewellery. Few of the four hundred mosques remain and most have vanished without even leaving a trace.56. Samarkand lies ________.A.in a desertB.high in the mountainsC.in front of DamascusD.between the mountains and the airport57. The author said that he was overawed by ________.A.the beauty of the sceneB.the sight of DamascusC.the age of the placeD.the world of Allah and Muhammad58. The author refers to his clearest memory of Samarkand as “humble” because ________.A.it was an ordinary scene that he rememberedB.it was his last night in the city and his last memoryC.the elm trees were older than Genghis KhanD.the trees looked impressive in the evening light59. The author says that the sheep he saw were similar to ________.A.the ones his ancestors had keptB.the ones that lived in his own countryC.those his ancestors had seen at the Cape of Good HopeD.those his ancestors had taken to the Cape of Good Hope60. The author was surprised to hear the calls to prayer because ________.A.he was far away from the city, yet he could hear them clearlyB.he did not think there would be any callsC.the calls came from the mosquesD.the calls were no different over loud-speakers61. The market has changed in character because now ________.A.it does sell jewelleryB.the holy men do not sell thereC.it sells goods for tourists and items of little valueD.the traders have disappeared because it is too dangerous to sell therePassage 2The component of the healthy personality that is the first to develop is the sense of trust. As with other personality components, the sense of trust is not something that develops independent of other manifestations of growth. It is not that infants learn how to use their bodies for purposeful movement, learn to recognize people and objects around them, and also develop a sense of trust. Rather, the concept “sense of trust” is a shortcut expression intended to convey the characteristic flavor of all the child’s satisfying experiences at this early age.Studies of mentally ill individuals and observations of infants who have been grossly deprived of affection suggest that trust is an early-formed and important element in the healthy personality. Psychiatrists find again and again that the most serious illnesses occur in patients who have been sorely neglected or abused or otherwise deprived of love in infancy.Observations of infants brought up in emotionally unfavorable institutions or moved to hospitals with inadequate facilities for psychological care support these findings. A recent report says that “Infants under 5 months of age who have been in an institution for some time present a well-defined picture. The outstanding features are listlessness, relative immobility, quietness, poor sleep, an appearance of unhappiness, etc.” Another investigation of children separated from their mothers at 6 to 12 months and not provided with an adequate substitute comes to much the same conclusion.Most significant for our present point, these reactions are most likely to occur in children who, up to the time of separation at 6 to 9 months of age, had a happy relation with their mothers, while those whose relations were unhappy are relatively unaffected. It is at about this age that the struggle between trusting and mistrusting the world comes to a climax, for it is then that childrenfirst perceive clearly that they and their environment are things apart. That at this point formerly happy infants should react so badly to separation suggests, indeed, that they had a faith that now has been shattered.In most primitive societies and in some sections of our own society, the attention accorded infants is more in line with natural processes. Throughout infancy the baby is surrounded by people who are ready to feed it, fondle it, and otherwise comfort it at a moment’s notice. Moreover, these ministrations are given spontaneously and wholeheartedly, and without that element of nervous concern that may characterize the efforts of young mothers made self-conscious and insecure by our scientific age.We must not exaggerate, however. Most infants in our society too find smiles and comfort. As their own bodies come to be more dependable, there is added to the pleasures of increasing sensory response and motor control the pleasure of the mothers’ encouragement. Then, too, psychologists tell us that mothers create a sense of trust in their children not by the particular techniques they employ but by the sensitiveness with which they respond to the children’s needs and by their overall attitude.62. The sense of trust in an infant is under development when ________.A.the infant experiences some satisfactionB. adults’ trust is adequateC. the infant learns how to moveD.the infant is surrounded by people he can recognize63. The author raises evidence of mental illness and other disorders in children ________.A.to introduce a discussion of the effect of institutions on childrenB.to show the effect on children of an unhappy relation with their mothersduring infancyC.to warn parents of the dangers of neglecting and abusing their childrenD.to support the point that trust is an early formed and important elementof a healthy personality64. Babies might mistrust the world if ________.A.they did not receive food when they were hungryB.they mastered their body movements too quicklyC.someone came too close to themD.they saw an object disappear65. The climax in the development of a sense of trust occurs ________.A.before maternal affection is providedB.when a child perceives that he or she is separate from the environmentC.when a child successfully controls his or her muscular coordinationD.as a result of maternal separation66. A possible reason that a child having an unhappy relation with his/her mother will not be affected by maternal separation at 6 to 9 months is that ________.A.the struggle between trusting and mistrusting has reached a climaxB.the child sees himself/herself as being separate from the environmentC.the child’s sense of trust is destroyedD.no sense of trust has ever developed67. According to this passage, the most important factor in developing a senseof trust is ________.A.the type of techniques used by the motherB.the sensitivity of the childC.maternal loveD.the combined effect of natural feeling and cultural attitudes68. How can mothers create a sense of trust in a child?A.By showing confidence and experience in front of the child.B.By applying techniques taught by psychologists.C.By showing the child that the mother is understanding of his/her wants.D.By offering smiles and comforts.Passage 3I saw a television advertisement recently for a new product called an air sanitizer. A woman stood in her kitchen, spraying the empty space in front of her as though using Mace against an imaginary assailant. She appeared very determined. Where others are satisfied with antibacterial-laced sponges, dish soaps, hand sanitizers and telephone wipes, here was a woman who sought to sterilize the air itself.As a casual student of microbiology, I find it hard to escape the absurdity here. This woman is, like any human being, home to hundreds of trillions of bacteria. Bacteria make up a solid third, by weight, of the contents of her intestines. If you were to sneak into her bathroom while she was showering - and based on my general impression of this woman from the advertisement, I don't recommend this - and secret away a teaspoon of the water at her feet, you would find some 820 billion bacteria. Bacteria are unavoidably, inevitably - and, usually, utterly benignly - a part of our world.The fantasy of a germ-free home is not only absurd, but it is also largely pointless. Unless you share your home with someone very old, very young (under 6 months) or very ill, the few hundred bacteria on a countertop, doorknob orspoon pose no threat. The bacteria that cause food poisoning, the only significant rational bacterial worry in the average home, need to multiply into the thousands or millions before they can overwhelm your immune system and cause symptoms.The only way common food poisoning bacteria can manage this is to spend four or five hours reproducing at room temperature in something moist that you then eat. If you are worried about food poisoning, the best defense is the refrigerator. If you don't make a habit of eating perishable food that has been left out too long, don't worry about bacteria.Viruses are slightly different. You need only pick up a few virus particles to infect yourself with a cold or flu, and virus particles can survive on surfaces for days. So disinfecting the surfaces in the home should, in theory, reduce the chances of picking up a bug.In practice, the issue is less clear. A study by Dr. Elaine Larson at the Columbia School of Nursing called into question the usefulness of antibacterial products for the home. In New York, 224 households, each with at least one preschooler, were randomly assigned to two groups. One group used antibacterial cleaning, laundry and hand-washing products. The other used ordinary products. For 48 weeks, the groups were monitored for seven symptoms of colds, flu and food poisoning - and found to be essentially the same. According to Dr. Gerba's research, an active adult touches an average of 300 surfaces every 30 minutes. You cannot win at this. You will become obsessive-compulsive. Just wash your hands with soap and water a few times a day, and leave it at that.69. What is the main idea of this passage?A.We don’t need to worry too much about bacteria everywhere in our life.B.Antibacterial products for the home are found to be effective.C.The TV advertisement the writer mentioned is a total failure.D.The existent bacteria pose a threat only to the very young and very old.70. We can infer from Paragraph 3 that _______.A.healthy people should live separately from unhealthy members of the familyB. a germ-free home is not only possible, but significantC.unless you live with the vulnerable, it is pointless to sterilize the airD.our immune systems are too weak to fight against the food poisoningbacteria71. In the first sentence of Paragraph 4, “…manage this” means “to managethe process of _______.”A.killing the bacteria in your bodyB.multiplying to a significantly large numberC.raising the room temperatureD.sterilizing the perishable food72. According to the author, if you want to keep healthy, you had better _______.A.make the room dryB.keep the food in the refrigeratorC.wash your hands as much as possibleD.clean the surfaces with anti-bacterial products73. From Paragraph 5 the author emphasizes _______.A.the danger of virusesB.the common existence of virus particlesC.the short life span of virusesD.the difficulty in killing viruses74. The word “bug” used in Paragraph 5 means _______.A. a bacteriumB. a coldC. a fluD. a virus75. According to the author, one will become obsessive-compulsiveA.if he washes his hands every time he touches a surface.B.if he only washes his hands with soap and water.C.if he could not win over the bacteria in his home.D.if he does not fight against the bacteria at home.Passage 4Until recently the halls of North High in Minneapolis were lined with vending machines where students could buy soda pop and other sugary drinks, as they can in most other high schools in the nation. But with rates of childhood obesity sky-rocketing, the Minneapolis school district worried about pushing pop. The district needed a way to keep its lucrative vending contract with Coca-Cola while steering kids toward more healthful beverages.Bryan Bass, North’s assistant principal, took the challenge. He stocked 12 of North’s 16 vending machines only with water, priced at 75 cents a bottle. Three machines dispensed juice and sports drinks for $1. Only one sold soft drinks, at $1.25 per can. "We located the water machines strategically outside our buildings, so when you come out of a classroom what you see is a water machine," says Bass. "We also decided to allow water in classrooms but not juice or pop." The result? Profits from the vending machines nearly tripled, from $4,500 to $11,000 in two years. They're now in their third year, and says Bass:“Water has become ‘cool.’”North’s success demonstrates what many obesity experts and parents believe: Kids will learn to make healthful food and drink choices if they have access to them and are motivated to do so. “Price is a powerful motivator,” says Simone French of the University of Minnesota, an expert on school-based obesity prevention. She’s impressed with North’s efforts, but she says the problem is implementing these strategies throughout society. “Obesity is the biggest health issue facing kids, and we've got to do more.”How to do more was outlined last week in the Institute of Medicine’s 460-page action plan, mandated by Congress, on “Preventing Childhood Obesity.” Chaired by Emory University’s Jeffrey Koplan, the plan is the first comprehensive look at childhood obesity and what government, industry, schools, communities, families, and medical professionals can do to reduce its impact. “I think this is similar in importance to the first Surgeon General’s Report on Smoking and Health in 1964,” Koplan says. That landmark document led to the health warning on cigarette packages and a ban on cigarette advertising on TV.76. In most American high schools, selling soft drinks is ________.A.encouragedB.allowedC.unlawfulD.unprofitable77. Water has become “cool” in the Minneapolis school district partly because ________.A.water is provided freeB.most kids can afford nothing but waterC.water machines are put in noticeable positionsD.children have realized the harm of sugary drinks78. We can infer that in terms of healthful drinks for kids, Simone French andsome other experts are ________.A.confident about children’s choicesB.pessimistic about the futureC.puzzled about which approach to takeD.worried about how to motivate children79. By mentioning the 1964 report on smoking, Jeffrey Koplan implied that ________.A.more children tend to smoke today than yesterdayB.both obesity and smoking require the attention of schools and society.C.the present plan on obesity would function similarly as a landmark.D.obesity and smoking are both health problems.。
北京科技大学研究生英语考试真题
2004/6 Listening Comprehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D.He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B.They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C.They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B.The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C.The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B.For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C.For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B.He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C.He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.16.What did the several hundred college studentscompete to build recently in Washington D.C.? 17.Which department in the United States organized thecompetition?18.How many teams took part in the competition?19.How much did each team spend on equipment andother materials?20.What is the purpose of the competition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1.A: I heard no women were allowed to take part in theOlympic Games in ancient Greece. Is that true? B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even compete in the Games in those days.They could compete in a separate festival.Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B.Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C.Unmarried girls were allowed to compete with men.D.Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2.A: Now you are in the new company, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear.But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B.She cares a lot about what to wear.C.The man doesn't work hard enough.D.The man should buy some new ties.3.A: What do you usually do when you feel tired?B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. Takes a hot bath. B. Takes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4.A: How do you get along with your partner?B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance of spending timealone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B.They don't spend much time together.C.They are getting along with each other better.D.They are generally pretty cold to each other.5.A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job. B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I'm fed up with working anunskilled job for a minimum wage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B.He is unskillful with his present job.C.His present job pays too little.D.His present job is too demanding.6.A: Did you watch the report about the accident indowntown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck and I saw a lot of ambulances at the scene.Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B.Seven people were killed in the accident.C.Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7.A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I'm astudent of Professor Cohen's. May I speak to himplease?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phone number hemay call you back when he returns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8.A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when I wasface to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before they meet their favorite star they seem to have a lot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can't say anything. Q: What happened to the woman when she met the famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B.She was speechless.C.She talked a lot to the star.D.She saw too many people around the star.9.A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It's really informative and it is the top one among those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B.Because it provides a lot of information.C.B ecause it is the top one on the list of newspapers.D.Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a committee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims. Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device to carry electric current ever made.The committee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the committee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his computer had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings. They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the committee's report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position. He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a committee to investigatesome of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raised questionsabout these claims.B.Because some of its scientists had made falseclaims before.C.Because the claims were very important to thestudy of physics.D.Because some of its scientists published too manypapers a year.11.What did the committee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B.He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C.He denied other scientists' involvement in hisexperiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientific papers.12.What did Bell Labs do after the committee's reportwas released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon's publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to the public.C. They recalled Mister Schon's title as a Nobel Prizewinner.D.They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthur Fellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.To be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. A twelve-member committee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation's directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthur Fellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. She is a computer scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in their environment.Brian Tucker from California is another winner. Mr. Tucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes. Mr. Tucker says that being recognized as a MacArthur Fellow will make a huge difference for his company.13.Which of the following is one of the requirements fora MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to the committeeof the foundation.B. The winner should report to the committee beforethey spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D.The winner should be nominated by thefoundation's directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year'sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmental protection.B. For her achievements in developing computersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D.For her achievements in developing robots.15.Why was Brian Tucker given this year's MacArthurFellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by the foundation'sdirectors.B. He helped the developing countries to fight againstearthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries to developquickly.D.He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a competition to see who could build the best solar-powered house. The United States Department of Energy organized the competition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in this Solar Home Competition. Student teams competed in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the best house powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house.Each house cost as much as $250,000 to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the competition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used computers, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery. The competition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works, because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world. Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其精解
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其精解1.The studies show that the driver who has consumed an amount of alcohol within the limit is likely to have an automobile accident than the driver who does not take any alcohol.A.not soB.not muchC.no lessD.no more2.If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery,and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine, that seems merciful criminal.A.neverthelessB.otherwiseC.or elseD.rather than3.When we arrived,he found the aged and the sick at home.A.none butB.none other thanC.nothing butD.no other than4.I hope all the precautions against air pollution,are suggested by the local government,will be seriously considered here.A.asB.whileC.afterD.since5.Most of is on American television are programs designed to appeal to people who go into the supermarkets and buy the products that are advertised on TV.A.whichB.thatC.whateverD.what6.To understand the situation completely requires more thought than thus far.A.has givenB.was givenC.being givenD.has been given7.Of great significance the nation-wide movement is the Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi Kampuchean people in their heroic struggle against the aggression of the Vietnamese.A.to supportB.for supportingC.supportingD.of supporting8.Many farmers came to the city,jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city.A.looking forB.to look forC.having looked forD.looked for9.It is requested that an applicant whose undergraduate work is done at another institution two copies of undergraduate transcripts and degrees directly to the dean of the graduate school.A.must sendB.sendC.are to sendD.need send10.You her in her office last Friday;she’s been out of town for two weeks.A.needn’t have seenB.might have seenC.must have seenD.can’t have seen答案解析：1.Dno more…than…“不比……更……”。
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析
北京科技大学考博英语真题及其解析SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points) As former colonists of Great Britain,the Founding Fathers of the United States adopted much of the legal system of Great Britain.We have a“common law”,or law made by courts1a monarch or other central governmental2like a legislature.The jury,a3of ordinary citizens chosen to decide a case,is an4part of our common-law system.Use of juries to decide cases is a5feature of the American legal system.Few other countries in the world use juries as we do in the United States.6the centuries,many people have believed that juries in most cases reach a fairer and more just result7would be obtained using a judge8,as many countries do.9a jury decides cases after “10”，or discussions among a group of people,the jury’s decision is likely to have the11from many different people from different backgrounds,who must as a group decide what is right.Geng duo yuan xiao zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Juries are used in both civil cases,which decide12among13 citizens,and criminal cases,which decide cases brought by the government14that individuals have committed crimes.Juries areselected from the U.S.citizens and15.Jurors,consisting of16 numbers,are called for each case requiring a jury.The judge17to the case18the selection of jurors to serve as the jury for that case.In some states,19jurors are questioned by the judge;in others,they are questioned by the lawyers representing the20under rules dictated by state law.1.[A]other than[B]rather than[C]more than[D]or rather2.[A]agency[B]organization[C]institution[D]authority3.[A]panel[B]crew[C]band[D]flock4.[A]innate[B]intact[C]integral[D]integrated5.[A]discriminating[B]distinguishing[C]determining[D]diminishing6.[A]In[B]By[C]After[D]Over7.[A]that[B]which[C]than[D]as8.[A]alike[B]alone[C]altogether[D]apart9.[A]Although[B]Because[C]If[D]While10.[A]deliberations[B]meditations[C]reflections[D]speculations11.[A]outline[B]outcome[C]input[D]intake12.[A]arguments[B]controversies[C]disputes[D]hostilities13.[A]fellow[B]individual[C]personal[D]private14.[A]asserting[B]alleging[C]maintaining[D]testifying15.[A]summoned[B]evoked[C]rallied[D]assembled16.[A]set[B]exact[C]given[D]placed17.[A]allocated[B]allotted[C]appointed[D]assigned18.[A]administers[B]manages[C]oversees[D]presides19.[A]inspective[B]irrespective[C]perspective[D]prospective20.[A]bodies[B]parties[C]sides[D]unitsSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40points)Text OneIt’s plain common sense—the more happiness you feel,the less unhappiness you experience.It’s plain common sense,but it’s not true.Recent research reveals that happiness and unhappiness are not really two sides of the same emotion.They are two distinct feelings that,coexisting,rise and fall independently.People might think that the higher a person’s level of unhappiness,the lower their level of happiness and vice versa.But when researchers measure people’s average levels of happiness and unhappiness,they often find little relationship between the two.The recognition that feelings of happiness and unhappiness can co-exist much like love and hate in a close relationship may offer valuable clues on how to lead a happier life.It suggests,for example, that changing or avoiding things that make you miserable may well make you less miserable,but probably won’t make you any happier.Thatadvice is backed up by an extraordinary series of studies which indicate that a genetic predisposition for unhappiness may run in certain families.On the other hand,researchers have found happiness doesn’t appear to be anyone’s heritage.The capacity for joy is a talent you develop largely for yourself.Psychologists have settled on a working definition of the feeling—happiness is a sense of subjective well-being.They have also begun to find out who’s happy,who isn’t and why.To date,the research hasn’t found a simple formula for a happy life,but it has discovered some of the actions and attitudes that seem to bring people closer to that most desired of feelings.Why is unhappiness less influenced by environment?When we are happy,we are more responsive to people and keep up connections better than when we are feeling sad.This doesn’t mean,however,that some people are born to be sad and that’s that.Genes may predispose one to unhappiness,but disposition can be influenced by personal choice. You can increase your happiness through your own actions.21.According to the text,it is true that[A]unhappiness is more inherited than affected by environment.[B]happiness and unhappiness are mutually conditional.[C]unhappiness is subject to external more than internal factors.[D]happiness is an uncontrollable subjective feeling.22.The author argues that one can achieve happiness by[A]maintaining it at an average level.[B]escaping miserable occurrences in life.[C]pursuing it with one’s painstaking effort.[D]realizing its coexistence with unhappiness.23.The phrase“To date”(Para.4)can be best replaced by[A]As a result.[B]In addition.[C]At present.[D]Until now.24.What do you think the author believes about happiness and unhappiness?[A]One feels unhappy owing to his miserable origin.[B]They are independent but existing concurrently[C]One feels happy by participating in more activities.[D]They are actions and attitudes taken by human beings.25.The sentence“That’s that”(Para.5)probably means:Some people are born to be sad[A]and the situation cannot be altered.[B]and happiness remains inaccessible.[C]but they don’t think much about it.[D]but they remain unconscious of it.Text TwoWhat are the characteristics of a mediator?Foremost,the mediator needs to be seen as a respected neutral,objective thirdparty who is capable of weighing out fairness in the resolution of a conflict.The mediator must be trusted by both parties to come up with a solution that will protect them from shame.While the central issue is justice,the outcome needs to be win-win,no losers.The abilities to listen impartially,suspend judgment,and accurately gather and assess information are other important characteristics. Finally,to function effectively the mediator must have power (financial,status,position),so that both parties will take seriously and abide by the mediator’s judgment.If one party refused to cooperate,he or she should fear the possibility of being shamed and losing face before the mediator and the whole community.If that real possibility does not enter the minds of both parties,the mediator will be ineffective.In several countries mediators are still used to find a bride for a ually this is a job for the parents,and they in turn employ the services of a mediator.Because this event takes much planning, the parents will try to identify the mediator well in advance.Since these services sometimes require reward,money must be saved.Or in some cases parents try to do a number of favors for the mediator so that he or she will feel indebtedness and perform the service as a kind of repayment.The parents will try to get the most influential mediator possible, to boost their chances of being approved by the potential bride’s parents.The young woman’s parents will not want to risk shame byturning down a request from such an important person—so the reasoning goes.Of course,the higher-ranked the mediator,the higher the cost of the services.Complicating the process is the fact that turning down the mediator is also a slight of the potential groom and his parents,which will likely generate conflict between the families.If the parties are not careful,the entire community can take sides.One way to alleviate this eventuality is for the young woman’s family to identify a flaw that would make her a less desirable prospect.They might say,“She is sickly.”or“She may not be able to bear children.”Although none of these statements may be true,and probably everyone knows they aren’t,they do provide a way for the young man’s parents to withdraw their request for a perfectly legitimate reason.Everyone saves face,at least at the surface,and peace is preserved.26.The characteristics of a mediator include all of the following except[A]unbiased judgment of arguments.[B]hard prudence in decision-making.[C]impartial treatment to a conflict.[D]remarkable insight into controversies.27.The author deems it important for a mediator[A]to be quite wealthy and considerate.[B]to be powerful to shame either party.[C]to justify the solution of a conflict.[D]to have high status to fear arguers.28.In some courtiers,young people’s marriage[A]is independent of their parents’will.[B]needs careful valuation in advance.[C]costs a small fortune of their family.[D]is usually facilitated by a mediator.29.The request of the groom’s parents may be turned down unless[A]they manage to hire a qualified mediator.[B]they make their best choice at all risks.[C]the young woman’s parents want to lose face.D]the bride’s parents dare to offend the mediator.30.It may be the best way to resolve a conflict for[A]the entire community to offer support.[B]a mediator to be identified by both sides.[C]the outcome of mediation to be acceptable.[D]a valid excuse to spare both sides’blushes.Text ThreeThe Internet,like its network predecessors,has turned out to be far more social than television,and in this respect,the impact of the Internet may be more like that of the telephone than of TV. Our research has shown that interpersonal communication is the dominant use of the Internet at home.That people use the Internet mainly for interpersonal communication,however,does not imply thattheir social interactions and relationships on the Internet are the same as their traditional social interactions and relationships,or that their social uses of the Internet will have effects comparable to traditional social activity.Whether social uses of the Internet have positive or negative effects may depend on how the Internet shapes the balance of strong and weak network ties that people maintain.Strong ties are relationships associated with frequent contact,deep feelings of affection and obligation,whereas weak ties are relationships with superficial and easily broken bonds,infrequent contact,and narrow focus.Strong and weak ties alike provide people with social support. Weak ties including weak online ties,are especially useful for linking people to information and social resources unavailable in people’s closest,local groups.Nonetheless,strong social ties are the relationships that generally buffer people from life’s stresses and that lead to better social and psychological outcomes.People receive most of their social support from people with whom they are in most frequent contact,and bigger favors come from those with stronger ties.Generally,strong personal ties are supported by physical proximity.The Internet potentially reduces the importance of physical proximity in creating and maintaining networks of strong social ties.Unlike face-to-face interaction or even the telephone, the Internet offers opportunities for social interactions that do notdepend on the distance between parties.People often use the Internet to keep up with those with whom they have preexisting relationships. But they also develop new relationships on-line.Most of these new relationships are weak.MUDs,newsgroups,and chat rooms put people in contact with a pool of new groups,but these on-line“mixers”are typically organized around specific topics,or activities,and rarely revolve around local community and close family and friends.Whether a typical relationship developed on-line becomes as strong as a typical traditional relationship and whether having on-line relationships changes the number or quality of a person’s total social involvements are open questions.Empirical evidence about the impact of the Internet on relationships and social involvement is sparse.Many authors have debated whether the Internet will promote community or undercut it.Much of this discussion has been speculative and anecdotal,or is based on cross-sectional data with small samples.31.The text is mainly about[A]the dominance of interpersonal communication.[B]strong and weak personal ties over the Internet.[C]the difference between old and modern relationships.[D]an empirical research on the Internet and its impact.32.It is implied in the text that[A]the Internet interactions can rival traditional ones.[B]television is inferior to telephone in social effect.[C]strong links are far more valid than weak ones.[D]the Internet features every home and community.33.The word“buffer”(Para.2)can probably be replaced by[A]deviate.[B]alleviate.[C]shield.[D]distract.34.According to the author,the Internet can[A]eliminate the hindrance of the distance.[B]weaken the intimate feelings among people.[C]provide people with close physical contacts.[D]enhance our ability to remove social stresses.35.From the text we can infer that[A]the evidence for the effect of the Internet seems abundant.[B]the social impact of the Internet has been barely studied enough.[C]some discussions are conclusive about the function of the Internet.[D]random samples have witnessed the positive influence of the Internet.Text FourLeadership is hardly a new area of research,of course.For years, academics have debated whether leaders are born or made,whether a person who lacks charisma(capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm)can become a leader,and what makes leaders fail.Warren G.Bennis,possibly the possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading,has,together with his co-author,written two best-sellerson the topic.Generally,researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence,birth order,family wealth or stability,level of education,race,or sex.From one leader to the next,there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.The authors’research led to a new and telling discovery:that every leader,regardless of age,had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience—what the authors call a“crucible”(severe test).These events can either make you or break you.For emerging leaders,they do more making than breaking,providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.If a crucible helps a person to become leader,there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one,according to the authors.They are:an“adaptive capacity”that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks,heartbreaks,and difficulties but also learn from them;an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision;a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing;and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace,until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums(formal statements of opinion)are.The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co.Chairman M.Douglas Ivester lasted just28months because“his grasp of context was sorrowful.”Among other things,Ivesterdegraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-American even as the company was losing a$200million class action brought by black employees.Procter&Gamble Co.ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.It’s striking,too,that the authors found their geezers(whose formative period,as the authors define them,was1945to1954,and who were shaped by World War II)sharing what they believed to be a critical trait—the sense of possibility and wonder more often associated with childhood.“Unlike those defeated by time and age,our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between1991and2000,and grew up“virtual,visual, and digital”)—open,willing to take risks,hungry for knowledge and experience,courageous,and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.36.The text indicates that leadership research[A]has been a controversial study for years.[B]predicts how a leader comes to be.[C]defines the likelihood to be a leader.[D]probes the mysteries of leadership.37.According to Bennis,the trait shared by leaders consists of[A]top levels of intelligence and education and devotion.[B]remarkable ability to encourage people with loyalty and hope.[C]striking qualities of going through serious trials andsufferings.[D]strong personalities that arouse admiration and confidence.38.The favorable effect of a crucible depends on whether a leader[A]proves himself/herself to be a newly emergent one.[B]accepts it as a useful experience for progress.[C]shrinks back from tiring and trying experiences.[D]draws important lessons for his/her followers.39.A leader can hardly maintain his/her position unless he/she[A]fulfils all necessary quality requirements.[B]helps people to prevent defeats and sorrows.[C]fails to attract people with common concerns.[D]lacks appealing and strength of character.40.The authors’dictums can be justified by the fact that[A]Douglas Ivester defeated a highest-ranking black employee in a suit.[B]Durk Jager was dismissed owing to his poor communicating ability.[C]Geezers couldn’t erase the brands stamped in childhood.[D]Geeks are sensible enough to meet dangers and challenges.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph(41-45).The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10points)[A]Physical Changes[B]Low Self-Esteem[C]Emerging Independence and Search for Identity[D]Emotional Turbulence[E]Interest in the Opposite Sex[F]Peer Pressure and ConformityThe transition to adulthood is difficult.Rapid physical growth begins in early adolescence—typically between the ages of9and 13—and thought processes start to take on adult characteristics. Many youngsters find these changes distressing because they do not fully understand what is happening to them.Fears and anxieties can be put to rest by simply keeping an open line of communication and preparing for change before it occurs.The main issues that arise during adolescence are:(41)__________A child’s self worth is particularly fragile during adolescence. Teenagers often struggle with an overwhelming sense that nobody likes them,that they’re not as good as other people,that they are failures, losers,ugly or unintelligent.(42)__________Some form of bodily dissatisfaction is common among pre-teens. If dissatisfaction is great,it may cause them to become shy or very easily embarrassed.In other cases,teens may act the opposite—loudand angry—in an effort to compensate for feelings ofself-consciousness and inferiority.As alarming as these bodily changes can be,adolescents may find it equally distressing to not experience the changes at the same time as their te maturation can cause feelings of inferiority and awkwardness.(43)__________Young people feel more strongly about everything during adolescence.Fears become more frightening,pleasures become more exciting,irritations become more distressing and frustrations become more intolerable.Every experience appears king-sized during adolescence.Youngsters having a difficult adolescence may become seriously depressed and/or engage in self-destructive behavior. Often,the first clue that a teenager needs professional help is a deep-rooted shift in attitude and behavior.Parents should be alert to the warning signs of personality change indicating that a teenager needs help.They include repeated school absences,slumping grades, use of alcohol or illegal substances,hostile or dangerous behavior and extreme withdrawal and reclusiveness.(44)__________There is tremendous pressure on adolescents to conform to the standards of their peers.This pressure toward conformity can be dangerous in that it applies not only to clothing and hairstyles;it may lead them to do things that they know are wrong.(45)__________Adolescence marks a period of increasing independence that often leads to conflict between teenagers and parents.This tension is a normal part of growing up—and for parents,a normal part of the letting-go process.Another normal part of adolescence is confusion over values and beliefs.This time of questioning is important as young people examine the values they have been taught and begin to embrace their own beliefs.Though they may adopt the same beliefs as their parents,discovering them on their own enables the young person to develop a sense of integrity.Although adolescence will present challenges for young people and their parents,awareness and communication can help pave the way for a smooth transition into this exciting phase of life.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10points)Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad.Like most ailments,it has its own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse.Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situation of daily life:when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people,when and how to give tips,how to makepurchases,when to accept and when to refuse invitations,when to take statements seriously and when not.46)These cues,which may be words, gestures,facial expressions,customs,or norms,are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept.47)All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture,all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water.48)No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be,a series of props(支柱)have been knocked from under you,followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes the discomfort.“The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.”49)When foreigners in a strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people,you can be sure they are suffering from culture shock.Another phase of culture shock is regression.The home environment suddenly assumes a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered.It usually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.Although not common,there are individuals who cannotlive in foreign countries.Those who have seen people go through a serious case of culture shock and on to a satisfactory adjustment can discern steps in the process.During the first few weeks most individuals are fascinated by the new.They stay in hotels and associate with nationals who speak their language and are polite and gracious to foreigners.This honeymoon stage may last from a few days or weeks to six months depending on circumstances.50)If one is a very important person he or she will be taken to the show places,will be pampered and petted,and in a press interview will speak glowingly about progress,goodwill,and international friendship.If he returns home may well write a book about his pleasant if superficial experience abroad.SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay to1)describe the drawing,2)deduce the purpose of the painter of the drawing,and3)suggest counter-measures.You should write about160—200words neatly ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)答案详解：Section I答案及解析答案详解1.【解析】[B]逻辑衔接题。
北京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案解析 (09年印版)
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2003-2005年北京大学博士研究生入学英语考试真题解析
北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语考试时间：2003年3月Part One Structure and Written ExpressionDirection: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET.（20%）1. Recognizing the shortage of time available to spend with their children, working motherssometimes take ______ in the concept of “quality time”.A. refugeB. prideC. placeD. action2. The term “New Australians” came into vogue in the 50s and 60s, which implied that the goalof immigration was assimilation and that migrants would place their new-found Australian identity ahead of the _______ context from which they had come.A. athleticB. ethicC. aestheticD. ethnic3. Scholarships are too few to _______ the high-school graduates who deserve a collegeeducation.A. meetB. accommodateC. compromiseD. adopt4. The study shows that laying too much emphasis on exams is likely to _______ students’enthusiasm in learning English.A. hold backB. hold offC. hold downD. adopt5. The robber tried to _______the stolen goods from the house he had broken into, but wascaught by the guards.A. make away withB. make off forC. get outD. get through6. The editors said they must report to the world how Beijing has _______ pollution andimproved the quality of the environment.A. cut upB. cut offC. cut downD. cut out7. If drug abuse, prostitution, pollution, environmental decay, social inequality, and the like_______, more is required than an increased police presence or a fresh coat of paint.A. are to eliminateB. are eliminatedC. are to be eliminatedD. are being eliminated8. This toothed whale has a large, square head with _______ the so-called spermaceti.A. cavity to containB. cavity containingC. the cavity for containingD. a cavity that contains9. _______, the market will have to overcome some of the highest hurdles it’s seen in a longtime.A. But to happen in that orderB. But for that in order to happenC. But in order that to happenD. But in order for that to happen10. With its anti-terrorism campaign taking _______ over anything else, the government isextending its job and running in more affairs.A. superiorityB. priorityC. majorityD. polarity11. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income hadincreased_______, and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently12. China’s economic reform is aimed at separating enterprises from the government. It hasbeen implemented for almost 20 years, but breakthroughs _______.A. have been made yetB. have yet to makeC. have yet to be madeD. to have yet made13. Several trial efforts in the 1980s proved that it was financially _______ to restore oldbuildings.A. feasibleB. probableC. beneficiaryD. passable14. Unloved and unwanted youngsters may be tempted to run away from home to escape theirproblem, _______ bigger ones in cities plagued with crime, drugs, and immorality.A. have only foundB. only findingC. only foundD. only to find15. If the struggle for a sustainable society _______, we must have some vision of what we areaiming for.A. is to succeedB. has succeededC. succeedsD. succeeded16. A trap _______ disguise is what has come to be called a Trojan Horse, from the ancientstory of the gift of the wooden horse from the Greeks.A. offered as a gift inB. offers a gift inC. offering a gift toD. offered a gift of17. Telecommuting is a new form of work _______ to work, such as fathers with children, thechance to work while remaining at home.A. that affording those unable previouslyB. affords those who were previously unableC. affording those previously unableD. afforded those previously unable18. ______ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivalingthose used in the manufacture of computer chips.A. For the better ofB. Permitting betterC. To better permitD. It is better for19. The Flower Market in San Francisco is ______, and it was established in the 1930’s.A. home of the second largest flower market in the countryB. home to the country’s second largest flower marketC. the second flower market in the country’s homeD. the home to the second country’s large flower market20. The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned _____ “man’s best friend.”A. the nickname ofB. them the nicknameC. a nicknameD. nicknamesPart Two Reading ComprehensionⅠ. Direction: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answerto each question. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. （10%）Passage One（1）Gerald Feinberg, the Columbia University physicist, once went so far as to declare that “everything possible will eventually be accomplished.”Well, that of course left only the impossible as the one thing remaining for daring intellectual adventurers to whittle away at. Feinberg, for one, thought that “they’d succeed even there.”（2）It was a point worth considering. How many times in the past had certain things been said to be impossible, only to have it turn out shortly thereafter that the item in question had alreadybeen done or soon would be. What greater cliché was there in the history of science than the comic litany of false it-couldn’t-be-dones; the infamous case of Auguste Comte saying in 1844 that it would never be known what the stars were made of, followed in a few years by the spectroscope being applied to starlight to reveal the stars’chemical composition; or the case of Lord Rutherford, the man who discovered the structure of the atom, saying in 1933 that dreams of controlled nuclear fission were “moonshine.” And those weren’t even the worst examples. No, the huffiest of all it-couldn’t-be-done claims centered on the notion that human beings could actually fly, either at all, or across long distance, or to the moon, the stars, or wherever else.（3）There had been so many embarrassments of this type that about mid-century Arthur C. Clarke came out with a guideline for avoiding them, which he termed Clarke’s Law: “When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong.”（4）Still, one had to admit there were lots of things left that were really and truly impossible, even if it took some ingenuity in coming up with a proper list of examples. Such as: “A camel cannot pass through the eye of a needle.”（Well, unless of course it was a very large needle.）Or:“It is impossible for a door to be simultaneously open and closed.”（Well, unless of course it was a revolving door.）（5）Indeed, watertight examples of the really and truly impossible were so exceptionally hard to come by that paradigm cases turned out to be either trivial or absurd. “I know I will never play the piano like Vladimir Horowitz,” offered Milton Rothman, a physicist,“no matter how hard I try.”Or, from Scott Lankford, a mountaineer; “Everest on roller skates.”21. The false it-couldn’t-be-dones in science are comic because ______ .A. they are clichés, repeated too often by scientistsB. they are almost always proved to be wrong by later scientific researchC. they are mocked at by later generationsD. they provide material for good comedies22. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. The author uses the case of a camel passing through the eye of a needle to prove his point that there are things impossible to accomplish.B. That a scientist cannot play the piano like one of the best pianists is not a proper illustration to prove that in science there are things impossible to accomplish.C. Scott Lankford challenges the idea that mountaineers can never climb the Everest on roller skates.D. People now laugh at their predecessors for denying the possibility of human flight.23. Through this passage, the author wants to ______.A. show us that scientists in the past years have made a lot of misjudgmentsB. praise those scientists who dared to challenge the impossibleC. emphasize the great potential of the scientific research made by human beingsD. analyze what is possible and what is impossible through scientific effortsPassage Two（1）Since the lineage of investigative journalism is most directly traceable to the progressive era of the early 1900’s, it is not surprising that the President of the United States at the time wasamong the first to articulate its political dimensions. Theodore Roosevelt called investigative reporters “muckrakers, ” after a character from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress who humbly cleaned “the filth off the floor.” Despite the misgivings implied by the comparison, Roosevelt saw the muckrakers as “often indispensable to the well-being of society”.（2）There are in the body politic, economic and social, many and grave evils, and there is urgent necessity for the sternest war upon them. There should be relentless exposure of and attack upon every evil man, whether politician or businessman.（3）Roosevelt recognized the value-laden character of investigative journalism. He perceived correctly that investigative reporters are committed to unearthing wrongdoing. For these journalists, disclosures of morally outrageous conduct maximize the opportunity for the forces of “good” to recognize and do battle with the forces of “evil.”（4）So, the current folklore surrounding investigative reporting closely resembles the American ideal of popular democracy. Partly a product of its muckraking roots, this idealized perspective is also an outgrowth of the commonly perceived effects of exposés published in the early 1970’s. The most celebrated of these exposés were the news stories that linked top White House officials to Watergate crimes. These stories were widely held responsible for the public’s loss of confidence in the Nixon administration, ultimately forcing the President’s resignation.24. When the author talks about the political dimensions of the investigative journalism he refersto __________.A. John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress and one of its characters “Muckrakers”B. its function of cleaning the dirt off the floor in public placesC. its relentless exposures of political and social evilsD. its indispensable status to the well-being of society25. Roosevelt’s comparison of investigative reporters to“muckrakers”shows his view that thesereporters ______.A. were treated lowly in the societyB. reduced journalism to a humble jobC. should be praised highly for their contributions to the societyD. did unpleasant but necessary work26. By using the word “folklore”, the author suggests that ______.A. people tend to romanticize what is thought to be American popular democracyB. investigative journalism enhances democracy and freedomC. people often circulate the stories they read from investigative reportsD. investigative reports have difficulty in convincing people as truth27. The Watergate incident is mentioned to show ______.A. journalism has a tangible effect on politicsB. the Watergate incident is an abuse of the political powerC. journalism subverts legitimate political powerD. the victory of American freedom of speechPassage Three（1）Viewed from a star in some other corner of the galaxy, Earth would be a speck, a faint blue dot hidden in the blazing light of our sun. While our neighbors Venus and Mars would reflecta fairly even glow, Earth would put on a little show. Earth’s light would brighten and dim as it spins, because oceans, deserts, forests and clouds－which are all too small to be seen from such a distance－reflect varying amounts of sunlight. The variations, it turns out, are so strong and distinctive that surprising amount of information could be taken from a simple ebb and flow of light. Scientists at Princeton University and the Institute for Advanced Study conducted a detailed study of Earth’s reflections as a way for human scientists to learn about distant planets that may be like our own.（2）“If you looked at our solar system from far away, and you looked at the terrestrial planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars—one of the quickest ways to see that Earth is unique is by looking at the light curve,” said Ed Turner, professor of astrophysics and a co-author of the study. “Earth has by far the most complicated light curve,” The standard thinking in the field had been that most of the information about an Earth-like planet would come from spectral analysis, a static reading of the relative component of different colors within the light, rather than a reading of changes over time. Spectral analysis would reveal the presence of gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen, in the planet’s atmosphere. Looking at the change in light over time does not replace spectral analysis, but it could greatly increase the amount of information scientists could learn, said Turner. It may indicate, for example, the presence of weather, oceans, ice or even plant life.28. “Earth would put on a little show” means: as it spins, __________.A. Earth is a more active planet than Venus and MarsB. Earth reflects a brighter light curve than Venus and MarsC. Earth shows oceans, deserts, forests and clouds, while Venus and Mars don’tD. Earth reflects sunlight in an ebb-and-flow manner29. Spectral reading of the light reflected by an Earth-like planet _________.A. can tell us the components of that planet’s atmosphereB. can locate oceans and forests on that planetC. can show what the weather on that planet is likeD. is the quickest way to study its light curve30. Which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Scientists at the Princeton University want to find that distant planets are like our Earth.B. Among all the terrestrial planets Earth’s light curve is the most complicated.C. Spectral study of the light will see no development of itself because it is static.D. Spectral reading is used as a supplementary method to the study of the change in light over time.Ⅱ. Direction: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（31）A couple of months ago, Singaporean officials unintentionally made cinematic history. They slapped an NC-17 rating on a film—which means children under 17 cannot see it—not because of sex or violence of profanity, but because of bad grammar. Despite its apparently naughty title, Talking Cock, the movie is actually an innocuous comedy comprising four skitsabout the lives of ordinary Singaporeans. The censors also banned a 15-second TV spot promoting the flick.（32）All this is because of what the authorities deemed “excessive use of Singlish.”（33）Given the tough crackdown, you would expect Singlish to be a harmful substance that might corrupt our youth, like heroin or pornography. But it’s one of Singapore’s best-loved quirks, used daily by everyone from cabbies to CEOs.（34）Singlish is simply Singaporean slang, whereby English follows Chinese grammar and is liberally sprinkled with words from the local Chinese, Malay and Indian dialects.I like to talk cock, and I like to speak Singlish. It’s inventive, witty and colorful.（35）Singlish is especially fashionable these days among the younger generation, in part because it gives uptight Singapore a chance to laugh—at itself. But the government is not amused. It doesn’t like Singlish because it thinks it is bad language and bad for Singapore’s image as a commercial and financial center.Part Three: Cloze TestDirection: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answer in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）It is a dream world, where chemists can turn a sow’s ear into a silk purse, where bioengineers can put a little bit of a sheep into a wolf—or vice versa—and where the life-styles of the rich are beamed by satellite _____（36）every upwardly mobile village on the planet. Thanks to science and technology, more people are consuming a more amazing array of worldly goods than at any time in history.But beneath the surface all is not well. Like Oscar Wilde’s fictional creation Dorian Gray, who stayed forever ______（37）while a portrait of him in the attic aged horribly, the modern economy masks a disfigured planet. The engine of consumption has scarred the land and stained the sea,_____（38）away at the foundations of nature and threatening to destroy humanity’s only means of survival. Today’s elderly, born at the beginning of last century, started life in a world ______（39）about 50% of its ancient forests still standing. Though far from pristine, it was a world of oceans and land masses teeming with all kinds of life. But those who will be born after the turn of the millennium will _____（40）of age to find that previous generations have squandered and defiled their inheritance, foreclosing some potions even as new ones were created. Our grandchildren may have _____（41）to conveniences that further reduce the drudgery of everyday life, but they will also inherit a planet with less than 20% of its original forests ______（42）, with most of the readily available freshwater already spoken for and much of the arable ______（43）under plough. They will inherit a stressed atmosphere and an unwanted legacy of toxic waste in the soil and water. Missing from the estate will be countless species, most _____（44）out before even _____（45）catalogued by scientist.Part Four ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, write the missing word with a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing wordwith a slash（\）and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words（in brackets）immediately before and after it. If you delete aword, cross it out with a slash（\）. Put your answers in the ANSWER SHEET.（10%）eg. 1.（46）The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWET SHEET: （46） begun beganeg.2. （47）Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（47）（Scarcely）had （they）eg.3. （48）Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET:（48）not（46）Clonaid, a company associated by a group that believes extraterrestrials created mankind, announced Friday that it had produced the first clone of a human being. According to the spokeswoman, it is a baby girl who appears to have been born healthy.（47）As we know, cattle, mice, sheep and other animals have been cloned in the past years with mixing success.（48）All cloned animals have displayed defects later in life.（49）Scientists fear same could happen with cloned humans.（50）The company Clonaid is viewed skeptical by most scientists, who doubt the group’s technical ability to clone a human being.（51）But the Clonaid spokeswoman said an dependent expert was going to confirm the baby’s clone status through DNA testing.（52）Clonaid is lead by Brigitte Boisselier, a former deputy director of research at the Air Liquide Group, a French producer of industrial and medical gases.（53）Clonaid is also linked to a sect called the Raelians, whose founder, Claude Vorihon, describes himself for a prophet and calls himself Rael. （54）The group believes cloning could extend human life for hundred of years. In fact, Clonaid has been racing the Italian fertility doctor Severion Antinori to produce the first cloned baby.（55）Antinori said in last month he expected one of his patients to give birth to a cloned baby in January.Part Five: WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.（15%）Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题详解Part One Structure and Written Expression1. A take refuge in求助于…；take pride in以…为傲；take place in在（某处）发生；take action采取行动。
05年北师考博英语真题
English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 26,2005Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension (20 points)Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking thecorresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET with a single linethrough the centre.1.A.？？？？？The researcher was careless in performing this experiment.B.？？？？？The researcher tried to think of problems before they happened.C.？？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very nervous.D.？？？？Before performing the experiment, the researcher was very tired.2.A.？？？？？The speaker used a soft, low voice.B.？？？？？The speaker didn’t seem to care much about what he was saying.C.？？？？？The speaker was focused and spoke with great passion.D.？？？？The speaker used long. Complicated sentences.3.A.？？？？？Language changes very slowly.B.？？？？？Language changes very quickly.C.？？？？？Language changes over fifty year periods.D.？？？？Language changes over ten year periods.4.A.？？？？？Southern France has never known severe winters.B.？？？？？In northern France, one can live in comfort all the year round.C.？？？？？In general, the French people enjoy a mild climate.D.？？？？People in southern France often experience severe winters.5.A.？？？？？Fiona is not afraid to give a presentation now.B.？？？？？Fiona’s fever is gone just before the presentation.C.？？？？？Fiona will hear about the final speech.D.？？？？Fiona will come over to the conference.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause.During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D on your test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWERR SHEET with a single line through the centre.6.A.？？？？？Korean food.B.？？？？？Chinese food.C.？？？？？Italian food.D.？？？？Indian food.7.A.？？？？？Both of them have overcome their fear of heights.B.？？？？？The woman is still afraid of high places. But the man is not.C.？？？？？They are both afraid of high places.D.？？？？Both of them like to stand on high places.8.A.？？？？？She can’t wear them any more.B.？？？？？She doesn’t like them any more.C.？？？？？She can’t wash them in machine any more.D.？？？？She doesn’t like casual dress any more.9.A.？？？？？March 3td.B.？？？？？March 12th.C.？？？？？March 29th.D.？？？？March 30th.10.A.？？？？？Being private versus being alone.B.？？？？？Being alone versus being with friends.C.？？？？？Being a guest versus being a host.D.？？？？Being lonely versus being alone.11.A.？？？？？She liked it.B.？？？？？She disliked it.C.？？？？？She had no idea about it.D.？？？？She hadn’t heard about it.12.A.？？？？？The insurance company is worried that they might have to pay a lot of money.B.？？？？？The insurance company sees a chance to give the man lots of physical tests.C.？？？？？The insurance company is the first to pay for a man’s genetic diseases.D.？？？？The insurance company does not know how many children the man will have.13.A.？？？？？A long and difficult trip through poor countries.B.？？？？？A chance to learn new language and make money.C.？？？？？An adventure in learning about a different culture.D.？？？？An adventure that combines a vacation with a rest.14.A.？？？？？He will not accept a late paper from her.B.？？？？？Her is interested only in her ideas.C.？？？？？He wants her to correct her paper.D.？？？？He will accept a late paper from her.15.A.？？？？？He will have his operation at 9 o’clock.B.？？？？？He is under operation now.C.？？？？？He already had his operation.D.？？？？He is all right now.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a talk about moving to a new campus. Look at statements 16 through 20 for this part on your test paper and decide if eachstatement is correct. While you are listening, if you think the statement is correctbased on the talk, mark letter A on your ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre. If you think it is not correct, mark letter B on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the centre.16. All agriculture science students will stay where they are.17. Some history teachers will move immediately to the new campus.18. Engineering staff has already made their move.19. Part of the Faculty of Law is in its new building.20. The former Law building may become an art gallery.Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Chose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1A weather map is an important tool for geographers. A succession of three or four maps present a continuous picture of weather changes. Weather forecasters are able to determine the speed of air masses and fronts; to determine whether an individual pressure area is deepening or becoming shallow and whether a front is increasing or decreasing in intensity. They are also able to determine whether an air mass is retaining its original characteristics or taking on those of the surface over which it is moving. Thus, a most significant function of the map is to reveal a synoptic picture of conditions in the atmosphere at a given time.All students of geography should be able to interpret a weather map accurately. Weather maps contain？an enormous amount of information about weather conditions existing at the time of abservation over a large geographical area. They reveal in a few minutes what otherwise would take hours to describe. The United States Weather Bureau issues information about approaching storms, floods, droughts and all climatic conditions in general. Twice a month it issues a 30-day “outlook” which is a rough guide to weather conditions likely to occur over broad areas of the United States. These 30-day outlooks are based upon an analysis of the upper air level which often set the stage for the development of air masses fronts and storms.Considerable effort is being exerted today to achieve more accurate weather predictions. With the use of electronic instruments and earth satellites, enormous gains have taken place recently in identifying and tracking storms over regions which have but few meteorological stations. Extensive experiments are also in progress for？weather modification studies.21. One characteristic of weather maps NOT mentioned by the author in this passage is？？？？？.A. fronts？？？？？？？B. changes in temperature？？？C. frost？？？？？？D. wind speed22. The 30-day forecast is determined by examining ？？？？？？.A. daily weather maps？？？？？？？？？？B. upper air levelsC. satellite reports？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. changing fronts23. The observation of weather conditions by satellites is advantageous becauseit？？？？？.A.？？？？？is modern and profitable for the companies involvedB.？？？？？uses electronic instruments to measure the weather on a daily basisC.？？？？？enables man to easily alter the weather to his advantage and profitD.？？？？gives the scientists information not obtained readily otherwise24. At the present time, experiments are being conducted in？？？？？.A. manipulating weather？？？？B. determining density of pressure groupsC. satellites？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？D. controlling storms25. A weather map is synoptic because it？？？？？？.A.？？？？？summarizes a great deal of informationB.？？？？？appears dailyC.？？？？？shows changing frontsD.？？？？can be interpreted accurately2With only a bout 1,000 pandas left in the world, China is desperately trying to clone the animal and save the endangered species. That’s a move similar to what a Texas A&M University researcher has been undertaking for the past five years in a project called “Noah’s Ark”.Dr. Duane Kraemer, a professor in Texas A&M’s College of Veterinary Medicine and a pioneer in embryo transfer work and related procedures, said hesalutes the Chinese effort and “I wish them all the best success possible. It’s aworthwhile project, certainly not an easy one, and it’s very much like what we’re attempting here at Texas A&M---to save animals from extinction.”Noah’s Ark is aimed at collecting eggs, embryos, semen and DNA of endangered animals and storing them in liquid nitrogen. If certain species should become extinct,Kraemer says there would be enough of the basic building blocks to reintroduce the species in the future.It is estimated that as many as 2,000 species of mammals, birds and reptiles will become extinct over the next 100 years. The panda. Native only to China, is in danger of becoming extinct in the next 25 years.This week, Chinese scientists said they grew an embryo by introducing cells froma dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white while rabbit. They are nowtrying to implant the embryo into a host animal.The entire procedure could take from three to five years to complete.“The nuclear transfer of one species to another is not easy, and the lack of available panda eg gs could be a major problem,” Kraemer believes. “They willprobably h ave to do sevcral hundred transfers to result in one pregnancy. It takes a？long time and it’s difficult, but this could be groundbreaking science if it works. They are certainly not put ting any live pandas at risk, so it is worth the effort,” addsKraemer, who is one of the leaders of the Missyplicity Project at Texas A&M, the first-ever attempt at cloning a dog.“They are trying to do something that’s never been done, and this very simi lar to our work in Noah’s Ark. We’re both trying to save animals that face extinction. I certainly applaud their effort and there’s a lot we can learn from what they areattempting to do. It’s a rescarch that is very much needed.”26. The aim of “Noah’s Ark” project is to？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？salute the Chinese efforts in saving pandasB.？？？？？implant embryo into a host animalC.？？？？？introduce cells from a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese whiterabbitD.？？？？save endangered animals from extinction27. How long will the Chinese panda-cloning project take according to the passage?A. 3 to 5 years.？？？？B. 1 year.？？？？？？C. 25 years.？？？？？D. 2years.28. The word “groundbreaking” (Paragraph 7) can be interpretedas？？？？？？？？？.A. pioneering？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？B. essentially newC. epoch-making？？？？？？？？？？？？D. evolutionary29. What could be the major problem in cloning pandas according to ProfessorKraemer?A.？？？？？Lack of host animals.B.？？？？？Lack of available panda eggs.C.？？？？？Lack of funds.D.？？？？Lack of qualified researchers.30. The best title for the passage may be？？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？China’s Efforts to Clone PandasB.？？？？？China---the Native Place of Pandas ForeverC.？？？？？Exploring the Possibility to Clone PandasD.？？？？China’s First Cloned Panda3St. Paul has transformed soaring energy costs into a golden opportunity for economic development by putting the final touches on plans to: 1.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Build the nation’s first system that will heat all major downtownbuildings with waste heat now being dumped into the Mississippi River by electricutilities.2.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Create a &9-million “energy bank” to lend money to improve theenergy efficiency of homes at low 9-to-11-percent interest rates. 3.？？？？？？？？？？？？？？？Construct the nation’s first“energy park”. The area will includeonly those commercial, residential, and industrial facilities that are doing something energy-related. More than & 150-million worth of commitments has already beenlined up.These developments did not just happen. They resulted when Mayor George Latimer asked volunteers to chart a new future for a city that is twice as cold as New York.“We cannot any longer look to foreign nations, old companies or the federalgovernment to solve our energy crisis,” Latimer told his constituents. “We must look to ourselves to find the answers.”31. The reason why these developments did not happen before was(that)？？？？？？？.A.？？？？？the city imported enough foreign oil for its major downtown buildingsB.？？？？？the federal government didn’t approve the necessary money for theconstructionC.？？？？？not givenD.？？？？St. Paul is colder than New York32. St. Paul？？？？？ .A.？？？？？is located on the bank of the Mississippi RiverB.？？？？？has got a new mayor recentlyC.？？？？？is looking for the best approaches to solving its energy shortageD.？？？？is lending money for commercial, residential and industrial purposes33. The plans？？？？？.A.？？？？？were drawn by Mayor George LatimerB.？？？？？were only for St. Paul’s major downtown buildingsC.？？？？？were created by volunteers when they were asked to offer their ideasD.？？？？were turning a golden opportunity into economic development34. Which of the following facilities are/is NOT energy-related?A.？？？？？Shops or supermarkets.B.？？？？？A computer center or a factory.C.？？？？？Private homes.D.？？？？Advertisement boards.35. Judging from what Mayor Latimer said, we are sure that？？？？？？.A.？？？？？these developments will some day become trueB.？？？？？foreign nations and oil companies are not reliableC.？？？？？the future of St. Paul is quite uncertainD.？？？？high energy costs will soon be eliminated4Ideas about “spoiling” children have always involved consideration of just what is a spoiled child. Haw does spoiling occur, and what are the consequences of spoiling;they h ave always included concepts of a child’s nature and concepts of the ideal child and the ideal adult.The many mothers of the 1820s who belonged to the early “maternal associations” struggled to uphold the ideals about child raising that had been prevalent in the 18th century. They had always been told that the spoiled child stood in danger of having trouble later in life (when exposed to all the temptations of the world) and, more importantly, stood in danger of spiritual ruin.At first, the only approach these mothers knew was to “break the will” of the child. This approach, coming initially from the theology of Calvin, the FrenchProtestant reformer, was inherited from the stern outlook of the Puritans. As onemother wrote. “No child has ever been known, since the earliest period of the world, destitute of an evil disposition---however sweet it appears.” Infant depravity, bywhich was meant the child’s impulses, could be curbed only by breaking the will so that the child submitted completely to parental guidance.In 1834, a mother described this technique: Upon the father’s order, her 16-month-old daughter had refused to say “Dear Mama” so the toddler was left alone in a room where she screamed wildly for ten minutes. After the ten minutes, the child was commanded again, and again she refused, so she was whipped and ordered again.This continued for four hours until the child finally obeyed. Parents commonlyreported that after one such trial of “will”, the child became permanently submissive.In passing, we can note that knowledge about a child’s “No” period might havemoderated the disciplining of little children and the application of the saying “Spare the rod and spoil the child”.By freeing the child from its evil nature, parents believed they could then guide the child into acquiring the right character traits, such as honesty, industriousness, and sobriety. These moral principles, fixed in the child’s character, were to govern itthroughout life, in a society where free enterprise, individual effort, and competition were believed to be the ruling forces.36. When the author talks about ideas considered in “the spoiling of children”, hedoes not include the？？？？？.A.？？？？？nature of a childB.？？？？？reasons why spoiling occursC.？？？？？images of an ideal adult and childD.？？？？attitudes of spoiled children when they become adults37. “Spare the rod and spoil the child” means？？？？？.A.？？？？？spoiling children is not as evil as it seemsB.？？？？？eliminating physical punishment is a sound policyC.？？？？？if you do not inflict physical punishment, you will spoil your childD.？？？？“spoiling children” is a matter of definition38. The author suggests that nineteenth century parents were chiefly interested in achild’s？？？？？.A.？？？？？growing up to be industriousB.？？？？？acquiring good character traitsC.？？？？？learning to compete successfullyD.？？？？respecting his parents slavishly39. People in the 19th century be believed their society to be based on allbut？？？？？.A.？？？？？free enterpriseB.？？？？？competitive endeavorC.？？？？？individualismD.？？？？honesty40. The purpose of this passage is to？？？？？.A.？？？？？informB.？？？？？persuadeC.？？？？？inciteD.？？？？change an attitude5The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries that they restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rates have not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especially sharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and the United States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the baby boom are now anexceptionally large group of married couples.It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developing nations. We are more affected by women’s liberation: once women see interesting and well-paid jobs are careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. From costing nothing, children suddenly to seemimpossibly expensive. And to the high cost of children are added the uncertainties, introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling to subject children to the terrible experience of marital breakdown and themselves to the difficulty of raising a child alone.These circumstances---women working outside the home and the instability of marriage--- tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries in the near future. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19thcentury.Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1998 and 1999 have been consumed Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developing nations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2010. The presently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed place of women, and theyincidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world. Industrialsociety will spread to the poor countries, and aspiration will exceed resources. All this will lead to a population in the new century that is smaller than was feared a few years ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control, the news is encouraging.41. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the UnitedStates？？？？？？.A.？？？？？increasedB.？？？？？was reducedC.？？？？？experienced both falls and risesD.？？？？remained stable42. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is？？？？？.A.？？？？？highly paid jobsB.？？？？？women’s desire for independenceC.？？？？？expenses of child raisingD.？？？？high divorce rate43. The sentence “From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossiblyexpensive” implies that？？？？？.A.？？？？？food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensiveB.？？？？？prices are going up dramatically all the timeC.？？？？？to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobsD.？？？？social development has made child-raising inexpensive44. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th centuryis？？？？？？.A.？？？？？birth controlB.？？？？？the desire to seek fortune in citiesC.？？？？？the instability of marriageD.？？？？the changed place of women45. The population in the new century, according to the writer.？？？？？.A.？？？？？will be smaller than a few years agoB.？？？？？will not be as small as people expectC.？？？？？will prove to be a threat to the worldD.？？？？will not continue as serious a problem as expectedⅢ. Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (25 points):？？？1. Natural disasters during the 1980s were 94% more frequent than in the 1970s. While it is possible that such a jump falls within normal climatic variation, insurance executives realize that it also conforms with patterns predicted for global warming.2. The history of New England is written imperishably on the face of a continent. In the Old World national pride feeds itself with the record of battles and conquests; ---battles which proved nothing and settled nothing; conquests which shifted a boundary on the map, and put one ugly head instead of another on the coin which the people paid to the tax-gatherer. But wherever the New-Englander travels among the sturdy commonwealths which have sprung from the seed of the Mayflower. Churches, schools, colleges, tell him where the men of his race have been, or their influence penetrated; and an intelligent freedom is the monument of conquests whose results are not to be measured in the square miles. Next to the fugitives whom Moses (摩西) led out of Egypt, the little ship-load of outcasts who landed at Plymouth two centuries and a half ago are destined to influence the future of the world.Translate the following into English (15 points):在学问上打下坚实的基础将使你终生受益。
2005年北京科技大学考博英语试卷
2005年北京科技大学考博英语试卷Ⅰ. VocabularyPart A.Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The scene is so beautiful that it my power of description.A. transportsB. transfersC. transcendsD. transforms2. The schoolmaster the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A. applaudedB. enhancedC. elevatedD. clapped3. The meaning of “yellow” is a color, but it can also mean “cowardly.”A. positiveB. negativeC. underlyingD. literal4. Many people think that the standards of public have declined.A. moralityB. rightnessC. awarenessD. mentality5. People were surprised to find that he had the ability to everything he was involved in.A. precedeB. dominateC. pervadeD. denominate6. The fact that they reacted so differently was a reflection of their different .A. performancesB. personalitiesC. qualitiesD. debut7. This medicine will the pain in the stomach.A. ascertainB. agitateC. alleviateD. allocate8. The apartment was as $50,000 and its owner decided to sell it.A. automatedB. assessed C asserted D. avenged9. The minister all his officials pay the tax.A. bidsB. blessesC. barksD. baffles10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analogiesPart B.Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underlined part. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.11. Tourists flock from the remotest places to see the capital’s sights.A. invadeB. troopC. promptD. gather12. He has told so many lies that we can no longer place any reliance on what he says.A. beliefB. trustC. convictionD. dependence.13. Oil can change a society more drastically than anyone could ever have imagined.A. grosslyB. severelyC. rapidlyD. radically14. In times of economic difficulty, governmental budgets for education are often slashed before any others.A. shiftedB. cutC. checkedD. donated15. Modern printing equipment quickly turns out duplicate copies of textual and pictorial matter.A. identicalB. doubleC. illustratedD. legible16. With her youngest child having left home, she felt a pressing need to fill her time.A. tenseB. thoroughC. urgentD. small17. The role of the performing artist is to interpret, not alter, the notes on a printed sheet of music.A. omitB. reproduceC. composeD. change.18. Aircraft and rocket can be used to collect radioactive debris, while high-altitude satellites carry detectors for gamma rays and other emissions.A. diffusionB. remainsC. glitter transfer19. Although worn out by years of service to his country, Washington accepted the presidency of the United States.A. favoredB. honoredC. exhaustedD. weakened20. Between French friends, who have chosen each other for congeniality of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of arguments are the breath of life.A. coexistenceB. coincidenceC. correlationD. compatibilityⅡ. ClozeDirections: Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.We do not know when man first began to use salt, but we do know that it has been used in many different ways throughout history. (21) evidence shows, for example, that people who lived over three thousand years ago ate (22) fish.Stealing salt was considered a major crime at certain times in history. In the eighteenth century, for instance, if a person was (23) “stealing salt”, he could be put in prison. History reveals that about ten thousand people were put in prison during that century (24) stealing salt.In the modern world salt has many uses (25) the dining table. It is used in making glass and airplane parts, in the (26) of crops and in killing weeds. It is also used to make water soft, to melt ice on roads and highways, to make soap, and to (27) colors in cloth.Salt can be obtained in various ways, besides being taken from mines underground. Evaporation of salt water from the ocean or from salt water lakes or small seas is one of the (28) common processes for manufacturing salt. In Australia, it can even be taken from a “salt bush”. Yet, (29)it is obtained, salt will continue to play an important (30) in the lives of men and women everywhere.21. A. Ancient B. Historic C. Historical D. Old22. A. salt B. salted C. salting D. salty23. A. arrested B. caught C. got D. seized24. A. as B. by C. for D. through25. A. besides B. beyond C. except D. over26. A. bearing B. developing C. growing D. training27. A. fasten B. fix C. preserve D. tie28. A. little B. many C. much D. more29. A. however B. whatever C. whenever D. wherever30. A. duty B. function C. responsibility D. RoleⅢ. Reading ComprehensionPart A.Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage One(1) Poultry farmers need to adopt strict hygiene standards to curb Asia\'s deadly bird flu virus,a top Vietnamese official said on the eve of an international conference Wednesday on fighting the disease.(2) A dozen Vietnamese have died of bird flu since Dec. 30, raising concerns that the disease could be re-emerging after an outbreak last year spread to 10 Asian countries, forcing the slaughter of more than 100 million birds.(3) “It\'s difficult to change their habit but we need to educate them," Bui Quang Anh, head of the Department for Animal Health, said Tuesday. "Once they understand and follow all the instructions, we can prevent the virus from spreading.”(4) Big commercial farms learned from the first outbreak and applied preventive measures, such as strict hygiene standards and regular disinfection, Anh said. The most recent outbreak was only reported in small farms, which failed to apply preventive measures, he said.(5) New regulations should include separating ducks from chickens, requiring ducks to be raised in cages and improving hygiene measures, Anh said. Ducks should not roam freely in rice fields as they do now in the southern Mekong Delta, he added.(6) The conference will be looking at a variety of issues, including mass vaccinations, flu research, farm hygiene, animal husbandry practices and improving coordination between animal health and human health agencies.(7) The virus, which in the last year has killed 46 people — including 32 from Vietnam and 12 from Thailand — has yet to mutate into a form that can be transmitted between humans. But scientists say it may mutate to a human form that could become as deadly as the ones that killed millions during three influenza pandemics of the 20th century.31. The subject of the international conference mentioned in the first paragraph is aboutA. battling the SARSB. epidemic disease controlC. fighting the avian fluD. public health32. According to the passage, which of the following statement is true?A. Bird flu was first found in Vietnam.B. Big commercial farms have taken preventive measures to curb bird flu.C. Bui Quang Anh believes that it is impossible to prevent the bird flu.D. 1, 000 birds were killed during the last year outbreak of bird flu.33. According to the passage, which of the following measures are NOT effective in fighting against the bird flu?A. to adopt strict hygiene standards in poultry farms.B. to carry out regular disinfectionC. to raise ducks and chickens separatelyD. to stop poultry trade34. We can infer from the last paragraph thatA. currently the bird flu virus cannot be transmitted between humansB. the bird flu virus is easy to mutate.C. the bird flu has killed millions of peopleD. the bird flu is more deadly than common influenza.35. The best title for the passage is .A. Bird Flu: A Deadly DiseaseB. What Can We Learn from the Bird FluC. Vietnam: the Biggest Victim of the Bird FluD. Official Urges Farmers to Curb Bird FluPassage Two(1) The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex. On the more intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism, vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which since the seventeenth century, focused onWestern Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded.(2) In part, the very presence of the missionary evoked attack, they were, after all, the first foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for a long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could e vented. In part too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging battle against the notion that China was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, in countless ways, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditional monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently, assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals, and they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry。
北京科技大学研究生英语考试真题
2005/12 Listening Comprehension1. A. 5 minutes.B. 15 minutes.C. 20 minutes.D. 25 minutes2. A. $200.B. $400.C. $300.D. $500.3. A. Because he has been hiding lately.B. Because he has been busy preparing his trip.C. Because he has been back home.D. Because he has to work hard for travelingexpense.4. A. On a three-week trip.B. To their neighbors.C. On the way back home.D. To work.5. A. She gladly accepted it.B. She declined it politely.C. She firmly turned it down.D. She didn’t know what to do.6. A. The girl’s father had an accident yesterday.B. The girl’s father was still in serious condition.C. The girl’s father has been told about hisdaughter’s real condition.D. The girl’s father doesn’t know anything about hisdaughter’s real condition.7. A. 144 pounds.B. 164 pounds.C. 140 pounds.D. 154 pounds.8. A. A new flat.B. A trip to the island.C. A disease.D. A recent fire.9. A. Because of the bad weather.B. Because the food has spoiled.C. Because some people are sick.D. Because they had to prepare for an exam.10. A. Science and TechnologyB. Arts and Social SciencesC. ArchitectureD. Humanities11. A. Psychology, sociology, history and economicsB. Psychology, sociology, history and linguisticsC. Biology, sociology, history and linguisticsD. Biology, sociology, history and economics12. A. They have difficulties seeing their lecturesB. They fail meeting deadlines for an essayC. They have difficulty going to classesD. Their lecturers are unavailable13. A. At the beginning of the work day.B. In the middle of the work day.C. At the end of the work day.D. In the evening.14. A. In the basement.B. On the top floor.C. In a cafeteria.D. In the middle of the building.15. A. They took emergency elevators.B. They were rescued by the firemen.C. They waited until things returned to normal.D. They walked down the stairs.Notes about the lecture: What is Happiness? Common myths about money and happiness:16. For very poor people—17. For very wealthy people—For middle-class people—They are not less happy than wealthy people./Happiness does not depend on money.The three qualities happy people have:18. _________________________________19. _________________________________20. _________________________________Transcript (Dec 25, 2005)1. W: How far do you live from the school?M: It takes about 20 minutes to drive from my house to the school. But during rush hour, it will take 5minutes more.Q: How much time does it take, if the man drives from the school to home during the rush hour?2. W: How much money will I have to spend to rent anapartment in America? I’ll on ly have $500 amonth.M: Your rent should be about 3/5 of that.Q: How much should the man’s rent be?3. W: Tom, I’m glad I ran into you. I’ve been trying tocall you but you’re never home. Where have youbeen hiding lately?M: Actually I’ve been very busy recently. I’m getting ready to go to the States for Christmas,and I have a million things to do.Q: Why couldn’t the woman get the man on the phone?4. W: Did you turn off the light and check the locks onall the doors and windows?M: Yes, an d I told the neighbors we’d be gone for three weeks. They’ll keep an eye on the housefor us. And the Smiths said they would go toChina the next year, too.Q: Where are the man and woman going?5. M: Hi, Mary, would you like to go to the concertwith me?W: I’d like to, but I’m afraid I have to study tonight, because I have an exam tomorrow afternoon. Q: How does Mary respond to the man’s invitation?6. M: Is the girl who had an accident yesterday still inserious condition?W: I’m afraid she is,but we’ve kept the news from her father.Q: What can be concluded from the conversation?7. W: Bob told me you were on a diet. How muchweight have you lost?M: Well, to start with, I weighed 150 pounds. The first three weeks I took off ten pounds, but then Igained back four over the holidays.Q: How much does the man weigh now?8. M: Have you had that new flu that’s going around?W: No, but I hear it’s spreading like wildfire.Q: What are the two speakers talking about?9. M: The monitor sai d that we’d have to postpone theouting until Sunday because of the strong wind. W: It’s a shame because all the food has already been ordered and will probably spoil.Q: Why was the outing postponed?Mini-Talk OneGood morning and welcome to the University of Westlands. My name is Marcia Mayhew and I’m the coordinator of the Bachelor of Science degree. This morning I’d like to tell you about the structure of the university and about some of the requirements of the degree that you’re about to enter.The Bachelor of Social Science is in one faculty within the university; that is the faculty where I work, known as Arts and Social Sciences. Here on this campus we also have the faculties of Architecture, Law and Science and Technology among others.It’s important to know something about the structure of the faculty because, as you go through your course, you may need to call on members of the staff to help you.At the top of the faculty we have a dean and below the dean we have three divisions; each division has a divisional head and your degree is located in the Division of Social Sciences. Within each of the divisions, there are the departments and each of these offers the different degrees. For instance, two of the departments which offer the major subjects for your award are Sociology and Psychology. Each has a departmental head but for practical purposes, the people you are going to see the most are myself as coordinator of the social sciences degree and the actual lecturers who are teaching the subjects that you are taking. For instance, in the first semester you’ll be doing four subjects: psychology, sociology, history and economics.If you have any problems or difficulties, not that I’m anticipating you will, but you never know, then you should go and see your lecturers. For instance, you may find that you can’t meet a deadline for an essay or perhaps you’re having problems with attendance. These seem to be the two most common problems that students face.10. Within which faculty does the speaker work?11. What are the subjects offered in the first semesterin this course?12. What is one of the problems the students mayhave?Mini-Talk TwoOn February 26, 1993, a giant explosion shook the World Trade Center. One minute later, smoke began to fill the stairways, halls, and offices. All power and emergency systems were knocked out. There were no lights, no elevators, and no electricity. Over fifty thousand people were working in the building at the time.It was 12:18 on a typical work day. People were making business calls, writing reports, or attending business meetings. Many were on their lunch break and were eating in one of the building’s cafeterias. Also, thousands of people were visiting the building. Some were standing on the observation floor; others were eating lunch at Windows of the World, an expensive restaurant on the top floor.The bomb exploded in the basement area. One woman was getting out of her car in the parking garage; it blew off her shoes. A man was waiting for the train; it blew off his hat. A secretary was typing at her desk. She fell through the floor sitting in her chair.In the building, people were not sure what to do. Smoke was coming up the stairs and into the offices. Was the building on fire? Should they stay in their offices? Should they start to walk down the stairs?Most people decided to walk. There were no lights on the stairs and people were falling and tripping. Everyone was coughing because of the heavy smoke. But most people were calm. Some people counted steps, some people sang. Over sixty thousand workers and visitors walked down the stairs that day, some from the 80th, 90th, and 100th floors. For people on the top floors, the walk down took two and more hours. As people left the building, emergency workers were waiting with oxygen, warm drinks, and blankets.Some people said they would never go back into the building. They said, “I just can’t go back up there. Not now, not ever.” But others were ready to go back to work again soon. They s aid, “It happened. It’s over.”13. When did the explosion occur?14. When did the bomb explode?15. How did most people inside the building get out? Section CAll of us have had the feeling of happiness, but what is happiness exactly? Why are some people happier than others? How can you be happy? Well,recently psychologists have been studying these questions. Today I will try to answer some of these questions about happiness. First I’ll talk about a common myth about happiness and money. Then I’ll tell you some important qualities in the personality of happy people.First, let’s talk about a common myth about money and happiness. How many of you believe that if you have a lot of money, you’ll be happy? Well, there is common myth that if people have a lot of money, they will be happy. But actually, this isn’t true. One psychologist, Dr. David Myers, talked to hundreds of people. He asked these people questions about happiness.First, he found that if people are very poor, it is difficult for them to be happy. When people are very poor, they often don’t have enough food to eat or a house to live in. They have to work hard, and they worry a lot about the future. So, when people are very poor, it is difficult for them to be happy.So, in some way, in some sense, money and happiness do go together.However, Dr. Myers also found that when he talked to middle-class and wealthy people, the wealthy people were no happier than the middle-class people. Look at picture one. In other words, people who have big houses, expensive cars, and fancy clothing are not really happier than people with small houses, simple cars, and regular clothing. Dr. Myers found that some wealthy people were happy, and some wealthy people were not happy, just like middle-class people. So this tells us that happy people don’t need a lot of money—happiness doesn’t depend on money. There are other, more important things that make people happy.We can see from Dr. Myers’s study that happiness doesn’t depend on how much money you h ave. But what does make people happy? Well, Dr. Myers found that happiness depend a lot on a person’s personality—how a person thinks and feels. Whether you have a lot of money or not, if you have the right kind of personality, you can be happy. Dr. Myers found three qualities in the personality of happy people.The first quality is that happy people like themselves.Look at Picture two. Happy people like being the kind of person they are: They don’t want to be taller, or thinner, or smarter. On the other hand, unhappy people often want to change. For example, some movie stars are very wealthy, beautiful, and popular, but they are still unhappy. They are unhappy because they always want to change: they want to beyounger, or more beautiful, or more popular. However, happy people are different—they like themselves just the way they are now.The second quality is that happy people are positive thinkers—they think about the good things in life, not the bad things. We all have problems in our lives. However, happy people think more about the good things, not about the problems. When bad things happen, a happy person feels that life will get better. On the other hand, unhappy people think a lot of their problems, and they become sadder and more unhappy. For them, life is often one big problem. Happy people have the same problems, but they are positive thinkers.The third quality is that happy people are outgoing and friendly. Look at Picture three. Happy people like to be around other people, and they like to make new friends. Because happy people are friendly and outgoing, everyone wants to be their friend! This means that happy people have many friends to help them enjoy the good times in their lives, and they also have many friends to help them solve their problems during difficult times. Happy people also get better jobs because companies want to have friendly, outgoing people working for them. So being outgoing and friendly helps happy people in many ways.In conclusion, I think that Dr. Myers has a lot of important information for us about happiness. If you want to be happier, remember that a lot of money will not always make you happier. Instead, try to like yourself as you are, be a positive thinker, and be outgoing and friendly.。
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编36.doc
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编36.doc考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编36(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly on ______(2005年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.consciousnessB.impulseC.instinctD.response2.The university has sought to ______ a special fund for physically disabled students. (2008年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.administer/doc/385115547.html,plimentC.performD.institute3.For many people, overeating and overspending are as ______ to Christmas as candles and holly.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.integralB.suitableC.inevitable/doc/385115547.html,patible4.She did not go out because of the ______cold.（分数：2.00）A.tenseB.intenseC.intensiveD.extensive5.Efforts to reach the injured men have been ______ because of a sudden deterioration in weather conditions.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.enforcedB.intensifiedC.continuedD.strengthened6.As the pressure______the liquid rock is forced up through channels in the resistant rock to the earth's surface.(2003年南开大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intensifiesB.magnifiesC.heightensD.deviates7.The patient's health failed to such an extent that he was put into______care.（分数：2.00）A.intensiveB.rigidC.tenseD.tight8.Charles has not the least______ of giving up his research.（分数：2.00）A.intentionB.ideaC.play9.She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my______to hurt her.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intentB.schemeC.intentionD.meaning10.Whatever the questions he really wanted to ask at the reprocessing plant, though, he would never allow his personal feelings to ______with an assignment(2007年3月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.interruptB.botherC.interfereD.intervene11.The poor reception on your TV is probably due to outside______.（分数：2.00）A.interferenceB.inaccessibilityC.interruptionD.irregularity12.The old man______the events of the time in accordance with his peculiar ideas.（分数：2.00）A.understoodB.forecastC.toldD.interpreted13.In many cultures people who were thought to have the ability to ______ dreams were likely to be highly respected.(2005年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.interpretB.interveneC.inheritD.impact14.It's rude to______people when they are speaking.（分数：2.00）A.interruptB.disruptC.interfereD.intervene15.Because of her dual nationality in the United States and Mexico, Maria was almost required to pay taxes in both countries until her accountant______ with a satisfactory solution for both countries.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.interceptedB.interactedC.interpretedD.intervened16.He was very angry. He refused to give any______ to journalists.（分数：2.00）A.chanceB.opportunityC.interviewD.audience17.When one calls a man "Jack" instead of "Mr. Hill", he is on ______ terms with him.（分数：2.00）B.regularC.formalD.intimate18.A stateless young man may have felt______ after having been denied asylum and right of residence by many countries.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intriguedB.initiatedC.indicatedD.intimidated19.The novel's unusual name______ me, so I bought one without hesitation.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.invertedB.invadedC.intervenedD.intrigued/doc/385115547.html,munication orally involves more than reading or talking: gesture, posture, movements may all be ______to it.(2002年10月中国科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.intrinsicB.coherentC.appealingD.submissive21.Diamonds have little______value and their price depends almost entirely on their scarcity.(2011年四川大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.extinctB.permanentC.surplusD.intrinsic22.A new system of quality control was ______to overcome the defects in the firm's products.（分数：2.00）A.installedB.insertedC.introducedD.admitted23.It is very strange but I had an ______ that the plane wouldcrash.(2011年四川大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.inspirationB.intuitionC.imaginationD.incentive24.AIDS is causing great public concern because the ______ fatal disease hits primarily young people.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.invariablyB.imperativelyC.transientlyD.deceptively25.In March Israel launched a major ______ of Lebanon, seizing about 10 percent of the land.（分数：2.00）A.intrusionC.invasionD.aggression。
2005年北京理工大学博士英语考试试题及参考译文
2005年北京理工大学博士学位研究生入学考试试题Passage 1译文：不得不承认，生活在这个星球上，是一个非常艰难的时期。
精神的恐怖分子，政治上的公开指责，一连串可怕的飓风，只要你能叫得上来，都充斥着报纸的头条，这些都提醒着我们的生活并不是这么的美好。
甚至于读本国出版物中的小故事都暗示着这世界被成年人控制，他们正忙于从每件事上找到兴趣点。
有一天，我随意翻阅一本杂志，他们解释了一些严肃的科学新闻给我们中的傻瓜们，它开始于一个宣布两个不同公司都已经成熟的产品是一个填满了所有你能发现的对你有好处成分的药丸，这种药丸从一杯红酒中提取出来的，并且完全不含酒精成分。
现在我确信，还有其他的成年人，就像我，非常高兴的惊讶的知道一小点加州葡萄酿制的烈酒和一点烤制鸭子将不会转化成一个流口水的醉汉，但是确实对你的健康是有益处的。
这新闻是星星之火，照亮了黑暗的世界，是对我们不断加大的困难的大块罪恶的一点减轻。
当然，就在这一分钟，这一消息已经人尽皆知了，一些意大利的科学家对一些古老的无辜的材料进行了冻干程序，它可以保护营养成分不被流失，当移走酒精的时候。
为禁酒主义者扩大消息的覆盖面，但是另外的暗含的意思是我们主要的焦点是我们如何熬过每一天，而没有任何让人喘息的机会。
听起来很牵挂吗？甚至连漫画书（当我还是小不点的时候，漫画是快乐的主要源泉）都已经成为哲学信息的文学载体。
我认为这是个很大的骗局。
这可能是由妈妈们、独裁者、保险公司、以及手提录音机声音放得太大的人编造出来的。
只是为了确保你我之辈享受不了的从适量已经发酵的葡萄汁中饮用一勺的快乐。
记住我的话，科学的下一次飞跃不是出现在科隆或者DNA或者火箭技术的研究领域。
他们要做的，是将大块多汁的烤肉转变成没有味道的含蛋白质的粉末，你可以将粉末撒在面包或者是晚餐上。
记住：我们得了幻想症并不意味着他们不会找到我们。
Passage 2：译文：上百条船承载着上百万不速而至的移民从恒河出发，驶向法国里维埃拉的海岸，他们都是赤贫而且他们下定决心这是他们带着人们是欢迎第三世界避难者的信念生活在城市中唯一的机会，他们的行程将持续50天。
2005年北京大学考博英语真题试卷(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2005年北京大学考博英语真题试卷（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Cloze 4. Proofreading 5. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．That Pacific island attracts shoals of tourists with its rich ______ of folk arts.A．heritageB．heredityC．heroismD．hermitage正确答案：A解析：heritage“传统，遗产”符合题意。
其他三项：heredity遗传，形质遗化；heroism英雄主义；hermitage偏僻的寺院。
2．As for the missing funds, the company manager, when demanded to give an explanation, could not even come up with a ______ one.A．plaintiveB．pervasiveC．perpetualD．plausible正确答案：D解析：plausible“似是而非的”符合题意，如：a plausible excuse看似有理的借口。
其他三项：plaintive悲哀的，哀伤的；pervasive颠倒的，曲解的；perpetual 永久的。
3．The government’s policies in the past five years have shown a (n) ______ in emphasizing the necessity of improving the peasants’ livelihood.A．exaltationB．coherenceC．agonyD．behavior正确答案：B解析：coherence“一致”符合题意。
北京科技大学考博英语真题摘录.
北京科技大学考博英语真题摘录Section I Part C(共三节,满分10分Directions:You will hear threepieces of recorded material.Before listening to each one,you willhave time to read the questions related to it.While listening,answereach question by choosing A,B,C or D.After listening,you will havetime to check your answers.You will hear each piece once only.(10pointsQuestions11-13are based on the following talk about namingnewborns.You now have15seconds to read questions11-13.11、What do we often do with the things we love?A.Ask for their names. babies after them.C.Put down their names.D.Choose names for them.12、The unpleasant meaning of an old family name is oftenoverlooked if(PS:The way to contact yumingkaobo TEL:si ling ling-liu liu ba-liu jiu qi ba QQ:772678537A.the family tree is fairly limited.B.the family tie is strong enough.C.the name is commonly used.D.nobody in the family complains.13、Several months after a baby’s birth,its name willA.show the beauty of its own.B.develop more associations.C.lose the original meaning.D.help form the baby’s personality.Questions14-16are based on the biography of Bobby Moore,an English soccer player.You now have15seconds to read Questions 14-16.14.How many matches did Moore play during his professional career?A.90.B.108.C.180.D.668.15、In1964,Bobby Moore was madeA.England’s footballer of the year.B.a soccer coach in West Germany.C.a medalist for his sportsmanship.D.a number of the Order of the British Empire.16、After Moore retired from playing,the first thing he did wasA.editing Sunday Sport.B.working for Capital Radio.C.managing professional soccer teams.D.developing a sports marketing company.Questions17-20are based on the on the city of Belfast.You now have20seconds to read Questions17-20.17.Belfast has long been famous for itsA.oil refinery.B.linen textiles.C.food products.D.deepwater port.18、Which of the following does Belfast chiefly export?A.Soap.B.Grain.C.Steel.D.Tobacco.19、When was Belfast founded?A.In1177.B.In1315.C.In the16th century.D.In the17th century.20、What happened in Belfast in the late18th century?A.French refugees arrived.B.The harbor was destroyed.C.Shipbuilding began to flourish.D.The city was taken by the English. 本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。
北京科技大学研究报告生英语考试真题
2004/6 Listening prehension1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B. Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C. Unmarried girls were allowed to pete withmen.D. Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B. She cares a lot about what to wear.C. The man doesn’t work hard enough.D. The man should buy some new ties.3. A. T akes a hot bath.B. T akes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A. They have a very close relationship.B. They don’t spend much time together.C. They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A. His sixth sense told him.B. He is unskillful with his present job.C. His present job pays too little.D. His present job is too demanding.6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B. Seven people were killed in the accident.C. Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A. She had no chance to speak.B. She was speechless.C. She talked a lot to the star.D. She saw too many people around the star.9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B. Because it provides a lot of information.C. Because it is the top one on the list ofnewspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.10. A. Because other scientists had raisedquestions about these claims.B. Because some of its scientists had madefalse claims before.C. Because the claims were very important tothe study of physics.D. Because some of its scientists published toomany papers a year.11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B. He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C. He denied other scientists’ involvement inhis experiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientificpapers.12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon’s publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C. They recalled Mister Schon’s title as a NobelPrize winner.D. They removed Mister Schon from his position.13. A. The winner should write a report to themittee of the foundation.B. The winner should report to the mitteebefore they spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D. The winner should be nominated by thefoundation’s directors.14. A. For her achievements in environmentalprotection.B. For her achievements in developing putersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D. For her achievements in developing robots.15. A. He was recognized as a genius by thefoundation’s directors.B. He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries todevelop quickly.D. He ran a non-profit international organization.16. What did the several hundred college studentspete to buildrecently in Washington D.C.? 17. Which department in the United Statesorganized the petition?18. How many teams took part in the petition?19. How much did each team spend on equipmentand other materials?20. What is the purpose of the petition?Transcript (Jun 20, 2004)1. A: I heard no women were allowed to take partin the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. Isthat true?B: But somewhere unmarried girls were allowed to watch or even pete in the Games in thosedays. They could pete in a separate festival. Q: From this conversation what do we learn about Olympic Games in ancient Greece?1. A. No women were allowed to take part in it.B. Women were only allowed to watch the Games.C. Unmarried girls were allowed to pete withmen.D. Unmarried women were allowed to watch itsomewhere.2. A: Now you are in the new pany, you may needto buy some new clothes.B: As long as I work hard, nobody cares what I wear. But you may rethink your ties.Q: What does the woman mean?2. A. She needs to buy new clothes.B. She cares a lot about what to wear.C. The man doesn’t work hard enough.D. The man should buy some new ties.3. A: What do you usually do when you feel tired? B: I usually listen to some classical music, or take a long hot bath. What about you?A: I usually relax with a few drinks or drink more coffee to keep myself going.Q: What does the woman usually do when she feels tired?3. A. T akes a hot bath.B. T akes a long walk.C. Has a few drinks.D. Has more coffee.4. A: How do you get along with your partner? B: Generally our relationship is pretty good but we both are aware of the importance ofspending time alone.Q: What is the relationship between the man and his partner like?4. A. They have a very close relationship.B. They don’t spend much time together.C. They are getting along with each other better.D. They are generally pretty cold to each other.5. A: It seems to me that you will switch to another job.B: How do you know?A: My sixth sense told me.B: You are actually right. I’m fed up with working an unskilled job for a minimumwage.Q: Why did the man want to change his job?5. A. His sixth sense told him.B. He is unskillful with his present job.C. His present job pays too little.D. His present job is too demanding.6. A: Did you watch the report about the accidentin downtown?B: No. Where was it?A: It was on seventh street. It was a huge wreck and I saw a lot of ambulances at the scene. Q: What do we learn about the accident?6. A. The accident caused injury or loss of life.B. Seven people were killed in the accident.C. Many people from other cars came to help.D. A lot of vehicles were involved in the accident.7. A: Hello. My name is Nathaniel Mumford. I’m astudent of Professor Cohen’s. May I speak tohim please?B: Oh, Professor Cohen is at a conference at the moment, but if you leave your phonenumber he may call you back when hereturns.A: My phone number is 2745301. Thank you for you help.Q: What is the phone number of the student?7. A. 2754201. B. 2645310.C. 2745301.D. 2654310.8. A: Did you speak to the famous star?B: I wanted to, but I was unable to speak when Iwas face to face with him.A: Well, many people do that. Before theymeet their favorite star they seem to have alot to say. But when they actually meet them, they can’t say anything.Q: What happened to the woman when she metthe famous star?8. A. She had no chance to speak.B. She was speechless.C. She talked a lot to the star.D. She saw too many people around the star.9. A: Why are you so keen on this newspaper?B: It’s really informative and it is the top oneamong those offering inside stories.Q: Why does the man like the newspaper?9. A. Because it tells the truth most of the time.B. Because it provides a lot of information.C. Because it is the top one on the list ofnewspapers.D. Because it is an inside newspaper.Mini-Talk OneInvestigators from Bell Labs Murray Hill, New Jersey have found that claims made by some scientists at the laboratory were not based on fact. The investigators dismissed results from a number of studies published between 1998 and 2001. Bell Labs appointed a mittee to investigate the wrongdoing after other scientists raised questions about the claims.Some of the claims were once said to be major developments in the study of physics. They included a claim that scientists had created the smallest device tocarry electric current ever made.The mittee identified at least sixteen examples of scientific wrongdoing. It placed the blame on one Bell Labs physicist, Jan Hendrik Schon. Mr. Schon told the mittee that he had no written records of the laboratory experiments. He also said much of the information in his puter had been destroyed.The investigators found that Mr. Schon used information from earlier work to support his findings.They said his did this without the knowledge of the other scientists involved in the experiments. The investigators noted that Mr. Schon and his group produced an average of one scientific paper every eight days. For most scientists, a few papers a year is considered productive.After the mittee’s report was released, Bell Labs immediately dismissed Jan Hendrik Schon from his position.He was once thought to be a future Nobel Prize winner. After his dismissal, Mr. Schon admitted he had made mistakes in his scientific work. He said he regretted those mistakes.10.Why did Bell Labs appoint a mittee toinvestigate some of the claims made by its scientists?10. A. Because other scientists had raisedquestions about these claims.B. Because some of its scientists had madefalse claims before.C. Because the claims were very important tothe study of physics.D. Because some of its scientists published toomany papers a year.11.What did the mittee find out when theyinvestigated Mr. Schon?11. A. He made up false data in the experiment tosupport his new findings.B. He used information from previous work tosupport his new findings.C. He denied other scientists’ involvement inhis experiments.D. He was not productive in writing scientificpapers.12. What did Bell Labs do after the mittee’sreport was released?12. A. They dismissed all Mister Schon’s publications.B. They asked Mister Schon to apologize to thepublic.C. They recalled Mister Schon’s title as a NobelPrize winner.D. They removed Mister Schon from his position.Mini-Talk TwoThe MacArthurFellowship is a program that honors individual men and women for their creativity. American businessman John MacArthur used his own money to establish the MacArthur Foundation in 1970. It began to operate after he died eight years later.T o be considered for the award, a person must be nominated. And they should not hold an elective or an appointed office in government.Each year, several hundred people are appointed to propose nominations. Atwelve-member mittee studies information about those nominated to identify the great creativity in their work and proposes winners to the foundation’s directors. The foundation does not require or expect reports from individual winners. It also does not ask them how the money will be used.Six hundred and thirty-five MacArthurFellows have been named since the program started in 1981. Between 20 and 30 winners are named each year.The twenty-four winners this year work in many different areas. They include scientists, writers, and musicians. Daniela Ruth is a professor in DartmouthCollege in New Hampshire. She is a puter scientist who develops robots that change shape to deal with changes in theirenvironment.Brian T ucker from California is another winner. Mr. T ucker is an earthquake expert. He is the president of a non-profit group called GeoHazards International. His group works for local officials in developing countries to make their areas safer against earthquakes.Mr. T ucker says that being recognized as a MacArthurFellow will make a huge difference for his pany.13. Which of the following is one of therequirements for a MacArthur Fellowship winner?13. A. The winner should write a report to themittee of the foundation.B. The winner should report to the mitteebefore they spend the money.C. The winner should not be a government official.D. The winner should be nominated by thefoundation’s directors.14.Why was Daniela Ruth awarded this year’sMacArthur Fellowship?14. A. For her achievements in environmentalprotection.B. For her achievements in developing putersoftware.C. For her achievements in developing warships.D. For her achievements in developing robots.15. Why was Brian T ucker given this year’sMacArthur Fellowship?15. A. He was recognized as a genius by thefoundation’s directors.B. He helped the developing countries to fightagainst earthquakes.C. He helped the third world countries todevelop quickly.D. He ran a non-profit international organization.Section CExperts say in the near future, many houses in the United States will be powered by energy from the sun. Many people in Washington D.C., recently were able to see what some of those homes might look like. Several hundred college students from across the country took part in a petition to see who could build the best solar-powered house.The United States Department of Energy organized the petition.Students from fourteen colleges and universities took part in thisSolar Home petition. Student teams peted in a series of ten contests to see who could design, build and operate the besthouse powered only by the sun. The solar homes were built on the National Mall, the grassy open area between the United States Capitol building and the Washington Monument. The solar houses were set up in the middle.Each team included at least twenty students of design, architecture and building sciences. The students gained the money to buy equipment and materials for their house. Each house cost as much as $250,000 to build.A solar-powered house has a roof designed to take in the heat of the sun and change it to energy. That power is then stored in a battery bank which supplies power to the whole house.As part of the petition, the teams were expected to spend most of the day in their homes doing normal activities. The activities used electricity powered by the sun. For example, the students cooked food, used puters, operated lights and washed clothes in machines. They even drove around the solar village in electric cars powered by a solar battery.The petition is designed to show Americans that solar energy works,because the use of solar energy in the United States is less than in other parts of the world.Only about 20,000 American homes are solar-powered.。
博士研究生入学考试英语作文真题
清华大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Qualities of Top Research of WorkersIt is no doubt that learning and creativity should be possessed by remarkable top research workers. However, qualities mentioned above are not sufficient to lead to great achievements, some special ones are also needed by top research workers. Of all qualities, in my opinion, cooperation, morality and responsibility are three important qualities top research workers should possess.A top researcher is quite aware that any scientific achievement cannot be made by mere one person, therefore good cooperation ad mutual trust occupy a critical position for scientific achievements. So a respectable top researcher should be on good terms with other researchers. Morality is anther excellent quality to research workers should possess. A true top researcher loves his country and the people more than his personal interests, which can impel him to contribute scientific production to human being selflessly. The most important is that a true top researcher w on’t utilize the technology to engage in evil matters, such as nuclear weapons. The third eminent quality is responsibility. A top researcher is seriously responsible to his scientific business. He is rather clear o the importance of a decision made by him.In a word, as a top research worker, it is necessary for him toknow how to cooperate with others firstly. Besides, he knows he shoulders the glorious duties to make the people live in more happier life, so morality is something he can not forget. At last, the sense f responsibility makes him conduct his experiments prudently. With these qualities, he is really a top research worker.清华大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案My Aim for Doctoral StudyNow people in growing numbers are beginning to realize the importance of doctoral degree. As for me, since I acquired my master’s degree, I have been working for a large-sized state-owned enterprise. During that period, I have been doing well. But as time passed by, my knowledge and skills are increasingly becoming inadequate for the development in my domain. In order to better my performance in the domain I am exploring, I choose to pursue my doctoral degree.If I gain the enrollment luckily, I would try my best to make full use of those precious resources. Apart from accomplishing the assignments, I would seek for any chance to promote my capacity. Besides, the experts’ invaluable experiences and profo und knowledge could enlarge my horizon and sparkle my inspiration. Aided with my efforts, I have confidence to achieve my goal as a qualified doctoral researcher and my later job would be done better.A Chinese saying I remember forever is that one is never too old to learn.清华大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work When it comes to the event which is the most memorable in my life, I can’t help recalling a course named aspects of translation. I had this course in the second semester when I was a senior undergraduate student.The experience was engraved into my memory. For me, it completely altered my former way of looking at and studying translation. It was the first time that I studied translation from the perspective of linguistics. During the period of studying translation, I have attended the course of Introduction to Linguistics, which acted as a critical part. My idea about translation was as simple as most of people’s before taking that course. Previously, I never associated translation with linguistics and only regarded translation as the mechanic practice of turning texts written in one language into those in another. No doubt, as he link between the two disciplines, it was authentically worthy of studying and the course prove to be very brain-consuming. After acquiring the essence of this project, however, my field of vision expanded and many unexpected scenes appeared in front of me.From the experience I learn that later in my life I should always trey to connect what I have learned in different courses with different aspects of life, make the utmost of my knowledge to perfect the world.清华大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Effect of China’ Entry into WTO on Ph. D Program in China It is no doubt that positive and negative effects on various fields will be more and more notable after China joining WTO. One of these fields that would soon feel the influence following China’s long-dreamed entering of WTO is China’s higher education. The reason is that with the deepening of globalization, higher education as a special type of service surely would more and more be considered terms of international trade.In my opinion, the influence on Ph. D program in China will be as follows:The positive effects can be discussed in three aspects. The first one is when something new is brought into our programs, it will make our programs closer to the frontiers in various research projects. Second, Chinese universities and research institutions providing Ph. D programs can learn a lot from their counterparts, which will be beneficial to Ph. D candidates because they will be easily exposed to what is happening in foreign countries. Third, ifChinese Ph. D program providers can take a student-centered approach, China’s own Ph. D program would be as competitive a s their rivals in the face of severe competition from abroad.Besides the positive effects, there is also one negative effect that is worthy to pay attention to. ―Brain-drain‖ will appear if some foreign programs enter China powerfully. The living and working conditions offered by foreign universities and research institutions are so attractive that the flow of talents will increase dramatically. Altogether, I’m convinced that China’s entry into WTO will be helpful to Ph. D education.北京大学2006年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Celebrities could take part in National politics Recently, an article entitled ―We Should No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics‖ in a newspaper cause arguments. Some people hold the idea that celebrities are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people in the People’s Congress or the People’s Political Consultative Conference, and they should not be forced to do so. But other people don’t stand by this point of view. As for me, I support the celebrities’ entering the political field.In the first place, the policy in China determines celebrities’ entering the political field is eligible. Namely, people who areeminent in their profession and make great contribution to the development of the country have opportunity to become people’s representatives. The contribution coming from celebrities who are outstanding in their own career is well-known. Secondly, some people may consider the stateliness of politics will be spoiled if celebrities enter the political field. Their reason is that there is a strong impression in people’s mind left by celebrities as actors or artists. As a matter of fact, various roles played successfully by them are only fictive characters in the movies or TV programs, which just proves that their adaptability is so strong that they will soon adapt themselves to the new career. The third concern is that celebrities lack of political knowledge and sense. But I think it is only a problem that can be solved easily. As long as they study and take part in politics, as their artistic career, they will also acquire new accomplishment.On all accounts, it is eligible and beneficial for celebrities to participate in national politics.北京大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Is English language teaching overemphasized in Chinese education? After joining WTO, international communication and cooperation are becoming increasingly close. It is obvious to all that China has made great achievements in almost every aspect. However, one issueappeared in many fields, especially in foreign trades, that is language obstacle. At the very beginning, it is language barriers that block the development of foreign trades and even sometimes cause great losses. Therefore, there are more and more schools that attach importance to education of foreign languages, especially in English teaching.We must admit a face that there is a large population in China and people’s education degree is various. The number of people wh o can understand or speak English is quite small. It is no doubt that English language teaching is far from enough and we should pay much attention to it. Here is an example. For most of college students who are not majored in English, until their graduation from college, it is tough to make a very simple sentence, let alone speaking fluent English. When they come across a foreigner, they can only say ―hello‖. One main reason that led to this result is the problem of our educational system. When teachers give an English class, they’re accustomed to apply more Chinese rather than English. As for students, they seldom have English environment to practice it and the chances of speaking English is too rare. So it is still a long way to polish up this situation that cause the English level of students is very low. Along with many graduates who studied abroad now returned to became college English teachers, such situation isgradually improving. Under their efforts, great progresses can be seen in English language teaching. Yet if we’d like to cultivate sufficient students who ca utilize English fluently, there are still many difficulties needing us to overcome.From statements above, we can draw a conclusion that English language teaching in Chinese education is not overemphasized. Contrary to that, we should strengthen it more than ever.北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Epidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesAfter SARS epidemic that influenced the entire globe was controlled in China, there are many important questions unanswered despite of the fact that our society has fortunately survived these shocks. From this event, people are coming to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. People are familiar with health itself, but the term ―public health crises‖ has been strange f or most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems.There are lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind existing in our daily life. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people’s life has been challenged in one way or another. Besides, had there been effective health care laws speciallyaimed at epidemic disease as violent as SARS or a similar nature, the public health crises would never have happened. Above all, when SARS began to attack Guangdong province, if the local governmental officials had had some specific and unmistakable legal procedures to follow, they would have saved a lot of valuable time for the early detergence of the horrible disease through various measures. On the other hand, before epidemic diseases break out, there is a very severe outlook and thus common people are posed direct dangers. They affect people’s daily activities and even their lives, and that is wh y they can successfully amuse people’s daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully amuse people’s concerns about their own health. The outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu, to some extent, was due to our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment. Altogether, in order to prevent a public health crises in the face of epidemic disease, governments and people should equip ourselves first with the weapon of law. It is necessary for all of us to take actions to fend off any potential danger to public health.北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案The Development of the InternetWith its rapid development, the Internet has widely entered our life. It now becomes a powerful tool for people and has already created alot of miracles and brought us much convenience. However, just like a double-edged sword, the Internet would bring both advantages and disadvantages.As an International Database of information, the Internet can offer you whatever is possible to be imagined. Besides, a great deal of helpful information can be downloaded by private individual, including many programs, games and so on. A huge success of the Internet is shopping online that is considered a great advantage of the Internet. It is possible for us to pay whatever we have to pay online with E-cash sometime in the future with further development of the Internet; there will be a time when all information given on the Net is what we want, useful and fine. Most importantly, there may be a time when surfing on the Net, we needn’t worry about privacy being disturbed or worry about our children being poisoned. The Internet will be kinder, gentler, safer and more reliable along with more and more cyber law becoming effective.However, we can say that although the Internet brings us more conveniences, it is unwise to let it control our life. Conversely, it should be controlled by us. A s long as we know how to utilize it correctly and how to schedule our time on the Internet, the Internet will become really meaningful to our life.中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案My Understanding of GlobalizationIn recent years there is widespread awareness of the hot term ―globalization‖. Different people hold different opinions on it. Some believe that it makes inequality increase within and between nations, influences employment and living standards and baffles social progress. Others view it as a process that is beneficial and also inescapable and irreversible.As far as I am concerned, globalization is much like fire. It is improper to say that fire is completely good or bad. If we use it properly, it can help us cook food, disinfect equipment, form iron, and warm our homes. If not, fire can ruin lives, towns and forests in an instant. People welcoming globalization think that it will bring them great profits. They claim that trade obstacles will be broken with the globalization, which will fetch them more benefits and conveniences, such as buying foreign products with less money , traveling all over the world more freely than ever. People who object it think that the disappearance of national borders and the establishment of a world interconnected by markets will deal a death blow to regional and national cultures. National identity or soul will lose for the invasion of cultural products from North America is so powerful that most of countries are incapable of resisting.After the advantages and disadvantages of globalization werecarefully compared, the conclusion was obvious. Neither cheerleaders who are blind to the destruction globalization can cause nor shrill opponents who are blind to the way globalization gives some people their first opportunity to fulfill basic aspirations are good. We should see globalization as something to construct, shape and manage for the betterment of everyone.中国人民大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Social Sciences and the HumanitiesShould Play a More Important Role in the 21st CenturyNowadays, there are many people who believe that it is a tendency that the studies of natural disciplines weigh more than social and humanities disciplines. As far as they are concerned, social sciences and humanities are so out-of-date that they should be thrown away like waste. However, I hold that we should pay more attention to social sciences and the humanities that shoulder important roles I the 21st century. Instead of being weakened, they should be strengthened.Taking the field of economics as an example. If we imagine that economy is the legs of our society, without which the society will not advance; then social science can be imagined the eyes, without which we will be lost and step on a wrong way. There is no conflict but harmony between them. Economics was founded in the 18thcentury. In the early years, modern economics did its best to focus on those objective areas of human life in an effort to make economics a discipline with a status similar to that of natural science. In spite of how well it did, the contemporary economics has concentrated more on the social — the human side of the discipline. This undoubtedly indicated that ―the man‖ is more important than ―the thing‖ as we to deeper into science. No matter how important or intriguing, the thing that is studied will eventually lose its force and impetus in the process of scientific research without its relevance to man.To sum up, it is no doubt that we must pay enough emphasis on the development of social sciences and the humanities, because we shoulder the duties of developing our society. Anyone who believes that social sciences and humanities will phase out comparing with natural sciences is simply too shortsighted.中国人民大学2002年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Opportunities and Challenges with the Coming of Globalization Nowadays, a hot term ―globalization‖ often appears in people’s talk. Like everything having opposite two sides, we will have great opportunities and challenges with the coming of globalization.In the first place, in modern society, only those who grasp science and technology will become the master of the world. Afterglobalization, we will have more access to the advanced science and technology which makes us to get informed with the latest development in every field concerning the growing of the power of a country.Secondly, going with Chinese reform and opening up, we would have more opportunities to get contacted with different culture and civilizations, which would to some extent enhance our country’s soft power. Except for hard power which includes the economic, scientific and military power, we also need soft power to influence or change others ideas without coercing them but made them accept us willingly. Mutual understanding is very important because it will increase soft power.When globalization brings us opportunities, more challenges are also along with it. We have to admit that China is still a developing country, to be situated in the same arena with some superior players will give us much pressure. In spite of fierce competition, we may be influenced by other culture in a negative way. While enjoying the richness of other civilizations, it is quite possible that we neglect or even lose some of quintessence of our own culture.From what has been stated above, we may draw the conclusion that globalization is like a double-edged sword. No matter what kind of opportunities or challenges it presents us, we should have a rightattitude and stand to meet it. As long as we prepare enough, all difficulties can be resolved in the end.电子科技大学2005年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案ONE MAJOR PROBLEM IN THE PROCESS OF URBANIZATION Nowadays people in significant numbers are getting to be aware of a popular word ―urbanization‖. Along with the development of economy, existing cities growing bigger and bigger and new cities are appearing. Confronting this trend, some people believe that it is beneficial for Chinese economic development, while others are afraid that some problems will occur going with urbanization. As far as I am concerned, water is a major problem in the process of urbanization.We have to acknowledge that there is a large population in China and the lack of water source has been a serious problem that disturbs us. Especially in urban area, the phenomenon of water scarcity is more severe. After urbanization, there are more and more p0eople flocking into city to earn their living so that water distributing to individuals are fewer and fewer. Besides, industrialization is another phenomenon of urbanization. Most of water is consumed by industries that drain a lot of dirty water into rivers at the same time. Pollution of water makes the lack of water more grievous.So the major problem of urbanization that needs to be solved ishow to utilize water resource effectively and how to protect water from being polluted. First of all, our government should constitute a series of laws that protect water resource. Secondly, come measures must be taken, such as enhancing the strength of flack, heightening the cost of using water so as to make people to economize water consciously.From all statements above, we may draw a conclusion that the major problem that may result from the process of urbanization is water problem. If we want our economy to develop healthily, it is obligatory for us to use water properly.电子科技大学2004年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案The Future Trends of Chinese CultureWith the coming of globalization, both country and individual is deeply influenced by it. The same is true to culture that is like a mirror that reflects the history and development of a country. With five thousand years’ history, Chinese brilliant culture undoubtedly occupies an important position in the world and is involved in the trend of globalization. Along with the cross-cultural communication, some changes are appearing in Chinese culture.Some people opposed Chinese culture is much influenced because they think that Chinese culture is the essence of world’s culture heritage. However, I uphold that Chinese culture is influenced andchanged. How ca we remain unchanged I such a rapidly developing age? It is inevitable that the future trend of Chinese culture is towards the international direction. Both our own life and other countries’ life should be enriched by our culture because Chinese culture is the asset of the whole world. While keeping our own traditional culture style, we can also accept the exotic civilization to serve both Chinese people and people all around.Modern Chinese culture is embodied in various aspects of modern social life, including the advanced elements of information age which should be absorbed too. As an open culture, the future Chinese culture will welcome human excellent heritages across the world. Just like the communication envoy of China to the outside, Chinese culture is presenting our past excellent civilization heritage and advanced development results to the rest of the world. So we can say that on the basis of keeping our traditional essence, Chinese culture will take up more and more new elements in the modern society. It is acting as a significant role to pass understanding and friendship among countries.中国科学技术大学2003年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案The More I Learn, The More Ignorant I Find Myself to Be A motto that is often heard or seem by us is ―The more I learn, the more ignorant I find myself to be‖. Some people think it isself-contradictory. But in my opinion, it is quite correct.When one has learned in a certain field for a period of time, he will find it is more extensive and profound than what he thinks of it initially. This phenomenon proves that the more you learn in a certain field, the more ignorant you will realize yourself to be about it. During your learning, there are so many new questions rising in your brain that you are eager to acquire more new knowledge. Therefore, you are propelled by these kinds of feelings to grope for more and dig deeper in the field.The statements above also illuminate why the most modest ones are always the most learned masters while strongly conceited ones are those having half-baked knowledge. Only when people realize from the bottom of their heart that knowledge learning is endless and our human beings are insignificant before the sea of knowledge, they will keep studying all their life. So the proper attitude of learning is very important.In order to avoid becoming a frog in the well, all of us should bear in mind a proverb that is ―To live, to study‖. W e should regard the masters as our examples and pursue knowledge for life.中国科学院2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案How to reduce traffic accidents?After reform and opening-up, Chinese economy is developingwith extreme speed. People’s material life has changed noticeably as well. Especially the quantity of all kinds of vehicles people own are increasing annually. Although we are proud of these alterations, new issues are appearing ceaselessly in front of us. One of them id traffic accident that is also the problem about which ordinary people are concerned.Why are traffic accidents so serious? In the first place, I’ll discuss the current traffic status. On the street, we often see that people who ride bicycles run to the center of street, taxi drives on the bus’ route. Both vehicles and individuals want to lead up so that nobody can move. It is obvious to all that hidden troubles of safety exist in it. In the second place, the traffic laws aren’t enforced sufficiently so that people ignore the traffic laws that are also the direct reasons of traffic accidents. For instance, when red light is bright, as long as there are no vehicles passing by, people go across the streets directly without pause. When a driver who is driving vehicle in the street is annoyed by another one, they will have a stop and argue with each other, regardless of traffic jam.Then, how can we ameliorate this awful traffic status. As far as I am concerned, above all, our government should enhance the strength of enforcing traffic laws, increase people’s traffic safe consciousness and make them to abide by traffic rules. Secondly,some methods that are able to reduce traffic accidents ought to be adopted, such as widening roads, limiting some vehicles in certain roads or certain time.In conclusion, it is high time that we attach great importance to traffic accident. In order to reduce it, it is necessary for all of us to make efforts to improve it. If so, I’m convinced that before long people would live in happiness and safety.中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案Material wealth is not a sign of successAlong with the rapid develo pment of Chinese economy, people’s lives have changed greatly. Parts of them become so rich that they move into villa, buy luxurious cars and so on. This great possession of material wealth that the rich men own is believed to be a sign of success by some people. However, others do not think that success ca only be measured by material wealth. As far as I am concerned, a person’s success is not equal to his material wealth.We can see many successful businessmen who are quite wealthy in our daily life, but there are also many other successful people who are not rich. Many scientists who devote all their life to homeland are not wealthy, but we are proud of their achievements. In our heart, they are successful. Bus conductress Li Suli is typical example. She has been honored as a national model worker because she is alwayseager to help the ordinary people, providing them best service. It is rather evident that she could never compare with those wealthy people in material wealth as a bus conductress. Our space hero Yang Liwei is also a good example. His salary is slender but he works hard and has won great glory for our country. It is not good for our spiritual side of life if we measure success by wealth alone. When one spends his life only to strive for bigger houses, expensive clothing and entertainment, in our eyes, he is the biggest losers of all. So one’s goal in life shouldn’t only earn money, in reverse, one should serve others or make worthwhile achievements to the society. Taking into account all these factors, I may draw the conclusion that making money doesn’t mean to be the only way to success. Only when one works hard and makes contributions t our society, he would be regarded as a successful man.中国科学院2003年10月博士研究生入学考试英语试题答案My Idea of Professional Ethics for a ScientistIt is no doubt that a distinguished scientist should be learned and creative. Beside this point, having good professional ethics are also important to both society and the scientist himself.As far as I am concerned, good professional ethics for a scientist involve the following aspects. Above all, an outstanding scientist is never willing to utilize his knowledge to make his personal gains.。