Hardware Implementation of Grid Connected PV
图像处理中值滤波器中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译一、英文原文A NEW CONTENT BASED MEDIAN FILTERABSTRACTIn this paper the hardware implementation of a contentbased median filter suitabl e for real-time impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed ci rcuitry is adaptive; it detects the existence of impulse noise in an image neighborhood and applies the median filter operator only when necessary. In this way, the blurring o f the imagein process is avoided and the integrity of edge and detail information is pre served. The proposed digital hardware structure is capable of processing gray-scale im ages of 8-bit resolution and is fully pipelined, whereas parallel processing is used to m inimize computational time. The architecturepresented was implemented in FPGA an d it can be used in industrial imaging applications, where fast processing is of the utm ost importance. The typical system clock frequency is 55 MHz.1. INTRODUCTIONTwo applications of great importance in the area of image processing are noise filtering and image enhancement [1].These tasks are an essential part of any image pro cessor,whether the final image is utilized for visual interpretation or for automatic an alysis. The aim of noise filtering is to eliminate noise and its effects on the original im age, while corrupting the image as little as possible. To this end, nonlinear techniques (like the median and, in general, order statistics filters) have been found to provide mo re satisfactory results in comparison to linear methods. Impulse noise exists in many p ractical applications and can be generated by various sources, including a number of man made phenomena, such as unprotected switches, industrial machines and car ign ition systems. Images are often corrupted by impulse noise due to a noisy sensor or ch annel transmission errors. The most common method used for impulse noise suppressi on n forgray-scale and color images is the median filter (MF) [2].The basic drawback o f the application of the MF is the blurringof the image in process. In the general case,t he filter is applied uniformly across an image, modifying pixels that arenot contamina ted by noise. In this way, the effective elimination of impulse noise is often at the exp ense of an overalldegradation of the image and blurred or distorted features[3].In this paper an intelligent hardware structure of a content based median filter (CBMF) suita ble for impulse noise suppression is presented. The function of the proposed circuit is to detect the existence of noise in the image window and apply the corresponding MFonly when necessary. The noise detection procedure is based on the content of the im age and computes the differences between the central pixel and thesurrounding pixels of a neighborhood. The main advantage of this adaptive approach is that image blurrin g is avoided and the integrity of edge and detail information are preserved[4,5]. The pro posed digital hardware structure is capable of processing gray-scale images of 8-bitres olution and performs both positive and negative impulse noise removal. The architectt ure chosen is based on a sequence of four basic functional pipelined stages, and parall el processing is used within each stage. A moving window of a 3×3 and 5×5-pixel im age neighborhood can be selected. However, the system can be easily expanded to acc ommodate windows of larger sizes. The proposed structure was implemented using fi eld programmable gate arrays (FPGA). The digital circuit was designed, compiled and successfully simulated using the MAX+PLUS II Programmable Logic Development S ystem by Altera Corporation. The EPF10K200SFC484-1 FPGA device of the FLEX1 0KE device family was utilized for the realization of the system. The typical clock fre quency is 55 MHz and the system can be used for real-time imaging applications whe re fast processing is required [6]. As an example,the time required to perform filtering of a gray-scale image of 260×244 pixels is approximately 10.6 msec.2. ADAPTIVE FILTERING PROCEDUREThe output of a median filter at a point x of an image f depends on the values of t he image points in the neighborhood of x. This neighborhood is determined by a wind ow W that is located at point x of f including n points x1, x2, …, xn of f, with n=2k+1. The proposed adaptive content based median filter can be utilized for impulse noisesu p pression in gray-scale images. A block diagram of the adaptive filtering procedure is depicted in Fig. 1. The noise detection procedure for both positive and negative noise is as follows:(i) We consider a neighborhood window W that is located at point x of the image f. Th e differences between the central pixel at point x and the pixel values of the n-1surr ounding points of the neighborhood (excluding thevalue of the central pixel) are co mputed.(ii) The sum of the absolute values of these differences is computed, denoted as fabs(x ). This value provides ameasure of closeness between the central pixel and its su rrounding pixels.(iii) The value fabs(x) is compared to fthreshold(x), which is anappropriately selected positive integer threshold value and can be modified. The central pixel is conside red to be noise when the value fabs(x) is greater than thethreshold value fthresho d(x).(iv) When the central pixel is considered to be noise it is substituted by the median val ue of the image neighborhood,denoted as fk+1, which is the normal operationof the median filter. In the opposite case, the value of the central pixel is not altered and the procedure is repeated for the next neighborhood window.From the noised etection scheme described, it should be mentioned that the noise detection level procedure can be controlled and a range of pixel values (and not only the fixedvalues of 0 and 255, salt and pepper noise) is considered asimpulse noise.In Fig. 2 the results of the application of the median filter and the CBMF in the gray-sca le image “Peppers” are depicted.More specifically, in Fig. 2(a) the original,uncor rupted image“Peppers” is depicted. In Fig. 2(b) the original imagedegraded by 5% both positive and negative impulse noise isillustrated. In Figs 2(c) and 2(d) the resultant images of the application of median filter and CBMF for a 3×3-pixel win dow are shown, respectively. Finally, the resultant images of the application of m edian filter and CBMF for a 5×5-pixelwindow are presented in Figs 2(e) and 2(f). It can be noticed that the application of the CBMF preserves much better edges a nddetails of the images, in comparison to the median filter.A number of different objective measures can be utilized forthe evaluation of these results. The most wi dely used measures are the Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE) [1]. The results of the estimation of these measures for the two filters are depicted in Table I.For the estimation of these measures, the result ant images of the filters are compared to the original, uncorrupted image.From T able I it can be noticed that the MSE and NMSE estimatedfor the application of t he CBMF are considerably smaller than those estimated for the median filter, in all the cases.Table I. Similarity measures.3. HARDWARE ARCHITECTUREThe structure of the adaptive filter comprises four basic functional units, the mo ving window unit , the median computation unit , the arithmetic operations unit , and th e output selection unit . The input data of the system are the gray-scale values of the pi xels of the image neighborhood and the noise threshold value. For the computation of the filter output a3×3 or 5×5-pixel image neighborhood can be selected. Image input d ata is serially imported into the first stage. In this way,the total number of the inputpin s are 24 (21 inputs for the input data and 3 inputs for the clock and the control signalsr equired). The output data of the system are the resultant gray-scale values computed f or the operation selected (8pins).The moving window unit is the internal memory of the system,used for storing th e input values of the pixels and for realizing the moving window operation. The pixel values of the input image, denoted as “IMAGE_INPUT[7..0]”, areimported into this u nit in serial. For the representation of thethreshold value used for the detection of a no Filter Impulse noise 5% mse Nmse(×10-2) 3×3 5×5 3×3 5×5Median CBMF 57.554 35.287 130.496 84.788 0.317 0.194 0.718 0.467ise pixel 13 bits are required. For the moving window operation a 3×3 (5×5)-pixel sep entine type memory is used, consisting of 9 (25)registers. In this way,when the windoP1 P2 P3w is moved into the next image neighborhood only 3 or 5 pixel values stored in the memory are altered. The “en5×5” control signal is used for the selection of the size of th e image window, when“en5×5” is equal to “0” (“1”) a 3×3 (5×5)-pixel neighborhood is selected. It should be mentioned that the modules of the circuit used for the 3×3-pix el window are utilized for the 5×5-pixel window as well. For these modules, 2-to-1mu ltiplexers are utilized to select the appropriate pixel values,where necessary. The mod ules that are utilized only in the case of the 5×5-pixel neighborhood are enabled by th e“en5×5” control signal. The outputs of this unit are rows ofpixel values (3 or 5, respe ctively), which are the inputs to the median computation unit.The task of the median c omputation unit is to compute themedian value of the image neighborhood in order to substitutethe central pixel value, if necessary. For this purpose a25-input sorter is utili zeed. The structure of the sorter has been proposed by Batcher and is based on the use of CS blocks. ACS block is a max/min module; its first output is the maximumof the i nputs and its second output the minimum. The implementation of a CS block includes a comparator and two 2-to-1 multiplexers. The outputs values of the sorter, denoted a s “OUT_0[7..0]”…. “OUT_24[7..0]”, produce a “sorted list” of the 25 initial pixel val ues. A 2-to-1 multiplexer isused for the selection of the median value for a 3×3 or 5×5-pixel neighborhood.The function of the arithmetic operations unit is to computethe value fabs(x), whi ch is compared to the noise threshold value in the final stage of the adaptive filter.The in puts of this unit are the surrounding pixel values and the central pixelof the neighb orhood. For the implementation of the mathematical expression of fabs(x), the circuit of this unit contains a number of adder modules. Note that registers have been used to achieve a pipelined operation. An additional 2-to-1 multiplexer is utilized for the selec tion of the appropriate output value, depending on the “en5×5” control signal. From th e implementation point of view, the use of arithmetic blocks makes this stage hardwar e demanding.The output selection unit is used for the selection of the appropriateoutput value of the performed noise suppression operation. For this selection, the corresponding no ise threshold value calculated for the image neighborhood,“NOISE_THRES HOLD[1 2..0]”,is employed. This value is compared to fabs(x) and the result of the comparison Classifies the central pixel either as impulse noise or not. If thevalue fabs(x) is greater than the threshold value fthreshold(x) the central pixel is positive or negative impulse noise and has to be eliminated. For this reason, the output of the comparison is used as the selection signal of a 2-to-1 multiplexer whose inputs are the central pixel and the c orresponding median value for the image neighborhood. The output of the multiplexer is the output of this stage and the final output of the circuit of the adaptive filter.The st ructure of the CBMF, the computation procedure and the design of the four aforeme n tioned units are illustrated in Fig. 3.ImagewindoeFigure 1: Block diagram of the filtering methodFigure 2: Results of the application of the CBMF: (a) Original image, (b) noise corrupted image (c) Restored image by a 3x3 MF, (d) Restored image by a 3x3 CBMF, (e) Restored image by a 5x5 MF and (f) Restored image by a 5x5 CBMF.4. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUESThe proposed structure was implemented in FPGA,which offer an attractive com bination of low cost, high performance and apparent flexibility, using the software pa ckage+PLUS II of Altera Corporation. The FPGA used is the EPF10K200SFC484-1 d evice of the FLEX10KE device family,a device family suitable for designs that requir e high densities and high I/O count. The 99% of the logic cells(9965/9984 logic cells) of the device was utilized to implement the circuit . The typical operating clock frequ ency of the system is 55 MHz. As a comparison, the time required to perform filtering of a gray-scale image of 260×244 pixelsusing Matlab® software on a Pentium 4/2.4 G Hz computer system is approximately 7.2 sec, whereas the corresponding time using h ardware is approximately 10.6 msec.The modification of the system to accommodate windows oflarger sizes can be done in a straightforward way, requiring onlya small nu mber of changes. More specifically, in the first unit the size of the serpentine memory P4P5P6P7P8P9SubtractorarryMedianfilteradder comparatormuitiplexerf abc(x)valueand the corresponding number of multiplexers increase following a square law. In the second unit, the sorter module should be modified,and in the third unit the number of the adder devicesincreases following a square law. In the last unit no changes are requ ired.5. CONCLUSIONSThis paper presents a new hardware structure of a content based median filter, ca pable of performing adaptive impulse noise removal for gray-scale images. The noise detection procedure takes into account the differences between the central pixel and th e surrounding pixels of a neighborhood.The proposed digital circuit is capable ofproce ssing grayscale images of 8-bit resolution, with 3×3 or 5×5-pixel neighborhoods as op tions for the computation of the filter output. However, the design of the circuit is dire ctly expandableto accommodate larger size image windows. The adaptive filter was d eigned and implemented in FPGA. The typical clock frequency is 55 MHz and the sys tem is suitable forreal-time imaging applications.REFERENCES[1] W. K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing. New York: Wiley,1991.[2] G. R. Arce, N. C. Gallagher and T. Nodes, “Median filters:Theory and applicat ions,” in Advances in ComputerVision and Image Processing, Greenwich, CT: JAI, 1986.[3] T. A. Nodes and N. C. Gallagher, Jr., “The output distributionof median type filte rs,” IEEE Transactions onCommunications, vol. COM-32, pp. 532-541, May1984.[4] T. Sun and Y. Neuvo, “Detail-preserving median basedfilters in imageprocessing,” Pattern Recognition Letters,vol. 15, pp. 341-347, Apr. 1994.[5] E. Abreau, M. Lightstone, S. K. Mitra, and K. Arakawa,“A new efficient approachfor the removal of impulsenoise from highly corrupted images,” IEEE Transa ctionson Image Processing, vol. 5, pp. 1012-1025, June 1996.[6] E. R. Dougherty and P. Laplante, Introduction to Real-Time Imaging, Bellingham:SPIE/IEEE Press, 1995.二、英文翻译基于中值滤波的新的内容摘要在本设计中的提出了基于中值滤波的硬件实现用来抑制脉冲噪声的干扰。
计算机组成与嵌入式系统英文版第六版教学设计哈马克) (3)
Teaching Design for Computer Organization and Embedded Systems (Hamacher) 6th Edition Course OverviewThis course ms to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of computer organization and embedded systems. It covers various topics such as architecture, assembly language programming, digital logic, memory systems, I/O systems, and embedded system design.Learning OutcomesBy the end of this course, students should be able to:•Understand the basic principles of computer organization, including digital logic circuits, computer architecture, andmemory systems.•Write assembly language programs for various architectures, such as x86 and ARM.•Understand the basic principles of embedded systems, including the design and implementation of microcontrollers.•Identify common I/O devices and their interfaces, and design I/O systems to interface with them.Teaching Methods1.Lectures: The course will be delivered through traditionallectures that cover the theoretical concepts, followed by examples and demonstrations.b Exercises: The lab exercises are designed to reinforcethe theoretical concepts taught in the lectures. They involveprogramming assignments and hardware experiments that will helpstudents develop a hands-on understanding of the concepts.3.Project Work: Students will work on a project that involvesdesigning and implementing an embedded system. The project workwill be carried out in groups, and will help students apply their understanding of the theory to real-world problems.AssessmentThe assessment for this course will be based on the following components:1.Quizzes (15%): There will be regular quizzes to assessstudents’ understanding of the material covered in the lectures.b Exercises (25%): Students’ performance in the labexercises will be assessed based on the quality of their code, the accuracy of their results, and their ability to troubleshootproblems.3.Project Work (30%): Students’ performance on the projectwork will be assessed based on the quality of their design, thecompleteness of their implementation, and their ability to present their work effectively.4.Final Exam (30%): The final exam will assess students’overall understanding of the course material.Recommended Textbooks1.Hamacher, V., Vranesic, Z. G., & Zaky, S. A. (2011).Computer organization and embedded systems (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.2.Yaghmour, K., Masters, J., Ben-Yossef, G., & Gerum, P. R.(2013). Embedded Android: Porting, extending, and customizing.。
IRENA--Design of Grid Connect PV Systems
Design of Grid Connect PV systemsPalau Workshop th-12th April 8INTRODUCTIONGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES• The document provides the minimum knowledge required when designing a PV Grid connect system. • The actual design criteria could include: specifying a specific size (in kWp) for an array; available budget; available roof space; wanting to zero their annual electrical usage or a number of other specific customer related criteria.DESIGNING A SYSTEM SUMMARYGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESWhatever the final design criteria a designer shall be capable of: • Determining the energy yield, specific yield and performance ratio of the grid connect PV system. • Determining the inverter size based on the size of the array. • Matching the array configuration to the selected inverter maximum voltage and voltage operating windows.SITE VISITGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESPrior to designing any Grid Connected PV system a designer shall either visit the site or arrange for a work colleague to visit the site and undertake/determine/obtain the following: • Discuss energy efficient initiatives that could be implemented by the site owner. These could include: • replacing inefficient electrical appliances with new energy efficient electrical appliances • replacing tank type electric hot water heaters with a solar water heater either gas or electric boosted.(If applicable) • replacing incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescents and/or efficient LED lights • Assess the occupational safety and health risks when working on that particular site.SITE VISIT 2GRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES• Determine the solar access for the site. • Determine whether any shading will occur and estimate its effect on the system. • Determine the orientation and tilt angle of the roof if the solar array is to be roof mounted. • Determine the available area for the solar array. • Determine whether the roof is suitable for mounting the array. • Determine how the modules will be mounted on the roof. • Determine where the inverter will be located. • Determine the cabling route and therefore estimate the lengths of the cable runs. • Determine whether monitoring panels or screens are required and determine a suitable location with the ownerGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESQUOTATION DOCUMENTATIONWhen providing a quotation to a potential customer, the certified designer should provide (as a minimum) the following information: • Full Specifications of the system including quantity, make (manufacturer) and model number of the solar modules and inverter. • An estimate of the yearly energy output of the system. This should be based on the available solar irradiation for the tilt angle and orientation of the array. If the array will be shaded at any time the effect of the shadows must be taken into account when determining the yearly energy output. • The dollar savings this represents based on existing electrical energy pricing • A firm quotation which includes all equipment and installation charges • Warranty information relating to each of the items of equipment If possible the savings in CO2 (either tonnes or kg) could also be provided.GRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESSTANDARDS for DESIGNIn Australia and New Zealand the following standards are applicable: … In Australia and New Zealand the relevant standards include: AS/NZ 3000 Wiring Rules AS 3008 Selection of Cables AS /NZS4777 Grid Connection of energy systems by inverters AS/NZS 5033 Installation of PV Arrays AS 4509 Stand-alone power systems (note some aspects of these standards are relevant to grid connect systems) AS 3595 Energy management programs AS 1768 Lightning ProtectionGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESSTANDARDS for DESIGN 2In USA the relevant codes and standards include: • Electrical Codes-National Electrical Code Article 690: Solar Photovoltaic Systems and NFPA 70 • Uniform Solar Energy Code • Building Codes- ICC, ASCE 7 • UL Standard 1701; Flat Plat Photovoltaic Modules and Panels • IEEE 1547, Standards for Interconnecting distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems • UL Standard 1741, Standard for Inverter, converters, Controllers and Interconnection System Equipment for use with Distributed Energy Resources •AC ENERGY OUTPUT OF PV ARRAYGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESThe AC energy output of a solar array is the electrical AC energy delivered to the grid at the point of connection of the grid connect inverter to the grid. The output of the solar array is affected by: • Average solar radiation data for selected tilt angle and orientation; • Manufacturing tolerance of modules; • Temperature effects on the modules; • Effects of dirt on the modules; • System losses (eg power loss in cable); and • Inverter efficiencyENERGY YIELDGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESFor a specified peak power rating (kWp) for a solar array a designer can determine the systems energy output over the whole year. The system energy output over a whole year is known as the systems “Energy Yield” The average yearly energy yield can be determined as follows:Esys = P _ STC × ftemp× fmm × fdirt × Htilt ×ηpv_inv ×ηinvxηinv−sb arrayGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESP array -stc =rated output power of the array under standard test conditions, in watts f temp =temperature de-rating factor, dimensionless (refer next section)f man =de-rating factor for manufacturing tolerance, dimensionless (refer next section)f dirt =de-rating factor for dirt, dimensionless (refer next section)H tilt =yearly irradiation value (kWh/m 2) for the selected site (allowing for tilt, orientation and shading)Array Losses/OutputGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESH tilt =yearly irradiation value (kWh/m 2) for the selected site (allowing for tilt, orientation and shading)n inv =efficiency of the inverter dimensionless n pv_inv =efficiency of the subsystem (cables) between the PV array and the inverter n inv-sb =efficiency of the subsystem (cables) between the inverter and the switchboardSYSTEM LOSSESGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESSolar irradiation is typically provided as kWh/m 2 .However it can be stated as daily peak Sunhrs (PSH). This is the equivalent number of hours of solar irradiance of 1kW/m 2.SOLAR RADIATION•Suva, Fiji (Latitude 18°08′S Longitude 178°25′E)•Apia, Samoa (Latitude13o50' S' Longitude171o44' W)•Port Vila, Vanuatu (Latitude17°44' S Longitude168°19' E)•Tarawa, Kiribati (Latitude1°28'N, Longitude173°2'E)•Raratonga, Cook islands( Latitude21°30'S, Longitude 160°0'W)•Nuku’alofa, Tonga (Latitude21º14'S Longitude 175º22'W)•Honiara, Solomon Islands (Latitude 09°27'S, Longitude 159°57'E)•Koror, Palau ( Latitude 7°20’N Longitude 134°28'E)•Palikir, Pohnpei FSM (Latitude: 6°54'N, Longitude: 158°13'E)•Majuro, Marshall Islands (Latitude: 7º 12N, Longitude 171º 06E)•Alofi, Niue (Latitude19°04' S. Longitude169°55' W)•Nauru (Latitude0º55’S, Longitude166º 91’E)•Tuvalu (Latitude8°31′S, Longitude179°13′E)•Hagåtña, Guam (Latitude 13°28′N Longitude: 144°45′E)•Noumea, New Caledonia (Latitude 22°16′S Longitude: 166°27′E)•Pago Pago, American Samoa (Latitude 14°16′ S Longitude: 170°42′W)Location Peak Sunlight Hours (kWh/m²/day)Suva, Fiji Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual AverageLatitude: 18°08′ South 0°Tilt¹ 6.29 6.2 5.54 4.67 4.05 3.72 3.89 4.44 5.08 6.04 6.32 6.38 5.21 Longitude: 178°25′ Ea st18°Tilt² 6.27 5.88 5.55 4.99 4.61 4.38 4.51 4.88 5.22 5.83 6.1 6.41 5.38 33°Tilt² 5.95 5.4 5.33 5.03 4.85 4.7 4.85 5.1 5.43 5.71 6.12 5.29Apia, Samoa Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual AverageLatitude: 13°50′ South 0°Tilt¹ 5.39 5.47 5.16 5.09 4.63 4.46 4.71 5.25 5.77 5.91 5.76 5.51 5.25 Longitude: 171°46′ West13°Tilt² 5.31 5.24 5.12 5.32 5.075 5.24 5.61 5.85 5.72 5.67 5.45 5.38 28°Tilt² 5.13 4.86 4.93 5.38 5.36 5.42 5.64 5.81 5.75 5.36 5.45 5.3 5.37Port Vila, Vanuatu Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual AverageLatitude: 17°44′ South 0°Tilt¹ 6.68 6.2 5.76 4.98 4.2 3.79 4.04 4.75 5.65 6.47 6.67 6.93 5.5 Longitude: 168°19′ East17°Tilt² 6.69 5.9 5.78 5.33 4.76 4.42 4.66 5.22 5.82 6.26 6.467.01 5.69 32°Tilt² 6.38 5.43 5.56 5.39 5.02 4.75 4.98 5.39 5.72 5.83 6.07 6.73 5.61GRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESORIENTATION and TILTANNUAL DAILY IRRADIATION ON AN INCLINED PLANE EXPRESSED AS % OF MAXIMUM VALUE FORCAIRNS Latitude: 16 degrees 52 minutes South Longitude: 145 degrees 44 minutes EastPlane Azimuth (degrees)Plane Inclination (degrees)0102030405060708090095%99%100%99%96%90%82%73%62%52%1095%99%100%99%95%90%82%73%62%52%2095%98%100%98%95%90%82%73%63%53%3095%98%99%98%94%89%82%73%64%54%4095%98%99%97%94%88%81%73%64%55%5095%97%98%96%93%87%80%73%64%56%6095%97%97%95%91%86%79%72%64%56%7095%96%96%94%90%84%78%71%63%55%8095%96%95%92%88%82%76%69%62%54%9095%95%94%90%85%80%74%67%60%53%10095%95%92%89%83%78%71%64%58%51%11095%94%91%87%81%75%68%61%54%48%GRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES1. Derating due to Manufacturers OutputTolerance2. Derating due to dirt3. Derating due to TemperatureDERATING MODULES OUTPUT•The output of a PV module is specified in watts and with a manufacturing tolerance based on a cell temperature of 25 degrees C. •Historically ±5%•recent years typical figures have been ±3% •System design must incorporate this tolerance.As a worked example , assuming the tolerance is ±5% the “worst case” adjusted output of a 160W PV module is therefore around 152W (0.95 x 160W), or 5% loss from the rated 160W.Manufacturers•The output of a PV module can be reduced as a result of a build-up of dirt on the surface of the module.•If in doubt, an acceptable derating would be 5% from the already derated figure that includes manufacturers’ tolerances.Worked example continues : Assuming power loss due to dirt of 5% then the already derated 152 W module would now be derated further to 144.4W (0.95 x 152W).Dirt. A solar modules output power decreases with temperature above 25°C and increases with temperatures below 25°CMinimum Effective Cell Temp= Ambient Temperature + 25°CTemperatureMonocrystalline ModulesMonocrystalline Modules typically have a temperature coefficient of –0.45%/o C.That is for every degree above 25o C the output power is derated by 0.45%.Polycrystalline ModulesPolycrystalline Modules typically have a temperature coefficient of –0.5%/o C.Thin Film ModulesThin film Modules have a different temperature characteristic resulting in a lower co-efficient typically around 0%/°C to -0.25%/°C, but remember to check with the manufacturerTemperature ContFor the worked example , assume the ambient temperature is 30o C.Therefore the effective cell temperature is30o C +25o C = 55o CTherefore this is 30o C above the STC temperature of 25o C Assume the 160W p module used in the example is a polycrystalline module with a derating of -0.5%/o CTherefore the output power losses due to temperature would be:Temperature loss = 30o C x 0.5%/o C = 15% lossTemperature ExampleGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESAssuming power loss due to temperature of 15% then the already derated 144.4 W module would now be derated further to 122.7W (0.85 x 144.4W).DERATING MODULES ExampleContGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESA solar module has an derated outputpower = Module power @ STC x Derating due to manufacturers tolerances x derating due to dirt x derating due to temperature.For the worked example :Derated output power = 160 x 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.85 = 122.7WDERATING MODULES SUMMARYGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMS SYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES The actual DC energy from the solar array = the derated output power of the module x number of modules x irradiation for the tilt and azimuth angle of the array.For the worked example assume that the average daily PSH is 5 and that there are 16 modules in the array. Therefore the DC energy output of the array = 122.7 x 16 x 5 = 9816WhDC ENERGY OUTPUT FROMARRAYDC SYSTEM LOSSESThe DC energy output of the solar array will be further reduced by the power loss (voltage drop) in the DC cable connecting the solar array to the grid connect inverter. For the worked example assume that the cable losses for the DC cables is 3%. This is a DC subsystem efficiency of 97%. Therefore the DC energy from the array that will be delivered to the input of the inverter will be = 9816 x0.97 = 9521 WhThe DC energy delivered to the input of theinverter will be further reduced by thepower/energy loss in the inverter.For the worked example assume that the inverter efficiency is 96%. Therefore the AC energydelivered from the output of the inverter will be = 9521 x 0.96 = 9140 WhINVERTER EFFICIENCYThe AC energy output of the inverter will befurther reduced by the power loss in the AC cable connecting the inverter to the grid, sayswitchboard where it is connected.For the worked example assume that the cable losses for the AC cables is 1%.the AC energy from the inverter (and originally from the array) that will be delivered to the grid will be = 9140 x 0.99 = 9048 WhAC SYSTEM LOSSESThe worked example included an array of 16 modules each with a STC rating of 160Wp. Therefore the array is rated 2560W p .The average daily AC energy that was delivered by the array to the grid was 9048Wh or 9.05kWh.Therefore over a typical year of 365 days then Energy Yield of the solar array is = 365 days x 9.05kWh/day = 3303kWh/year Energy Yield of exampleGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESWhereH tilt =yearly average daily irradiation, in kWh/m 2for the specified tilt angleP array..STC =rated output power of the arrayunder standard test conditions, in wattsIdeal EnergytiltSTC array ideal H P E ×=_=rated output power of the array under standard test conditions, in wattsPerformance Ratio ExampleThe average daily PSH was 5. Therefore the yearly irradiation (or PSH) would be 5 x 365= 1825 kWh/m2 (that is 1825 PSH).The rated power of the array at STC is 2560Wp(@kWh/m2)Therefore the ideal energy from the array per year would be: 2.56kW x 1825h = 4672kWhThe AC energy from the solar array was 3303 Kwh per year.Therefore the performance ratio is 3303/4672 = 0.71The selection of the inverter for the installation will depend on:•The energy output of the array•The matching of the allowable inverter stringconfigurations with the size of the array in kW and the size of the individual modules within that array•Whether the system will have one central inverter ormultiple (smaller) invertersINVERTER SELECTIONInverters currently available are typically rated for:•Maximum DC input power. i.e. the size of thearray in peak watts;•Maximum DC input current; and•Maximum specified output power. i.e. the ACpower they can provide to the grid;INVERTER SIZINGThe array comprises 16 of the 160W p crystalline modules.Therefore the array peak power = 16 x 160= 2.56kWShould the inverter be rated 2.56kW?Inverter Sizing ExampleBased on figures of :•0.95 for manufacturer,•0.95 for dirt and•0.85 for temperature (Based on ambienttemperature of 30o C)The derating of the array is: 0.95 x 0.95 x 0.85 = 0.77Inverter with Crystalline Module. MATCHING ARRAY VOLTAGE TO THE MAXIMUM ANDMINIMUM INVERTEROPERATING VOLTAGESGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESThe output power of a solar module is affected by the temperature of the solar cells.This variation in power due to temperature is also reflected in a variation in the open circuit voltage and maximum power point voltage.TEMPERATURE EFFECT ONARRAY VOLTAGEGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES•With the odd exception grid interactive inverters include Maximum Power Point (MPP) trackers.•Many of the inverters available will have a voltage operating window.•If the solar voltage is outside this window the inverter might not operate or the output of the solar array might be greatly reduced.•In the case where a maximum input voltage is specified and the array voltage is above the maximum specified then the inverter could be damaged.VOLTAGE WINDOWS OFINVERTERSGRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINES•When the temperature is at a maximum then theMaximum Power Point (MPP) voltage (V mp ) of thearray should never fall below the minimum operating voltage of the inverter.•It is recommended that maximum effectivecell temperature of 70°C is used.Minimum Voltage of InverterThe module selected has a rated MPP voltage of 35.4V and a voltage (V mp )co-efficient of-0.177V /°C.An effective cell temperature of 70°C is 45°above the STC temperature of 25°C.Therefore the V mp voltage would be reduced by 45 x 0.177= 7.97VThe V mp @ 70°C would be 35.4-7.97 = 27.4VExampleIf we assume a maximum voltage drop in the cables of 3% then the voltage at the inverter for each module would be0.97 x 27.4 = 26.6 VThis is the effective minimum MPP voltage input at the inverter for each module in the array.Example ContAssume that the minimum voltage window for an inverter is 140V.Recommended that a safety margin of 10% is used.Minimum inverter voltage of 1.1 x 140V = 154V should be used.The minimum number of modules in a string is = 154 / 26.6 = 5.79 rounded up to 6 modulesExample Cont 2GRID-CONNECTED POWER SYSTEMSSYSTEM DESIGN GUIDELINESAt the coldest daytime temperature the open circuit voltage of the array shall never be greater than the maximum allowed input voltage for the inverter. .Therefore the lowest daytime temperature for the area where the system is installed shall be used to determine the maximum V oc .Maximum Voltage of Inverterassume the minimum effective cell temperature is 15°C,with the open circuit voltage ( Voc ) of 43.2 V and avoltage (Voc)co-efficient of-0.14V /°C.An effective cell temperature of 15°C is 10°below the STC temperature of 25°C.Therefore the Voc voltage would be increased by 10 x0.14= 1.4VThe Voc @ 15°C would be 43.2+1.4 = 44.6V. ExampleAssume the maximum voltage allowed by the inverter is 400V.The maximum number of modules in the string, is = 400 / 44.6 = 8.96rounded down to 8 modules.Example Contwe required 16 modules. Therefore we could have two parallel strings of 8 modules.Array Solution for ExampleIn towns and cities where grid connect systems will be predominant the roof of the house orbuilding will not always be free of shadows during parts of the day.Care should therefore be taken when selecting the number of modules in a string because theshadow could result in the maximum power point voltage at high temperatures being below the minimum operating voltage of the inverter.Effect of Shadows。
USB Type-C 规范1.2(中文版)
知识产权声明
THIS SPECIFICATION IS PROVIDED TO YOU “AS IS” WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY, NON-INFRINGEMENT, OR FITNESS FOR ANY PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE AUTHORS OF THIS SPECIFICATION DISCLAIM ALL LIABILITY, INCLUDING LIABILITY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PROPRIETARY RIGHTS, RELATING TO USE OR IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION IN THIS SPECIFICATION. THE PROVISION OF THIS SPECIFICATION TO YOU DOES NOT PROVIDE YOU WITH ANY LICENSE, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY ESTOPPEL OR OTHERWISE, TO ANY INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS.
预发行行业审查公司提供反馈
Revision History.......................................................................................................................14
LIMITED COPYRIGHT LICENSE: The USB 3.0 Promoters grant a conditional copyright license under the copyrights embodied in the USB Type-C Cable and Connector Specification to use and reproduce the Specification for the sole purpose of, and solely to the extent necessary for, evaluating whether to implement the Specification in products that would comply with the specification.
DSP控制的3kW非隔离型并网逆变器研究
Ｆ．＞州５０．。５：２萎者＼岁
、、／
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ＭＰＰＩ’控制过程
所示为ＭＰＰＴ控制过程，由图可知功率点跟踪效果非常 好，太阳能板的输出效率达到９９ ８６％。 ３．３并网控制策略 并网控制策略主要有瞬时Ｐ１Ｄ控制、重复控制及无 差拍控制等，本文的非隔离型并网逆变系统中采用基于 电流无差拍控制的ＰＷＭ方法。无差拍控制（Ｄｅａｄｂｅａｔ Ｃｏｎｔｒ０１）具有瞬时响应快、精度高、总谐波（ＴＨＤ）小等特 点．是一种基于电路模型和状态观测器的控制方法¨Ｉ。 无差拍控制与传统的ＰＩ控制算法相比，能更大限 度地发挥数字控制器的优势。无差拍控制的基本思想是 根据本周起以前的采样值，用模型计算出要达到指定的 状态和输出所需要的方波脉冲宽度和极性，使输出的电 流值与下一采样时刻值相吻合。不断调整每一采样周期 内方波脉冲的极性与宽度．就能使输出的实际的电流波 形接近于指令电流波形，从而在很低的开关频率下，也 能得到高质量的输出电流波形１６１。 无差拍并网控制的计算公式为：
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ＤＳＰ ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ
Ｘｕｅ Ｊｉａｘｉａｎｇ，Ｃｕｉ Ｌｏｎｇｂｉｎ，Ｚｈａｎｇ Ｈｏｎｇｗｅｉ，Ｌｉａｏ Ｔｉａｎｆａ，Ｚｈａｎｇ Ｓｉｚｈａｎｇ （Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ ａｎｄ Ａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅ
置孤岛保护标志位ｌ
ｌ中断处理程序
图６孤岛保护程序流程图
图７所示为被动孤岛保护时电流电压波形图。系统 检测到电网断开时，系统软件即发出孤岛保护信号．断
●
开并网继电器，切断驱动信号，输出电流和采样电网电 压瞬间变为零，孤岛保护时间不超过Ｉ
gridservice
gridserviceGrid Service: Enhancing Efficiency and Scalability in ComputingIntroduction:In recent years, as technological advancements continue to shape our world, the demand for faster and more efficient computing systems has grown exponentially. Grid service has emerged as a novel solution to address this need. By distributing computational tasks across a network of interconnected computers, grid service enhances efficiency, scalability, and reliability in computing. This document aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of grid service, its benefits, and its implementation in various fields.1. What is Grid Service?Grid service is a distributed computing model that utilizes a network of computers connected via a grid infrastructure. In this model, computational tasks are divided into smaller units and assigned to available resources across the grid. The primary objective of grid service is to leverage idle computingresources efficiently. By doing so, grid service optimizes the utilization of computational power, enabling users to accomplish complex tasks in a shorter amount of time.2. Key Features and Benefits:2.1 Scalability:One of the prominent advantages of grid service is its ability to scale computational resources dynamically. As the demand for computing power increases, grid service can allocate additional resources to the task at hand. This scalability ensures optimal performance during peak workloads and allows for efficient resource management.2.2 Efficient Resource Utilization:Grid service optimizes resource utilization by leveraging idle computing power across the grid infrastructure. Instead of having dedicated hardware for each task, resources are shared among multiple users and applications. This shared approach minimizes underutilization and maximizes the return on investment in computing resources.2.3 Increased Reliability:Grid service incorporates redundancy in its design, mitigating the risk of single-point failures. If a node in the grid fails or becomes unavailable, the workload is automatically redistributed to other available resources. This fault-tolerant nature of grid service ensures continuous operation and minimizes downtime.2.4 Cost-Effectiveness:Grid service offers cost-effective solutions by reducing the need for expensive hardware investments. Instead of investing in individual high-performance computers, organizations can rely on the collective computing power of a grid infrastructure. This approach not only reduces upfront costs but also allows for easy scalability as the organization's computing needs grow.3. Implementation and Use Cases:Grid service finds applications in a wide range of domains, revolutionizing various industries. Some notable use cases include:3.1 Scientific Research:Grid service has made significant contributions to scientific research by enabling high-performance computing for complex simulations, data analysis, and modeling. Scientists can distribute computationally intensive tasks across the grid, accelerating the pace of research and unlocking new discoveries.3.2 Financial Services:In the financial industry, grid service is utilized for tasks such as risk assessment, stock analysis, and algorithmic trading. By leveraging the distributed computing power of the grid, financial institutions can perform real-time analysis and make informed decisions efficiently.3.3 Healthcare:Grid service plays a vital role in healthcare research by facilitating data-intensive tasks like genome sequencing, drug discovery, and medical imaging analysis. Healthcare organizations can harness the power of the grid to processlarge datasets and derive meaningful insights, driving advancements in personalized medicine and patient care.3.4 Energy and Environmental Management:Grid service enables complex simulations and modeling in the energy sector, aiding in the optimization of power grids, renewable energy integration, and emissions reduction strategies. By leveraging the distributed computing resources of the grid, energy companies can improve their operational efficiency and contribute to sustainable development.4. Challenges and Future Directions:While grid service offers numerous benefits, it also poses its own set of challenges. These challenges include data security, data transfer delays, interoperability, and resource allocation optimization. To address these challenges, ongoing research focuses on developing efficient scheduling algorithms, implementing stricter security measures, and improving the overall performance of grid infrastructures.In the future, grid service is expected to witness further advancements. The integration of artificial intelligence andmachine learning algorithms will enhance the autonomous decision-making capabilities of grid infrastructures, optimizing resource allocation and improving overall system performance. Additionally, the advent of edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT) will enable grid service to be more decentralized and distributed, fostering even greater efficiency and scalability in computing.Conclusion:Grid service represents a paradigm shift in computing, offering enhanced efficiency, scalability, and reliability for various computational tasks. By leveraging idle computing resources across a network of interconnected computers, grid service optimizes resource utilization, reduces costs, and enables organizations to tackle complex problems in a more efficient and timely manner. With ongoing research and technological advancements, the future of grid service looks promising, paving the way for a better and more interconnected computing landscape.Word Count: 1604 words。
外文文献及翻译-fpga实现实时适应图像阈值-其他专业
FPGA实现实时适应图像阈值Elham Ashari电气与计算机工程系,滑铁卢大学理查德霍恩西计算机科学和工程系,纽约大学摘要：本文提出了一种基于实时阈值的通用FPGA结构。
硬件架构是基于一种加权聚类算法的架构,这种算法的重点就在于聚类的前景和背景像素的阈值问题。
该方法采用聚类的二值加权神经网络法找到两个像素组的质心。
图像的阈值是两个质心的平均值。
因为对于每个输入的像素，选定的最近的权值是用来更新的，因而推荐一种自适应的阈值技术。
更新是基于输入像素的灰度级和相关权值的差额的，通过学习快慢因素来衡量其速率。
硬件系统是在FPGA平台上实现的，它包含两个功能模块。
第一个模块获得图像框架阈值，另一个模块将阈值应用于图像的框架。
两个模块的并行性和简单的硬件组成部分使其适用于实时应用程序，并且，其性能可与经常用于离线阈值技术相媲美。
通过利用FPGA对无数的例子进行模拟和实验，得到该算法的结果。
这项工作的基本应用是确定激光的质心，但接下来将会讨论它在其他方面的应用。
关键词:实时阈值,自适应阈值,FPGA实现、神经网络1 简介图像二值化是图像处理的一个主要问题。
如果要从一张图像上提取有用的信息，我们需要将它分成不同的部分（例如背景色和前景色）来进行更为详细的分析。
一般来说，前景色的像素的灰度级与背景色的灰度级是不同的。
现在已有一些较好的使图像二值化地算法，就性能而不是就速度而言，这些算法的主要目标在于高效率，然而对于一些应用，尤其对是在那些定制的硬件和实时应用程序来说，速度则是最关键的要求。
可实现的快速而简单的阈值技术在实际成像系统中得到广泛应用。
例如，结合了CMOS图像传感器的片上图像处理技术普遍存在于各种各样的成像系统当中。
在这样一个系统当中，图像的实时处理及其得到的相关信息是至关重要的。
实时阈值技术的应用领域包括机器人、汽车、目标追踪以及激光测距。
在激光测距，即确定目标的运动范围的过程中，所捕获的图像为二值图像。
hardware造句
1、BDHHI's newest brand, K2, is a commercial hardware line of door hardware and exit devices.BDHHI的最新的商标K2，该品牌专业制造商用类的五金门锁和门禁装置。
2、Exert oneself optimizes the soft hardware environment that the project builds.着力优化项目建设的软硬件环境。
3、It is more expensive to upgrade hardware than its software counterpart.硬件升级的价格要远高于相应软件升级的价格。
4、Farther down the road is the fu Zhong hardware and furniture wholesaler.一路下去，还能看到福中五金店和家具批发商。
5、H.264 HD video is hardware decoded via the gpu. 通过GPU进行硬件解码的H . 264高清视频。
6、Some prosectors actually use pruning shears from a hardware store, which are much less expensive.实际使用的多从五金行购买，这种是比较昂贵的。
7、Design of the Hardware for Embedded Communication Controller Chip MPC 850MPC850嵌入式通信开发平台的硬件设计8、Host switching in case of hardware failure.在硬件故障时进行主机切换。
9、Old hardware companies want a slice of the software sashimi.传统的硬件公司也想从软件产业分一杯羹。
与什么相似的英文短语
与什么相似的英文短语你背诵英语短语的劲头，和你们班级里的谁最为相似呢?下面是店铺给大家带来与什么相似的英文短语表达，供大家参阅!与什么相似的英文(短语篇)1、输出文件名与“sleep_0000.319628” 相似。
The output file has a name like "sleep_0000.319628".2、当用户点击了一个商品，面板内容就会根据panelGrid更新，与product.jsp文件中定义的相似(href属性)。
When the user clicks on a product, the content of the panel is updated with a panelGrid similarto that defined in the product.jsp file (the href attribute).3、第一个是远程调试器宿主，它与Windows/.NET使用的那个很相似，是以服务方式运行的。
The first is a remote debugger host. It is similar to the one used by Windows/.NET in that it runsas a service.4、 @javax.ws.rs.QueryParam注释与 @PathParam相似，但是它把各个 URI 查询参数注入Java参数中，见清单8。
The @javax.ws.rs.HeaderParam annotation is similar to the @PathParam, but injects individual request header parameters into Java parameters, as shown in Listing 8.5、三肌钙蛋白I分享了他们的预测的氨基酸序列与对方54.458.3%的相似性。
诺瓦科技无线LED控制卡LED多媒体播放器TB8详细参数说明书
Taurus SeriesMultimedia PlayersTB8Specifications Doc u ment V ersion:V1.3.2Doc u ment Number:NS120100363Copyright © 2018 Xi’an NovaStar Tech Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.No part of this document may be copied, reproduced, extracted or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written consent of Xi’an NovaStar Tech Co., Ltd.Trademarkis a trademark of Xi’an NovaStar Tech Co., Ltd.Statementi TB8 SpecificationsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsYou are welcome to use the product of Xi’an NovaStar Tech Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to asNovaStar). This document is intended to help you understand and use the product. For accuracy and reliability, NovaStar may make improvements and/or changes to this document at any time and without notice. If you experience any problems in use or have any suggestions, please contact us via contact info given in document. We will do our best to solve any issues, as well as evaluate and implement any suggestions.Table of Contents (ii)1 Overview (1)1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................11.2 Application (1)2 Features (3)2.1 Synchronization mechanism for multi-screen playing (3)2.2 Powerful Processing Capability (3)2.3 Omnidirectional Control Plan (3)2.4 Synchronous and Asynchronous Dual-Mode (4)2.5 Dual-Wi-Fi Mode ..........................................................................................................................................42.5.1 Wi-Fi AP Mode (5)2.5.2 Wi-Fi Sta Mode (5)2.5.3 Wi-Fi AP+Sta Mode (5)3 Hardware Structure (7)3.1 Appearance (7)3.1.1 Front Panel (7)3.1.2 Rear Panel ................................................................................................................................................83.2 Dimensions (9)4 Software Structure (10)4.1 System Software (10)4.2 Related Configuration Software (10)5 Product Specifications ................................................................................................................ 116 Audio and Video Decoder Specifications (13)6.1 Image (13)6.1.1 Decoder (13)6.1.2 Encoder (13)6.2 Audio (14)6.2.1 Decoder (14)6.2.2 Encoder (14)6.3 Video (15)ii Table of Contents6.3.1 Decoder (15)6.3.2 Encoder ..................................................................................................................................................16iiiTB8 Specifications 1 Overview1 Overview 1.1 IntroductionTaurus series products are NovaStar's second generation of multimedia playersdedicated to small and medium-sized full-color LED displays.TB8 of the Taurus series products (hereinafter referred to as “TB8”) feature followingadvantages, better satisfying users’ requirements:●Loading capacity up to 2,300,000 pixels●Synchronization mechanism for multi-screen playing●Powerful processing capability●Omnidirectional control plan●Synchronous and asynchronous dual-mode●Dual-Wi-Fi mode Note:If the user has a high demand on synchronization, the time synchronization module isrecommended. For details, please consult our technical staff.In addition to solution publishing and screen control via PC, mobile phones and LAN,the omnidirectional control plan also supports remote centralized publishing andmonitoring.1.2 ApplicationTaurus series products can be widely used in LED commercial display field, such asbar screen, chain store screen, advertising machine, mirror screen, retail storescreen, door head screen, on board screen and the screen requiring no PC.Classification of Taurus’ application cases is shown in Table 1-1. Table1 Overviewaurus Series Multimedia PlayersTB8 Specifications2 Features 2.1 Synchronization mechanism for multi-screen playingThe TB8 support switching on/off function of synchronous display.When synchronous display is enabled, the same content can be played on differentdisplays synchronously if the time of different TB8 units are synchronous with oneanother and the same solution is being played.2.2 Powerful Processing CapabilityThe TB8 features powerful hardware processing capability:● 1.5 GHz eight-core processor●Support for H.265 4K high-definition video hardware decoding playback●Support for 1080P video hardware decoding● 2 GB operating memory●8 GB on-board internal storage space with 4 GB available for users2.3 Omnidirectional Control PlanControl Plan Connecting Mode User Terminal Related SoftwareSolution publishing and screen control through mobile phone Wi-Fi Mobile phone andPadViPlex HandyCluster remote solution publishing and screen control Wi-Fi AP+StaWiredMobile phone, Padand PCVNNOXViPlex HandyViPlex ExpressCluster remote monitoring Wi-Fi AP+StaWiredMobile phone, Padand PCNovaiCareViPlex HandyViPlex ExpressCluster control plan is a new internet control plan featuring following advantages:●More efficient: Use the cloud service mode to process services through a uniformplatform. For example, VNNOX is used to edit and publish solutions, andNovaiCare is used to centrally monitor display status.●More reliable: Ensure the reliability based on active and standby disasterrecovery mechanism and data backup mechanism of the server.●More safe: Ensure the system safety through channel encryption, data fingerprintand permission management.●Easier to use: VNNOX and NovaiCare can be accessed through Web. As long asthere is internet, operation can be performed anytime and anywhere.●More effective: This mode is more suitable for the commercial mode ofadvertising industry and digital signage industry, and makes informationspreading more effective.2.4 Synchronous and Asynchronous Dual-ModeThe TB8 supports synchronous and asynchronous dual-mode, allowing moreapplication cases and being user-friendly.When internal video source is applied, the TB8 is in asynchronous mode; whenHDMI-input video source is used, the TB8 is in synchronous mode. Content can bescaled and displayed to fit the screen size automatically in synchronous mode.Users can manually and timely switch between synchronous and asynchronousmodes, as well as set HDMI priority.2.5 Dual-Wi-Fi ModeThe TB8 have permanent Wi-Fi AP and support the Wi-Fi Sta mode, carryingadvantages as shown below:●Completely cover Wi-Fi connection scene. The TB8 can be connected to throughself-carried Wi-Fi AP or the external router.●Completely cover client terminals. Mobile phone, Pad and PC can be used to login TB8 through wireless network.●Require no wiring. Display management can be managed at any time, havingimprovements in efficiency.TB8’s Wi-Fi AP signal strength is related to the transmit distance and environment.Users can change the Wi-Fi antenna as required.2.5.1 Wi-Fi AP ModeUsers connect the Wi-Fi AP of a TB8 to directly access the TB8. The SSID is “AP +the last 8 digits of the SN”, for example, “AP10000033”, and the default passwordis“12345678”.Configure an external router for a TB8 and users can access the TB8 by connectingthe external router. If an external router is configured for multiple TB8 units, a LAN canbe created. Users can access any of the TB8 via the LAN.2.5.2 Wi-Fi Sta Mode2.5.3 Wi-Fi AP+Sta ModeIn Wi-Fi AP+ Sta connection mode, users can either directly access the TB8 or accessinternet through bridging connection. Upon the cluster solution, VNNOX andNovaiCare can realize remote solution publishing and remote monitoring respectivelythrough the Internet.3Hardware Structure3.1 Appearance3.1.1 Front PanelName DescriptionPWR Power status indicatorAlways on: Power input is normal.System status indicator● Flashing once every other 2 seconds: The system is operating normally.● Flashing once every other second: The system is installing the upgrade package.● Flashing once every other 0.5 second: The system isdownloading data from the Internet or copying the upgrade package.● Always on/off: The system is operating abnormally. CLOUDInternet connection status indicator● Always on: The unit is connected to the Internet and the connection status is normal.● Flashing once every other 2 seconds: The unit is connected to VNNOX and the connection status is normal.SYSFigure 3-1 Front panel of the TB8 Note: All product pictures shown in this document are for illustration purpose only. Actual product may vary.Table 3-1 Description of TB8 front panelW i Fi-S TA COM1AUDIO OUT Audio output3.1.2 RearPanelFigure 3-2 Rear panel of the TB8Note: All product pictures shown in this document are for illustration purpose only.Actual product may vary.Table 3-2 Description of TB8 rear panelName DescriptionRESET Factory reset buttonPress and hold the button for 5 seconds to reset the unit tofactory settings.LED OUT Output Ethernet portON/OFF Power switch100-240V~,50/60Hz Power inputUnit: mmaurus Series Multimedia PlayersTB8 Specifications 4 Software Structure4 Software Structure4.1 System Software●Android operating system software●Android terminal application software●FPGA programNote: The third-party applications are not supported.4.2 Related Configuration SoftwareTable 4-1 Related configuration softwareNovaLCTaurus Series Multimedia Players TB8 Specifications5 Product Specifications5Product Specifications8 GB on-board with 4 GBavailable 0°C–50°CListDimensions for usersPacking informationmensions ( H ×W×D )5 Product SpecificationsAntennaaurus Series Multimedia Players TB8 SpecificationsAudio and Video Decoder6.1.2 EncoderType Codec Supported Image SizeMaximum Data RateRemarks JPEGJPEG Baseline96×32 pixels~8176×8176 pixels90Mpixels/Second JFIF 1.02 N/A6Type Codec Supported Image Size Container RemarksJPEGJFIF1.02JPG, JPEGNot SupportNon-interleaved Scan Software support SRGB JPEGSoftware support Adobe RGB JPEGBMP BMP No Restriction BMP N/A GIF GIF No Restriction GIF N/A PNG PNG No Restriction PNG N/A WEBPWEBPNo RestrictionWEBPN/A48 × 48 p ixels~8176 × 8176 pixel sSpecifications6.1 Image6.1.1 Decoder6.2 AudioOGG, OGA8KHZ~48AMR-NB 2HZ~ 48 1H.264.6.3.2 EncoderMOV, 3GPM bps。
光伏系统直流串联故障电弧检测方法
第37卷第3期2021年3月电网与清洁能源Power System and Clean EnergyVol.37No.3Mar.2021——————————基金项目：中国博士后科学基金项目（2020M681928）。
Project Supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation（2020M681928）.ABSTRACT ：As arc faults have become a common cause of electrical fire accidents in photovoltaic （PV ）systems ，it is of great significance to investigate a reliable DC arc fault detectionmethod to ensure the PV system operation and personal safety.In this paper ，an experimental platform of DC arc faults is builtin the PV system ，and typical arc fault current signals are collected.Next ，the stability analysis ，time-varying analysis ，correlation analysis and randomness analysis are carried out.Considering the global effective separation in whole arc faultburning stage ，less calculation loads and stronger anti-interference requirements ，Euler features are selected as theoptimal arc fault characteristic.Then an arc fault detection algorithm is constructed based on the above optimal Euler feature.The algorithm takes the multi-threshold judgment system as the core rule to discover the arc fault characteristic mode differentfrom the system transient processes.Finally ，the accuracy of the proposed arc fault detection algorithm is verified under conditions of different arc generation modes and system operating points ，and the result shows that the arc faults can be detected successfully in 0.5s under the conditions of different working points and arc generation modes of the photovoltaic system.KEY WORDS ：photovoltaic system ；DC arc fault ；feature extraction ；detection method ；hardware implementation 摘要：故障电弧是光伏系统电气火灾事故的常见原因，研究可靠的光伏系统直流故障电弧检测方法对保障系统运行和人身安全有重要意义。
HP刀片框Virtual_Connect管理卡使用指南
HP刀片框Virtual Connect管理卡使用指南OA是HP BladeSystem Onboard Administrator的简称VC是HP Virtual Connect的简称这里以HP BladeSystem c7000刀片服务器为例说明，所用设备如下：OA: HP BladeSystem c7000 DDR2 Onboard Administrator with KVMVC: HP 1/10Gb-F Virtual Connect Ethernet Module1。
每块VC板卡自带2个USB串口，这两个USB串口在前面板有可能是露出，也有可能被面胶隐藏住，缺省情况下VC板卡的控制台不是这两个USB串口。
VC板卡的缺省控制台通过内部总线指向OA(Onboard Administrator)，正确使用VC板卡控制台的方法是登录到OA运行show interconnect list查看哪一个Bay是VC板卡，然后使用connect interconnect X的方式连接到X槽位VC板卡。
OA-D8D3855D8F6D> show interconnect listBay Interconnect Type Manufacturer Power Health UID Management IP --- ----------------- -------------------- ------- --------- --- ---------------1 Ethernet HP On OK Off 10.42.103.242 Ethernet HP On OK Off 10.42.103.253 Ethernet HP On OK Off 0.0.0.04 Ethernet HP On OK Off 0.0.0.05 Fibre Channel BROCADE On OK Off 10.42.103.676 Fibre Channel BROCADE On OK Off 10.42.103.687 [Absent]8 [Absent]Totals: 4 interconnect modules installed, 4 powered on.OA-D8D3855D8F6D> show interconnect info 11. EthernetProduct Name: HP 1/10Gb-F VC-Enet ModuleWidth: SingleURL to Management interface: http://10.42.103.24/In-Band IPv4 Address: 10.42.103.24User Assigned Name:Part Number: 447047-B21Spare Part Number: 447103-001Serial Number: TW2926016MTemperature Sensor: PresentJS2 Connector: AbsentInternal Ethernet Interface to OA: PresentInternal Ethernet Route to OA: EnabledInternal Serial Interface to OA: PresentInternal Serial Route to OA: EnabledSerial Port Baud Rate: 115200External Serial Port Interface: AbsentExternal Ethernet Interface: AbsentManufacturer: HPFirmware Version: 3.01OA-D8D3855D8F6D> connect interconnect 1NOTICE: This pass-thru connection to the integrated I/O consoleis provided for convenience and does not supply additional access control. For security reasons, use the password features of the integrated switch.Connecting to integrated switch 1 at 115200,N81...Escape character is '<Ctrl>_' (Control + Shift + Underscore)Press [Enter] to display the switch console:VCEFTW2926016M login:每块机箱一般配备两块VC板卡，采用主备工作模式，部分关键数据(例如用户密码信息)是二者共享，一般是主用VC卡用户密码起作用。
低压配电开关柜监控单元设计
低压配电开关柜监控单元设计摘要近年来，经济的快速发展对我国电力工业的发展提出了更高的要求，提供更多的电能，具备更高的供电可靠性，更小的线路损耗，更长的使用寿命，更少的维护工作等等。
针对上述要求，国家对电厂实行“西电东送”和“关停并转”等措施，解决供需矛盾，对电网进行“城网农网改造”，进一步优化电网结构，减少线损，在变配电所实行配网综合自动化，提高可靠性，进而达到无人值守。
其中一个很重要的方面就是对开关及开关柜运行状态进行监控，传统的开关柜与现代电子技术相结合的智能化开关柜应运而生，它一方面满足传统开关柜的基本功能要求，另一方面将微电子技术引进柜内，使其有自检、自控和自我诊断的新功能，以满足配电网综合自动化的需要。
一些高新技术如传感器技术、微电子技术、计算机技术和信息技术的飞速发展及其在各工业领域的成功应用，使智能化开关柜的开发和应用成为可能。
本文配变监测终端的主要设计目标是：实时采集配电系统运行的模拟量和状态量，要求高精度、高准确性；接收中心站查询命令，将最新测量结果上报主站；能自动检测与识别配变故障，若有异常，立即向中心站发送告警消息和测量数据，同时，根据中心站命令控制外部开关设备；监测设备自身具有故障自检及自恢复功能；保证终端工作可靠性，满足电磁兼容性要求。
本文的主要内容包括：首先，对目前国内传统开关柜与国外先进的智能开关柜进行了系统的分析和比较，指出了两种存在的不同及优缺点，并对目前国内传统开关柜提出了智能化改造设想，提出了系统设计思想。
其次，分析了终端配电状态监控系统的硬件设计。
系统硬件采用了芯片模块化并协同工作设计思想，单片机控制数据采集，这样设计的目的是为了提高数据采集的速度和精度，现场总线通讯芯片负责数据的上传和下载，两部分属独立设计，两者组成了本次设计的硬件电路。
此外还详细介绍了硬件系统中的滤波电路设计、信号采集电路设计、显示按键单元设计、开关量输入及输出单元设计等。
最后，介绍了系统固件程序设计和应用程序功能模块。
Allegion Connect技术手册说明书
Contents3 Overview3 Wiring Harnesses4 Von Duprin Products4 Electric Power Transfer: EPT-104 RX/LX/RX-LX Exit Device5 QEL Exit Device5 QEL/(RX/LX/RX-LX) Exit Device6 EL Exit Device6 EL/(RX/LX/RX-LX) Exit Device7 CX (Chexit) Motor-Driven Exit Device8 ALK Exit Device8 E7500 Mortise Lock9 SS7500 Mortise Lock9 E996/M996 Trim10 6100/6200 Series Electric Strikes11 Falcon Products11 RX Exit Device12 MEL Exit Device12 MEL/RX Exit Device13 EL Exit Device13 EL/RX Exit Device14 EA (Exit Alarm) Exit Device15 T-Series Electrified Locks (T851/T881)15 T851/T881 (12 VDC)16 T851/T881 (24 VDC)17 MA-Series Electrified Locks (MA851/MA881)17 MA851/MA881 (12 and 24 VDC)18 Schlage Products18 L Series Locks (8-pin connector)19 L Series Locks (8-pin + 4-pin connector)20 ND Series Locks21 Ives Products21 3CB1/5BB1 TW/TWM Architectural Hinge22 700-TW8/700CS-TWP Continuous Hinge23 112XY/224XY-TWP Continuous Hinge24 Intermediate and Pocket Pivots25 Connector Kit26 Extraction T oolii • Allegion Connect • Technical Manual Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 2Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 3OverviewElectrified HardwareEPT or HingeVariable Length Wiring HarnessesStandard wiring hole may need to be enlarged slightly to fit connector through door surface.The 20 gauge wiring harnesses have Allegion Connect 8 pin and 4 pin connectors on each end, or can be ordered with the connectors on one end only. One wiring assembly is used to connect the electrified hardware to the EPT/hinge, and a 6” CON-6W wiring harness can be used to route from the EPT/hinge to field wiring.The EPT or electrified hinge is supplied with Allegion Connect 8 pin and 4 pin connectors, or 8 pin connector only. See related product page.The electrified exit device, lock, trim, or strike is supplied with the Allegion Connect 8 pin and/or 4 pin connectors. In some cases an adapter is supplied and is shown in greater detail on the application pages of this manual. There are limitations regarding what Allegion Connect products can be combined. Consult factory for combinations not shown in this manual.Wiring HarnessesVariable Length Harnesswith connectors on both ends(for use with Hollow Metal Doors)Stripped leads of CON-6W connect to field wiring. Field wiring from frame to power supply must be appropriate gauge (Variable Length Harnesses have 20 gauge wire and are not acceptable). Refer to wire gauge specifications in instructions for the particular electrified hardware.6122632384450192106190106191106192106193106194106195106196106197CON-6CON-12CON-26CON-32CON-38CON-44CON-50CON-192INTERNALPART #PART #TOTALLENGTH6122632384450192106201106202106203106204106205106206106207106208CON-6PCON-12PCON-26PCON-32PCON-38PCON-44PCON-50PCON-192PINTERNALPART #PART #TOTALLENGTH6106210CON-6WINTERNALPART #PART #TOTALLENGTHthrough a door.6" Harness6" with connectors on one end only(for connection to field wiring)**Electric Power Transfer: EPT-10 See page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage.6" to 192"CON-6W 6" Wiring HarnessVariable LengthNOTE: Field wiring from frame to power supply must be appropriate gauge. Refer to wire gauge specifications in instructions for the particular hardware.RX/LX/RX-LX Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.4 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualQEL Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard QEL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.QEL/(RX/LX/RX-LX) Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard QEL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 56 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualEL Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistentthroughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.Solenoid and Pulse Width Module arestandard, non-CON components.*NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard EL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.EL/(RX/LX/RX-LX) Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard EL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.CX (Chexit) Motor-Driven Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 78 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualALK Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.E7500 Mortise LockSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.Connector in106198 not used since solenoid wires go directly to switch connector.*Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 9SS7500 Mortise LockSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.E996/M996 TrimSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistentthroughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The Cable.10038 that is furnished with standard E996/M996 trim is not furnished or required for CON applications.10 • Allegion Connect • Technical Manual6100/6200 Series Electric StrikesSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.*6000 Strike Solenoid CON Adapter HarnessStandard CON-6W 6" Wiring Harness 6” harness is for single door application. For double door application, specify variable length harness toconnect electric strike to power transfer.*Fail(FSE)Fail Safe (FS)6” harness is for single door application. For double door application, specify variable length harness toconnect electric strike to power transfer.Connector in 106198 not used since solenoid wires go directly to switch connector.****6000 Strike Solenoid CONDS(Double Switch)StrikeCON-6W 6" Wiring Harness 6000 Strike Switch CON Adapter HarnessRX Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 11MEL Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard EL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.MEL/RX Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (47269206) that is furnished with standard MEL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.12 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualEL Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard EL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.EL/RX Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.NOTE: The 6' cable (110388) that is furnished with standard EL devices is not furnished or required for CON applications.Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 13EA (Exit Alarm) Exit DeviceSee page 3 for system overview and wiring harness usage. Colors shown below at wiring harness should remain consistent throughout the EPT or hinge and harness outside of frame.14 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualAllegion Connect • Technical Manual • 15T -S e r i e s E l e c t r i fi e d L o c k s (T 851/T 881)E l e c t r i c a l S p e c i fi c a t i o n s :F a i l S a f e /F a i l S e c u r e .65 A M P @ 12 V D C .32 A M P @ 24 V D CT 851 S t o r e r o o m F a i l S a f e :D e a d l o c k i n g l a t c h b o l t o p e r a t e d b y l e v e r f r o m e i t h e r s i d e , e x c e p t w h e n o u t e r l e v e r i s e l e c t r i c a l l y l o c k e d . W h e n o u t e r l e v e r i s l o c k e d (i n o p e r a b l e ), l a t c h b o l t r e t r a c t e d b y k e y i n c y l i n d e r o u t s i d e . I n s i d e l e v e r i s a l w a y s f r e e .T 881 S t o r e r o o m F a i l S e c u r e :D e a d l o c k i n g l a t c h b o l t o p e r a t e d b y l e v e r i n s i d e a t a l l t i m e s . O u t s i d e l e v e r i s i n o p e r a b l e u n t i l e l e c t r i c a l l y u n l o c k e d , t h e n l a t c h b o l t i s o p e r a b l e f r o m e i t h e r s i d e . W h e n o u t s i d e l e v e r i s i n o p e r a b l e , l a t c h b o l t r e t r a c t e d b y k e y i n c y l i n d e r o u t s i d e .T 851/T 881 (12 V D C )12 V D C C o n fi g u r a t i o n S h o wnP o w e r O n l y - T 851, T 88116 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualT 851/T 881 (24 V D C )24 V D C C o n fi g u r a t i o n S h o wnP o w e r O n l y - T 851, T 881Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 17M A -S e r i e s E l e c t r i fi e d L o c kE l e c t r i c a l S p e c i fi c a t i o n s :F a i l S a f e /F a i l S e c u r e.65 A M P @ 12 V D C .32 A M P @ 24 V D CM A 851 S t o r e r o o m F a i l S a f e /E l e c t r i fi e d E L :L a t c h b o l t o p e r a t e d b y k n o b /l e v e r f r o m e i t h e r s i d e e x c e p t w h e n o u t e r k n o b /l e v e r i s e l e c t r i c a l l y l o c k e d . W h e n o u t e r k n o b /l e v e r i s l o c k e d , l a t c h b o l t r e t r a c t e d b y k e y i n c y l i n d e r o u t s i d e . D e a d l o c k i n g l a t c h . I n s i d e k n o b /l e v e r a l w a y s f r e e f o r i m m e d i a t e e g r e s s . S p e c i f y 12 o r 24 V D C .M A 881 S t o r e r o o m F a i l S e c u r e /E l e c t r i fi e d E U :L a t c h b o l t o p e r a t e d b y k n o b /l e v e r f r o m i n s i d e e x c e p t w h e n o u t e r k n o b /l e v e r i s e l e c t r i c a l l y u n l o c k e d , t h e n l a t c h b o l t f r o m e i t h e r s i d e . W h e n l o c k e d , k e y i n c y l i n d e r o u t s i d e r e t r a c t s l a t c h b o l t . D e a d l o c k i n g l a t c h . I n s i d e k n o b /l e v e r a l w a y s f r e e f o r i m m e d i a t e e g r e s s . S p e c i f y 12 o r 24 V D C .M A 851/M A 881 (12 a n d 24 V D C )12 V D C C o n fi g u r a t i o n (2 B l a c k P o w e r W i r e s ) 24 V D C C o n fi g u r a t i o n (2 W h i t e P o w e r W i r e s)E P T o r E l e c t r i f i e d H i n g eP o w e r O n l y - M A 851, M A 881M A 851-R X , M A 881-RX18 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualL S e r i e s L o c k s (8-p i n c o n n e c t o r )Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 19L S e r i e s L o c k s (8-p i n + 4-p i n c o n n e c t o r )+ D B M (d e a d b o l t m o n i t o r ) o r d o o r p o s i t i o n s w20 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualN D S e r i e s L o c k sAllegion Connect • Technical Manual • 213C B 1/5B B 1 T W /T W M A r c h i t e c t u r a l H i n g eT h e T W 4 M O N , T W 8 M O N , a n d T W 12 E l e c t r i fi e d H i n g e s a r e s u p p l i e d w i t h A l l e g i o n C o n n e c t 8 p i n a n d 4 p i n c o n n e c t o r s . T h e T W 4 a n d T W 8 E l e c t r i fi e d H i n g e s a r e s u p p l i e d w i t h A l l e g i o n C o n n e c t 8 p i n c o n n e c t o r s .6" t o 192"C O N -6W 6" W i r i n g H a r n e s s (f o r c o n n e c tfi e l dwi r i ng )E l e c t r i f i e d H i n g e w i t h 4+8 P i n C o n n e c t o r s n g t h W i r i sE l e c t r i f i e d E x i t D e v i c e , T r i m , S t r i k e , o r L o ckN O T E : F i e l d w i r i n g f r o m f r a m e t o p o w e r s u p p l y m u s t b e a p p r o p r i a t e g a u g e . R e f e r t o w i r e g a u g e s p e c i fi c a t i o n s i n i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r h a r d w a r e .22 • Allegion Connect • Technical Manual700-T W 8/700C S -T W P C o n t i n u o u s H i n g eT h e 700-T W 8 i s s u p p l i e d w i t h A l l e g i o n C o n n e c t 8 p i n c o n n e c t o r s . T h e 700C S -T W P i s s u p p l i e d w i t h A l l e g i o n C o n n e c t 8 p i n a n d 4 p i n c o n n e c t o r s .6" t o 192"C O N -6W 6" W i r i n g H a r n e s s700C S -T W P w i t h 4+8 P i n C o n n e c t o r s n g t h W i r i sN O T E : F i e l d w i r i n g f r o m f r a m e t o p o w e r s u p p l y m u s t b e a p p r o p r i a t e g a u g e . R e f e r t o w i r e g a u g e s p e c i fi c a t i o n s i n i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r h a r d w a r e .Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 23112X Y /224X Y -T W P C o n t i n u o u s H i n g eC O N -6W 6" W i r i n g H a r n e s s (f o r c o n n e c t i o n t o f i e l d w i r i n g )N O T E : F i e l d w i r i n g f r o m f r a m e t o p o w e r s u p p l y m u s t b e a p p r o p r i a t e g a u g e . R e f e r t o w i r e g a u g e s p e c i fi c a t i o n s i n i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r h a r d w a r e .24 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualI n t e r m e d i a t e a n d P o c k e t P i v o t sT h e T W 4 a n d T W 8 E l e c t r i fi e d P i v o t s a r e s u p p l i e d w i t h A l l e g i o n C o n n e c t 8 p i n c o n n e c t o r s .6" t o 192"C O N -6W 6" W i r i n g H a r n e s s (f o r c o n n e c tf ie ld w i r i n g )n g t h W i r i s E l e c t r i f i e d E x i t D e v i c e , T r i m , S t r i k e , o r L o ckN O T E : F i e l d w i r i n g f r o m f r a m e t o p o w e r s u p p l y m u s t b e a p p r o p r i a t e g a u g e . R e f e r t o w i r e g a u g e s p e c i fi c a t i o n s i n i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r t h e p a r t i c u l a r h a r d w a r e .N O T E : A p p l i e s f o r 7215/7226/7227 P T I N T , 7215F /7226F /7227F P T I N T , 7230F /7237F P T I N T , E 91105F .Allegion Connect • Technical Manual • 25Connector Kit4-pin Male Connectors8-pin Male Connectors4-pin Female Connectors8-pin Female Connectors(Qty. 10)(Qty. 10)(Qty. 10)(Qty. 10)Extraction Tool See next page for instructions Crimping ToolCan be purchased elsewhere (Molex part number 63819-0000)This will be required to install terminals on loose wiresFemale Terminals (Qty. 100)compatible with 20-24 gauge wiresMale Terminals (Qty. 100)compatible with 20-24 gauge wires26 • Allegion Connect • Technical ManualAllegion (NYSE: ALLE) creates peace of mind by pioneering safety and security. As a $2 billion provider of security solutions for homes and businesses, Allegion employs more than 8,000 people and sells products in more than 120 countries across the world. Allegion comprises 27 global brands, including strategic brands CISA®, Interflex ®, LCN ®, Schlage ® and Von Duprin ®.For more, visit .About Allegion© 2020 Allegion110380, Rev. 10/20-5.0.5。
设备总线连接调试流程和方法
设备总线连接调试流程和方法Connecting and debugging the device bus is a critical process in ensuring the smooth functionality of various electronic devices. 设备总线连接和调试是确保各种电子设备顺利运行的关键过程。
First and foremost, it is important to understand the various components of the device bus and how they interact with each other. 首先，重要的是要了解设备总线的各种组成部分以及它们之间的相互作用。
In order to effectively connect and debug the device bus, it is essential to have a strong understanding of the protocols and standards associated with the specific bus being used. 为了有效地连接和调试设备总线，必须对与特定总线相关的协议和标准有很好的了解。
One of the key methods for connecting and debugging the device bus is to use specialized hardware and software tools that are designed specifically for this purpose. 一个关键的方法是使用专门为此目的设计的硬件和软件工具来连接和调试设备总线。
Additionally, it is important to follow a systematic approach when connecting and debugging the device bus in order to identify and resolve any potential issues that may arise. 此外，在连接和调试设备总线时，要遵循系统化的方法，以便识别和解决可能出现的任何问题。
Agilent Connectivity Hardware Data Sheet说明书
Agilent Connectivity Hardware for PC-to-Instrument ConnectionsData SheetInstrument Control Products• Choose the best way to connect your PC to GPIB, USB and RS- 232 instruments• Take advantage of standard PC interfaces (USB, LAN, PCI)• Protect your investment with industry-standard connectivity software Connecting your PC to testinstruments has become easier thanever before. The Agilent connectivityhardware product family is designed toprovide you a variety of interfaces andto simplify the connection.The connectivity products featured inthis data sheet will help you connectyour current instruments with GPIBor RS-232 interfaces to your PC withease.With Agilent GPIB and InstrumentControl Products, you can be assuredof:• Fast, easy and rock solidconnections to a wide range ofinstrument interfaces – GPIB,USB, and RS-232• Easy instrument connection toa variety of PC standard interfaces– USB, LAN, PCI and PCIe TM• Compatibility with instrumentsand software from differentvendors with the industrystandard VISA I/O librariesEasily Connect your PC to GPIB, USB and RS-232 instrumentsTable of contents82357B USB/GPIB Interface 3 82350B High-Performance PCI GPIB Interface 4 82351A PCIe™ GPIB Interface 5 E5810A LAN/GPIB Gateway 6 E5805A USB/4-Port RS232 Interface 7 E5813A Networked 5-Port USB Hub 8 Cables and Adapters 9 Choosing a remote connection 9 Ordering information 10 Related Agilent literature 10Features• Fast and easy connection to GPIB instruments• Uses standard USB and IEEE-488 interfaces• Maximum GPIB transfer rate of more than 1.15 MB/s• Use industry standard software • Parallel polling capabilityBest for• Easiest GPIB connectivity• Notebook computer GPIB connectionsConnect GPIB instruments quickly and easily to your computer’s USB portThe Agilent 82357B USB/GPIB interface provides a direct connection from the USB port on your desktop and laptop computers to GPIB instruments. Once the software is loaded, your computer automatically detects the 82357B when it is connected to the USB port of the computer. The 82357B is a plug-and-play device. It is also hot-pluggable, making it easy to connect and disconnect without having to shut down the computer. No external power supplies are necessary.The 82357B USB/GPIB interfaceimplements USB 1.1 (12 Mbits/s) and is compatible with USB 2.0. The 82357B USB/GPIB interface uses a thin, fl exible, high-quality USB cable that is USB 2.0-compliant. The USB cable is shielded, and the connector is specifi ed to 1,500 insertions, ensuring a durable connection and reliable data transfer.* Additional detail and information in the Declaration of ConformityBoosting performance with simplest connectivityA gilent 82357B USB/GPIB InterfaceFeatures• PCI IEEE-488 interface for PCs • Transfer rates up to 900 KB/s • Dual processor support onWindows 2000/XPBest for• Maximum GPIB throughputfor all confi gurationsHigh performance formanufacturing test applicationsThe 82350B is Agilent’s highest-performance GPIB interface. With a direct PCI computer connection,transaction overhead is minimized for the best overall performance.The 82350B card de-couples GPIB transfers from PCI bus transfers. Buffering provides connectivity and system performance that is superior to direct memory access (DMA). The hardware is software-confi gurable and compatible with the plug-and-play standard for easy hardware installation. The GPIB interface card plugs into a 5 volt PCI slot in the backplane of your PC.Regarding programming capability, you have access with the latest version of IO Libraries suite, version 15.0 or higher to program in all standard development environments. Agilent’s IO Libraries Suite 15.0 or higher is easy to use and works with virtually any vendor’s instrument or T&M programming software application and includes automatic confi guration for Agilent or NI VISA, NI-488.2 or VISA COM connectivity. Even if you use NI connectivity software, Agilent will confi gure automatically so as a user you do not have to concern about the behind-the-scenes details.* Additional detail and information in the Declaration of ConformityA gilent 82350B High-Performance PCI GPIB Interface for Windows This traditional GPIB connectionstill offers the highest throughputFeatures• Compact half-height size (68.9 mm) • High transfer rate of 1.4 MB/s • High fl exibility via up-plugging (to x4 or x8 PCIe™ slots)• 3.3 V signal level for lower power consumption• Compatibility with industrystandard PCIe™ rev 1.0a and IEEE- 488• Interface to 14 GPIB instruments (max)Best for• Bandwidth-intensive PC applications • Adding GPIB connection for PCIe™ based PCs or workstationsHigh transfer rate for demanding test applicationsThe Agilent 82351A PCIe™-GPIB interface card is designed for integration into next generation PCs or workstations. It offers fast data transmission for various demanding test applications that require data to be transferred to memory fast enough without any loss or overwriting. PCIe™ (PCI Express®) is an evolutionary version of PCI that offers a higher transfer rate across a low number of wires. It is also backward-compatible with PCI software, so you don’t need to perform any code re-confi guration. The powerful bus architecture of PCIe™ allows bi-directional data transmission, and the implementation of a new class of test applications.* Additional detail and information in the Declaration of ConformityA gilent 82351A PCIe™-GPIB Interface Card New standard forhigh-speed internal devicesFeatures• Remote access and control of GPIB instruments via the LAN • Easy setup and use via digital display and web browser Best for• Connection to remote GPIBand RS-232 instrumentation• Shared test systemsRemote access and collaboration with GPIB instruments via your LANThe E5810A can use DHCP, if available, to automatically confi gure necessary network parameters, including its IP address. The gateway can be controlled from multiple locations and by multiple users via your LAN, so it is easy to share control of instruments from locations worldwide. For easy remote access, enter the IP address from the digital display as the URL in your web browser and gain access to connected GPIB and RS-232 instruments. Then use your browser to send instrument commands interactively, and quickly see your measurement results. Use the digital display and LEDs to check the IP address and troubleshoot locally.With IO Libraries Suite 15.0 or higher, you are able to program the instruments in all standard development environments. System useFor system environments, the E5810A gateway can be mounted on a rack. The rack mount kit (Option 100) allows two devices to be placed side-by-side in one rack width. With its built-in power supply, there are no additional power modules to mount.A gilent E5810A LAN/GPIB GatewayTake advantage ofLAN technology foryour GPIB instrumentsand test systemsFeatures• Easy connection from standardUSB port on your PC to up to four RS-232 instruments or devices • Fully compatible with WindowsCOM driver and industry-standard VISA I/O softwareBest for• Easy connection to RS-232 devices• RS-232 connection to a notebookcomputerAdd four serial ports within minutesThe Agilent E5805A USB/4-port RS-232 interface provides a direct connection from the USB port on your notebook or desktop PC to up to four RS-232 instruments or devices. There are no switches to set, no PC cards to install, and no external power supplies are required. Simply install the driver and plug in the E5805A USB 4-port RS-232 interface to add four RS-232 ports to your computer.The E5805A is a standard plug-and-play device. Your computer automatically detects and confi gures it when it is connected to the USB port of the computer. You can interface up to four devices, with baud rates of up to 230 Kb/s per serial port. The E5805A provides four DB9 serial connectors and ships with a 1.8-meter USB cable.A gilent E5805A USB/4-Port RS232 InterfaceTurn your USB port into4 additional RS-232 portsFeatures• Interface a variety of GPIB,RS-232, and USB devices to complete your test system • Extend USB devices beyond fi ve meters• USB ports appear to be locally attached and are locked to onecomputerBest for• Remote access to USB portdevices or instrumentsConnecting remote USB, GPIB or RS-232 instruments or devices via a standard LANThe Agilent E5813A networked 5-port USB hub uses LAN technology to overcome the 5-meter distance limitation for USB cabling, so you can place USB devices anywhere on a LAN. With access to remote devices, you can collect data, perform measurements, or monitor the progress of your tests. Using the bundled IO Libraries Suite, you can connect an Agilent 82357B USB/GPIB interface to one of the USB ports for access to GPIB devices. You can additionally connect an E5805A USB/4-port RS-232 interface for access to RS-232 devices (see fi gure on page 9).To prevent access confl icts, only one computer at a time can access the E5813A. The included software lets you lock theE5813A to your computer. Once you unlock the connection, another user can then connect from a different computer.To choose between a E5810A or a E5813A for your applications, please refer to page 9.A gilent E5813A Networked 5-Port USB HubUtilize the LAN to access remoteUSB, GPIB or RS-232instruments or devicesC ablesAgilent also offers a variety ofcables that provide easy and reliable connections. Agilent cables are engineered for exceptional reliability and durability, even under the harshest conditions.CableLength 10833D GPIB cable 0.5 meter 10833A GPIB cable 1 meter 10833B GPIB cable 2 m 10833C GPIB cable 4 m 10833F GPIB cable 6 m 10833G GPIB cable8 mAdapters10834A GPIB-to-GPIB adapterThe 10834A GPIB-to-GPIB adapter can help when limited rear-panel space and other design considerations make cabling diffi cult. The 10834A adapter extends the fi rst cable by 2.3 cm away from the rear panel to provide clearance for other connectors,switches, and cables.Related Agilent literature• Modern Connectivity–Using USB and LAN connectivityConverters, Application note 1475-1pub no. 5989-0123EN • Simplifi ed PC Connections for GPIB Instruments, Application note 1409-1, pub no. 5988-5897EN • Using LAN in Test Systems: The Basics, Application note 1465-9, pub no. 5989-1412EN• Using LAN in Test Systems: Network Confi guration, Application note 1465-10, pub no. 5989-1413EN• Using USB in the Test and Measurement Environment, Application note 1465-12, pub no. 5989-1417EN • Computer connectivity Considerations, Application note 1465-2, pub no. 5988-9818ENOrdering InformationProduct Number Product Description82357BUSB/GPIB interface, includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROM82350BHigh-performance PCI GPIB interface, includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROM82351AHigh-performance PCIe™-GPIB Interface Card, includes AgilentIO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROMAdditional manual set (Option 0B1);Japanese User’s Guide (Option ABJ)E5810ALAN/GPIB gateway,includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROM Rack mount kit for 1 or 2E5810A(s) Option 100E5818ALXI Class-B Trigger Box, includes Agilent IO Libraries Suite and SCPI programming manuals on CD-ROME5805AUSB/4-port RS232 interface, includes USB cable, Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROME5813ANetworked 5-port USB hub, includes power adapter, Agilent IO Libraries Suite and VISA/SICL programming manuals on CD-ROM10833D 0.5-meter GPIB cable 10833A 1-meter GPIB cable 10833B 2-meter GPIB cable 10833C 4-meter GPIB cable 10833F 6-meter GPIB cable 10833G 8 meter GPIB cable 10834AGPIB-to-GPIB adapterProduct specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2010Printed in USA, March 18, 2010 5989-1889EN。
设备管理系统设计与实现
设备管理系统设计与实现-英语论文IntroductionWith the increasing number of electronic devices in our daily lives, managing them has become a challenging task. For this reason, device management systems have emerged as an effective solution to help manage devices, including computer systems, smartphones, and other electronic devices. This paper presents a design and implementation of a device management system that can help manage devices effectively.BackgroundDevice management systems are software systems designed to help manage electronic devices. They are essential in managing large-scale electronic devices and ensuring their efficient operation. Tasks that the device management system can perform include device configuration, inventory management, monitoring, maintenance, and device updates.The design and implementation of a device management system are critical to ensure that it meets the needs of the organization. When designing the system, the critical factors that need to be considered include the organization's needs, the devices to be managed, and the network infrastructure. The implementation of the system involves the development of software, hardware installation, and network configuration.Design and ImplementationThe device management system that we propose is composed of three key components: a device management server, agents, and a user interface. These components have different functionalities that collectively ensure effective devicemanagement.The device management server is the core component ofthe entire system. It is responsible for device configuration, inventory management, and monitoring of devices. The serveris installed on a dedicated computer system that is connected to the devices to be managed. The server runs device management software that facilitates device configuration, inventory management, and monitoring. The software enablesthe server to detect new devices on the network, collectdevice information, and control device settings.The device management agents are installed on thedevices to be managed. The agents are responsible for communicating with the management server and executing management tasks. The agents are installed on each device on the network, and they enable the server to access device information and remotely manage the devices. The agentsenable remote access and management of devices, making it possible to execute tasks such as software updates, device configuration, and maintenance.The user interface is the component that the systemusers interact with. The user interface enables users to interact with the system, view device information, andexecute management tasks remotely. The user interface is aweb-based application that is accessible from any device onthe network. The user interface is designed to be user-friendly, making it easy for users to navigate and access device information.In the implementation of the device management system,the installation of hardware and software is done in stages. First, the device management server is installed andconfigured to run device management software. Once the serveris installed, agents are installed on each device on the network. The agents are configured to communicate with the server, and they enable device management tasks to be executed remotely. Finally, the user interface is designed and installed, and it is configured to enable users to access device information and execute management tasks remotely.ConclusionThe design and implementation of a device management system are critical in ensuring effective device management. The system we propose is composed of three key components: a device management server, agents, and a user interface. The server is responsible for device configuration, inventory management, and monitoring of devices. Agents enable remote access and management of devices, while the user interface allows users to interact with the system and execute management tasks remotely. The implementation of the system involves the installation of hardware and software in stages. With this system in place, device management becomes more comfortable, ensuring efficient operation of electronic devices.。
Ruijie RG-EST310 Series Wireless Bridges Hardware
Ruijie RG-EST310 Series Wireless Bridges Hardware Installation and Reference Guide 1.00Copyright statementRuijie Networks©2020Ruijie Networks reserves all copyrights of this document. Any reproduction, excerption, backup, modification, transmission, translation or commercial use of this document or any portion of this document, in any form or by any means, without the prior written consent of Ruijie Networks is prohibited.Exemption statementThis document is provided “as is”. The contents of this document are subject to change without any notice. Please obtain the latest information through the Ruijie Networks website. Ruijie Networks endeavors to ensure content accuracy and will not shoulder any responsibility for losses and damages caused due to content omissions, inaccuracies or errors.PrefaceThank you for using our products. This manual will guide you through the installation of the device.ScopeIt is intended for the users who have some experience in installing and maintaining network hardware. At the same time, it is assumed that the users are already familiar with the related terms and concepts.Obtaining Technical AssistanceRuijie Networks Website: https:///Technical Support Website: https:///supportCase Portal: https://Community: https://Technical Support Email: *****************************Skype: *****************************Related DocumentsDocuments DescriptionConfiguration Guide Describes network protocols and related mechanisms that supported by the product, with configuration examples.Command Reference Describes the related configuration commands, including command modes, parameter descriptions, usage guides, and related examples.Documentation ConventionsThe symbols used in this document are described as below:This symbol brings your attention to some helpful suggestions and references.This symbol means that you must be extremely careful not to do some things that may damage the device or causedata loss.1 Product OverviewRG-EST310 is an 802.11ac wireless bridge designed for video postback scenario. Its 5GHz radio delivers an access rate of 867Mbps.The IP68 design adapts to inclement outdoor environments such as the cold and humidity. This substantially simplifies installation and maintenance.1.1 Technical SpecificationsTable 1-1 RG-EST310 Technical SpecificationsModel RG-EST310Chip QCA9886Memory/Flash 512M bits/64M bitRF Design Single-Band Dual-Stream 2x2802.11acTransmissionProtocolBands 802.11a/n/ac: 5G(Country-Specific)Antenna Directional antenna, Horizontal 60°, Vertical 30°Bridging Distance 1kmSpatial Streams 2Max Throughput 5GHz: 867MbpsModulation OFDM: BPSK@6/9Mbps, QPSK@12/18Mbps, 16-QAM@24Mbps, 64-QAM@48/54MbpsOFDM: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 254QAMReceive Sensitivity 11a: -89dBm (6Mbps), -80dBm (24Mbps), -76dBm (36Mbps), -71dBm (54Mbps)11n: -83dBm@MCS0, -65dBm@MCS7, -83dBm@MCS8, 65dBm@MCS1511ac: -86dBm@MCS0, -63dBm@MCS9Transmit Power ≤250mw (24dBm) (adjustable)Adjustable Power 1dBm147 mm ×76 mm×37 mm (without brackets, 0.48 in. x 0.25 in. x 0.12 in.)Dimensions(W x D x H)Weight 0.35 kgFixed Port One 10/100Base-T Ethernet port, supporting 24 V PoEButton One Reset ButtonStatus LED One system status LED, one LAN status LED and three RSSI LEDsPower Supply 24 V PoE (24 V PoE adapter) or 12 VDCPower Consumption < 5WWorking Temperature:-30°C to 65°C (-22°F to 149°F)TemperatureStorage Temperature: -40°C to 70°C (-40°F to 158°F)Working Humidity: 5% to 95% (non-condensing)HumidityStorage Humidity: 5% to 95% (non-condensing)Mounting Wall/pole mountingProtection Class IP65Flammability V0 UV Protection F1Safety Compliance GB4943EN/IEC 60950-1EMC GB9254 EN301 489Health EN 62311Radio Frequency Certification China Radio Transmission Equipment Type Approval Certificate EN300 328EN301 8931.2 LED & ButtonTable 1-2 LEDLED State MeaningSolid green Video recorder modeFast blinking green The system is being upgraded or reset.System StatusBlinking green at afrequency of 2HzCamera modeSolid on The LAN port is not receiving or transmitting data. LAN Port StatusBlinking The LAN port is receiving or transmitting data.LED 1 blinks RSSI < -69dBmLED 1 is solid on. -69dBm< RSSI <-59dBmLED 1 and LED 2 are solidon.RSSI > -59dBmLED 1, LED 2 and LED 3 are solid on. RSSI > -49dBmRSSI (3 LEDs in total)Off NosignalTable 1-3 ButtonButton Function OperationReboot Press the button for 2 seconds, and the device will be rebooted.ResetReset Press the button for over 5 seconds until the LED starts to blink. Release the button, and the device will be reset.1.3 Product ImageRG-EST310 provides a LAN port (RJ-45 port) and a 12 VDC port. Figure 1-1 Top View of RG-EST310Figure 1-2 Bottom View of RG-EST310PortsFigure 1-3 PortsNote 1. 12 VDC Port 2. 10/100Base-T Ethernet Port (PoE-capable)3. ResetPower SupplyRG-EST310 adopts 24 V PoE or 12 VDC power supply (standard accessory: 24 V/0.5A PoE adapter).Note Please do not use a PoE adapter or switch of another model. The device may be damaged.2 Preparing for InstallationTo prevent device damage and physical injury, please read the safety recommendations carefully as described in this chapter.Suggestions do not cover all possible hazardous situations.2.1 Lightening Protection●When the connection cable between the main grounding conductor and local equipotential earthing terminal board(LEB) on each floor is shorter than 2 meters, use a stranded copper wire with a sectional area not less than 1.318 mm2 (16 AWG) for the connection cable.●Use a shielded network cable if possible, ensure that devices connected to both ends of the shielded network cableare reliably grounded, and make sure that the sheath of the shielded network cable is also grounded if possible. If no shielded network cable is available, wire the network cable through a steel pipe and bury the steel pipe for lead-in, and properly ground both ends of the steel pipe.●No additional lightning protector is required as a high-profile lightning protector is built in the RG-EST310 and theantenna port and power port support 4kV lightning protection. If a lightning protector of a higher profile is available, configure the lightning protector optionally. Before the configuration, connect the lightning protector to the ground cable.2.2 Installation Site●Do not expose the device to high temperature, dust, or harmful gases.●Do not install the device in an area prone to fire or explosions.●Keep the device away from EMI sources such as large radar stations, radio stations, and substations.●Do not subject the device to unstable voltage, vibration, and noises.●Keep the device at least 500 meters away from the ocean and do not face it towards the sea breeze.●The installation site should be protected from water and flooding, seepage, dripping, or condensation.●The installation site should be selected according to network planning, communications equipment features andconsiderations such as climate, hydrology, geology, earthquake, electric power, and transportation.2.2.1 Temperature and HumidityTo ensure the normal operation and equipment service life, maintain appropriate temperature and humidity levels in the equipment room. See Table 2-1.Table 2-1 Temperature and Humidity RequirementWorking Temperature -30°C to 65°C (-22°F to 149°F)Working Humidity 5% to 95% (non-condensing)2.2.2 Outdoor InstallationRG-EST310 supports wall mounting and pole mounting.2.2.3 EMIVarious interference sources, from either outside or inside the device or application system, affect the system in the conductive ways such as capacitive coupling, inductive coupling, and electromagnetic radiation. There are two types of electromagnetic interferences: radiated interference and conducted interference, depending on the type of the propagation path. When the energy, often RF energy, from a component arrives at a sensitive component via the space, the energy is known as radiated interference. The interference source can be either a part of the interfered system or a completely electrically isolated unit. Conducted interference results from the electromagnetic wire or signal cable connection between the source and the sensor. Interference along the cable the interference is transmitted from one unit to another. Conducted interference often affects the power supply of the device, but can be controlled by a filter. Radiated interference may affect any signal path in the device, and is difficult to shield.●Effective measures should be taken for the power system to prevent electric grid interference.●The working ground of the routers should be properly separated and kept as far as possible from the groundingdevice of the power device or the anti-lightning grounding device.●Keep the device away from high-power radio transmitter, radar transmitting station, and high-frequency large-currentdevice.●Take electrostatic shielding measures.2.3 Installation ToolTable 2-2 Installation ToolsTools Marker, Phillips (crosshead) screwdriver, slotted screwdriver, drill, paper knife, crimping pliers, diagonal pliers, wire stripper, network cable tester, related power and fiber cables, wrench, hammer, cable ties, ESD tools, multimeterThe tool kit is not shipped with RG-EST310. You need to prepare a tool kit.2.4 Unpacking and CheckingPlease check your goods carefully against the parts list. If you have any questions or there are any errors, please contact your distributor.Hardware Installation and Reference Guide Installing the Device3Installing the DeviceBefore installing the device, make sure you have carefully read the requirements described in Chapter 2.3.1 Installation Flowchart3.2 Before You BeginBefore you install the device, verify that all the parts in the parts list are there and make sure that:●The installation site meets temperature and humidity requirements.●The installation site is equipped with a proper power supply.●Network cables are in place.3.3 PrecautionsThe device can be mounted on a wall and a pole (diameter: 35 mm to 89 mm). If the diameter of the pole is out of the range, the hose clamp is customer-supplied. In this case, we strongly recommend you to use a hose clamp with thickness of 2.5mm at least. Otherwise, the device could fall down and cause injuries. The installation site can vary due to on-the-spot surveys conducted by technical personnel.Please make full preparations as described in Chapter 2 and observe the following precautions before installing the device.●Before connecting the power supply, please use the PoE adapter shipped with the device or use a PoE adapter withthe same specification.●Before connecting the power cord, make sure the power switch is in the OFF position.●Make sure the power supply is properly connected.3.4 Installing DeviceFigure 3-1 Wall Mounting1. Secure the mounting bracket on the wall.2. Install the device to the mounting bracket.Figure 3-2 Pole Mounting1. Secure the mounting bracket to the pole by threading two clamps through the mounting bracket.2. Install the device to the mounting bracket.3.5 Connecting Cables1. Select a cable according to the distance between the wireless bridge and the PSE.2. Plug one end of the cable into the PoE port of the PoE injector and plug the other end into the LAN port of the device.Connect the LAN port of the PoE injector to the server or camera. Connect the PoE adapter to the DC port of the PoE injector. Or you can connect the PoE adapter to the DC port of the device. Plug one end of the cable to the LAN port of the device and plug the other end to the server or camera.Figure 3-3 Video Recorder EndFigure 3-4 Camera EndPlease install the rear cover for waterproof and dustproof purpose.Please do not use a PoE adapter or switch of another model. The device may be damaged.Appendix A Connectors and Media1000BASE-T/100BASE-TX/10BASE-TThe 1000BASE-T/100BASE-TX/10BASE-T is a 10/100/1000 Mbps auto-negotiation port that supports auto MDI/MDIX. Compliant with IEEE 802.3ab, 1000BASE-T requires Category 5e 100-ohm UTP or STP (STP is recommended) with a maximum distance of 100 meters (328 feet).1000BASE-T requires all four pairs of wires be connected for data transmission, as shown in Figure A-1.Figure A-1 1000BASE-T Connection10BASE-T uses Category 3, 4, 5 100-ohm UTP/STP and 1000BASE-T uses Category 5 100-ohm UTP/STP for connections. Both support a maximum length of 100 meters. Table A-1 shows 100BASE-TX/10BASE-T pin assignments. Table A-2 100BASE-TX/10BASE-T Pin AssignmentsFigure A-3 shows wiring of straight-through and crossover cables for 100BASE-TX/10BASE-T.Figure A-3 100BASE-TX/10BASE-T ConnectionAppendix B Parts ListTable B-1 RG-EST310 Parts ListNo. Item QTY Remark1 RG-EST310 Camera End 12 RG-EST310 Video Recorder End 13 24V/0.6A Power Adaptor 24 Ruijie RG-EST310 Series Wireless Bridges HardwareInstallation Guide and Reference Guide15 Self-TappingScrews 4 6 ScrewAnchors 4 7 HoseClamp 4 8 Bracket 2。
以IR46 电表测试为例的硬件检测综述
第48卷第3期电力系统保护与控制V ol.48 No.3 2020年2月1日Power System Protection and Control Feb. 1, 2020 DOI: 10.19783/ki.pspc.191126以IR46电表测试为例的硬件检测综述黄吉涛1，周媛奉1，梁 飞1，樊 博1，胡婷婷1，张家宁2，李开慧3(1.国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院，宁夏 银川 750002；2.四川大学电气工程学院，四川 成都 610065；3.河南许继仪表有限公司，河南 许昌 461000)摘要：随着泛在电力物联网概念在电网建设中的不断推行，以智能电表为代表的电力物联网末端智能感知设备面临着越来越多的新要求。
因此，关于符合IR46国际标准的智能电表的设计和测试受到了广泛的关注。
智能电表的设计过程需要使用硬件测试技术进行完善设计和质量验证。
以IR46电表的硬件测试过程为例，对同类产品的硬件测试问题进行了综述，并结合IR46电表的特点进行了分析。
通过探讨新一代智能电表的硬件测试技术，为泛在电力物联网的推进做出了必要研究。
关键词：泛在电力物联网；IR46；智能电表；硬件测试A survey of hardware detection using IR46 meter test as an exampleHUANG Jitao1, ZHOU Yuanfeng1, LIANG Fei1, FAN Bo1, HU Tingting1, ZHANG Jianing2, LI Kaihui3(1. Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 750002, China;2. College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;3. Henan Xuji Instrument Co., Ltd., Xuchang 461000, China)Abstract:With the continuous implementation of the Ubiquitous Power Internet of Things (UPIoT) concept in power grid construction, the smart IoT terminal intelligent sensing device represented by smart meter is facing with more and more new requirements. Therefore, the smart meter conforming to the IR46 international standard is taken as an example, whose design and testing has received wide attention. The design process of smart meter needs to use hardware test technology to improve design and quality verification. This paper takes the hardware test process of IR46 meter as an example, combining with the characteristics of the IR46 meter, summarizes the hardware test process of similar products.By discussing the hardware testing technology of the new generation of smart meters, the necessary research has been done for the promotion of the ubiquitous power IoT.This work is supported by Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China (No. 5229DK18003G).Key words:UPIoT; IR46; smart meter; hardware test0 引言泛在电力物联网[1-3]理念要求在推进电网建设的过程中充分利用智能化、先进的设备和新技术，将新一代电力系统与“大云物移智”等信息通信技术进行深度融合和渗透[4-8]，其中新一代智能电表作为泛在电力物联网体系中重要的通信和末端智能感知设备[9-11]，是完成对电网全面创新、构建国家能源互联网高质量建设中的重要环节。
NVIDIA NVS 810 数字信息牌解决方案说明书
® NVS™ 810BRILLIANTLY SIMPLEDIGITAL SIGNAGEBuild brilliant digital signage solutions easily and cost-effectively with NVS 810.The NVIDIA NVS 810 graphics board delivers exceptional display connectivity, cost-effective scalability, and image management capabilities that make it easy to drive any kind of multi-display digital signage setup. It’s the first of its kind to offer eight display outputs, plus the world’s most advanced GPU architecture—NVIDIA Maxwell™—all in a single-slot form factor. This makes it ideal for creating dense signage solutions, delivering the uncompromised performance and reliability required to deploy demanding content in mission-critical signage installations.KEY FEATURESEight Display OutputsThe NVS 810 leverages a dual GPU design to offer eight mini-DisplayPort 1.2 connectors capable of driving true 4K displays at 30 Hz. Plus, it provides advanced features like multi-streaming and stream cloning that enable extremely efficient cable management in complex installations. This version of the NVS 810 includes eight locking mDP to DVI-D SL adapters for installations requiring legacy DVI display support.Extreme ScalabilityThe NVS 810 gives you the best mix of performance, single-slot form factor, quiet operation, and power efficiency. Simply combine multiple NVS 810 cards in a single system to create cost-effective, massive signage walls with extreme screen resolution.Advanced Image ManagementTap into the NVIDIA DesignWorks™ suite of powerful tools to manage images on complex multi-display configurations. Technologies like NVIDIA Mosaic and Warp & Blend help you achieve even the most demanding display configurations with ease.SPECIFICATIONSNVIDIA CUDA® ParallelProcessing Cores1024 (512 cores per GPU) Frame Buffer Memory 4 GB DDR3 (2GB per GPU) Memory Interface128-bit (64-bit per GPU) Memory Bandwidth28.8 GB/sMax Power Consumption68 WGraphics Bus PCI Express 3.0 x16 Display Connectors Mini DP 1.2 (8)Max Display Support8x 4096 x 2160 at 30Hz,4x 4096 x 2160 at 60Hz Max DVI Display Support8x 1920 x 2160 at 60Hz Form Factor 4.4” H x 9.5” LSingle SlotThermal Solution ActiveProduct Weight468gPNY PART NUMBER VCNVS810DVI-PBPNY Technologies, Inc.100 Jefferson Road, Parsippany, NJ 07054Tel 408 567 5500 | Fax 408 855 0680For more information visit: /nvsTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONSSupported Platforms>Microsoft Windows 10 (64-bit and 32-bit) >Microsoft Windows 8.1 (64-bit and 32-bit) >Microsoft Windows 7 (64-bit and 32-bit)>Linux ®- Full OpenGL implementation, complete with NVIDIA and ARB extensions (64-bit and 32-bit)3D Graphics Architecture>Scalable geometry architecture >Hardware tessellation engine>NVIDIA FXAA/TXAA dedicated anti-aliasing engine 1>Shader Model 5.0 (OpenGL 4.5 and DirectX 12) >Up to 16K x16K texture and render processing >Transparent multisampling and super sampling>16x angle independent anisotropic filtering >32-bit per-component floating-point texture filtering and blending>Up to 64x full scene antialiasing (FSAA)>Decode acceleration for MPEG-2, MPEG-4 Part 2 Advanced Simple Profile, H.264, MVC, VC1, DivX (version 3.11 and later), and Flash (10.1 and later)>Dedicated H.264 Encoder 1>NVIDIA GPU Boost ™ (Automatically increases GPU engine throughput to maximize application performance.)Parallel Computing Capabilities>Streaming Multi-Processor Design (SM 5.0) delivers high performance and energy efficiency>Support for all the latest NVIDIA ® CUDA ® 7.5 features>Programming support for CUDA C, CUDAC++, DirectCompute 5.0, OpenCL, Python, and FortranAdvanced Display Features>Simultaneously drive up to eight displays when connected natively or when using DisplayPort 1.2 Multi-Stream>Eight DisplayPort 1.2 outputs includingMulti-Stream and HBR2 support (capable of supporting resolutions such as 4096x2160@30 Hz when all eight displays are connected)>DisplayPort to VGA, DisplayPort to DVI (single-link and dual-link), and DisplayPort to HDMI cables available (resolution support based on dongle specifications)>DisplayPort 1.2, HDMI, and DVI support HDCP >12-bit internal display pipeline (hardware support for 12-bit scanout on supported panels, applications and connection) >Underscan/overscan compensation and hardware scaling>Support for NVIDIA Mosaic, NVIDIA nView ® multi-display technology, and NVIDIA Enterprise Management ToolsDisplayPort and HDMI Digital Audio>Support for the following audio modes:>Dolby Digital (AC3), DTS 5.1, Multi-channel (7.1) LPCM, Dolby Digital Plus (DD+), DTS-HD, TrueHD>Output data rates of 44.1 KHz, 48 KHz, 88.2KHz, 96 KHz, 176 KHz (HDMI only), and 192 KHz (HDMI only)>Word sizes of 16-bit, 20-bit, and 24-bitNVIDIA nView Desktop Management Software>Boosts productivity by delivering maximum flexibility for single and multi-display set-ups, and provides unprecedented end-user control of the desktop experience.>Seamless integration within the Windows environment>Easy to use Setup Wizard>Extended Windows Taskbar to spread the application buttons across displays>Get virtual sub-displays with gridlines to make best use of large display setups>Create virtual desktops to maximize work area and reduce application clutter >Complete set of hot keys>User Profiles for easier system deploymentsNVIDIA Mosaic Technology>Enhance your workspace over multiple displays (up to 16 displays when used with multiple NVS 810 graphics cards)>Enables seamless taskbar spanning as well as transparent scaling of any application over multiple displaysNVIDIA Enterprise Management Tools 2>Monitor, access, and configure graphics and display information of remote machines using industry standard WMI interface>Scriptable using WMI command line interface for integration with system-level management tools>Scalable enterprise-class tools to remotely install and configure graphics drivers across your entire organizationIncluded with PNY PN VCNVS810DVI-PB>NVIDIA NVS 810 professional graphics board >Eight mDP to DVI-D SL adapters >Software Installation Disc >Printed Quick Start GuideRecommended Use CaseFor digital signage installations or other high-density multi-display environmentsutilizing DVI compatible displays. The locking mDP to DVI adapters included with PNY PN VCNVS810DVI-PB allow the NVS 810 to drive up to eight displays at 1920 x 1200 resolution at 60Hz. To utilize the Digital Cinema (4096 x 2160) or UHD (3840 x 2160) resolutions supported by the NVS 810 order PNY PN VCNVS810DP-PB for use with DisplayPort compatible displays. ********************************************.The PNY AdvantagePNY provides unsurpassed service and commitment to its professional graphics customers. In addition, PNY delivers a complete solution that includes the appropriate adapters,cables, brackets, driver software installation disc, and documentation to ensure a quick and successful install.Warranty and Support>Three year warranty>Pre- and post-sales technical support >Dedicated Field Application Engineers >Direct technical support hot linesPNY Technologies, Inc.100 Jefferson Road, Parsippany, NJ 07054 Tel 408 567 5500 | Fax 408 855 0680For more information visit: /nvs1This feature requires implementation by software applications and is not a stand-alone utility. Please contact ********************* for details on availability. | 2 Supported in Microsoft Windows 7 and later only© 2016 NVIDIA Corporation and PNY. All rights reserved. NVIDIA, the NVIDIA logo, NVS, nView, CUDA, and GigaThread are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of NVIDIA Corporation in the U.S. and other countries. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. The PNY logotype is a registered trademark of PNY。
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Hardware Implementation of Grid Connected PV System With Energy Management SchemeAbstract —Photovoltaic (PV) systems are emerging as a prevalent renewable energy source for electricity generation. PVsystems utilize photovoltaic cells for converting solar energy to electrical energy. However, the intermittent nature of solar energy limits the applications of PV systems in numerous fields of power engineering. To overcome this limitation, this paperpresents a hardware prototype of the grid connected PV systemwith energy management system using batteries. The battery based energy management system provides a stable and reliable power output from PV system irrespective of the variations insolar energy. The energy management deploys bi-directional DC-DC converter for controlled charging and discharging of batteries. Single phase inverter has been employed for converting DC power output from PV cells to AC power. The grid synchronization control of the inverter has been achieved through TI-MSP430 microcontroller launch pad kit. Various modes of operation of the grid connected PV system are tested using the developed hardware prototype. Keywords—Photovoltaic (PV) System, Bi-directional DC-DC Converter (BDC), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT),Inverter, TI-MSP430 Launch pad kit.I. I NTRODUCTIONNumerous hassles related to conventional approaches for electrical energy generation have stimulated widespread deployment of renewable energy based technologies such as grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems. Governmental laws and policies of many countries are promoting this type of distributed generation in recent years. One of the examples for promoted distributed generation is the expansion of residential roof mounted grid connected single phase PV systems up to 5kW. Majority of the grid connected PV systems employmaximum power point tracking (MPPT) to extract maximumelectrical power from the panels. For a particular solarinsolation level and ambient temperature, PV panels will have an operating point in its nonlinear voltage-currentcharacteristics at which it can deliver maximum power output. MPPT enable the boost converter connected to PV module to track this optimal point in real time. Incremental conductance method has been used in this paper for tracking maximum power point [1-2].The intermittent nature of solar energy results the poweroutput of PV systems to vary in a wide range. Thischaracteristics of PV system many not be acceptable in many practical applications. Numerous methodologies have been proposed in literature for overcoming this limitation of PV systems. Many of these methodologies are limited to simulation studies or theoretical analysis.This paper presents a hardware prototype of grid connectedPV systems with battery based energy management system which can deliver stable power output irrespective of variation in solar energy. The prototype consists of PV panels, boost converter bi-directional DC-DC (BDC) converter, single phase inverter and loads [1-3].A single phase inverter is power converter which converts the DC supply from the photo-voltaic system to AC supply. As the complete system is connected to the grid, the voltage and frequency should be synchronized with the grid voltage, and frequency. This control is implemented with the help of hysteresis current control algorithm. The inverter operated with hysteresis current controller also allows the output current of inverter to be in phase with the voltage, there by achieving unity power factor. This method is robust and effective than the conventional reference signal generation by the controller and matching it with the grid voltage at later stage. This method also reduces the number of components such as phase locked loop (PLL) circuits and costs significantly [4-7]. The controller is implemented using the TI-MSP430 Microcontroller launch pad kit which costs onlyUSD 4.30.Stable power output is achieved by extracting energy frombatteries during less availability of solar energy like overcast conditions. BDC converter is employed for controlled charging and discharging of the batteries. The BDC acts in buck mode for charging the batteries and in boost mode during discharging period of batteries. The operation of BDC is controlled using the PI controller. II. P ROPOSED SYSTEM CONFIGURATION The proposed grid connected PV system with energy management scheme is presented in this section. Thefunctional block diagram of the proposed system utilized in this paper is illustrated in Fig. 1. The block diagram consists of the PV module, boost converter, single phase inverter, battery bank, bi-directional DC-DC converter, load and utility grid. BDC controls the charging and dischargingcurrents of the battery in real time. Photovoltaic cell is the most basic generation part of thePV module. The output of the PV module is unregulated DCsupply. The unregulated DC supply is due to the change in the weather conditions. The PV module used in the hardware prototype is HBL made which has the open circuit voltage of 22.65V, short circuit current of 4.798A, maximum power of81.50W.978-1-4799-2803-3/13/$31.00 ©2013 IEEEFig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed modelThe hardware setup of the boost converter is shown in the Fig. 2. The components used in the boost converter are IGBT, inductor, capacitor, PIC16F876A microcontroller, IGBT driver circuit, voltage and current sensors. The output of the voltage and current sensors are utilized for extracting the maximum power from the solar panel. The voltage and current are sensed by the voltage and current sensors and aregiven to the PIC16F876A microcontroller which is dumped with the MPPT algorithm. This algorithm adjusts the duty cycle of the IGBT to attain the maximum power from the solar panel.Fig. 2. Boost converter hardware setupIncremental conductance method is used in the proposed system for tracking as the maximum power point. The method is independent of the device characteristics [3,8].A brief introduction to principle of incrementalconductance method is as illustrated here. The method utilizesthe incremental conductance (dI/dV) of the photovoltaic arrayfor estimating the sign of change in power with respect tovoltage (dP/dV). The method estimates the maximum powerpoint (MPP) of the PV panel by comparison of theincremental conductance (ΔI/ΔV) to the PV arrayconductance (I/V) [3,8]. When these two are the same, theoutput voltage is the MPP voltage. The controller maintains the boost converter voltage, which is connected to PV panel, until the solar irradiation level changes. Once the solar irradiation level is changed, the process described above is repeated to find the new MPP voltage [3-5]. The flow chart ofincremental conductance algorithm is shown in Fig. 3 [3,8].Fig. 3. Flow chart of incremental conductance algorithm The BDC in the proposed system allows transfer of power between two DC sources in both directions. In one direction of power flow the converter works in buck mode and in theother direction the converter works in boost mode. During the availability of excess energy from PV array, BDC works inbuck mode and the battery will be in charging mode. Duringovercast conditions or night time, BDC works in boost mode so that the battery supplies power to load. The operational mode of BDC can be switched over by controlling the duty cycle. The basic circuit diagram of the BDC is shown in Fig.4.Fig. 4. Basic circuit diagram of the BDCThe output from the boost converter as well as BDC forms the input of the single phase inverter. The componentsused in the inverter are IGBT switches, driver circuit andTIMSP430 based PWM generator. The PWM output of theTIMSP430 microcontroller launch pad kit is given to the gatedriver circuit which will produce required magnitude ofvoltage to drive IGBT. Gate driver consists of opto-couplerwhich isolates the control circuit from power circuit. Thehardware setup for single phase inverter is shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5. Inverter hardware setupThe TI-MSP430 microcontroller Launchpad kit [9] is used to generate the PWM pulses to the single phase inverter. There are many advantages using this kit as follows [9].1.It requires only low supply voltage in the range of1.8-3.6 V.2.It has five power saving modes which can disableunneeded clock cycles and CPU.3.It has ultra-fast Wake up from standby mode in lessthan 1micro second.4.It has up to 24 Touch-Sense-Enabled I/O Pins.5.It is low cost compared to other driver circuits.Fig. 6. TI-MSP430 microcontroller launch pad kitIII.P RINCIPLES OF O PERATIONThere are different modes of operation for the proposed model. The different modes are tested using the above hardware setups. The modes of operation are described below.A)PV Powered ModeThe boost converter works in maximum power point tracking mode [6]. The power from the solar panels is given to the load. The current sensor and voltage sensor are used to sense the current ant voltage from the solar panel is given to the PIC16F876A in which the MPPT algorithm is dumped. Thus the maximum power is obtained from the solar panel and is fed to the load through the inverter. The pulses to the inverter are given using TIMSP430 microcontroller Launch pad kit. The power flow in this mode is shown in Fig. 7.Fig. 7. Power flow in PV Powered ModeB)Battery Charging ModeBattery charging mode starts when battery is discharged. The battery bank is charged using the bidirectional converter. The bidirectional converter acts in buck mode for charging the battery bank. The output voltage of the boost converter is given to the bidirectional converter which reduces the voltage to the required voltage by the controlling the duty cycle of the switch. Thus the battery bank is charged. The direction ofpower flow of the proposed model is shown belowFig. 8. Power flow in Battery charging modeC)Battery Powered ModeWhen there is condition of overcast sky or at night, the output power of solar cell is zero (P PV=0). Then the boost converter also stop working and the BDC works in boost mode to regulate the DC bus voltage to be stable to power the load [6]. The system acts in standalone and this forms mode-3 operation. The direction of the power flow in this mode is shown belowSWITCHES Driver circuitinputoutputTIMSP430Fig. 9. Power flow in Battery Powered modeD)Grid Connected ModeThis mode works when the grid is connected to the system. The synchronization of the PV system with main power grid at unity power factor is achieved by hysteresis current control technique. When there is excess power from the PV module, the excess power is supplied to the grid. When there is less power obtained from the PV module, the grid supplies the power to the load.Fig. 10. Power flow in Battery Powered mode ModeIV.R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSIONSA)Hardware results of PV Powered ModeIn PV powered mode, boost converter works in MPPT mode. The power from the solar panels is supplied to the load. The current and voltage sensors are used to sense the current ant voltage from the solar panel. This is given to the PIC16F876A in which the MPPT algorithm is dumped. Thus the maximum power is obtained from the solar panel and is fed to the load through the inverter. The output waveforms corresponding to mode-1 are shown in Fig. 11 and Fig. 12. Change in the duty cycle for different voltages using MPPT algorithm is given in Fig. 13. Voltage and current waveforms at inverter output terminals and load terminals are shown in Fig. 14.(a) (b)Fig. 11 (a) and (b). Output current and voltage of the PV module respectively(a) (b)Fig. 12(a) and (b). Output voltage, pulses, inductor current of boost converterrespectively(a) (b)(a) (b)Fig. 13 (a), (b), (c)and (d). Duty cycle of 13.2%, 26.1% ,42.1%, 67.2%respectively(a) (b)Fig. 14 (a) and (b). Inverter voltage and current, Load voltage and currentrespectivelyB)Hardware results of Battery Charging ModeBattery charging mode starts when battery is discharged. The battery bank is charged using the bidirectional converter. The bidirectional converter acts in buck mode for charging the battery bank. The output voltage of the boost converter is given to the bidirectional converter which reduces the voltage to the required voltage by the controlling the duty cycle of the switch. Thus the battery bank is charged. The outputwaveforms corresponding to this mode are shown in Fig. 15 to Fig. 17.(a) (b)Fig. 15 (a) and (b). Output current and voltage of the PV module respectively(a) (b)Fig. 16 (a) and (b). Output voltage, pulses, inductor current of boostconverter respectively(a) (b)Fig. 17 (a) and (b). Charging voltage and charging current battery voltageand pulses for the bidirectional converterC)Hardware results of Battery Powered ModeIn this mode BDC works in boost mode to regulate the DC bus voltage to be stable. The system acts in standalone mode. The output waveforms corresponding to this mode are shown in Fig. 17 to Fig. 20.(a) (b)Fig. 17 (a) and (b). Battery voltage and battery discharging current(a) (b)Fig. 18 (a) and (b). Output voltage and pulses, inductor current of boostConverter(a) (b)Fig. 19 (a) and (b). Pulses to inverter using TI-MSP430, Inverter voltageand currentFig. 20. Load voltage and load currentD) Hardware results of Grid Connected ModeThis mode works when the grid is connected to the system. The output waveforms corresponding to this mode are shown in Fig. 21 to Fig. 24.(a) (b)Fig. 21 (a) and (b). Output current and voltage of the PV module(a) (b)Fig. 22 (a) and (b). Output voltage, pulses, inductor current of boostconverter(a) (b) Fig. 23 (a) and (b). Pulses for the inverter after HCC, Inverter voltage andcurrentFig. 24. Load voltage and load currentV. C ONCLUSIONSGrid connected photovoltaic systems are emerging as a prevalent renewable energy source for electricity generation. Hardware implementation of a grid connected photovoltaic system with energy management scheme is presented in this paper. Incremental conductance method has been utilized for extracting maximum power form photovoltaic panels. Synchronization of the system with main power grid is achieved through hysteresis current control technique. Four modes of operation of the proposed system have been explained with hardware results. The results validate that the proposed system can deliver a stable output power irrespective of the variations in solar irradiation levels. A CKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors woul d l ike to thank the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India, for the support in realizing a prototype model for Grid-Connected PV System.R EFERENCES[1] J. Xue, Z. Yin Qipeng Song and R. Shan, “Analyze and Research of theinverter for Grid connecting photovoltaic system”, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring Power Technologies, pp. 2530 - 2535, 2008. [2] P. Sritakaew and A.Sangswan, “On the Reliability Improvement ofDistribution Systems Using PV Grid-Connected Systems”, Proc. IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and systems. pp. 1354 - 1357, 2006.[3] B. Subudhi and R. Pradhan, “A Comparative Study on Maximum PowerPoint Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Power Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, vol. 4, no. 1, Jan. 2013.[4] D. Ganesh, S. Moorthi and H. Sudheer, “A Voltage Controller in Photo-Voltaic System with Battery Storage for Stand-Alone Applications”, International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), vol.2, no.1, Mar. 2012.[5] E. Romnn, R. Alonso and P. Ibailez, “Intelligent PV Module for Grid-Connected PV Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial electronics, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1066 - 1073, Aug. 2006.[6] Xianglin Zhu and Zhiling Liao, “Energy management for stand-alonePV system”,Proc. ISECS International Colloquium on Computing, Communication, Control, and Management, (CCCM 2009), vol.4 ,pp.311 - 314,8-9 Aug. 2009. [7] Jena, S., Babu, B.C., Naik, A.K. and Mishra, G., “Performanceimprovement of single-phase grid -Connected PWM inverter using PI with hysteresis current controller” ,Proc. International Conference on Energy, Automation, and Signal (ICEAS 2011),pp.1-5, 28-30 Dec. 2011.[8] Maximum Power Point Tracking, NI tutorial 8106,2009.(/white-paper/8106/en/).[9] TI-MSP430 microcontroller Launchpad value line development kit(/tool/msp-exp430g2).。