2 income level and the world market

Lesson 2 Income Level and the World MarketI.教学目的掌握国内生产总值，国民生产总值，人均收入等概念的含义。

了解划分高收入，中等收入和低收入国家的标准及收入水平与市场的关系。

熟悉世界市场的情况。

II.教学重难点1Gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP).2Per capita income and per capita GDP.3High income, middle income and low income countries.A. standards for classificationB. representative countries4Triad and Quad.A. United StatesB. Western EuropeC. JapanD. Canada5Other important markets for China.III. 教学方法讲解（传授新知识[口授法]）和课堂练习（巩固知识技能[探讨研究法）相结合。

讲授为主，配以师生互动实训，PPT等。

IV.教学学时：4学时V. 教学步骤• 1. New vocabulary•1) potential [pəu'tenʃəl]•n. 潜能；可能性；[电] 电势adj. 潜在的；可能的；势的•This new invention has enormous sales potential.•Have potential to do/ as•2) clue n. 线索•The police found a clue which will help them catch the robber.•Clue to do sth.•3) bulk [bʌlk]•n. 体积，容量；大多数，大部分；大块•vt. 使扩大，使形成大量；使显得重要•Sugar is imported in bulk(散装) from the mainland.•4）tap [tæp]•vt. 轻敲；轻打；利用，开发•We should tap into(利用) our currency reserves•5) proximity [prɔk'simiti]•n. 亲近，接近；[数] 邻近•Proximity to2. Trade Terms:•1) national income国民收入: the total net value of all goods and services produced within a nation over a specified period of time. 一个国家在某一特定时期内货物和服务的总净价值。

•2）GNP国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.•3) per capita income人均收入：it is calculated by dividing its national income by its population.一个国家的国民收入除以其人口数。

•4）Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level ofconsumers.一个国家的国内生产总值除以起人口数。

•5）PPP购买力平价: Purchasing power parity是一种根据各国不同的价格水平计算出来的货币之间的等值系数，以对各国的国内生产总值进行合理比较。

但是，这种理论汇率与实际汇率可能有很大的差距。

•例如：根据该杂志最新一期的巨无霸指数，一份巨无霸汉堡包的价格在中国为13.2元人民币，在美国为3.73美元，由此推断，人民币对美元的汇率应该为3.54：1，比目前的汇率低了很多。

实际上，按照“巨无霸指数”推算的人民币对美元的汇率一直比现行汇率低不少，因此这个指数也经常被一些西方经济学家用来佐证各种“人民币被低估”的理论•6）consumerism消费主义: the theory that a progressively greater consumption of goods is economically beneficial.•一种认为逐步增长的商品消费有利于经济发展的理论。

•7）Income distribution收入分布: The proportions of its rich, middle income and poor people . 高、中、低收入者在市场中的比例。

•8）OECD经合组织，经济合作与开发组织: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.成立于1961年，目前成员国总数34个，总部设在巴黎。

澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、捷克、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、韩国、卢森堡、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、斯洛伐克、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、英国、美国、智利、爱沙尼亚、以色列、斯洛文尼亚•9）Staple goods大路货：goods produced or stocked in large quantities to meet steady demand.质量一般、销量广销量高•10) Creditor country债权国: the country to which money or its equivalent is owed.•Debtor country债务国•11) ASEAN 东盟，东南亚国家联盟: Association of Southeast Asian Nationals.•成立于1967年，现有成员国12个，包括文莱（1984年）、柬埔寨（1999年）、印度尼西亚、老挝（1997年）、马来西亚、缅甸（1997年）、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、越南（1995年）、美国与俄罗斯•12) FOUR TIGERS / NIEs（亚洲四小虎/龙）: Newly Industrialized Economies 指韩国、新加坡、台湾、香港四个国家和地区。

3. Key Points:•1) GNP (Gross national Product) and GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国民生产总值和国内生产总值：•GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.•2）per capita income and per capita GDP人均收入和人均国内生产总值：•per capita income is calculated by dividing its national income by its population. per capita GDP is calculated by dividing its total GDP, theoverall size of an economy, by its population. per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers.•3) high income, middle income and low income countries(高收入、中等收入和低收入国家)• A. standards for classification(划分标准)：•Those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above are classified as high income countries. Countries with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765 are regarded as middle income countries. Lower income countries are those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less.• B. representative countries(代表国家)：•①most members of the organization for economic cooperation anddevelopment (OECD). rich oil producing countries of the middle east such as Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the united Arab emirates. small industrialized countries or regions such as Israel, Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan.•②most east European countries and most members of the commonwealthof independent states, six OECD members are not up to the level of high income countries (Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico, and turkey), quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia•③Most African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin Americancountries•4）Triad and Quad(三方组合和四方组合)• A. United States: The US dollar is the invoicing currency for about half of theinternational transactions and is an important component of foreign currency reserves of the world. With a per capita income of about $30000, the United States is the richest country in the western hemisphere. And for many years the country remained the largest recipient of foreign investment.• B. Western Europe: Western Europe that mainly refers to the EuropeanUnion. With an average per capita income of over $20000, all the members before its eastward expansion are classified as high income countries. • C. Japan: Japan is the second largest economy of the world. It is an important supplier of high tech products and a major importer of rawmaterials. Japan remained a target of criticism for engaging in unfair trade practices. The large trade surplus has enabled it to invest heavily abroad and for years it has been the largest creditor country of the world.• D. Canada: With the world’s second largest territory, Canada is rich in natural resources and its export accounts for nearly 40% of its GDP. •5) other important markets for China(中国的其他重要市场)：•The other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India, and a bit farther away Australia.。