2003moot
法国案例:对处于破产程序中的当事人在仲裁中的特别保护?
法国案例:对处于破产程序中的当事⼈在仲裁中的特别保护?【简评】国际商会仲裁程序中被申请⼈提出了反请求,但因为正处于破产清算中⽆法⽀付反请求的仲裁费,仲裁院因此决定对其反请求不予受理。
仲裁庭在最终裁决中⽀持了申请⼈的各项仲裁请求,⽽对于被申请⼈的反请求没有审理和裁决,被申请⼈及其债权⼈代表向巴黎上诉法院提起撤销仲裁裁决的申请。
巴黎上诉法院认为仲裁庭及仲裁院的“极端做法”剥夺了被申请⼈寻求正义的基本权利、违反了法律的正当程序,承认及执⾏该裁决会违反国际公共秩序,因此拒绝承认与执⾏该仲裁裁决。
巴黎上诉法院没有批评国际商会仲裁规则,⽽是认为仲裁院的决定没有考虑到本案的特殊情形,被申请⼈没有⽀付仲裁费是因为处于破产清算中,没有能⼒⽀付,并且也将不再有机会另⾏提起仲裁程序来主张其反请求。
法院认为,在此情况下应当由申请⼈⽀付全部的仲裁费。
这⼀判决引起了不少的反对意见,认为可能被处于破产程序中的被申请⼈恶意援引,故意提出不切实际的反请求,然后⼜拒绝交付反请求仲裁费,恶意阻挠仲裁程序的进⾏,加重申请⼈的负担。
此案在上诉中。
这个案⼦提出了⼀些⾮常有趣的问题,其终审判决⽆疑将会对国际仲裁的做法产⽣⼴泛的影响。
Arbitration - FranceAward annulled due to withdrawn counterclaims introduced by insolvent defendantContributed by Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLPApril 12 2012IntroductionFactsProcedural backgroundDecisionCommentIntroductionThe interaction between insolvency proceedings and arbitration is treated differently in different countries. The French legal position is clear: the supervening insolvency of a party does not render a dispute inarbitrable. Insolvency does not prevent arbitrators from carrying out their mission – except for matters of public policy on which only the bankruptcy court may decide (ie, acknowledging the status of insolvency or dealing with proof of debts).In a recent decision the Paris Court of Appeal found that the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) had committed an "excessive measure" justifying the annulment of the award when it decided to withdraw counterclaims that had been introduced by the defendant which could not pay the advance on costs due to its insolvency.(1) The arbitral tribunal had made findings in its award that rendered the counterclaims moot. Indeed, the counterclaims constituted a mirror image of the defendant's defence to the points of claim, which the tribunal denied in its award. The counterclaims were introduced in order to reinforce the defence's arguments. Therefore, while as a matter of form the ICC court's decision to withdraw the counterclaims deprived the defendant of an opportunity to obtain a ruling on these counterclaims, as a matter of substance, it appears that the arbitral tribunal had taken into account – and dismissed – the arguments that underpinned the counterclaims.According to the court of appeal, that a party was impecunious and could not, as such, introduce subsequent arbitration proceedings amounted to a breach of the right of access to justice. The severe approach of the court – which championed a strictly objective assessment of the breach of procedural public policy – has been subject to criticism.FactsIn December 2001 Italian company Pirelli & C SPA and Spanish company Licensing Project SL (LP) entered into an agreement pursuant to which LP was granted an exclusive licence for the production and marketing of shoes under several brands owned by Pirelli. The agreement contained an arbitration clause which stated that any disputes relating to the validity, interpretation, performance or termination of the contract would be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the ICC's 1998 Rules of Arbitration.A dispute arose between the parties regarding the Pzero brand, since LP had suspended the payment of royalties provided for under the agreement. In April 2007 Pirelli sent LP a termination letter.In July 2007 LP went into insolvency, pursuant to the ruling of a Barcelona court.Procedural backgroundArbitration proceedingsIn November 2007 Pirelli initiated arbitration proceedings before the ICC, requesting the arbitral tribunal to: acknowledge the termination of the agreement; andhold LP liable to pay the outstanding royalties, as well as damages resulting from alleged breaches of the agreement, since LP had continued to sell licensed products after termination of the agreement.LP introduced several counterclaims before the arbitral tribunal. It asserted that Pirelli had granted it a licence for the Pzero brand, which it did not actually own, and requested the arbitral tribunal to hold Pirelli liable to compensate it for having paid royalties in relation to the brand, as well as for sums invested in business development activities in this respect. LP also alleged that Pirelli had unlawfully terminated the agreement and requested damages for the resulting loss of profits. LP requested that Pirelli be ordered to pay damages for unfair competition and prevented from concluding any licence agreements with third parties regarding the relevant brands.In a first award rendered in September 2008, the arbitral tribunal in Paris held that it had jurisdiction to hear the dispute. In the same award the arbitrators held that Article 52.1 of the 2003 Spanish Bankruptcy Law (22/2003), pursuant to which bankruptcy proceedings forestall the effects of arbitration clauses, did not apply to international arbitration. The parties did not challenge this award.In January 2009 the Barcelona court opened liquidation proceedings against LP.In March 2009, on Pirelli's request, the ICC court decided to fix separate advances on costs for the claims and the counterclaims pursuant to Article 30(2) of the 1998 ICC rules (now Article 36(3) of the 2012 ICC rules), despite LP's objection that its being involved in winding-up proceedings prevented it from paying the advance set by the ICC court.LP was unable to pay the advance on costs. Consequently, in August 2009 the ICC court informed the arbitral tribunal and the parties that since LP had not paid the advance on costs corresponding to its counterclaims, the counterclaims were deemed to have been withdrawn in accordance with Article 30(4) of the 1998 ICC rules (now Article 36(6)). The court added that LP would not be prevented from reintroducing the same counterclaims in subsequent arbitration proceedings.In October 2009 the arbitral tribunal rendered its final award, in which it admitted all of the claimant's claims. It acknowledged the rightful termination of the licence agreement, enjoined LP from using the brands covered by the licence agreement and ordered LP to pay the outstanding royalties to Pirelli. The arbitral tribunal therefore rejected all of LP's arguments in response to Pirelli's claims.Annulment proceedingsIn November 2009 LP introduced an action to set aside the award in France.In March 2010 the Barcelona tribunal authorised M Belil, a creditor of LP, to challenge the award in the interest of all creditors. In September 2010 Belil introduced proceedings against LP and its liquidators, and less than two weeks later against Pirelli, LP and LP's liquidators. The last set of proceedings was introduced with a view to replacing the proceedings introduced against LP and its liquidators only.In their pleadings, Belil and LP claimed that as a result of the withdrawal of LP's counterclaims by the ICC court, LP had been deprived of the right to a fair trial before the arbitral tribunal. Consequently, Belil and LP claimed that the award should be annulled on the grounds that:due process had been violated; andthe recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to international public policy.They asserted that because of LP's inability to provide the required advance on costs due to the winding-up proceedings, LP had been deprived of its right of proper access to justice and Pirelli had been placed in a more favourable position. They concluded that this constituted a violation of the principle of equality of arms enshrined in Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights.Belil and LP also argued that the award:breached Article 52.1 of the 2003 Spanish Bankruptcy Law; andwas incompatible with certain decisions rendered by Spanish courts and thus contrary to international public policy. All of the parties requested that the various proceedings be consolidated into one.DecisionThe Paris Court of Appeal consolidated the proceedings on the grounds of good administration of justice. It held that the ICC court's decision to withdraw LP's counterclaims on the basis that the Spanish company did not pay the requested advance on costs, despite the fact that LP was in practice unable to meet this requirement due to the insolvency proceedings introduced against it, was an "excessive measure" constituting a breach of both the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms.The Paris Court of Appeal annulled the award on the grounds that due process had been violated and that the recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to international public policy. It did not rule on the rest of Belil's and LP's claims. An appeal against the reported decision has been lodged before the French Supreme Court.CommentArbitration proceedings must comply with due process requirements. A breach of the right of access to justice or the principle of equality of arms can constitute grounds for the annulment of an arbitral award.This is explicitly recognised by the French law on international arbitration. Article 1518 of the Code of Civil Procedure (previously Article 1504) provides that annulment proceedings may be brought before French courts against arbitral awards rendered in France where "due process was violated" (Article 1520 4° of the Code of Civil Procedure, formerly Article 1502 4°) or "recognition or enforcement of the award is contrary to international public policy" (Article 1520 5° of the Code of Civil Procedure, formerly Article 1502 5°).Thus, arbitrators must comply with – and enforce – the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms, both of which are principles of international public policy.(2) The observance of such fundamental principles by arbitrators is protected by state courts pursuant to Article 1520 of the Code of Civil Procedure.Nevertheless, however fundamental the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms may be, an award should be annulled only if a serious breach of such principles is established (ie, where the arbitral tribunal has left unsanctioned a serious obstacle to any party's right to have its (counter)claims heard by a judge).This is precisely what the Paris Court of Appeal should have considered when it annulled an award on the grounds that the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms had been breached.Although the ICC court's decision prima facie deprived the defendant of the right to access to justice, the Paris Court of Appeal's decision is subject to criticism, mainly because the arbitral tribunal's findings necessarily implied, de facto, the dismissal of the counterclaims.The arbitrability of insolvency proceedings issues was not at stake in the present case. The arbitral tribunal did not rule on the insolvency itself. Indeed, it ruled only on:termination of the contract;the payment of outstanding royalties and damages resulting from alleged breaches of the agreement; andthe prohibition against using brands covered by the licensing agreement.No issue of the arbitrability of insolvency proceedings was therefore involved.The interaction between insolvency proceedings and arbitration is complex. Submitting disputes to arbitration incurs funding requirements that are significantly larger than the legal costs that may be involved before a state court in France. Impecunious insolvent parties may be unable to provide an advance on costs. However, under French law, this is irrelevant when assessing the arbitrability of a dispute. Disputes involving a professional and a consumer or a non-commercial party are arbitrable under French law.(3) Thus, the impecuniousness of a party does not prevent the arbitrators from conducting their mission. That the court of appeal, on the pretext of protecting the right of access to justice, actually controlled the party's ability to pay the costs of an arbitration is debatable, as it introduces a degree of uncertainty that is not wholly compatible with a pro-arbitration stance.Arbitral tribunals must comply with fundamental procedural principlesAlthough arbitration is a private form of justice, arbitral proceedings must still comply with a number of fundamentalprinciples, the observance of which is protected by state courts when requested to rule on the enforcement or annulment of an arbitral award. The right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms, being corollaries of the right to a fair trial, are encompassed within these fundamental principles. They must therefore prevail over the arbitration rules chosen by the parties.According to the Paris Court of Appeal, the right of access to justice implies that a party may not be prevented in practice from having its claims heard, unless such restriction is proportionate to the need for good administration of justice. The Paris Court of Appeal held that the right of access to justice is equally applicable to state courts and arbitration proceedings. Thus, when requested to rule on the enforcement or annulment of an award, state courts perform a proportionality test, balancing the need for an efficient procedure against the fundamental requirement that all parties be able to have their claims heard by the arbitral tribunal.In the present case, the court considered that the decision to withdraw LP's counterclaims was disproportionate in view of the circumstances. The court held that withdrawing a counterclaim on the basis that the defendant was unable to pay for the advance on costs due to the insolvency proceedings introduced against it was an excessive measure, since it totally deprived the defendant from having its claims considered by the arbitral tribunal.The principle of equality of arms requires that the parties be in a position of equality before the judge. The Paris Court of Appeal held that this principle is breached in a situation where a defendant would be authorised to reply only to the claimant's initial claims and prevented from introducing its own counterclaims. The Paris Court of Appeal considered that the principle of equality of arms had been breached in the case at hand.Although LP and Belil had relied on Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides for the right to a fair trial, at no point in its analysis did the Paris Court of Appeal mention this. The reason for this is that Article 6(1) may not be directly invoked by a party against an arbitral tribunal and does not constitute, per se, a basis for considering the annulment of an award.(4) However, domestic courts are bound by the requirements set out under Article 6(1) when requested to set aside an award on the grounds of a breach of due process or of international public policy (Articles 1520 4° and 5° of the Code of Civil Procedure). Although Article 6(1) is not per se applicable to arbitration, the standards it sets are upheld via the test performed by the Paris Court of Appeal.(5)Thus, the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms must be upheld by the arbitral tribunal itself, in the absence of which the award may be set aside.(6)Right of access to justice and insolvency proceedings: ICC rules safety net was pointlessUnder the ICC rules, when a defendant does not provide its share of the advance on costs, the claimant must pay the whole advance. On the other hand, if the defendant wishes to introduce a counterclaim, the ICC may request it to pay an advance on costs corresponding to its counterclaim.Article 30(2) of the 1998 ICC rules (now Article 36(3)) provides that "the court may fix separate advances on costs for claims and counterclaims". In case the defendant fails to pay such advance, its counterclaims may be deemed to be withdrawn. Yet pursuant to Article 30(4) of the 1998 ICC rules (now Article 36(6)), a party whose claim was withdrawn due to non-payment of the advance on costs "shall not be prevented…from reintroducing the same claims or counterclaims at a later date in another proceeding".This 'safety net' provided for under the ICC rules is meant to protect the right of access to justice. The defendant's only option is to reintroduce the same claims or counterclaims at a later stage, in a subsequent arbitration. Albeit restricting the party's right to be heard, this provision of the ICC rules must be put in perspective against the fact that, being a private form of justice, arbitration necessarily implies a certain cost, which the parties accepted to bear when they included an arbitration clause in their agreement. It can therefore be assumed that such a restriction of the party's rights should be considered fair and proportionate.In assessing the proportionality of the withdrawal of the counterclaims, the court of appeal rejected the argument that the safety net provided under the ICC rules would give LP a second chance to bring its claim in another instance. Instead, the Paris Court of Appeal first found that the counterclaims were introduced within the scope of the arbitration clause, and that the arbitral tribunal was exclusively competent to rule on them. Then, the court observed that LP was de facto prevented from introducing its counterclaims before the tribunal, since it was subject to insolvency proceedings and had no financial means to introduce its counterclaims subsequently before a new arbitral tribunal. The court concluded that therefore, LP had no means at all to have its counterclaims heard in arbitration, and as a result, the safety net provided by the ICC rules could not temper the impossibility for LP to introduce its claims. What may be considered an acceptable departure from the right to access to justice where all parties are in a healthy financial condition was considered a denial of these fundamental rights in circumstances where a party was insolvent.The Paris Court of Appeal sanctioned the ICC court for not having considered the facts adequately.The ICC rules do not contain specific provisions intended to tackle issues arising from the insolvency of a party in arbitration. However, the ICC rules are a flexible instrument and the ICC court enjoys discretion in their enforcement, notably in deciding whether a defendant introducing a counterclaim should pay the corresponding advance on costs.In the case at hand, considering the insolvency of the defendant, the ICC court should have requested the claimant to pay the whole advance on costs in respect of both the claims and the counterclaims. Indeed, the Paris Court of Appeal did not criticise the ICC rules themselves, but instead criticised the ICC court's decision, which did not take into account the specific circumstances of the case - which could have been done if the ICC court had required the claimant to pay the advance on costs for all claims and counterclaims. Therefore, the ICC court was criticised for having applied the ICC rules in an objective manner, as opposed to a fact-specific one. It is thus the application of the ICC rules that the court found to be disproportionate, rather than the ICC rules themselves.This decision should be seen as a warning to the ICC court itself that attention should always be given to the particular facts at stake when reaching decisions on the advance of costs.However, it is questionable whether the Paris Court of Appeal took a balanced view when it considered the application of the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms to the circumstances. The court of appeal's judgment appears open to criticism in two respects at least.Arbitral tribunal has no power over advance on costsUnder French law on international arbitration, the decisions of the arbitral institution (ie, the ICC court in the present case) do not bear jurisdictional character and therefore are not subject to review by state courts.(7) However, when the administrative decisions of an arbitral institution have an impact on the parties' rights – as the present decision of the ICC court had – it is reasonable for a court to take them into account while ruling on the annulment of the subsequent award. Indeed, had the arbitration been an ad hoc arbitration, such an administrative decision would have been made by the arbitral tribunal itself –and would therefore have been subject to review by the Paris Court of Appeal in the context of annulment proceedings.By insisting on the fact that the administrative decision of the ICC court was "taken for granted" by the arbitral tribunal, the Paris Court of Appeal blamed the arbitral tribunal for having adopted a passive attitude towards the ICC court's decision and for having enforced it. However, the arbitral tribunal has no power over the advance on costs under Article 30(2) of the ICC rules (now Article 36). Since the parties had agreed that any dispute relating to their contract would be submitted to arbitration in accordance with the ICC rules, the arbitral tribunal was bound by them and could not overrule the decision of the ICC court. It was therefore inconceivable for the arbitral tribunal to disregard the ICC court's ruling and decide, on its own motion, to hear the counterclaims introduced by the defendant.Hence, even though decisions of an arbitral institution (ie, the ICC court in the present case) are not subject to review by state courts, the Paris Court of Appeal should not have blamed the arbitral tribunal, for the latter had no power to challenge the decision of the ICC court. Besides, the court of appeal did not take into account the factual circumstances of the case: the arbitral tribunal did hear the defendant's counterclaims and no actual breach of the right of access to justice was made. Excessively strict objective approachIn its decision, the Paris Court of Appeal adopted a strict approach by applying an objective test when assessing whether the right of access to justice and the principle of equality of arms were observed during the arbitral proceedings. By doing so, the Paris Court of Appeal did not take into account the specific facts of the case.Indeed, the decision of the ICC court was prima facie depriving the defendant from the right to have its counterclaims heard by a judge. As such, the court of appeal was right in criticising the ICC court's decision.However, even though it was prevented from hearing LP's counterclaims, pursuant to the ICC court's decision, the arbitral tribunal did in fact hear LP's arguments which formed the basis of its counterclaims. Indeed, LP's counterclaims were the exact mirror of Pirelli's claim. They were not counterclaims, since no new argument was put forward by LP that would have been more than a reply to Pirelli's claim. Thus, the arbitral tribunal, when analysing the merits of the claims and especially the defendant's arguments in response to such claims, necessarily analysed the merits of the counterclaims. By accepting Pirelli's claims, the arbitral tribunal ruled in a way that necessarily implied the dismissal of the counterclaims.This was exactly Pirelli's position when it argued that the defendant's counterclaims should be interpreted as the mere reply to the claimant's main claim. The Paris Court of Appeal rejected this argument and held that such a circumstance was "not likely to put the parties on the same level". In other words, the fact that the defendant was prevented from introducing a counterclaim on the basis that it was unable to pay for the advance on costs would amount, per se, to a breach of due process. According to the Paris Court of Appeal, this is an intangible rule which must be applied objectively. Should adefendant be prevented from introducing a counterclaim, French courts will not assess whether the counterclaim may be analysed as a reply to the initial claim. This position results from the inflexible character given to the right to a fair trial, according to which defendants must in any circumstances be able to introduce a counterclaim, regardless of their financial means.Thus, the Paris Court of Appeal failed to consider the particular circumstances of the case - namely, that LP's alleged counterclaims were de facto a reply to Pirelli's claim and as such had necessarily been heard by the arbitral tribunal.Instead, the Paris Court of Appeal hastily held that the decision of the ICC court had been "taken for granted" by the arbitral tribunal, and that the award should consequently be set aside. In its decision the Paris Court of Appeal adopted a strictly objective approach, rather than a subjective one, tailored to the actual facts of the case. Ironically, this is precisely what the Paris Court of Appeal criticised the ICC court for doing.This approach not only is inadequate, but also puts the stability of arbitration at risk. Indeed, in times of economic crisis, defendants in situations of insolvency might make tactical counterclaims and refuse to pay their share of the advance on costs in an attempt to seek the benefit of this decision so as to try to escape from an award rendered against them.This decision will create a considerable burden for claimants against impecunious defendants, as it will increase their exposure to costs that they may be unable to recover. This decision may also encourage bad faith and dilatory tactics -precisely what the decree reforming French law of arbitration in early 2011 sought to avoid.Other claimsThe Paris Court of Appeal did not need to rule on the other claims introduced by Belil and LP - namely, that the award: breached Article 52.1 of the 2003 Spanish Bankruptcy Law; andwas incompatible with certain decisions rendered by Spanish courts, and thus contrary to international public policy. However, it may be assumed with certainty that the court would not have accepted the challenge on such grounds. French courts consistently rule that state courts are not entitled to review the way tribunals apply the rules of law applicable to a dispute.(8) Indeed, under French law, judges are prevented from reviewing arbitrators' legal reasoning and their interpretation of legal statutes. Thus, in the present case the Paris Court of Appeal would have refused to rule on the way that the arbitral tribunal applied Spanish law.Almost 20 years have passed since the decision of the Court of Cassation was rendered in the Dutco case, in which the French Supreme Court annulled an award on the grounds that the right of access to justice had been breached.(9) Following this decision, the ICC rules were amended and practitioners are cautious when drafting arbitration clauses likely to involve multiple parties. This decision is a warning to the ICC court, which may consider more carefully the issue of advances on costs in future circumstances where counterclaims involve insolvent parties.Furthermore, this decision will doubtless have a certain impact in times of economic crisis. There is scope for defendants which find themselves in a situation of insolvency to use the decision strategically. In the meantime, parties contemplating ICC arbitration (the most frequently chosen arbitral institution) with the place of arbitration being Paris (one of the most arbitration-friendly jurisdictions) are advised to consider waiving their right to bring an action to set aside, as expressly permitted by Article 1522 of the Code of Civil Procedure.For further information on this topic please contact Elie Kleiman or Claire Pauly at Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer by telephone (+33 1 44 56 44 56), fax (+33 1 44 56 44 00) or email (elie.kleiman@ orclaire.pauly@).Endnotes(1) Paris Court of Appeal, November 17 2011, Société Licencing Projects SL v Société Pirelli, RG: 09/24158.(2) J L Devolvé, G H Pointon, J Rouche, French Arbitration Law and Practice (2009, 2nd edn), paras 228-229; E Gaillard and J Savage, Fouchard, Gaillard, Goldman on International Commercial Arbitration (1999), paras 1652 et seq.(3) Cass Civ 1, May 21 1997, V 2000 [1997] Rev Arb 536-537; Cass Civ 1, 5 January 1999 [1999] Rev Arb, 206-261; Cass Civ 2, March 30 2004, Rado [2005] Rev Arb 115-118; CA Paris, January 17 2002 [2002] Rev Arb, 203-205; CA Paris, December 9 2003, AGGR [2004] Rev Arb 641-644; CA Paris, January 21 1999, RG no 08/18859.(4) Cass Civ 1, 20 February 2001, Société Cubic Defense System Inc v Chambre de Commerce Internationale [2001] Rev Arb 511.(5) T Clay, "Note – Cour de cassation (1re Ch. civile) février 20 2001" [2001] Rev Arb 511, para 35; C Jarrosson, "L'arbitrage。
Melitz2003年奠基之作-中文翻译
贸易对产业内重新配置和产业总生产率的影响(The Impact of Trade On Intra-industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity)Melitz, Marc(2003),Econometrica; Nov 2003; 71, 6浙江财经大学经济与国际贸易学院茹玉骢翻译\推导并注释摘要:本文发展了一个异质性产业动态模型,分析国际贸易的产业内作用。
模型显示如何开展贸易,会导致更有生产率的企业进入出口市场(同时,一些生产率比较低的企业只在国内市场进行生产),并同时迫使最没有生产率的企业退出市场。
它还表明产业的贸易开放会导致向更有生产率企业的公司之间额外的重新配置。
文章也表明,通过重新配置所导致的产业总生产率的提高带来了福利的改进,从而揭示了以前从未探讨的贸易益处。
本文把Hopenhayn(1992)的动态产业模型结合垄断竞争,在一般均衡中加以讨论。
因此,文章结合生产率的差异,拓展了Krugman1980的贸易模型。
不同生产率的企业共存于一个产业是因为,每个企业在做不可逆转投资进入该产业之前,面临不确的初始生产率。
进入出口市场也是颇费成本,但企业仅在获得其生产率知识后做出出口决定。
1、引言最近的经验研究表明企业之间的生产率存在持续性的差异,另外一些研究也表明生产率高的企业通常会倾向于出口。
文章发展了一个异质性动态产业模型,用来分析国际贸易所祈祷了产业内企业之间配置催化剂作用。
模型重复了许多与贸易相关的微观研究,它显示贸易如何导致那些生产率更高的企业出口,而同时迫使生产率最低的企业退出。
效率最低企业的退出和更有效率企业获得额外出口销售,使得市场份额更趋向于生产率更高的企业,并导致总生产率的提高。
利润也分配给更有生产率的企业。
模型和许多经验研究相吻合,如Bernard and Jensen(1999a)(对美国), Aw, Chung and Roberts(2000)(对台湾),Clerides, Lack and Tybout(1998)(对哥伦比亚、墨西哥和摩洛哥)都, 发现了更有效率企业选择出口市场的证据。
NBA资料完整版
一、NBA历届总冠军及总决赛MVP年份总冠军比分亚军 MVP2005 圣东尼奥马刺 4-3(84-69、97-76、79-96、71-102、96-95、86-95、81-74)底特律活塞邓肯2004 底特律活塞 4-1(87-75、91-99、88-68、88-80、100-87)洛杉矶湖人比卢普斯2003 圣东尼奥马刺 4-2(101-89、85-87、84-79、76-77、93-83、88-77)新泽西网邓肯2002 洛杉矶湖人 4-0(99-94、106-83、106-103、113-107)新泽西网奥尼尔2001 洛杉矶湖人 4-1(101-107、98-89、96-91、100-86、108-96)费城76人奥尼尔2000 洛杉矶湖人 4-2(104-87、111-104、91-100、120-118、87-120、116-111)印第安纳步行者奥尼尔1999 圣东尼奥马刺 4-1(89-77、80-67、81-89、96-89、78-77)纽约尼克斯邓肯1998 芝加哥公牛 4-2(85-88、93-88、96-54、86-82、81-83、87-86)犹他爵士迈克尔-乔丹1997 芝加哥公牛 4-2(84-82、97-85、93-104、73-78、90-88、90-86)犹他爵士迈克尔-乔丹1996 芝加哥公牛 4-2(107-90、92-88、108-86、86-107、89-78、87-75)西雅图超音速迈克尔-乔丹1995 休斯顿火箭 4-0(120-118、117-106、106-103、113-101)奥兰多魔术奥拉朱旺1994 休斯顿火箭 4-3(85-78、83-91、93-89、82-91、84-91、86-84、90-84)纽约尼克斯奥拉朱旺1993 芝加哥公牛 4-2(100-92、111-108、121-129、111-105、98-108、99-98)菲尼克斯太阳迈克尔-乔丹1992 芝加哥公牛 4-2(122-89、104-115、94-84、88-93、119-106、97-93)波特兰开拓者迈克尔-乔丹1991 芝加哥公牛 4-1(91-93、107-86、104-96、97-82、108-101)洛杉矶湖人迈克尔-乔丹1990 底特律活塞 4-1(105-99、105-106、121-106、112-109、92-90)波特兰开拓者伊塞亚-托马斯1989 底特律活塞 4-0(109-97、108-105、114-110、105-97)洛杉矶湖人伊塞亚-托马斯1988 洛杉矶湖人 4-3(93-105、108-96、99-86、86-111、94-104、103-102、108-105)底特律活塞詹姆斯-沃西1987 洛杉矶湖人 4-2(126-113、141-122、103-109、107-106、108-123、106-93)凯尔特人约翰逊1986 凯尔特人 4-2(112-100、117-95、104-106、106-106、96-111、114-97)休斯顿火箭拉里-伯德1985 洛杉矶湖人 4-2(114-148、109-102、136-111、105-107、120-111、111-100)凯尔特人贾巴尔1984 凯尔特人 4-3(109-115、124-121、104-137、129-125、121-103、108-119、111-102)洛杉矶湖人拉里-伯德1983 费城76人 4-0(113-107、103-93、111-94、115-108)洛杉矶湖人摩西-马龙1982 洛杉矶湖人 4-2(124-117、94-110、129-108、111-101、102-135、114-104)费城76人约翰逊1981 凯尔特人 4-2(98-95、90-92、94-71、86-91、109-80、102-91)休斯顿火箭麦克斯威尔1980 洛杉矶湖人 4-2(109-102、104-107、111-101、102-105、108-103、123-107)费城76人约翰逊1979 西雅图超音速 4-1(97-99、92-82、105-95、114-112、97-93)华盛顿子弹约翰逊1978 华盛顿子弹 4-3(102-106、106-98、92-93、120-116、94-98、117-82、105-99)西雅图超音速昂塞尔德1977 波特兰开拓者 4-2(101-107、89-107、129-107、130-98、110-104、109-107)费城76人比尔-沃顿1976 凯尔特人 4-2(98-87、105-90、98-105、107-109、128-126、87-80)菲尼克斯太阳怀特1975 金州勇士 4-0(101-95、92-91、109-101、96-95)华盛顿子弹巴里1974 凯尔特人 4-3(98-83、96-105、95-83、89-97、96-87、101-102、102-87)密尔沃基雄鹿哈维里塞克1973 纽约尼克斯 4-1(112-115、99-95、87-83、103-98、102-93)洛杉矶湖人雷德1972 洛杉矶湖人 4-1(92-114、106-92、107-96、116-111、114-100)纽约尼克斯张伯伦二、NBA历届扣篮大赛冠军年份冠军得主所属球队身高2006 罗宾逊尼克斯2005 约什·史密斯鹰队 2.06米2004 弗雷德·琼斯勇士 1.88米2003 杰森·理查德森勇士 1.98米2002 杰森·理查德森勇士 1.98米2001 戴斯蒙德·梅森超音速队 1.98米2000 文斯·卡特猛龙队 2.01米1999 无赛事1998 无赛事1997 科比·布莱恩特湖人队 1.98米1996 布伦特·巴里快艇队 1.98米1995 哈罗德·迈纳热浪队 1.96米1994 艾赛亚·瑞德森林狼队 1.96米1993 哈罗德·迈纳热浪队 1.95米1992 塞德里克·塞巴洛斯太阳队 2.01米1991 迪·布朗凯尔特人 1.86米1990 多米尼克·威尔金斯鹰队 2.03米1989 肯尼·沃克尼克队 2.03米1988 迈克尔·乔丹公牛队 1.98米1987 迈克尔·乔丹公牛队 1.98米1986 斯伯特·韦伯鹰队 1.70米1985 多米尼克·威尔金斯鹰队 2.03米1984 拉里·兰斯太阳队 2.08米三、NBA历届三分远投大赛冠军年份冠军得主所属球队身高2005 昆廷·理查德森太阳队 1.98米2004 沃森·雷纳德金块 1.93米2003 P·斯托贾科维奇国王队 2.06米2002 P·斯托贾科维奇国王队 2.06米2001 雷·阿伦雄鹿队 1.98米2000 杰夫.霍纳塞克爵士队 1.93米1999 无赛事1998 杰夫.霍纳塞克爵士队 1.93米1997 史蒂夫.科尔公牛队 1.91米1996 蒂姆.莱格勒子弹队 1.93米1995 格伦·莱斯热队 2.03米1994 马克.普莱斯骑士队 1.86米1993 马克.普莱斯骑士队 1.86米1992 克雷格.霍奇斯公牛队 1.91米1991 克雷格.霍奇斯公牛队 1.91米1990 克雷格.霍奇斯公牛队 1.91米1989 戴尔.埃利斯超音速队 2.01米1988 拉里·伯德凯尔特人队 2.06米1987 拉里·伯德凯尔特人队 2.06米1986 拉里·伯德凯尔特人队 2.06米四、NBA历届常规赛MVP年份联盟 MVP2005 NBA 纳什2004 NBA 加内特2003 NBA 邓肯2002 NBA 邓肯2001 NBA 艾弗森2000 NBA 沙奎尔·奥尼尔1999 NBA 卡尔·马龙1998 NBA 乔丹1997 NBA 卡尔·马龙1996 NBA 乔丹1995 NBA 大卫·罗宾逊1994 NBA 奥拉朱旺1993 NBA 巴克利1992 NBA 乔丹1991 NBA 乔丹1990 NBA 埃尔文·约翰逊1989 NBA 埃尔文·约翰逊1988 NBA 乔丹1987 NBA 埃尔文·约翰逊1986 NBA 伯德1985 NBA 伯德1984 NBA 伯德1983 NBA 摩西·马龙1982 NBA 摩西·马龙1981 NBA 朱利叶斯·欧文1980 NBA 贾巴尔1979 NBA 摩西·马龙1978 NBA 比尔·沃尔顿1977 NBA 贾巴尔1976 NBA 贾巴尔- ABA 朱利叶斯·欧文1975 NBA 麦卡杜- ABA 朱利叶斯·欧文- - 约翰·麦克吉尼斯1974 NBA 贾巴尔- ABA 朱利叶斯·欧文1973 NBA 考恩斯- ABA 坎宁安1972 NBA 贾巴尔- ABA 吉尔摩尔1971 NBA 贾巴尔- ABA 梅尔·丹尼尔斯1970 NBA 威利斯·里德- ABA 斯宾塞·海伍德1969 NBA 昂塞尔德- ABA 梅尔·丹尼尔斯1968 NBA 张伯伦- ABA 康尼·霍金斯1967 NBA 张伯伦1966 NBA 张伯伦1965 NBA 比尔·拉塞尔1964 NBA 奥斯卡·罗伯特森1963 NBA 比尔·拉塞尔1962 NBA 比尔·拉塞尔1961 NBA 比尔·拉塞尔1960 NBA 张伯伦1959 NBA 佩蒂特1958 NBA 比尔·拉塞尔1957 NBA 鲍勃·库西1956 NBA 佩蒂特五、NBA历届年度最佳教练年度最佳教练(英文名) 球队1962-1963 哈里.加勒廷 Harry Galltin 圣路易斯鹰队1963-1964 亚历克斯.汉纳姆 Alex hannum 旧金山勇士队1964-1965 里德.奥尔巴克 Red Anerbach 波士顿凯尔特人队1965-1966 多尔夫.谢伊斯 Dolph Schayes 费城76人队1966-1967 约翰尼.科尔 Johnny Kerr 芝加哥公牛队1967-1968 里奇.格林 Ricaie Genrin 圣路易斯鹰队1968-1969 吉恩.许 Gene Shue 巴尔的摩子弹队1969-1970 里德.霍尔兹曼 Red Holzman 纽约尼克斯队1970-1971 迪克.莫塔 Dick Mootta 芝加哥公牛队1971-1972 比尔.沙尔曼 Bill Sharman 纽约尼克斯队1972-1973 汤姆.海因索恩 Tom Heinsohn 波士顿凯尔特人队1973-1974 雷.斯科特 Rag Scott 底特律活塞队1974-1975 菲尔.约翰逊 Phil Johnson 塔萨斯奥马哈队1975-1976 比尔.菲奇 Bill Fitch 克利夫兰骑士队1976-1977 汤姆.尼萨尔科 Tom Nissalke 休斯敦火箭队1977-1978 赫彼.布朗 Hubie Brown 亚特兰大鹰队1978-1979 科顿.菲茨西蒙斯 Cotton Fitzsimmons 堪萨斯奥马哈队1979-1980 比尔.菲奇 Bill Fitch 波士顿凯尔特人队1980-1981 杰克.麦金尼 Jack McKinney 印第安那步行者队1981-1982 吉恩.许 Gene Shue 华盛顿子弹队1982-1983 唐.尼尔森 Don Nelson 密尔沃基雄鹿队1983-1984 弗兰克.雷登 Frank Layden 犹他爵士队1984-1985 唐.尼尔森 Don Nelson 密尔沃基雄鹿队1985-1986 迈克.费雷特诺 Mike Fratello 亚特兰大鹰队1986-1987 迈克.舒勒 Mike Schuler 波特兰开拓者队1987-1988 唐.莫 Dong Moe 丹佛掘金队1988-1989 科顿.菲茨西蒙斯 Cotton Fitzsimmons 凤凰城太阳队1989-1990 帕特.赖利 Pat Riley 洛杉矶湖人队1990-1991 唐.钱尼 Don Chaney 休斯敦火箭队1991-1992 唐.尼尔森 Don Nelson 金州勇士队1992-1993 帕特.赖利 Pat Riley 纽约尼克斯队1993-1994 伦勒.威尔肯斯 Lenny Wilkens 亚特兰大鹰队1994-1995 德尔.哈里斯 Del Harris 洛杉矶湖人队1995-1996 菲尔.杰克逊 Pil Jackson 芝加哥公牛队1996-1997 帕特.赖利 Pat riley 迈阿密热队1997-1998 拉里.伯德 Larry Bird 印地安那马刺队1998-1999 迈克.邓利维 Mike Dunleavy 波特兰开拓者队1999-2000 道克.里弗斯 Doc Rivers 奥兰多魔术队2000-2001 拉里·布朗费城76人2001-2002 里克·卡莱尔底特律活塞队2002-2003 波波维奇圣安东尼奥马刺队2003-2004 胡比·布朗孟菲斯灰熊2004-2005 麦迪·徳安东尼菲尼克斯太阳队六、NBA历届最佳第六人赛季姓名(英文名字)球队1982-1983 博比.琼斯(Bobby Jonea) 费城76人队1983-1984 凯文.麦克黑尔(Kevin McHale) 波士顿凯尔特人队1984-1985 凯文.麦克黑尔(Kevin McHale) 波士顿凯尔特人队1985-1986 比尔.沃尔顿(Bill Walton) 波士顿凯尔特人队1986-1987 里克.皮尔顿(Ricky Pierce) 密尔沃基雄鹿队1987-1988 罗分.塔普利(Roy Tarpley) 达拉斯小牛队1988-1989 埃迪.约翰逊(Eddie Johnson) 凤凰城太阳人队1989-1990 里克.皮尔斯(Roclu Pierce) 密尔沃基雄鹿队1990-1991 德特夫.史伦夫(Detlef Schrempf) 印第安那步行者队1991-1992 德特夫.史伦夫(Detlef Schrempf) 印第安那步行者队1992-1993 克利福.罗宾逊(Cliffed Robinson) 波特兰开拓者队1993-1994 德尔.柯里(Dell Curry) 夏洛特黄蜂队1994-1995 安东尼.梅森(Anthony Mason) 纽约尼克斯队1995-1996 托尼.库科奇(Toni Kukoc) 芝加哥公牛队1996-1997 约翰.斯塔克斯(John Starks) 纽约尼克斯队1997-1998 丹尼.曼宁(Danny Manning) 菲尼克斯太阳队1998-1999 达雷尔.阿姆斯特朗(Darrell Armstrong) 奥兰多魔术队1999-2000 罗尼.罗杰斯(Rodney Rogers) 菲尼克斯太阳队2000-2001 阿朗·麦基费城76人队2001-2002 科里斯·威廉姆森底特律活塞队2002-2003 博比·杰克逊萨克拉门托国王队2003-2004 贾米森达拉斯小牛队2004-2005 本·戈登芝加哥公牛队七、NBA历届常规赛得分王年份联盟名字每场得分2005 NBA 艾弗森30.692004 NBA 迈克格雷迪 28.032003 NBA 迈克格雷迪 32.092002 NBA 艾弗森31.382001 NBA 艾弗森 31.082000 NBA 沙奎尔·奥尼尔 29.67 1999 NBA 艾弗森 26.751998 NBA 乔丹 28.741997 NBA 乔丹 29.651996 NBA 乔丹30.381995 NBA 沙奎尔·奥尼尔 29.3 1994 NBA 大卫·罗宾逊 29.79 1993 NBA 乔丹32.581992 NBA 乔丹30.051991 NBA 乔丹 31.461990 NBA 乔丹 33.571989 NBA 乔丹32.511988 NBA 乔丹34.981987 NBA 乔丹 37.091986 NBA 多米尼克·威尔金斯 30.33 1985 NBA 伯纳德·金 32.891984 NBA 丹特利30.611983 NBA 英格利什 28.371982 NBA 乔治·格文 32.291981 NBA 丹特利 30.651980 NBA 乔治·格文 33.141979 NBA 乔治·格文 29.561978 NBA 乔治·格文 27.221977 NBA 马拉维奇 31.141976 NBA 麦卡杜 31.12ABA 朱利叶斯·欧文 29.31 1975 NBA 麦卡杜34.52ABA 乔治·麦克吉尼斯 29.78 1974 NBA 麦卡杜30.55ABA 朱利叶斯·欧文 27.37 1973 NBA 阿奇巴尔德 33.99ABA 朱利叶斯·欧文 31.94 1972 NBA 贾巴尔 34.84ABA 查理·斯科特 34.581971 NBA 贾巴尔31.66ABA 唐·伊塞尔29.881970 NBA 杰里·韦斯特 31.2ABA 斯宾塞·海伍德 29.99 1969 NBA 埃尔文·海耶斯 28.38 ABA 拉里·琼斯 28.44 1968 NBA 戴夫·宾 27.11ABA 康尼·霍金斯 26.791967 NBA 里克·巴里 35.581966 NBA 张伯伦 33.531965 NBA 张伯伦34.711964 NBA 张伯伦36.851963 NBA 张伯伦44.831962 NBA 张伯伦 50.361961 NBA 张伯伦38.391960 NBA 张伯伦37.61959 NBA 佩蒂特29.241958 NBA 乔治·亚德里 27.791957 NBA 保罗·阿里津 25.591956 NBA 佩蒂特 25.681955 NBA 保罗·约翰斯顿 22.651954 NBA 保罗·约翰斯顿24.431953 NBA 保罗·约翰斯顿22.341952 NBA 保罗·阿里津25.361951 NBA 迈肯 28.411950 NBA 迈肯 27.431949 BAA 迈肯 28.31948 BAA 乔·福尔克斯22.071947 BAA 乔·福尔克斯23.15八、NBA历届状元秀年份姓名所在队毕业学校1966 罗素(Cazzie Russell) 尼克Michigan1967 华克(Jimmy Walker) 活塞Providence1968 海斯(Elvin Hayes) 火箭 Houston1969 贾巴尔(Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) 雄鹿UCLA1970 莱尼尔(Bob Lanier) 活塞St.Bonaventure 1971 卡尔(Austin Carr) 骑士Notre Dame1972 马丁(LaRue Martin) 开拓者Loyola-Chicago 1973 柯林斯(Doug Collins) 76人 Illinois State 1974 沃顿(Bill Walton) 开拓者UCLA1975 汤普森(Davil Thompson) 鹰N.C.State1976 卢卡斯(John Lucas) 火箭Maryland1977 班森(Kent Benson) 雄鹿Indiana1978 汤普森(Mychal Thompson) 开拓者 Minnesota1979 魔术师约翰逊(Earvin Johnson) 湖人 Michigan State 1980 卡罗(Joe Barry Carroll) 勇士 Purdue1981 艾奎尔(Mark Aguirre) 小牛 DePaul1982 沃西(James Worthy) 湖人 North Carolina 1983 辛普森(Ralph Sampson) 火箭Virginia1984 欧拉朱旺(Hakeem Olajuwon) 火箭Houston1985 尤因(Patrick Ewing) 尼克 Georgetown1986 道格提(Brad Daugherty) 骑士North Carolina 1987 罗宾逊(David Robinson) 马刺Navy1988 曼宁(Danny Manning) 快艇 Kansas1989 艾利森(Pervis Ellison) 国王ouisville1990 柯曼(Derrick Coleman) 网Syracuse1991 约翰逊(Larry Johnson) 黄蜂 Nevada-Las Vegas1992 奥尼尔(Shaquille O'Neal) 魔术 Louisiana State1993 韦伯(Chris Webber) 魔术Michigan1994 罗宾森(Glenn Robinson) 雄鹿Purdue1995 史密斯(Joe Smith) 勇士Maryland1996 艾弗森(Allen Iverson) 76人 Georgetown1997 邓肯(Tim Duncan) 马刺Wake Forest1998 欧罗伍坎迪(Michael Olowokandi) 快艇 Brunel1999 布兰德(Elton Brand) 公牛 Duke2000 马丁(Kenyon Martin) 网Cincinnati2001 科瓦姆-布朗(Kwame Brown) 奇才 Glynn Academy2002 姚明(Yao Ming) 火箭 Shanghai Sharks2003 勒布朗-詹姆斯(LeBron James) 骑士 St. Mary's HS2004 德怀特.霍华德(Dwight Howard) 魔术 SW Atlanta Christian Academy 2005 安德鲁·博格特(Andrew Bogut) 雄鹿 Utah九、NBA历届最佳新秀奖得主赛季最佳新人所属球队1952-1953 唐·梅尼克韦恩堡活塞队1953-1954 雷·菲利克斯巴尔的摩子弹队1954-1955 鲍勃·佩蒂特密尔沃基鹰队1955-1956 莫里斯·斯托克斯罗切斯特皇家队1955-1956 莫里斯·斯托克斯罗切斯特皇家队1956-1957 汤姆·海因索恩波士顿凯尔特人队1957-1958 伍迪·索尔兹贝里费城武士队1958-1959 埃尔金·贝勒明尼阿波利斯湖人队1959-1960 维尔特·张伯伦费城武士队1960-1961 奥斯卡·罗伯逊辛辛那提皇家队1961-1962 沃尔特·贝拉米芝加哥搬运工队1962-1963 特瑞·迪斯奇吉芝加哥西风队1963-1964 杰里·卢卡斯辛辛那提皇家队1964-1965 威利斯·里德纽约尼克斯队1965-1966 里克·巴里旧金山武士队1966-1967 戴夫·宾底特律活塞队1967-1968 厄尔·门罗巴尔的摩子弹队1968-1969 韦斯·昂塞尔德巴尔的摩子弹队1969-1970 卡里姆·阿卜杜勒—贾巴尔密尔沃基雄鹿队1970-1971 吉奥夫·佩特里波特兰开拓者队戴夫·考恩斯波士顿凯尔特人队1971-1972 西德尼·威克斯波特兰开拓者队1972-1973 鲍勃·麦卡杜布法罗勇敢者队1973-1974 厄尼·迪格雷格里奥布法罗勇敢者队1974-1975 凯思·威尔克斯金州武士队1975-1976 阿尔文·亚当斯菲尼克斯太阳队1976-1977 阿德里安·丹特利布法罗勇敢者队1977-1978 沃尔特·戴维斯菲尼克斯太阳太阳队1978-1979 菲尔·福特堪萨斯城国王队1979-1980 拉里·伯德波士顿凯尔特人队1980-1981 达雷尔·格里菲思犹他爵士队1981-1982 巴克·威廉姆斯新泽西网队1982-1983 特里·康明斯圣迭戈快船队1983-1984 拉尔夫·桑普森休斯敦火箭队1984-1985 迈克尔·乔丹芝加哥公牛队1985-1986 帕特里克·尤因纽约尼克斯队1986-1987 查克·珀森印第安那步行者队1987-1988 马克·杰克逊纽约尼克斯队1988-1989 米奇·里奇蒙金州武士队1989-1990 大卫·罗宾逊圣安东尼奥马刺队1990-1991 德里克·科尔曼新泽西网队1991-1992 拉里·约翰逊夏洛特黄蜂队1992-1993 沙奎尔·奥尼尔奥兰多魔术队1993-1994 克里斯·韦伯金州武士队1994-1995 贾森·基德达拉斯小牛队格兰特·希尔底特律活塞队1995-1996 达蒙·斯塔德迈尔多伦多猛龙队1996-1997 阿伦·艾弗森费城76人队1997-1998 蒂姆·邓肯圣安东尼奥马刺队1998-1999 维斯·卡特多伦多猛龙队1999-2000 弗朗西斯休斯敦火箭队布兰德芝加哥公牛队2000-2001 迈克-米勒奥兰多魔术队2001-2002 加索尔孟菲斯灰熊队2002-2003 斯塔德迈尔凤凰城太阳队2003-2004 勒布朗·詹姆斯克里夫兰骑士队2004-2005 奥卡福夏洛特山猫队附注:此奖项于1952-53赛季开始评选,由体育记者和电视评论员投票产生。
2003北京第二外国语学院----综合英语
2003北京第二外国语学院----综合英语2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目:综合考试(英美文学)满分:40分I. Complete the following sentences by choosing and circling the best alternative (A, B or C) under each (20 points):1. The most prevalent kind of literature in feudal England was _. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose. describing the life and adventures of a noble here.A. the farceB. the romance C the melodrama2. Geoffrey Chaucer's language, now called . is vivid and exact.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Primitive English3. Apart from its religious significance, has had a great influence on English language and literature.A. the King Arthur BibleB. the King George BibleC. the King James Bible4. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus was written by .A. Christopher MarloweB. John MiltonC. William Shakespeare5. John Donne (1573-1631), the founder of the school of poetry, lived and wrote during the successive reigns of Elizabeth to Charles I.A. MetaphoricalB. MetamorphicC. Metaphysical6. Essay on Criticism, a didactic poem written by Alexander Pope in heroic couplets, tells the poets and critics how to write and appreciate poetry according to the principles set up by the old writers.A. Anglo-SaxonB. Greek and RomanC. French and German7. The following quotation is taken from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell—"What is now proved was once only "A. imagin'dB. reason'dC. learn'd8. William Wordsworth, have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets" because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England.A. John Keats and William Butler YeatsB. Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert SoutheyC. George Gordon Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley9. Walter Scott's historical novels may be conveniently divided into three groups according to their subject-matter, namely, the group on the history of , the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.A. ScotlandB. WalesC. Northern Ireland10. Matthew Arnold said, "It is of the last importance that English criticism should clearly discern what rule for its course, in order to avail itself of the field now opening to it; and to produce fruit for the future it ought to take. The rule may be summed upin one word ."A. disobedienceB. disinterestednessC. disconnectedness11. American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupied a major position in the literature of .A. the early colonial periodB. the pre-colonial periodC. the pre-Christian period12. Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. One of its palpable manifestations was the fact that American romantic writers tended more than their English and European brothers.A. to socializeB. to philosophizeC. to moralize13. Alone in the woods one day, experienced a moment of ecstasy which he recorded thus in his Nature: "I become a transparent eye-ball. I am nothing. I see all. The currents of the Universal Being circulate through me; I am part or panicle of God.".A. Benjamin FranklinB. Henry David ThoreauC. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Henry David Thoreau helped Ralph Waldo Emerson edit the Transcendentalist journal The Dial, and was susceptible to oriental influences such as Hinduism and .A. ConfucianismB. MaterialismC. Epicureanism15. A handy way of seeing modern American poetry is to find its sources in the two founts, .A. Wallace Stevens and Sylvia PlathB. Walt Whitman and Emily DickinsonC. Robert Frost and Elizabeth Bishop16. Although William Dean Howells, Henry James and Mark Twain all worked for ,there were obvious differences between them. In thematic terms, for instance, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, and Howells concerned himself chiefly with middle class life, whereas Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society.A. naturalismB. neoclassicismC. realism17. The reason that Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell found value in Chinese poetry was because Chinese poetry is, by virtue of the ideographic and pictographic nature of the Chinese language, essentially poetry.A. impressionisticB. imagisticC. expressionistic18. F. Scott Fitzgerald's s eeks to trace the moral doom of its protagonist to thesapping influence of wealth and portrays an America dying, in bar-room brawls and decadence, of spiritual sterility and meaninglessness which characterized the times.A. The Gilded AgeB. The Sun Also RisesC. Tender Is the Night19. Both Beyond the Horizon and The Hairy Ape were written by .A. Eugene O'NeillB. Arthur MillerC. Sinclair Lewis20. career reached its exciting climax in 1976 when he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize for Literature.A. Saul Bellow'sB. John Steinbeck'sC. William Faulkner'sII. Read the following poem by William Butler Yeats, and answer the three questions (10 points):The Second ComingTurning and turning in the widening gyreThe falcon cannot hear the falconer;Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhereThe ceremony of innocence is drowned;The best lack all conviction, while the worstAre full of passionate intensity.Surely some revelation is at hand:Surely the Second Coming is at hand.The Second Coming! Hardly are those words outWhen a vast image out of Spiritus MundiTroubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desertA shape with lion body and the head of a man,A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,Is moving its slow thighs, while all about tReel shadows of the indignant desert birds.The darkness drops again; but now I knowThat twenty centuries of stony sleepWere vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?1. What images are used in the first stanza? What do they indicate respectively?2. What are the implications of the description of the "rough beast" in the second stanza?3. Why do you think the poem ends with a question mark?III. The following excerpt is taken from the short story A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway. Read it, and answer the three questions (10 points): "Good night," said the younger waiter."Good night," the other said. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself. It is the light of course, but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not fear or dread. It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was nothing too. It was only that the light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada y pues nada y nada y pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Had nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. He smiledand stood before a bar with a shining steam pressure coffee machine."What's yours?" asked the barman."Nada.""Otro loco mas." said the barman and turned away."A little cup," said the waiter.The barman poured it for him."The light is very bright and pleasant but the bar is unpolished." the waiter said.The barman looked at him but did not answer. It was too late at night for conversation."You want another copita?" the barman asked."No, thank you," said the waiter and went out. He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted cafe was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it is probably only insomnia. Many must have it.1.What is the significance of the parodied Lord's Prayer?2.Why does the older waiter think that a clean, well-lighted cafe is "a very different thing"?3.What is the significance of the last sentence of the story ("Many must have it.")?2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目:综合考试(语言学)满分:30分I. Fill in each blank with a proper term. (15 points )1.L inguistics is usually defined as the ____ study of language.2.O ne general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over .3.I n Saussure's view, the relationship betweensignifier(sound image) and signified (concept) is .4.T he branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called .5.A________ morpheme is one that cannot constitute a word by itself.6.The branch of general linguistics which is named ____ s tudies the internal structure of sentences.7.The relation, which was originally called associative relation by Saussure, is a relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between one element present and the others absent.8.The sense relation between " A lent a book to B" and "B borrowed a book from A" is________..9.The sound [k] can be described with "voiceless, ____ , stop".10.Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. This quality is labelled as .11.Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are antonyms.12.Terms like "desk" and "stool" are ____ of the term " furniture".13.According to G. Leech, ______ meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content.14.IC is the short form of immediate ___ used in the study of syntax.15.Chomsky initiated the distinction between ___ and performance.II. Choose the correct one among the three choices for each statement. (5points) 1.A sound which is capable of distinguishg one word or one shape of word from another in agiven language is a ________________________ .a. allophoneb. phone c phoneme2.T he is the minimal distinctive unit in grammar, a unit which cannot be dividedwithout destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.a. morphemeb. phonemec. syllable3.W ords like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are items.a. open-classb. closed-classc. neither open-class nor closed-class4.C ompound words consist of __________ morphemes.a. boundb. freec. both bound and free5.W hen language is used to get information from others, it serves an function./doc/628515796.html,rmativeb. directivec. InterrogativeIII. Give the phonetic term for each of the following locations in articulation. (4 points)1.Both lips2. Teeth3. Opening between vocal cords4. Ridge behind upper teethIV. Tell if each of the following statements is true or false. Ifyou think it false, correct it.(6 points)1.All syllables contain three parts: onset, nucleus and coda.2.Broad Transcription is intended to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including the minute shades.3.The most important sociological use cf language is the performative function, by which people establish and maintain their status in society.2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目:综合考试(英美概况)满分:30分Instruction:You are required to answer all questions of this section on the pa per. In part II and partIII, answers should be given in English. The total time for this section is about 45 minutes.I . Choose the correct answer from the following four choices: (10分)4.In England, the Protestant Reformation began withA. Bloody MaryB. Queen ElizabethC. King Henry VIID. King Henry VIII5.Victorianism was characterized by the following exceptA.It was in an age of imperialism.B.It saw the great progress in social sciences.C.It was the age when the great progress was made in the field of communication.D.It was an age when the Battle of Waterloo was won by the Duke of Wellington.6.The Supreme Court of U.S.A. is composed ofA. six JudgesB. seven JudgesC. eight JudgesD. nine Judges7.The pilgrims were able to survive in America becauseA.they received help from the Indians.B.they were supported by rich companiesC.many ships brought them food from England.D.they had signed the Mayflower Compact8.Which of the following did not take place in the 1960s?A.The Anti-Viet Nam War MovementB.The Anti-Drug MovementC.Women's Liberation MovementD.Public protests by blacks and other minority groups.II .Explain the following in English. (20 分)1.the pioneer spirit2.the American Dream3.John Locke4.the separation of powers5.The Boston Tea PartyII. Answer the following question. (10分)Describe the divesity of the physical conditions of the U.S.A.2003 年硕士研究生入学考试试卷考试科目:综合考试(翻译)满分:40分6.英译汉(20分)说明:下为In Praise of the Humble Comma一文的节选。
2003年英语真题+答案解析
河南省2003年普通高等学校选拔优秀专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试公共英语Part Ⅰ Vocabulary and Structure (1×30 points)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are 4 choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1._______that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point.A. It was the 1990sB. That it was in the 1990sC. It was in the 1990sD. During the 1990s2. Mary said that Hemingway was her_______writer and that she had read nearly all of his novels.A. FamousB. popularC. CommonD. favorite3. She_______English since she was a child.A. LearningB. had learnedC. is learningD. has been learning4. Not until ten o’clock _______it was too late to return.A. they realizedB. they did realizeC. did they realizeD. realized they5. Once a decision is made,it must be_______ firmly.A. carried onB. carried outC. carried awayD. carried off6. _______born in Chicago,the writer is most famous for his stories about New York City.A. AlthoughB. SinceC. WhenD. As7. The pen I am writing my letter with is different from______.A. that oneB. oneC. the oneD. the ones8. Without his wise mother,he______such a successful scientist.A. would not becomeB. should not have becomeC. may not have becomeD. could not have become9. ______,we shall go out for a picnic on Sunday.A. Weather permitsB. Weather permittingC. With weather permitsD. With weather permitting10. The color______ from yellow through green to black.A. RangesB. constitutesC. ComposesD. consists11. Experiments ______that accurate measurements be made.A. ShowB. proveC. DemandD. head12. I tried to catch the ball but it was ______my reach.A. BeyondB. besidesC. in addition toD. as well as13. Those scientists were conducting an experiment and expected a good______ .A. EffectB. resultC. ConsequenceD. affect14. Under heavy gunfire,those cameramen risked their lives to give______battle field reports.A. word-for -wordB. face- to- faceC.down -to- earthD. on- the- spot15. I appreciate ______to your birthday party.A. to be invitedB. to have invitedC. having invitedD. being invited16. The rain was heavy and ______the house was damaged.A. ConsequentlyB. constantlyC. ConsistentlyD. continuously17. When it ______school work,the professor will treat his students equally.A. comes to evaluateB. comes to evaluatingC. will come to evaluateD. will come to evaluating18. _____, you will never convince him.A. However long you argueB. However you argue longC. How you argue longD. How long you argue19. ______new products have been successfully trial produced.A. A great dealB. A large amount ofC. A plenty ofD. A large number of20. He has made a discovery,______of great importance to the progress of science and technology.A. I think which isB. which I think isC. that I think isD. of which I think it is21. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people ______each year than automobile accidents.A. six more timesB. six times moreC. over six timesD. six times22. What they have done for us can’t be measured in ______of money.A. WayB. meansC. TermsD. place23. Go and get some water,______?A. don’t youB. shall youC. can’t youD. won’t you24. You must pack plenty of food for the journey,______,you’ll need warm clothes,so pack them too.A. on the wholeB. otherwiseC. HoweverD. likewise25. Meat ______easily in hot weather.A. turns badlyB. becomes badlyC. goes badD. changes worse26. I couldn’t find ______,and so I took this one.A. a large coat enoughB. a large enough coatC. an enough large coatD. a coat enough large27. What_____ would happen if he knew you felt that way?A. will you thinkB. do you thinkC. you thinkD. you would think28. It is _____impossible to find a good educational computer program in this city.A. BarelyB. merelyC. HardlyD. nearly29. _____him do this job by himself?A. Why not letB. Why not to letC. Why don’t letD. Why you not to let30. Almost _____of the population of this country is literate.A. Ninth tenthsB. nine tenthC. Nine tenthsD. ninth tenPart Ⅱ Cloze (1×20 points)Directions:In this section,there are 20 blanks in the following. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the right answer that best fits into the passage.Scientists used to explore 31 the surface of the ocean. Now they 32 below the surface,too. They want to know about the ocean water and the 33 and animal life 34 in the ocean.In 1934 the scientist William Beebe dived 3,000 feet below the surface in a hollow steel ball. In 1935 Auguste Picard dived 10,330 feet. In 1960 his son Jean dived to a 35 of 35,800 feet.All these early dives were deep. But the divers could not stay down for very long. They had to 36 the surface after a few seconds. Scientists needed to stay down longer to study life below the surface. 37 ,they succeeded. Cousteau,a Frenchman,was able to 38 down to a depth of 36 feet for one month and to a depth of 90 feet for a week.Now scientists are developing even 39 equipment. With this new equipment,men can stay 40 the surface for days or 41 weeks. In 1962 Consteau 42 a research station 35 feet below the surface. Then in 1964 he set up another station on the ocean floor of the Red Sea.This was the first undersea station to operate 43 help from the surface.Many countries are now studying undersea 44 . The Soviet Union has an undersea laboratory in the Crimean Sea. The United States has a laboratory 50 feet 45 on the ocean floor 46 the Virgin Islands. In 1970 five men lived there for two weeks. Then a 47 of five women scientists stayed in the laboratory. 48 came other teams of men. All were there to explore the ocean depths and 49 plans for the use of its resources. Scientists hope to find enough 50 ,vegetable,and animal wealth there to provide food for the whole world.31. A. in B. to C. On D. under32. A. explore B. are exploring C. explored D. will explore33. A. plant B. situation C.surroundings D. circumstance34. A. deeply B. normally C. commonly D. deep35. A. depth B. range C. length D. rate36. A. come to B. come over C. come across D. come back up to37. A. However B. Gradually C. moreover D. Though38. A. stay B. remain C. keep D. take39. A. good B. well C. better D. more40. A. below B. on C. in D. to41. A. even B. more C. several D. some42. A. put up B. came up C. made up D. set up43. A. with B. under C. for D. without44. A. living B. situation C. structure D. environment45. A. below B. down C. under D. deep46. A. away B. on C. off D. to47. A. group B. gang C. crowd D. team48. A. after B. next C. later D. then49. A. make B. to make C. making D. made50. A. mineral B. mine C. minefield D. mine layerPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension(3×20 points)Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D, you should decide the best choice.Passage 1With a tremendous roar from its rocket engine,the satellite is sent up into the sky. Minutes later,at an altitude of 300 miles,this tiny electronic moon begins to orbit about the earth. Its radio begins to transmit a staggering amount of information about the satellite’s orbital path,the amount of radiation it detects,and the presence of meteorites. Information of all kinds races back to the earth. No human being could possibly copy down all these facts,much less remember and organize them. But an electronic computer can.The marvel of the machine age,the electronic computer has been in use only since 1946. It can do simple computations—add,subtract,multiply,and divide—with lightning speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 10digit numbers in 1/1,000 second,a problem that would take an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. Some computers can work 500,000 times faster than any person can.Once it is given a program,that is,a carefully worked out set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language,a computer can gather a wide range of information for many purposes. For the scientist it can get information from outer space or from the depths of the ocean. In business and industry the computer prepares factory inventories,keeps track of sales trends and production needs,mails dividend checks,and makes out company payrolls. It can keep bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane,the computer will find out what route to take and what space is available.51. Why does the author regard the electronic computer as the marvel of the machine age?A. Because electronic computers are rare.B. Because people know little about electronic computers.C. Because electronic computers can do much more kinds of work that human beings can’t.D. Because electronic computers have been widely suspected.52. Electronic computers were given the name in the beginning just for the simple reason that_______ .A. they could do computationsB. they could work much faster than human beingsC. they looked like an abacusD. they could remember data quickly53. According to the passage,which of the following is NOT true?A. Computers began to be used in 1946.B. Computers can add,subtract,multiply and divide.C. Computers were widely used during World War Ⅱ.D. No human being can work as fast as a computer.54. A computer can calculate_______.A. with lightning speedB. accuratelyC. with a speed 500,000 times faster than a personD. all above55. In the first sentence of last paragraph,“program” would probably mean_______.A. a performanceB. a showC. a worked out set of instructionsD. a TV playPassage 2On the old time farm in America there were chickens and turkeys. There were also cows,pigs,and other livestock. But there were very few machines. Most of the work was done by the entire farm family with the h elp of a “hired” man. Sometimes extra labourers were needed in busy seasons. Horses provided 79 percent of the power used,human labor 15 percent,and machines only 6 percent.Today all that has changed. On many modern farms machines now supply 96 percent of the power,human labor 3 percent,and horses 1 percent. Modern farms are enterprising businesses which keep only the livestock that can pay its way. The children go to school by bus every morning,the parents work on the farm or in the house,and hired help is seldom needed. Their work has been replaced by a whole army of farm machines.Farmers in the machine age also use the new fertilizers,new sprays,new feeds,new hybrid seeds,and other helps developed by farm sciences. As a result the farmers are able to produce more food with less labour. This means fewer but larger farms and fewer but moreprosperous farmers.56. In old days,most of the work on a farm was done by_______.A. all the farm familyB. livestockC. farm machinesD. both A and B57. From the first paragraph,we learn that in old days the most important farming power was____.A. LivestockB. farmersC. MachinesD. extra laborers58. On today’s farms,the chief reason why livestock is still raised would probably be____.A. that farmers conventions are difficult to be given upB. that farmers want to gain more profitC. that farmers have to do soD. that farmers work has been replaced by machines59. On modern farms,farmers need mostly all the followings EXCEPT_______.A. farm scienceB. seedsC. FertilizersD. hard work60. In the last sentence of Paragraph 3,“fewer but larger farms and fewer but more prosperous farmers” means_______.A. hired help is seldom neededB. productivity on the farms has been raised greatlyC. productivity on the farms has fallen sharplyD. more food is never neededPassage 3City traffic jam—one of the least wanted effects of the motor vehicle—is something with which we’re all familiar and for which most of us have an answer. But which solution is best?Some people suggest for better roads,others for cars to be banned(禁止) from city centers and yet others say better public transport would attract drivers from their lonely and boring journeys.But the important question is what natural power creates a big city center. We are,after all,in an age of electronic communication; our big shopping areas have moved out of city centers,and our living areas moved out of them long ago.Yet some force causes offices and service industries related to them to gather in London or New York or Tokyo. This suggests that far from the problems of a crowded environment forcing companies and people to move out,there is a critical (重大的) size beyond which more companies are attracted to move in. Nobody seems to know why,yet the answer is important to the way traffic jam is dealt with.61. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as the cause of the traffic problem?A. The poor public transport.B. The over concentration of shopping centers.C. The great number of cars in the city centers.D. The bad road conditions.62. According to the passage,offices and their associated service industries move to big cities because of_______.A. the convenience of communicationB. the gathering of companiesC. some unknown forceD. the convenience of shopping63. The word “This”(Line 2,Para.4) refers to_______.A. some forceB. traffic jamC. the force that causes offices to move in or outD. the fact that companies gather in big cities64. This passage is most likely taken from_______.A. a novelB. a TV playC. an instructionD. a news report65. The topic of this passage would probably be_______.A. Best Answer to Traffic ProblemB. The Banning of Cars in the City CenterC. The Formation of City CenterD. Searching for Ways to Solve Traffic ProblemPassage 4Mrs. Cox teaches English in a large high school located in the inner area of a big city on the West Coast. Ever since she was a young girl,Mrs. Cox had wanted to become a teacher. She has taught eight years now and hasn’t changed her mind.After she graduated from high school,Mrs. Cox went on to college. Four years later,she received her bachelor’s degree (B.A.) in English and her teaching certificate. Then she was qualified to teach in the secondary schools of her state. In the summers,Mrs. Cox takes more classes. Someday she hopes to get a master’s degree (M.A.).With an M.A.,she will receive a higher salary.The school day at Mrs. Cox’s high school,like that in many high schools in the United States,is divided into six periods of one hour each. Mrs. Cox must teach five of these six periods. During her free period,which for her is from 2 to 3 p.m.,Mrs. Cox must meet with parents,order supplies,make out examinations,check assignments,and take care of many other things. In short,her free period isn’t really free at all. Mrs. Cox works steadily from the time she arrives at school in the morning until the time she leaves for home late in the afternoon.66. Mrs. Cox wants to be a teacher because_______.A. she likes teachingB. she is a young girlC. she has many problems to deal withD. she doesn’t mind what she is doing67. From paragraph two,we can infer_______.A. Mrs. Cox has received a teaching certificateB. Mrs. Cox likes teaching very muchC. Mrs. Cox takes more classesD. Mrs. Cox is a qualified teacher68. She will receive a higher salary if_______.A. she gets a master’s degreeB. she takes more classesC. she has studies normal teachingD. she gets a bachelor’s degree69. According to the passage, all the followings are true EXCEPT_______.A. she graduated from high schoolB. she graduated from collegeC. she has got her bachelor’s degreeD. she teaches five periods for a school day70. The best title for the passage would probably be_______.A. A Typical School DayB. Teacher Mrs. CoxC. Mrs. Cox Likes TeachingD. Mrs. Cox Has Got Her Teaching CertificatePart Ⅳ Translation (2.5×8 points)Section ADirections:There are 4 sentences in this section. You are required to translate them from Chinese into English.71.这口大钟大约有三个人那么高。
2003年考研英语—真题与答案
2003 年考研英语真题及答案2003 text1Wild Bill Donovan would haveovedl the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Servicesni the World War Ⅱ and aterl aidl the roots for the CIAwas fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools came tohand in the "great game"of espionage— spying as a "profession".These days the Net, which has alreadyre-made such everyday pastimes as buying books and sendingreshapingmail, Donovan's vocation as .well The atestl revolutionsn'ti simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemen's e-mail. That kind ofectronicel spyinghas been going on for decades. In the past three or four years, orldthe W ide Web has given birth to a whole industry ofpoint-and-click spying. The spooks call it "open-sourceintelligence",and as the Net grows, it is becoming increasingly influential. In 1995 the CIA held a contest to see who could compile the most data about Burundi. The winner, byargelmargin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solutions, whosearcl advantage was its mastery of theectroniel world.Among the firms making the biggestashpl in this new world is Straitford, Inc., a private intelligence-analysifirm based in Austin, Texas.Straitford makes money by selling the results of spying (covering nations from Chile to Russia) to corporations like energy-services firm McDermott International. Many of its predictions are available online at .Straiford presidentGeorge Friedman says he sees the online world as kinda of mutually reinforcing tool for both information collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last sweekfirm hiwas busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. "As soon as that report runs, we'llsuddenly get 500 new Internet sign-ups from Ukraine," saysFriedman, a formerpolitical science professor."And we'll hear back from some of them." Open-source spying does havets risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Straitford earns its keep.Friedman relies on a eanl staff of 20ni Austin. Severalof his staff members have military-intelligence backgrounds. He sees the firm's outsider status as the key to its success.Straitford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong. Straitford, says Friedman, takes pride in its independentcevoi.41.The emergence of the Net has________.[A]received support from fans like Donovan[B]remolded the intelligence services[C]restored many common pastimes[D] revived spying as a profession42.Donovan's story is mentioned in the text to________.[A]introduce the topic of online spying[B]show how he fought for the US[C]give an episode of the information war[D] honor his unique services to the CIA43.The phrase"making the biggest splash" (line 1,paragraph 3)most probably means ________.[A]causing the biggest trouble[B]exerting the greatest effort[C]achieving the greatest success[D] enjoying the widest popularity44.It can be learned from paragraph4that________.[A]Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true[B]Straitford guarantees the truthfulness of its information[C]Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability[D] Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information45.Straitford is most proud of its________.[A]official status[B]nonconformist image[C]efficient staff[D]military background 试题解析:这是一篇说明性的文章,介绍了互联网技术对情报行业的影响。
海南哺乳动物名录与分布
海南哺乳动物分类名录与分布(● 中国特有种;◎主要分布于中国,但其分布区略超出中国国境之外的半特有种)Ⅰ食虫目EULIPOTYPHLA一猬科Erinaceidae1 海南毛猬Neohylomys hainanensis●二鼩鼱科Soricidae2 大臭鼩Suncus murinus3 海南小麝鼩Crocidura wuchihensis ◎(原作为Crodidura horsfieldi的亚种, Lundeet al., 2003 认为系独立种)4 华南中麝鼩Crocidura rapax◎5 灰麝鼩Crocidura attenuata三鼹科Talpidae6 华南缺齿鼹Mogera insularis●Ⅱ攀鼩目SCANDENTIA四树鼩科Tupaiidae7 北树鼩Tupaia belangeriⅢ翼手目CHIROPTERA五狐蝠科Pteropidae8 犬蝠Cynopterus sphinx9 棕果蝠Rousettus leschenaulti六鞘尾蝠科Emballonuridae10 黑髯墓蝠Taphozous melanopogon七假吸血蝠科Megadermatidae11 印度假吸血蝠Megaderma lyra八菊头蝠科Rhinolophidae12 间型菊头蝠Rhinolophus affinis (中菊头蝠)13 中华菊头蝠Rhinolophus sinicus ◎(原作为Rhinolophus rouxii的亚种,但染色体2n=36,FN = 60与之不同)14 角菊头蝠Rhinolophus cornutus(见许立杰,2008)15 短翼菊头蝠Rhinolophus lepidus16 皮氏菊头蝠Rhinolophus pearsoni17 大菊头蝠Rhinolophus luctus九蹄蝠科Hipposideridae18 小蹄蝠Hipposideros Pomona (与H. bicolor有学名争议)19 中蹄蝠Hipposideros larvatus20 大马蹄蝠Hipposideros armiger21 无尾蹄蝠Coelops frithi (又名:无尾叶鼻蝠)十犬吻蝠科Molossidae22 皱唇蝠Chaerephon plicata十一蝙蝠科Vespertilionidae23 普通长翼蝠Miniopterus fulginosus24 大长翼蝠Miniopterus magnater25 南长翼蝠Miniopterus pusillus26 锡兰伏翼Pipistrellus ceylonicus27 东亚伏翼Pipistrellus abramus28 侏伏翼Pipistrellus tenuis29 灰伏翼Hypsugo pulveratus ◎30 斑蝠Scotomanes ornatus31 小黄蝠Scotophilus kuhlii (台湾:高头蝠)32 大黄蝠Scotophilus heathii33 园耳管鼻蝠Murina cyclotis34 彩蝠Kerivoula picta35. 东南亚彩蝠Kerivoula titania (新纪录) 2n=32, FN=52, Wu et al., 2011海南(吊罗山、尖峰岭)、台湾,FA(31.7-35.5 Vs 32.4-35.9);CCL(12.0-13.78) versus (13.4-13.9)十二鼠耳蝠科Myotidae36 中华鼠耳蝠Myotis chinensis ◎37 赫氏鼠耳蝠Myotis horsfieldii38 华南水鼠耳蝠Myotis laniger39 高颅鼠耳蝠Myotis siligorensis40 大足鼠耳蝠Myotis ricketti ●Ⅳ灵长目PRIMATES (引自Groves, C. P. 2001)十三猴科Cercopithecidae41 猕猴Macaca mulatta42 白臀叶猴Pygathrix nemaeus (中国绝迹)十四长臂猿科Hylobatidae(引自:Brandon-Jones et al. 2004; Mootnick & Groves, 2005)43 海南长臂猿Nomascus hainanus ◎Ⅴ.鳞甲目PHOLIDOTA十五鲮鲤科Manidae44 穿山甲Manis pentadactylaⅥ.食肉目CARNIVORA十六熊科Ursidae45 黑熊Selenarctos thibetanus十七鼬科Mustelidae46 青鼬Martes flavigula47 黄腹鼬Mustela kathiah48 鼬獾Melogale moschata49 水獭Lutra lutra50 小爪水獭Aonyx cinerea十八灵猫科Viverridae51 大灵猫Viverra zibetha52 小灵猫Viverricula indica (又名:麝香猫、笔猫)53 椰子狸Paradoxurus hermaphroditus54 果子狸Paguma larvata (又名: 花面狸)十九獴科Herpestidae55 爪哇獴Herpestes javanicus56 食蟹獴Herpestes urva二十猫科Felidae57 豹猫Prionailurus bengalensis (又名:山猫、野猫)58 云豹Neofelis nebulosaVII偶蹄目ARTIODACTYLA二十一猪科Suidae59 野猪Sus scrofa二十二鹿科Cervidae60 印度赤麂Muntiacus vaginalis[染色体2n=6 (♀), 7(♂),曾被并入爪哇麂M. muntjak, 后者2n=8(♀), 9 (♂)]61 水鹿Rusa unicolor62 坡鹿Rucervus eldiVIII啮齿目RODENTIA二十三松鼠科Sciuridae63 毛耳飞鼠Belomys pearsonii64 红背鼯鼠Petaurista petaurista65 栗背大鼯鼠Petaurista albiventer66 黑白飞鼠Hylopetes alboniger67 海南小飞鼠Hylopetes phayrei十七(过去认为是:低泡小鼯鼠Petinomys electilis)68 赤腹松鼠Callosciurus erythraeus69 倭花鼠Tamiops maritimus ◎70 红腿长吻松鼠Dremomys pyrrhomerus ●71 巨松鼠Ratufa bicolor二十四鼠科Muridae72 小狨鼠Hapalomys delacouri73 笔尾树鼠Chiropodomys gliroides74 黑缘齿鼠Rattus andamanensis(异名:R.sikkimensis, R.. remotes)75 黄胸鼠Rattus tanezumi (包括R. flavipectus)76 大足鼠Rattus nitidus77 黄毛鼠Rattus losea78 小缅鼠Rattus exulans79 褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus80 社鼠Niviventer confucianus81 刺毛鼠Niviventer fulvescens82 缅甸山鼠Niviventer tenaster83 白腹巨鼠Leopoldamys edwardsi (又名小泡巨鼠)84 卡氏小鼠Mus caroli85 小家鼠Mus musculus二十五豪猪科Hystricidae86 帚尾豪猪Atherurus macrourus87 中国豪猪Hystrix hodgsoni州、云南、西藏(东南部)、四川、陕西和甘肃IX兔形目LAGOMORPHA二十六兔科Leporidae 88 海南兔Lepus hainanus ●。
WT2003M02 MP3音频解码模块使用说明
WT2003M02 MP3音频解码模块使用说明V1.01.概述WT2003M02是一款小巧的新型高品质MP3模块,支持MP3音频解码。
采用SOP16封装的主控,体积更小,但响应速度更快。
模块内置SPI-FLASH作为存储介质,具有USB接口,可以通过PC机自由更换FLASH的音频内容,并具有USB声卡功能。
并且内置1瓦功放,可以直接驱动1W的喇叭,使用更方便。
2.产品特性支持MP3高品质音频格式,声音优美。
采用SPI-FLASH存储器,可以重复擦写,自由更换音频内容。
通过USB接口,通过配套的上位机软件把音频文件下载到SPI-FLASH存储器中。
支持USB声卡功能。
同时支持按键控制和一线串口通讯,功能更强,控制更灵活方便。
支持多达3584段音频,海量存储。
内置1W功放,直接驱动8欧姆/1W喇叭,声音洪亮,16级可调音量。
DC 5V供电。
3.技术规格4. 模块管脚图VDD50BUSY VCC33K1K2K3DATA FS_CSFS_CTRLDAC SP+SP-FS_DI FS_DO FS_CLK GND5. 控制模式WT2003M02具有两种控制模式:按键控制模式和一线串口通讯。
两种控制方式同时有效,客户更加需要设计应用电路。
5.1. 按键控制模式K4、K5、K6是扩展功能键,连接方式不一样,请参看6.2扩展按键应用电路5.2.一线串口通讯FLASH最多可放置3584段音频,音频文件使用配套的上位机软件下载到SPI-FLASH 中。
单片机发送16位的音频地址即可触发相应的音频。
音频地址(0x0001-0x0E00):控制时序:先把数据线拉低5ms后,发送16位数据,先发送高位,再发送低位。
使用高电平和低电平比例来表示每个数据位的值。
注意:必须高电平在前,低电平在后。
6.应用电路6.1.按键控制电路6.3.一线串口通讯控制应用电路需要增加电平转换电路。
6.4.外接功放应用电路7.上位机软件操作7.1.启动软件点击软件图标启动软件,软件界面如下:7.2.加载音频文件点击【加载】按钮,打开所需的MP3音频文件(目前仅支持MP3文件)。
utc2003
UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITAMPLIFIERDESCRIPTIONThe UTC2003 has improved performance with the samepin configuration as the UTC2002.The additional features ofUTC2002,very low number of external components, ease ofassembly, space and cost saving, are maintained.The device provides a high output current capacity(up to3.5A) very low harmonic and crossover pletelysafe operation is guaranteed due to protection against DCand AC short circuit between all pins and ground, thermalover-range, load dump voltage surge up to 40V andfortuitous open ground.ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS(Ta=25°C)CHARACTERISTICS SYMBOL VALUE UNITS Peak Supply Voltage Vs 40 VDC supply Voltage Vs 28 VOperating supply voltage Vs 18 VOutput peak current(repetitive) Io 3.5 AOutput peak current( non repetitive) Io 4.5 APower dissipation at Tcase=90°C Ptot 20 W Storage temperature Tstg -40~+150 °Cjunction temperature Tj -40~+150 °CPIN CONNECTION1 Non inverting input2 Inverting input3 Ground4 Output5 Supply VoltageTEL:400-660-8382SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM345TEST CIRCUITRLRx=20*R2Cx=1/(2πB*R1)UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEL:400-660-8382ViRLDC Test CircuitRLRx=20*R2Cx=1/(2pB*R1)AC Test CircuitELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(Refer to the test circuit, Vs=14.4V,Ta=25°C)PARAMETER SYMBOL TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT DC CHARACTERISTICSSupply Voltage Vs 8 18 V Quiescent OutputVoltageVo 6.1 6.9 7.7 VQuiescent draincurrentId 44 50 mA AC CHARACTERISTICSd=10%,f=1kHzR L=4Ω 5.5 6Output power Po R L=2Ω9 10 WR L=3.2Ω 7.5R L=1.6Ω 12f=1kHzPo=0.5W,R L=4Ω 14 mV Input sensitivity Vi Po=6W,R L=4Ω 55 mVPo=0.5W,R L=2Ω 10 mVPo=10W,R L=2Ω 50 mV Input saturationvoltageVi(rms) 300 mVFrequencyresponse(-3dB)B Po=1W,R L=4Ω40 15000 Hzf=1kHzDistortion DPo=0.05 to 4.5W ,R L=4Ω 0.15 %Po=0.05 to 7.5W ,R L=2Ω 0.15(continued)UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEL:400-660-8382PARAMETER SYMBOLTEST CONDITIONSMINTYPMAX UNITInputResistance(pin 1)Ri open loop,f=1kHz 70 150k ΩInput noise currente N 60 200 pAInput noise voltageI N1 5µV open loop Gvo f=1kHz 80dB voltage gain f=10kHz60dBclosed loopGvc f=1kHz,R L =4Ωvoltage gain 39.3 40 40.3 dB f=1kHzEfficiencyη Po=6W,R L =4Ω 69 %Po=10W,R L =2Ω 65 % Supply voltage rejectionSVR f=100Hz,Vripple=0.5VRg=10k Ω,R L =4Ω30 36 dBFig.1 Quiescent output voltagevs.Supply voltageFig.2 Quiescent drain currentvs.Supply voltageFig.3 Output power vs.SupplyvoltageFig.4 output power vs.loadresistancePo Fig.5 Gain vs. Input sensitivityFig.6 Gain vs. Input sensitivityFig.7 Distortion vs.output powerPo(W)d(%)Fig.8 Distortion vs.frequency10101010Frequency (Hz)Fig.9 Supply voltage rejectionvs. voltage gainGv(dB)UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT TEL:400-660-8382UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT1010101010SVR (dB)frequency(Hz)Fig. 10 Supply voltage rejection vs.frequencyFig. 11 Power dissipation and efficiency vs. outputPo(W)Ptot (W)Fig. 12 Power dissipation and efficiency vs. outputPo(W)80604020η(%)Fig. 13 Maximum Power dissipation and supplyVs(V)Tamb()℃Fig. 14 Maximum allowable dissipation and ambientFig. 15 Typical values of capacitor(Cx) for different values of frequencyGv(dB)APPLICATION INFORMATIONRLRx=20*R2Cx=1/(2πB*R1)Fig 16 Typical application circuit TEL:400-660-8382UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITFig.18 20W Bridge configuration applicationThe Values of the capacitors C3 and C4 are different to optimize the SVR(Typ. 40dB)Fig.20 Low cost bridge configuration application circuit(Po=18W)BUILT-IN PROTECTION SYSTEMSLoad dump voltage surgeThe UTC2003 has a circuit which enables it to withstand a voltage pulse train, on pin 5, of the type shown in Fig. 23. If the supply voltage peaks to more than 40V, then an LC filter must be inserted between the supply and pin 5, in order to assure that the pulses at pin 5 will be head within the limits shown in Fig.22.A suggested LC network is shown in Fig.23.With this network, a train of pulses with amplitude up to 120V and width of 2ms can be applied at point A. This type of protection is ON when the supply voltage(pulsed or DC) exceeds18V.For this reason the maximum operating supply voltage is 18V. TEL:400-660-8382UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITtVs(V)40A BShort Circuit (AC and DC Conditions)The UTC2003 can withstand a permanent short-circuit on the output for a supply voltage up to 16V.Polarity inversionHigh current(up to 5A) can be handled by the device with no damage for a longer period than the blow-out time of a quick 1A fuse(normally connected in series with the supply).The feature is added to avoid destruction if, during fitting to the car, a mistake on connection of the supply is made.Open groundWhen the radio is in the ON condition and the ground is accidentally opened, a standard audio amplifier will be damaged. On the UTC2003 protection diodes are included to avoid any damage.Inductive loadA protection diode is provide between pin 4 and pin 5(see the internal schematic diagram) to allow use of theUTC2003 with inductive loads. In particular,theUTc2003 can drive a coupling transformer for audio modulation.DC voltageThe maximum operating DC voltage on the UTC2003 is 18V.However the device can withstand a DC voltage up to 28V with no damage. This could occur during winter if two batteries were series connected to crank the engine.Thermal shut-downThe presence of a thermal limiting circuit offers the following advantages:1).an overload on the output (even if it is permanent),or an excessive ambient temperature can be easily withstood.2).the heat-sink can have a smaller factor compared with that of a conventional circuit. There is no device damage in case of excessive junction temperature: all that happens is that Po( and there Ptot) and Id are reduced. TEL:400-660-8382UTC2003LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT APPLICATION SUGGESTIONThe recommended values of the components are those shown on application circuit of Fig.16. Different values can be used. The following table can help the designer.Component Recommendedvalue Purpose LargethanrecommendedvalueLarge thanrecommendedvalueR1 (Gv-1)*R2 gain setting. increase of Gain R2 2.2Ω gain and SVRsetting.Decrease of SVRR3 1ΩFrequency stacility Danger of oscillationat high frequencieswith inductive loads.Rx ≈20*R2 Upper frequencycutoff Poor high frequenciesattenuationDange of oscillationC1 2.2µF Input DC decoupling Noise at switch-onswitch-offC2 470µF Ripple rejection Decrease of SVR C3 0.1µF Supply voltagebypassDange of oscillationC4 1000µF Output coupling toload Higher low frequencycutoffC5 0.1µF Frequency stability Danger of oscillationat high frequencieswith inductive loads. Cx ≈/(2π*B*R1) Upper frequencycutoffsmaller bandwidth Larger bandwidth TEL:400-660-8382。
2003年高考英语试题及答案(北京卷)
2003英语(北京卷)例:It’s so nice to hear from her again. , we last met more than thirty years ago.A.What’s more B.That’s to sayC.In other words D.Believe it or not 答案是D。
21.The teacher asked us so much noise.A.don’t make B.not make C.not making D.not to make22.At this time tomorrow over the Atlantic.A.we’re going to fly B.we’ll be flyingC.we’ll fly D.we’re to fly23.Don’t mention that at the beginning of the story, or it may the shocking ending.A.give away B.give outC.give up D.give off24.Y ork, last year, is a nice old city.A.that I visited B.which I visitedC.where I visited D.in which I visited25.—David and V icky married?—For about three years.A.How long were…being B.How long have…gotC.How long have…been D.How long did…get26.The news came as no surprise to me.I for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A.had known B.knew C.have known D.know27.—I hear they aren’t pleased with the house you’ve chosen for them.—Well, could they live in such comfort?A.where else B.what elseC.how D.why28.time, he’ll make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To giveC.Giving D.Given29.—I’m sorry I stepped outside for a smoke. I was very tired.—There is no for this while you are on duty.A.reason B.excuseC.cause D.explanation30.He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation it got worse.A.until B.whenC.before D.as31.I know the money is safe, I shall not worry about it.A.Even though B.Unless C.As long as D.While32.Our neighbor has ours.A.as a big house as B.as big a house asC.the same big house as D.a house the same big as33.They had a pleasant chat a cup of coffee.A.for B.with C.during D.over34.He did it it took me.A.one-third a time B.one-third timeC.the one-third time D.one-third the time35.Come and see me whenever .A.you are convenientB.you will be convenientC.it is convenient to youD.it will be convenient to you第二节:完形填空(共20小题;每小题1.5分,满分30分)阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从36—55各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
micovert2003操作手册
MICOVERT 2003 变频器(可适配同步电机)使用说明书目录第一章系统描述_________________________________________03-101.1 保证____________________________________________03-041.2 安全条件________________________________________04-101.3 安装指南________________________________________05-061.3.1 大概及安全预防措施________________________05-051.3.2 安装变频器________________________________05-061.3.3 噪声滤波器________________________________07-091.4 控制信号和运行曲线______________________________10-10 第二章连接及接口_______________________________________11-182.1 运行曲线图电路图及端子图_______________________11-112.2 主电路和电机的连接______________________________11-122.3 控制信号的输入__________________________________12-132.4 输出部分________________________________________13-142.5 编码器的输入____________________________________14-152.6 Resolver接口输入________________________________15-162.7 绝对值编码器的输入______________________________16-172.8 RS232串行接口___________________________________17-18 第三章参数描述_________________________________________19-273.1 基本菜单操作/HPG60______________________________19-203.2 菜单真实数值____________________________________20-213.3 速度菜单________________________________________21-223.4 速度曲线菜单____________________________________22-233.5 起/停菜单_______________________________________23-233.6 驱动菜单________________________________________23-253.7 可选功能菜单____________________________________25-263.8 操作参数菜单____________________________________26-263.9 变频器参数菜单__________________________________26-273.10 错误信息菜单____________________________________27-27 第四章电气操作_________________________________________28-294.1 基本菜单操作/HPG60______________________________28-29 第五章技术数据_________________________________________30-355.1 功率等级和规格型号_______________________________30-305.2 数字编码器的设置_________________________________30-315.3 订货事项_________________________________________31-335.4 参数表____________________________________________33-35第一章系统描述1.1 保证我司保证所售产品均采用好的材料及一流的工艺保修一年从产品销售之日算起条件在保修期间若产品的损坏是由于客户在没有征得我司同意的情况下而擅自进行改装或调校的我司一概不负责保修若产品的型号或产品编号被涂改删除或模糊不清我司不负责保修我司对发生在保修期内的以下情况一概不负责- 由于正常的磨损而需要定期维保维修或更换的元件- 没有征得我司同意的情况下基于其它非正常使用目的在操作手册中所描述的改装或更改产品- 产品所引起的直接或间接的运输费用本地服务运输费用和各种运输风险- 产品的损坏由以下原因引起的使用不当包括但不限于a错误地将产品使用于非正常用途或没有根据我司的使用手册使用或维修的b没有按照相关的技术或安全标准的安装或使用c没有正确安装软件或使用了错误的软件客户自行维修或交由没有我司授权的维修中心及维修者维修的由于不可抗力的情况所引起如意外闪电水灾火灾不良通风或其它事项损坏由与产品配套的系统故障引起的此保修条款不影响客户在法律授权下的法定权利及客户与销售商之间的购销协议所赋予的权利1.2 安全条件常识由于存在高压不允许变频器在没有保护外壳的情况下运行否则会引起人员的伤亡只有具有熟练工艺的人员才能操作而且必须符合国际及当地的安全条件及法规如DIN VDE0100DIN VDE 0110 IEC 364IEC 664变频器的使用MICOVERT 2003变频器是专用于电梯没有我司的书面同意绝对不允许用于其它用途安装MICOVERT 2003变频器时请考虑以下的法规- EG-RICHTLINIE 89/392/EWG- EN 60204- NIEDERSPANNUNGSRICHTLINIE 73/23/EWG- EMV-RICHTLINIE 89/336/EWG- PREN 50178/DIN VDE 0160- EN60439-1/DIN VDE 0660 TEIL 500- EN 60146/DIN VDE 0558运输及安装变频器的运输必须十分小心请不要接触电子和端子部分这些元件有可能由于人手上的静电而有所损坏在接线时请不要打开变频器的保护外壳所有接线端子都是外露的请注意变频器周围的通风1.3 安装指南1.3.1 大概及安全预防措施危险在变频器运作时组件中的某些元件处于危险的高压当安装组件时尤其是安装那些带电部件必须采取适当的预防措施重点即使控制器系统关闭后一些系统内的组件和制动电阻在大约5分钟内仍会处于高压下在通电前必须先盖上变频器的金属外壳所有的调试程序需在外壳盖好后执行请先参阅电力供应商所提供的相关规定和指示必须遵守有关厂房的安装指示和采取有关预防措施只允许资深的工程师电机师或受过电机工程培训的工程人员进行安装当主电源开启时VDE0680调试和服务任务执行之前需采取防震措施组件符合VBG4要求可即时使用当安装或在工地工作时请参阅有关VDE和DIN标准如VDE 0105 DIN EN 60214-1和DIN 57105标准尤其是GB7588标准控制系统和控制柜的电力连接必须根据合适接线图和遵循当地电力供应的相关的VDE规定1.3.2 安装变频器MICOVERT 2003变频器应垂直安装在机柜内尺寸图见图1图2单位为mm确保冷却器进出口畅通在进出口保留至少上下100mm的空隙控制柜周围的温度为45以下注意变频器的散热能力开关柜的设计及安装应确保能较好地散热为达到较好的通风目的我们建议在开关柜中使用独立的风机为避免变频器的污染风机应配备过滤器1.3.3 噪声滤波器抗电磁干扰的滤波器则需在外部安装外部噪声滤波器应连接于变频器电源输入端电源开启时若使用噪声滤波器漏电FI类型断路器会自动脱闸因此不能使用漏电断路器使用噪声滤波器会有大量干扰电流接地因此PE接地连接电缆必须有至少10mm2的横截面必须严格遵循控制柜的安装指示强弱电尽可能分开布线否则EMC 电磁兼容性将不能得到保证变频器与电机之间的电缆必须屏蔽只能使用铜线屏蔽层而钢屏蔽层则不适用电机供电电缆和制动电阻电缆最好全程使用屏蔽即从电机端子盖至控制柜的电缆全面屏蔽测速机屏蔽引线必须两端接地从电机侧直接接到外壳PE另一端从控制器侧接到31号端子继电器和接触器集成在同一电路的必须分别安装消火花组件和过压保护组件所有接触器和控制柜的外围设备应装上适当的R-C滤波器 控制线和测速机线必须分别装入不同的线槽内控制柜中的电缆必须尽可能地将相同电位的一起布线避免不同电位的电缆之间相互干扰控制柜内的所有金属组件连接时应保留较大的连接面和较好的高频传导性注意受阳极化处理的氧化层面或染色件薄层如导轨螺丝钉门闩等的薄层因在一定的频段内这些部件可能会有较高电阻值最好在控制柜内使用铝板系统设计者必须考虑到高频噪声的产生和在变频器间的噪声灵敏性并采取适当的保护措施请注意适当的屏蔽不仅能较好地抗电磁干扰并且能保护系统本身尤其是数字电路噪声滤波器的类型下表是测试后适合于MICOVERT2003的噪声滤波器额定电流滤波器类型生产商62ANF64FN351-64EPASCHAFFNER76ANF80FN351-80EPASCHAFFNER100ANF110FN351-110EPASCHAFFNER电源电压条件MICOVERT 2003变频器用于4相驱动需要带电电线电源电压的输入方式为TT 电网或带有不带电电线接地的TT电网运行条件所有变频器必须配备符合国家和当地的安全法规的安全设施如欧洲法规EN81变频器的外壳必须盖上并且正确安装内置滤波器由于电容的关系即使关掉电源后变频器仍然带有危险的高压请不要触摸变频器断电后至少5分钟后才能打开变频器的外壳- 如果变频器发生故障所有继电器如READY准备BRAKE制动和DRIVE驱动会断开机械抱闸关闭- 如果发生故障或没有方向输入IGBT模块的DC电源将被断开同时输出继电器制动会断开- 如果数字编码器的输入出现故障或者速度偏差超过10%变频器会停车- 如果温度太高变频器会断电- 变频器的启动电流为额定电流的1.7倍- 变频器每小时可以运行240次变频器内的温度会高达45- 变频器的上方及下方必须留有100mm的空间- 如果你手头上的设备是旧款的请注意以下两点1旧款设备的绝缘等级2旧款设备需要更大的启动电流选择启动电流是额定电源1.7倍的变频器是不足够的,请选择更大功率级别的变频器.1.4 控制信号和运行曲线图3 运行曲线控制时序图速度MICOCONTROL MICOVERT2003可适配同步电机操作手册第二章 连接及接口2.1运行曲线图电路图及端子图 端子图图4及电路图图5见附页U PD N图4 端子图2.2 主电路和电机的连接MICOVERT 2003变频器与下列电机相匹配• 同步电机异步电机和电梯专用电机• 标准电机电压400VAC+10% / -15%若你需要其它电压请联系我们变频器的控制电压需要持续稳定的电压以免启动时出现时序上的混乱给变频器提供电源的两个主接触器全部接在变频器的输入端电机必须通过四芯的屏蔽线连接根据电磁兼容性标准屏蔽线应该电源供电三相S1安全信号触点: 第一主接触器: 第二主接触器: 抱闸接触器连接到控制柜及变频器的地线上并可靠接地电机电缆不应超过10米长度而制动电阻的电缆则应尽可能地短额定电流A 电机电缆mm 2 制动电阻/ 电阻功率 制动电阻电缆mm 212 4*4.0 30/2.5KW 3*1.522 4*6.0 30/2.5KW 3*1.5 32 4*10.0 25/4KW 3*2.5 42 4*10.0 20/5KW 3*2.5 52 4*10.0 20/5KW 3*4.0 62 4*16.0 20/6KW 3*4.02.3 控制信号的输入所有控制回路的输入通过光电耦合器隔离采用外部电压控制电压为带滤波的24VDC 9个指令信号输入端子或可选择9针串口连接输入端子 SUB-D 输入 功能 描述30 --- 屏蔽31 60V DC0V DC 控制电压公共负电源端32 7DOWN 下 方向信号启动变频器时你需要一方向指令和运行指令在运行指令关闭后至少0.5秒后,才能撤消方向指令 33 8 UP上方向信号34 9检修速度Vinsp10-1500转/分 检修速度可独立调整运行检修速度时运行指令和方向指令须同时撤消35 1再平层速度Vnach0.5-100转/分再平层速度是用于电梯轿厢的精确定位钢丝绳的拉长36 2爬行速度V01-100转/分到达目的站后爬行速度关闭变频器控制电梯减速直至零速后机械抱闸释放37 3 第一速度V110-3000转/分为了有更好的运舒适感你可选择三种速度38 4 第二速度V210-3000转/分为了有更好的运舒适感你可选择三种速度39 5 第三速度V310-3000转/分为了有更好的运舒适感你可选择三种速度2.4 输出部分有5个输出继电器额定电压为24VDC 至250 VAC 额定电流为1000mA端子继电器输出功能描述10和11准备电梯控制警示变频器自检正常后吸合12和13制动使机械抱闸接触器吸合方向指令和速度指令给出后延时0.5秒继电器吸合若电机不转动或方向指令关闭则制动继电器也关闭此继电器使机械抱闸接触器吸合14和15运行使主接触器吸合 当方向指令和速度指令给出时此继电器吸合电机到达零速后延时0.5秒该继电器释放 16和17门机平层时提前开门若速度超过0.3m/s 继电器被关闭此为可编程输出继电器你可利用继电器控制电梯平层时提前开门18和19 可编程 可自由编程继电器--散热器温度--极限速度的80%用户可自由地对这继电器编程有两个功能可选择1 V < Vx 速度界限的80%2 散热器温度2.5 编码器的输入用户需要一数字测速机来检测速度根据电磁兼容性标准屏蔽线应两端接地即在电机侧和变频器侧均需接地且接地必须良好如使用大面积接地屏蔽线最大长度不超过10米数字编码器最好直接安装在电机上以获得最好的测速结果用户可使用有HTL 电平的增量式数字编码器电压为10-30VDC也可使用带RS-422 接口的数字编码器电压为5VDC 输出方式TTL 这些编码器的连接均直接接到端子上数字编码器的类型10-30VDCHTL 电平+15/0/-15VDC HTL 电平10-24VDC HTL 电平5VTTL 电平RS422接口最大电流应为160mA变频器可使用脉冲数1024-4096脉冲/转的编码器以下是两种最常用的数字编码器的端子表端子功能HTL 编码器10-30VDC HTL 电平TTL 编码器 5VDC TTL 电平20 屏蔽屏蔽屏蔽21 A相 A A22 B相 B B23 电压 +15VDC U正电源24 电压 0VDC GND25 电压 -+15VDC GND26 电压 +5VDC U正电源27 A相反相A/28 B相反相B/2.6 R esolver接口输入如果使用ALPHA GETRIEBEBAU公司的同步电机必须有一个转换器而不能使用之前的数字编码器输入这种转换器是一种模拟设备输出SINUS 和 CONSINUS 曲线需要一块转换板RES01来焊接转换板的电缆必须将转换板安装在右边位于变频器串行口之上转换器的接线从左到右对于转换板RES01的端子连接端子接线功能30 REF- REFERENZSPANUNG31 REF+ REFERENZSPANUNG32 COSINUS- COSINUS信号低33 COSINUS+ COSINUS信号高34 SINUS- SINUS信号低35 SINUS+ SINUS信号高36 SCHIRM PE=ERDE也可以将转换板RES01与15孔的SUB-D HD 端子连接针孔的接线图如下针孔接线针孔接线1 N.C. 9 COS+2 N.C. 10 REF+3 SIN- 11 N.C.4 COS- 12 N.C.5 REF- 13 N.C.6 N.C. 14 N.C.7 N.C. 15 N.C.8 SIN+ SHIELD(屏蔽) 接地(EARTH)2.7 绝对值编码器的输入如果使用ZIEHL ABEGG MONTANARIE或THYSSEN公司的同步电机需要配备绝对值转换板而不能使用之前的数字编码器这种转换器ABS01是一种设备输出SINUS 和 CONSINUS 曲线需要一块转换板ABS01来焊接增量型的电缆必须将转换板安装在右边位于变频器串行口之上1带有SSI接口的绝对值编码器和1个VSS-SIN/COS增量型编码器通道的转换板针孔接线针孔接线1DATA+数据通道 9 CLK-时钟通道2DATA-数据通道 10 CLK+时钟通道3 N.C.或+5V传感器11 N.C.或0V传感器4 +5VDC 12 A+(SIN增量型通道)A-(SIN增量型通道)5 OVGND(地线) 136 N.C. 14 B-(COS增量型通道)7 B+(COS增量型通道) 15 N.C.8 N.C. 屏蔽/16 接地2带有ENDAT接口的绝对值编码器和1个VSS-SIN/COS增量型编码器通道的转换板针孔接线针孔接线1DATA+数据通道 9 CLK-时钟通道2DATA-数据通道 10 CLK+时钟通道3 N.C.或+5V传感器11 N.C.或0V传感器4 +5VDC 12 A+(SIN增量型通道)GND(地线) 13A-(SIN增量型通道)5 OV6 N.C. 14 B-(COS增量型通道)7 B+(COS增量型通道) 15 N.C.8 N.C. 屏蔽/16 接地3带有HYPERFACE接口的绝对值编码器和1个VSS-SIN/COS增量型编码器通道的转换板针孔接线针孔接线1 DATA+数据通道 9 N.C.2 DATA-数据通道 10 N.C.3 N.C.或+5V传感器11 N.C.或0V传感器4 N.C. 12 A+(SIN增量型通道)A-(SIN增量型通道)GND(地线) 135 OV6 +12VDC 14 B-(COS增量型通道)7 B+(COS增量型通道) 15 N.C.8 N.C. 屏蔽/16 接地4带有SIN/COS接口的绝对值编码器和1个VSS-SIN/COS增量型编码器通道的转换板针孔接线针孔接线1 N.C. 9 N.C.2 N.C. 10 N.C.3 D-(COS-交换) 11 D+(COS-交换)4 +5VDC 12 A+(SIN增量型通道)A-(SIN增量型通道)GND(地线) 135 OV6 N.C. 14 B-(COS增量型通道)7 B+(COS增量型通道) 15 C+(SIN-交换)8 C-(SIN-交换) 屏蔽/16 接地2.8 RS232 串行接口通过RS232 串行接口SUB-D 端口你可以改变参数和检测电机的真实数值这有两种不同的可能性可供选择你可通过该串行接口与手持编程器HPG60 连接通过这个带键盘和能显示4行文字的LCD 的编程器你可改变参数它显示电机运行的真实数值并能存储20条错误信息关于手持编程器在下面章节有更详尽的介绍若你有一台手提电脑可以与变频器连接我们可提供PC 软件使你能通过手提电脑改变参数就像使用手持编程器HPG60一样该PC 软件能提供许多技术支持第三章参数描述3.1 基本菜单操作 / HPG60手持编程器HPG60带有6个按钮一个能显示4行文字的LCD显示屏一个红色LED指示灯和9针的RS-232串行接口串行连接线必须一头连接到HPG60的RS232端口上另一头接到变频器的RS232端子上检查参数输入单元的接线后你将会看到如下内容编码器上的键盘分为两组其中一组是4个红色的按钮这四个按钮用于在不同的主菜单中或相应的子菜单中来回选择用按钮LEFT或RIGHT可在8个主菜单中选择若想进入子菜单你必须按下按钮DOWN若想在子菜单中来回选择请按DOWN 或UP若你想改变参数的设置值你必须使用黄色的按钮按UP或DOWN 选择相应的参数若你改变了参数该参数则会不断闪烁直至按下ENTER键来保存新值或按ESC退出键来放弃修改你可通过显示器最下一行来阅读各个按钮的功能参数的改变只能在电机静止时操作第一和第二行显示菜单第三行显示不同的数值如电机电流输出电压等若不是处于子菜单中在运行中或在静止中你都可以用黄色按钮来改变数值的显示当运行正常时红色LED灯亮但当发生错误时红色LED灯会不断闪烁在下表你可以看到显示的结构第一行 菜单 如 第二行 菜单数值 如 第三行 真实数值如 第四行故障出现的阶段 如速度再平层速度 V0 0.10m/s A3>电流: 22.0A0-> V2 0.10m/s3.2 菜单真实数值真实数值(只能阅读在编程器HPG-60显示器上的第三行)MONITOR 显示4行文字的HPG60只在运行中可视在运行时你可见运行的状态 0->V2 加速从0速到V2速度 V2 以V2速度运行V2->V0 减速从V2到平层爬行速度V0 V0 以平层速度V0运行V0->0 最后减速,从平层速度到0速 A1>命令(在编程器HPG60显示器上的第三行) COMMAND 你可查看电梯控制系统输出到变频器的指令状态例如0 2A2>继电器 RELAYS 你可查阅五个输出继电器的状况:R 准备继电器闭合 B 制动继电器闭合 F 运行继电器闭合 D 门机继电器闭合 P 可编程继电器闭合A3>电流 CURRENT 在万能表上显示的真正输出电流 A4>电压 VOLTAGE真实的输出电压 A5>DC 电压 DC-VOLTAGE变频器中间回路的真实电压 A6>速度 SPEED 真实的电机速度(r.p.m)A7>频率 FREQUENCY 变频器的真实输出频率 A8>滑差频率SLIP FREQUENCY 变频器的真实滑差频率(Hz.) A9>温度TEMPERATURE 散热器的真实温度()3.3 速度菜单速度 SPEED再平层速度 ADJUST SPEED Vn再平层速度设置值为0.5-100r.p.m 使电梯在调整后仍保持平层位置Vn 命令用于电梯卸载后因钢丝绳拉长的变化而改变位置的情况下的再平层需要另外使用比V1爬行速度小的再平层开关信号检修速度 INSPECITON SPEED Vi检修速度设置值为10-1500r.p.m 用于在轿顶上的检修运行和返回起动位置爬行速度RUN-IN SPEED V0爬行速度设置值为1-100r.p.m 设置电梯停靠位置若停车过早必须加大V0反之应减少V0 中速INTERIM SPEED V1中速设置值为10-3000r.p.m 只用井道中有不同的减速距离即层站开关减速点到平层开关距离不同当运行自动测距后V1可设置得尽可能高若V1过高则显示警告BRAKING PATH V1V1减速距离不足高速FINAL SPEED V2高速设置值为10-3000r.p.m 高速ALTFINAL SPEED V3 高速设置值为10-3000r.p.m3.4 速度曲线菜单速度曲线 SPEED CURVE 加速度 ACCELERATION从0速至V 最大速设置值从10%至200%或0.1-2.0m/s 2急加速度 JERK ACCELERATION从0速到加速段再由加速段到V 最大速设置值从10%至200%或从0.1-2.0m/s 30.1 m/s 3运行较舒适,而2.0 m/s 3运行舒适感较差 减速度 DECELERATION从V 最大速至V0速度设置值从10%-200%或0.1-2.0 m/s 2急减速度 JERK DECELERATION急减速度从V 最大速到减速段再由减速段到V0速度设置值从10%-200%或0.1-2.0 m/s 3首先设定为1 m/s 3经过校正V1/V2/V3减速距离后再根据运行舒适感调整减速距离 V1-OFF- -ON- -LEARNING-自动测量V1的减速距离将其设置为LEARNING BRAKING DISTANCE V1减速距离V1扫描短行程的减速距离以V1速度运行当到达减速开关时变频器立即减速并爬行一段较长时间后到达平层开关变频器在减速开关到平层开关之间的减速距离的基础上自动计算出合适的减速度若以V1速度继续运行电梯经过减速点后会以计算出来的减速度减速至爬行因此V0的爬行时间将被减少到大约0.3秒减速距离V2-OFF- -ON- -LEARNING-自动测量V2的减速距离将其设置为LEARNING BRAKING DISTANCE V2减速距离V2减速距离V2用于扫描以V2速度运行的长行程同上减速距离V3-OFF- -ON- -LEARNING-自动测量V3的减速距离将其设置为LEARNING BRAKING DISTANCE V3减速距离V3用于扫描以V3速度运行的长行程同上3.5 起/停菜单START/STOP(起/停)START DELAY(启动延时)启动延时变化范围为01000ms如果因为接触器和控制系统的动作滞后而引起电机带闸起动可调节启动延时直至机械抱闸完全打开之后才起动BRAKE RAMP(制动斜率)从V0最后减速到0速的减速斜率若最后减速时有振动则减小此值调整值为0.01-1.00 m/s2建议值为0.1 m/s2此项参数也可用于调整停靠精度DIRECT RUN IN(直接停靠)直接停靠功能当此值为ON时V1的爬行时间将减小至0秒CATCH-RESCUE(救援)采用该选项使电梯以Vi速度起动电机电流可增大到额定电流的两倍因此当安全钳动作时可使电梯向上运动3.6 驱动菜单ENGINE/GEAR(驱动) 异步电机DIGITAL ENCODER ACTIVE(数字编码器)你可通过此选项选择开环或闭环运行但在现时无效ENCODER PULSES(编码器脉冲数)输入数字测速机每转的脉冲数可输入范围为1,000-20,000脉冲/转ENCODER PULSE CHANNEL(脉冲输入)若出现DIRECTION WRONG 方向错误信息改变测速机的AB 相顺序选择由[A B]改为[B A]MOTOR-ROTATION FIELD(磁场旋转方向)如果电机转向错误如信号为UP 时电梯下降通过此项功能改变其方向此功能相当于将U V 两相对调MOTOR-RATING PLATE NOMINAL SPEED(电机额定速度)在电机铭牌上所示的额定速度值若铭牌所示数值为1000或1500请与电机供应商联系因为这数据所示的是同步速度而非额定速度MOTOR-RATING PLATE NOMINAL FREQUENCY(电机额定频率) 请看电机铭牌上所示MOTOR-RATING PLATE NOMINAL CURRENT 电机额定电流 请看电机铭牌上所示MOTOR-RATING PLATE COSINE r(电机功率因数) 请看电机铭牌上所示GEARBOX TRANSMISSION(输入传动比)输入传动比请看传动箱上所示数值GERAR BOX DRIVE WHEEL(输入驱动轮直径)输入驱动轮直径mmGEAR BOX SUSPENSION(输入钢丝绳的悬挂比)输入钢丝绳的悬挂比如11或21ENGINE/GEAR(驱动) 同步电机ASYNCHRON MOTOR(异步电机)/SYNCHRON MOTOR(同步电机) SYNCHRON MOTOR(同步电机)电机类型 ALPHA ECD 100-EPM 100-EPM 200-EPM300-EPM500 ZIEL ABEGG ZETADYN SM700-ZETADYN SM850 MONTANARI MDD 150 THYSSEN 通过此选项选择电机类型MOTOR-RATING PLATE NOMINAL CURRENT 电机额定电流请看电机铭牌上所示MOTOR-ROTATION FIELD(磁场旋转方向)如果电机转向错误如信号为UP 时电梯下降通过此项功能改变其旋转方向ENCODER TYPE(编码器型号) 输入电机所用的编码器型号可输入RESOLVER/SSI/ENDAT/HYPERFACE/SIN-COS-编码器ENCODER PULSES(编码器脉冲数) 输入数字测速机每转的脉冲数可输入范围为512/1024/2048/4096脉冲/转ENCODER OFFSETANGLE(编码器偏差度) 此数值根据所用电机类型的不同而变动可以输入角度为0-360度ENCODER DIRECTION(编码器方向) 若出现故障信息方向错误请将方向A-B 转换为B-A 此功能相当于将编码器的输入相序调换GEARBOX TRANSMISSION(输入传动比) 输入传动比请看传动箱上所示数值GERAR BOX DRIVE WHEEL(输入驱动轮直径)输入驱动轮直径mmGEAR BOX SUSPENSION(输入钢丝绳的悬挂比)输入钢丝绳的悬挂比如11或21注意某些电机铭牌上的参数是不准确的若变频器运行效果不理想则需将电机参数在铭牌上所标参数的基础上小范围内调节达到理想效果为上3.7 可选功能菜单OPTION FUNCTIONS(可选功能) RELAY V<03用于运行时提前开门的速度界限V<0.3m/s 当速度低于该设定值时吸合默认值为0.3m/sPROGRAM-RELAY(可编程继电器)此继电器有以下功能:V<Vx 速度界限(可调整值为0.24mm/s)当速度超过Vx 时继电器释放若变频器的散热器温度过高继电器释放3.8 操作参数菜单OPERATING PARAMETERS(操作参数) CODE NUMBER(编码号) 可自由选择自己的编码号. SOFTWARE VERSION(软件版本)显示软件的版本号及变频器的型号DISPLAY LANGUAGE(显示语言)你可在菜单上选择不同语言3.9 变频器参数菜单REGULATION(变频器参数) ATTENUATION START(起动阻尼)可调整值为0--100%若在起动时出现振动如电机振动电机发出噪音可加大此值建议值为0% ATTENUATION ACCELERATION(加速阻尼)可调整值为0--100%若在加速段出现振动应加大此值建议值为0%ATTENUATION TRAVEL(运行阻尼)可调整值为0--100%若在稳速段出现振动应加大此值建议值为0%ATTENUATION DECELERATION(减速阻尼)可调整值为0--100%若在减速段出现振动通常是在低速爬行段由于无阻尼轴承此值可加大建议值为0%3.10 错误信息菜单ERROR MOMORY错误储存在LCD上显示真正的错误错误代码和错误的描述错误1 IPM过流由于短路或错误的电机参数错误2 由于错误的电机参数或IPM损坏U相过流错误3 由于错误的电机参数或IPM损坏V相过流错误4 由于错误的电机参数或IPM损坏W相过流错误5 散热器温度过高变频器过载或温度过高错误6 中间回路电压过高制动电阻未连接或损坏错误7 中间回路电压过低主电源电压过低错误8 起动时运行接触器没有吸合或主电源至少有一相缺相错误9 运行时运行接触器没有吸合或主电源至少有一相缺相错误10 在运行中或刹车结束前方向指令UP或DOWN掉失错误11 方向指令UP和DOWN同时使用错误12 方向错误改变编码器的输入相位或编码器损坏错误13 偏差变频器过载或错误的电机/编码器参数错误14 编码器无脉冲信号检查编码器的接线检查机械抱闸错误15 中间回路预先充电制动电阻或主电源的接线出现接地故障错误16 在运行过程中改变了方向指令UP和DOWN。
honda element 2003-2011
1. 概述本文内容本文将就Honda Element 2003-2011进行详细介绍。
Honda Element是一款具有独特外观和实用性的多功能车型,亦是本田公司在北美市场推出的一款车型。
本文将从外观设计、性能表现、内部空间、安全配置等方面对该车型进行全面的介绍。
2. 外观设计Honda Element的外观设计极具个性,其方正的车身、独特的侧面开启式后门以及宽大的车轮造型,使得这款车型在外观上具有鲜明的特色。
车身上的塑料护板和防擦条,为车辆增添了一份野性感。
车头采用了飞机头舱式设计,提供了较好的视野和空间感。
总体来看,Honda Element的外观设计给人一种硬朗、实在的感觉,符合年轻用户对车辆外观的个性需求。
3. 性能表现Honda Element搭载了本田公司的经典K系列发动机,提供了可靠的动力支持。
其悬挂系统采用了双叉臂式设计,对悬挂性能做了较好的平衡。
车辆底盘离地间隙较高,适合应对一定的越野路况。
传动系统方面,Honda Element提供了手动和自动变速箱两种选择,满足了不同用户的需求。
4. 内部空间虽然Honda Element的外观显得较为方正,但其内部空间设计却非常合理。
车内设有宽敞的乘坐空间,后排座椅采用了侧滑式设计,可提供更大的腿部空间和储物空间。
Honda Element的后备厢设计独特,可根据需要进行灵活调整,满足用户对不同空间需求的灵活运用。
5. 安全配置在安全配置方面,Honda Element配备了全方位的安全气囊系统和稳定控制系统,提供了扎实的 passiv and active safety。
其车身结构经过加固设计,为乘客提供了一定的安全保障。
配备的ABS防抱死制动系统和EBD电子制动力分配系统,提供了更加灵活的操控性。
6. 改款与后续发展Honda Element在2003年发布并开始销售,经过几次改款之后,于2011年停产。
因车型过于特殊的外观设计和商品定位,并未在市场上取得太大的成功。
The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949
The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949The Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 are two Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which form part of the constitution of the United Kingdom. It is provided that they are to be construed as though they were a single Act.The first Parliament Act, the Parliament Act 1911 (1 & 2 Geo. 5. c. 13), asserted the supremacy of the House of Commons by limiting the legislation-blocking powers of the House of Lords (the suspensory veto). Provided the provisions of the Act are met, legislation can be passed without the approval of the House of Lords. Additionally, the 1911 Act amended the Septennial Act to reduce the maximum life of a Parliament from seven years to five years. The first Parliament Act was amended by the second Parliament Act, the Parliament Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 103), which further limited the power of the Lords by reducing the time that they could delay bills, from two years to one.The Parliament Acts have been used to pass legislation against the wishes of the House of Lords on only seven occasions since 1911, including the passing of the Parliament Act 1949. Some constitutional lawyers had questioned the validity of the 1949 Act; these doubts were settled in 2005 when members of the Countryside Alliance unsuccessfully challenged the validity of the Hunting Act 2004, which had been passed under the auspices of the Act. In October 2005, the House of Lords dismissed the Alliance's appeal against this decision, with an unusually large panel of nine Law Lords holding that the 1949 Act was a valid Act of Parliament.Contents1 Parliament Act 19111.1 Provisions2 Parliament Act 19493 Use of the Parliament Acts4 Validity of the 1949 Act5 Future developmentsParliament Act 1911The purpose of the Parliament Act 1911 is explained by its long title:An Act to make provision with respect to the powers of the House of Lords in relation to those of the House of Commons, and to limit the duration of Parliament.ProvisionsThe 1911 Act prevented the Lords from vetoing any public legislation that originated in and had been approved by the Commons, and imposed a maximum legislative delay of one month for "money bills" (those dealing with taxation) and two years for other types of bill. The Speaker was given the power to certify which bills are classified as money bills. If a money bill is not passed by the Lords without amendment within one month after it is received, the bill can be presented for Royal Assent without being passed by the Lords. For other public bills, the 1911 Act originally provided that a rejected bill would become law without the Lords' consent if it were passed by the Commons in three successive sessions, provided that two years elapsed between Second Reading of the bill and its final passing in the Commons.The 1911 Act still allowed the Lords to veto a bill to prolong the lifetime of a parliament or to confirm a provisional order, and it could only be used to force through a bill originating in the Commons, so the Lords also retained the power to veto any bill originating within the House of Lords. In addition to curtailing the power of the Lords, the 1911 Act amended the Septennial Act 1715, reducing the maximum duration of any parliament from seven years to five, and provided for Members of Parliament (excluding government ministers) to be paid £400 per year. The payment of MPs had been a demand ofradical democratic movements since at least the 1830s.Parliament Act 1949Clement AttleeImmediately after the Second World War, the Labour government of Clement Attlee decided to amend the 1911 Act to reduce further the power of the Lords, as a result of their fears that their radical programme of nationalisation would be delayed by the Lords and hence would not be completed within the life of the parliament. The House of Lords did not interfere with nationalisations in 1945 or 1946, but it was feared that the proposed nationalisation of the iron and steel industry would be a bridge too far, so a bill was introduced in 1947 to reduce the time that the Lords could delay bills, from three sessions over two years to two sessions over one year. The Lords attempted to block this change. The Bill was reintroduced in 1948 and again in 1949, before the 1911 Act was finally used to force it through. Since the 1911 Act required a delay over three "sessions", a special short "session" of parliament was introduced in 1948, with a King's Speech on 14 September 1948, and prorogation on 25 October.The amended Parliament Act was never used in the 1940s or 1950s, possibly because the mere threat of it was enough. The Salisbury convention that the Lords would not block government bills that were mentioned in the government's manifesto dates from this time. Salisbury believed that since, in being returned to power, the Government was given a clear mandate for the policies proposed in its manifesto, it would be improper for the Lords to frustrate such legislation.Acts passed under the Parliament Act display a modified form of enacting formula:BE IT ENACTED by The Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, and by the authority of the same, as followsThe usual enacting formula, used on other Acts, also refers to the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and omits the reference to the Parliament Acts.Use of the Parliament ActsThe Parliament Acts have seldom been used. The 1911 Act was used only three times before its amendment in 1949. These were:Welsh Church Act 1914, under which the Welsh part of the Church of England was disestablished in 1920, becoming the Church in Wales.Government of Ireland Act 1914, which would have established a Home Rule government in Ireland; its implementation was blocked due to the First World War.Parliament Act 1949, which amended the Parliament Act 1911 (discussed above).The amended form of the 1911 Act has been used four times. These were:War Crimes Act 1991, which extended jurisdiction of UK courts to acts committed on behalf of Nazi Germany during the Second World War (the only time that the Parliament Acts have been used by aConservative government).European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, which changed the system of elections to the European Parliament from first past the post to a form of proportional representation.Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000, which equalised the age of consent for male homosexual sexual activities with that for heterosexual and female homosexual sexual activities at 16.Hunting Act 2004, which prohibited hare coursing and (subject to some exceptions) all hunting of wild mammals (particularly foxes) with dogs after early 2005.The Welsh Church Act and the Government of Ireland Act were both given Royal Assent on the same day as the Suspensory Act 1914, which meant that neither would come into force until after World War I.After the Labour government came to power in 1997, there was repeated speculation that it would rely on the Parliament Acts to reverse a check from the Lords, but it did not prove necessary. The Parliament Acts were not required to enact, for example, the Criminal Justice (Mode of Trial) (No 2) Bill in 2000 (which originally proposed to give magistrates, not defendants, the choice of where an "either way" offence would be tried) because the government abandoned the bill after a wrecking amendment in the House of Lords. The Parliament Act was threatened to be used to get the Identity Cards Act 2006 passed through the Lords. This was backed up by a threat of an immediate introduction of a compulsory ID Card scheme. The Lords had no option but to accept a compromise of a delay in the introduction of the scheme. The Parliament Acts cannot be used to force through legislation that originated in the House of Lords, so they could not have been used to enact the Civil Partnerships Act 2004 or the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.The first three measures for which the act has been used since 1949 were not mentioned in manifestos, and hence in trying to veto them the Lords were not breaking the Salisbury convention. The Hunting Bill was mentioned in the Labour Party manifesto for the 2001 general election, so, depending upon how the convention is interpreted, the attempt to block it could be taken as a breach. However, as conventions are merely convention and not law, the House of Lords would not be taking illegal action if they were to act otherwise.A number of these seven enactments have since been made moot. The Government of Ireland Act 1914 was repealed in entirety by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 was repealed in entirety by the European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002 and most provisions of the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2000 were repealed by the Sexual Offences Act 2003. While the War Crimes Act 1991 remains in force, to date only one person has been convicted under it.The threat of the Parliament Acts has been employed by several British governments to force the Lords to accept its legislation. In at least three cases, the procedure set out in the Parliament Acts was started, but the legislation was approved by the House of Lords as a result of the government making concessions. These were:Temperance (Scotland) Act 1913, which allowed the voters in a district to hold a poll to vote on whether their district went "dry" or remained "wet".Trade Union and Labour Relations (Amendment) Act 1976, which amended the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 to reverse changes made to that act as it passed through Parliament.Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977, which nationalised large parts of the UK aerospace and shipbuilding industries and established two corporations, British Aerospace and British Shipbuilders.Validity of the 1949 ActSince the 1949 Act became law, doubts were raised by some legal academics as to whether the use of the 1911 Act to pass the 1949 Act, which amended the 1911 Act itself, was valid. Three main concernswere raised:The continued ability of the House of Lords to veto a bill to prolong the life of Parliament would not be entrenched if the 1911 Act could be used to amend itself first, removing this restriction.The 1949 Act could be considered to be secondary legislation, since it depended for its validity on another Act, the 1911 Act; and the principle that courts will respect an Act of Parliament without enquiring into its origins (an emanation of parliamentary sovereignty) would not apply.Under the 1911 Act, Parliament (that is, the Commons and the Lords acting together) delegated its ability to pass legislation to another body (the Commons alone). Following legal principles established when the United Kingdom granted legislative powers to assemblies in its colonies in the late 18th century, a subordinate legislative body cannot use the Act under which legislative power was delegated to it to expand its competence without an express power to do so in the enabling Act (see Declaratory Act).To address these concerns, a Law Lord, Lord Donaldson of Lymington, presented a Private Member's Bill in House of Lords in the 2000–2001 session of Parliament (the Parliament Acts (Amendment) Bill), which would have had the effect of confirming the legitimacy of the 1949 Act, but prohibiting any further such uses of the Parliament Act to amend itself, or use of it to further modify or curtail the powers of the House of Lords. Another Parliament Acts (Amendment) Bill was introduced independently by Lord Renton of Mount Harry in the next session, but neither of these Bills proceeded to a Third Reading.The first legal challenge to the 1949 Act is believed to have been made during the first prosecution for war crimes under the War Crimes Act 1991, R. v. Serafinowicz, but no record of the legal arguments remains. Because a second defendant was prosecuted under the War Crimes Act, and was sentenced to life imprisonment and since the War Crimes Act was later amended by both two further acts (the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 and the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996), which were passed by both Houses and received royal assent, the validity of War Crimes Act is not under question.The 1949 Act, and the validity of Acts made under it, were not questioned in court again until the Parliament Acts were used to pass the Hunting Act 2004. Early in 2005, the Countryside Alliance took a case to court to challenge the validity of the 1949 Act. In the High Court, the wording of the 1911 Act was held not to imply any entrenchment. Support for this conclusion can be drawn from the parliamentary debates on the 1911 Act, in which an entrenchment clause was considered but rejected, the Government clearly displaying the intention to be able to make such amendments if necessary. However, the 2005 decision was made on other grounds, so the question of whether the Courts could refer to the 1949 Act's Parliamentary debates under the principle established in Pepper v Hart was not decided.The High Court held that the 1949 Act was primary legislation, despite being unusual in that the Courts can rule on whether the provisions of the 1911 Act are complied with. It was held that the 1911 Act clearly permits the procedures specified in the Parliament Acts to be used for "any Public Bill", and this was sufficient to dispose of the argument that the 1911 Act could not be used to amend itself. The Court took the view that the 1911 Act was a 'remodelling' of the constitution rather than a delegation of power.The subsequent Court of Appeal ruling agreed that the 1949 Act itself was valid, but left open the question of whether the Commons could use the Parliament Act to make significant changes to the constitution (for example, repealing the Parliament Act's provision prohibiting the Act from being used to extend the lifespan of Parliament). The Court of Appeal refused to give the Countryside Alliance permission to appeal their decision to the House of Lords; however, a petition for permission to appealwas submitted directly to the Law Lords and granted in July 2005. Argument in the case was heard on 13 and 14 July 2005 by a large committee of nine Law Lords, rather than the normal five. In a unanimous decision, the Law Lords upheld the validity of 1949 Act.Future developmentsAfter the "first stage" of reform of the House of Lords was implemented in the House of Lords Act 1999, the Wakeham Royal Commission on the proposal of a "second stage" of reform reported in January 2000. Subsequently, the government decided to take no action to change the legislative relationship between the House of Commons and the House of Lords.In March 2006, it was reported that the Government is considering removing the ability of the Lords to delay legislation that arises as a result of manifesto commitments, and reducing their ability to delay other legislation to a period of 60 days.。
宝洁公司著名的飘柔(Rejoice)品牌自1989年10月进入中国
2003年9月,飘柔推出一分钟焗油精华露。一分钟焗油精华露内含高效护理头发之焗 油精华,能够为头发提供深入护理,补充水分和营养,并有效改善修复受损发质,洗发后,
令头发如焗过油般柔顺滑亮。 2003年10月,飘柔品牌全线升级,成为飘柔精华护理系列,特别采用高科技蚕丝质 感精华配方,飘柔精华护理系列洗发水比其他洗发水更稠,使用7次,秀发如丝般柔顺,绸般
● 柔顺的秀发最美丽– 飘柔之定位篇
与西方消费者不同,在中国女性的心目中,美丽秀发的标
准永远都是柔柔亮亮,顺滑易梳。潮流来来去去,惟独这点从未
改变。这也正是飘柔十六年来一直致力带给中国女性的。
挑战柔顺极限,不断带给人们升极的柔顺体验,这Байду номын сангаас是飘
柔。
从容面对压力,保持自信优雅的形象,将最美好的自我展
示在世界面前,这就是飘柔女性。
质感。 2004年8月,飘柔隆重推出全新升级的飘柔精华护理系列。挟创新的微细焗油粒子配 方这一目前最先进的洗发护发技术,全线升级的飘柔精华护理系列大胆提出“一次洗护,一
顺到底”的响亮口号,为人们揭示了柔顺的美丽发现。 2005年4月,飘柔推出鲜果精华系列,专门针对年轻人的发质设计,让年轻的秀发体
验无比柔顺,更好的表达自信,不羁,个性的自己。
只需 一个步骤,即可轻松满足头发护理的多重需求,包括洗发、护发、去头屑和令头发清 香怡人,使头发更柔更顺,帮助消费者保持良好形象,从而充满自信地展现自我。 2001年11月,飘柔将滋润去屑洗发露全新升级,采用新润丝去屑配方,推出滋润去 屑二合一洗发露。 2002年9月,飘柔所有产品全新升级,新飘柔蕴涵三重滋润配方,85%的消费者试用 后觉得秀发特别柔顺易梳。全球统一的新标志更具时代感,展现飘柔的自信本色。 2003年4月,飘柔推出富含特效人参营养滋润精华的飘柔人参洗发露。新产品能够从
2003年高考英语试题及答案(北京卷)
绝密★启用前2003年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)本试卷分第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。
共150分。
考试时间120分。
第一卷(三部分,共115分)注意事项:1.答第一卷前,考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。
2.每小题选出答案后,用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动,用橡皮擦干净后,再选涂其它答案标号。
不能答在试卷上。
3.考试结束后,考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分:听力理解(共两节,满分30分)第一节(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:What is the man going to read?A.A newspaper.B.A magazine.C.A book.答案是A。
1.What time is it?A.8.B.9.C.10.2.What is Peter going to do this afternnon?A.Play basketball.B.Ride a bicycle.C.Go swimming.3.How much is the man going to pay?A.20 pence.B.25 pence.C.30 pence.4.How will the woman travel to New York?A.By car.B.By train.C.By plane.5.What is the woman doing?A.Making a suggestion.B.Asking for help.C.Offering advice.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。
Model 34700Z 17700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharg
○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○Operating ManualModel 34700Z / 17700ZRecovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitTable of Contents34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitIntroduction© 2003 SPX Corporation334700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitIntroductionKeypad FunctionsSTART YES START / YES begins or resumes a function, or answers a query.STOP / NO terminates or pauses a function, or answers a query.MENU displays the selection menu.UP or DOWN arrows are used for scrolling through menu items.RECOVER activates the recovery sequence.VACUUM activates the vacuum andautomatic recycling sequence, followed by an option to activate a vacuum leak check.CHARGE charges the vehicle A/C system with a programmed amount of refrigerant.INJECT OIL injects oil into the vehicle A/C system.AUTOMATIC activates a menu which prompts the user through setting up an automatic recover / vacuum / vacuum leak check / charge sequence.RECOVERSTOP NO VACUUMCHARGEMENUINJECT OILAUTOMATICAUTOMATICSTART YES V ACUUM INJECT OIL CHARGERECOVER 1324657980MENUSTOP NOKeypadGlossaryA/C System : The vehicle air conditioning system being serviced.Internal Storage Vessel : The refillable refrigerant storage vesseldesigned specifically for this unit; 30 lb. (14 kg).Source Tank : A disposable tank of new refrigerant used to refillthe internal storage vessel; not included.Unit : The 34700Z or the 17700Z.Menu Functions1.Press the MENU button on the keypad.2.Press the UP or DOWN arrow key to scrollthrough the menu choices shown on the second line of the display :SELECT LANGUAGEVERSION X.XXCHANGE DEFAULTSCHANGE VACUUM PUMP OILVACUUM OIL TIMECHANGE FILTERFILTER CAPACITYRECYCLE ONLYTANK REFILLSELECT UNITS IMPERIAL / METRIC3.Press START / YES to make a choice fromthe menu. Press STOP / NO to pause during any process, and STOP / NO a second time to exit a process.AUTOMATICSTARTYESV ACUUMINJECT OILCHARGERECOVER132465798MENUSTOPNOUPArrowKeyStart / YesButtonStop / NoButtonDOWNArrow KeyMenuButtonIntroductionMenu Choice : Select LanguageOperator may choose to have prompts displayed in one of three languages : English, Spanish, or French. Menu Choice : Version X.XXDisplays the revision level of the software in the unit. Menu Choice : Change DefaultsFor service center use only.Menu Choice : Change Vacuum Pump Oil For maximum vacuum pump performance, change vacuum pump oil after every 10 hours of operation. Refer to the instructions outlined in the Maintenance section under Changing Vacuum Pump Oil. Menu Choice : Vacuum Oil TimeDisplays how long the vacuum pump has operated since the last oil change. The display resets to zero after a vacuum pump oil change has been completed. Refer to the instructions outlined in the Maintenance section under Changing Vacuum Pump Oil. Menu Choice : Select UnitsOperator may choose to have test results displayed in Imperial (English) or Metric units.Menu Choice : Change FilterThe filter-drier removes acid, particulates, and moisture from the refrigerant. Change the filter-drier after 150 lbs. (68 kg) of refrigerant has been filtered. Refer to the instructions outlined in the Maintenance section under Replacing the Filter-Drier.Menu Choice : Filter CapacityDisplays how many pounds or kilograms of refrigerant have been recovered since the last filter change. The display resets to zero after a filter-drier change. Refer to the instructions outlined in the Maintenance section under Replacing the Filter-Drier.Menu Choice : Recycle OnlyManual recycling may be necessary if excessive air and/or moisture has been recovered from the vehicle A/C system.Menu Choice : Tank RefillThis menu item is used to transfer refrigerant from the source tank to the internal storage vessel (ISV). Refer to the instructions outlined in the Maintenance section under Filling the Internal Tank.4© 2003 SPX CorporationSetup34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitSetupFill the Internal Tank1.Connect the service hoses to the unit, andpress START / YES. See Figure 3.2.Connect the fill hose to a full source tank.3.Open the source tank valve.4.Install the source tank on the unit, and securethe tank using the tank strap.Note: If using a refillable tank, install the tank upside down and connect the fill hose to the vapor valve.5.Press START / YES, and the unit willautomatically run a 5-minute vacuum to clearall internal air.6.After the vacuum pump shuts off, the unitautomatically begins filling the internalstorage vessel. Add at least 8 lbs. (3.6 kg) of refrigerant to ensure enough refrigerant isavailable for charging.This process takes 15–20 minutes. The unit stops when a sufficient amount of refrigerant has been transferred to the internal tank, orwhen the source tank is empty.Press STOP / NO to pause. Press STOP /NO again to exit, or START / YES toresume.7.When the fill process is complete, pressSTOP / NO to exit. The unit is ready foroperation.Note: There is no need to calibrate the scale; it is calibrated at the factory.FillHosePowerCordLow-SideHose High-SideHoseSourceTankStrapFigure 3Side View6© 2003 SPX CorporationOperating Instructions34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitOperating Instructions© 2003 SPX CorporationOperating Instructions34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitOperating Instructions© 2003 SPX CorporationOperating Instructions34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitOperating Instructions – Automatic© 2003 SPX CorporationOperating Instructions – Automatic34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging UnitMaintenance© 2003 SPX CorporationMaintenance34700Z Recovery, Recycling, Recharging Unit16© 2003 SPX CorporationMaintenanceFilling the Internal TankThis menu item is used to transfer refrigerant from the source tank to the internal storage vessel (ISV).1.Connect the fill hose to a full source tank.2.Open the source tank valve.3.Install the source tank on the unit, and secure the source tank using the tank strap.Note: If using a refillable tank, install the tank upside down and connect the fill hose to the vapor valve.4.Press Menu , and use the UP or DOWN arrow keys to select TANK REFILL.5.Press START / YES , and the unit will automatically fill the internal storage vessel until it contains 15 lbs.of refrigerant, or until the source tank is empty.Press STOP / NO to pause. Press STOP / NO again to exit, or START / YES to resume.Note : If a refrigerant source tank remains connected to the unit during normal operation, the correct amount of refrigerant will be automaticallymaintained in the ISV. The ISV may be manually refilled, if necessary.6.When the fill process is complete, press STOP / NO to exit. The unit is ready for operation.34700Z 17700Z Replacement Replacement ComponentPart No.Part No.96" Red Hose 6309668396A 96" Blue Hose 6212168296A Filter-Drier 3472434724Low-Side Coupler 18190A High-Side Coupler 18191A Vacuum Pump Oil (case of 12 quarts)1320313203Vacuum Pump Oil (case of 4 gallons)1320413204Maintenance Kit1317213172Fill Hose Power CordLow-Side HoseSource Tank StrapSide ViewHigh-Side HoseReplacement PartsRobinair Limited Warranty StatementRev. November 1, 2005This product is warranted to be free from defects in workmanship, materials, and components for a period of one year from date of purchase. All parts and labor required to repair defective products covered under the warranty will be at no charge. The following restrictions apply:1.The limited warranty applies to the original purchaser only.2.The warranty applies to the product in normal usage situations only, as described in the OperatingManual. The product must be serviced and maintained as specified.3.If the product fails, it will be repaired or replaced at the option of the manufacturer.4.Transportation charges for warranty service will be reimbursed by the factory upon verification of thewarranty claim and submission of a freight bill for normal ground service. Approval from the manu-facturer must be obtained prior to shipping to an authorized service center.5.Warranty service claims are subject to authorized inspection for product defect(s).6.The manufacturer shall not be responsible for any additional costs associated with a product failureincluding, but not limited to, loss of work time, loss of refrigerant, cross-contamination of refrigerant, and unauthorized shipping and/or labor charges.7.All warranty service claims must be made within the specified warranty period. Proof-of-purchasedate must be supplied to the manufacturer.e of recovery/recycling equipment with unauthorized refrigerants or sealants will void warranty.•Authorized refrigerants are listed on the equipment or are available through the Technical Service Department.•The manufacturer prohibits the use of the recovery/recycling equipment on air conditioning (A/C) systems containing leak sealants, either of a seal-swelling or aerobic nature.This Limited Warranty does NOT apply if:•The product, or product part, is broken by accident.•The product is misused, tampered with, or modified.•The product is used for recovering or recycling any substance other than the specified refrigerant type. This includes, but is not limited to, materials and chemicals used to seal leaks in A/C systems.523040 (Rev. C,November 17, 2005)© 2003 SPX Corporation。
2003款维多利亚皇冠
2003款维多利亚皇冠
林涯
【期刊名称】《汽车时代》
【年(卷),期】2002(000)006
【摘要】Victoria于1955年作为著名的1949ford的新派生型登场亮相,加入了福特车系,第一年Victoria便售出110000辆,夺得了业内头把交椅,从此Victoria 便名声远扬 1955年福特公司又推出了该车系的顶级车型crown Victoria,它那环绕玻璃窗的“斗柄”式镀铬镶条尤其引人注目,它的售价为2372美元,是当时最贵的车型,1955年仅售出2000辆,1956年售出600辆,物以
【总页数】2页(P56-57)
【作者】林涯
【作者单位】无
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】U469
【相关文献】
1.福特维多利亚皇冠车身左后部受撞(下) [J], 吉国光
2.福特维多利亚皇冠——车身左后部受撞(上) [J], 吉国光
3.福特维多利亚皇冠车身左后部受撞(上) [J], 吉国光
因版权原因,仅展示原文概要,查看原文内容请购买。
稻曲病菌培养条件的优化
稻曲病菌培养条件的优化程艳辉;曹远银;张晶;陈雯舒【摘要】The pathogen was isolated from diseased plant. Through Koch's postulates, the pathogen was identified as Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke)Tak. The study on culture conditions of the fungus in laboratory showed that the tested strain grew normally on PDA culture medium. The temperature range for its growth was between 15℃ to 35℃ and the optimal growth temperature was 28℃. The low or high temperature completely inhibited the mycelium growth. The range of pH was 4-10, and the optimal pH was 5-8. Sucrose and Ca(NO3)2 were separately the best carbon and nitrogen source for the mycelium growth among the tested carbon sources. The pathogen grew the fastest on Wakimoto toceshi medium among the solid culture media tested.%采用组织分离法从稻曲球上分离到病原真菌,通过柯赫法则鉴定,该病原茵为稻曲病菌.对稻曲病菌的实验室培养条件进行优化,结果表明,该菌能够在PDA培养基上正常生长,其生长温度在15~35℃,最适生长温度为28℃,温度过低或过高均抑制菌丝生长;在pH为4~10的PDA培养基上均能生长,最适pH值为5~8;同时测定了不同碳源和氮源对菌丝生长的影响,其中蔗糖和硝酸钙对茵丝生长最为有利;病原菌在胁本哲氏培养基中生长最快.【期刊名称】《河南农业科学》【年(卷),期】2011(040)005【总页数】4页(P120-123)【关键词】稻曲病菌;分离培养;温度;培养基;pH;碳源;氮源【作者】程艳辉;曹远银;张晶;陈雯舒【作者单位】沈阳农业大学,植物保护学院,辽宁沈阳110866;沈阳农业大学,植物保护学院,辽宁沈阳110866;沈阳农业大学,植物保护学院,辽宁沈阳110866;沈阳农业大学,植物保护学院,辽宁沈阳110866【正文语种】中文【中图分类】S435.111.4+6由稻曲病菌(Ustilaginoidea virens(Cooke)Tak)引起的稻曲病(rice false smut)通常被认为是水稻的一种次要病害,广泛分布于世界各稻区。
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The IISL has organized and presented many space law programs for the delegates and staff attending the annual session of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) Legal Subcommittee. The programs deal with topical space law issues. The papers there presented are published in the IISL Proceedings (see above). The governing body of the Institute is the Board of Directors, which consists of the President, Presidents Emeriti, two VicePresidents, Secretary, Treasurer and 14 other Members. The General Assembly of Members convenes once a year during the Colloquium. The Secretariat of the Institute is located at the IAF Headquarters in Paris. To discharge responsibilities set out in the IISL Statutes, various permanent and ad hoc Committees are established, such as the Standing Committee on the Status of International Agreements Relating to Activities in Outer Space. Board of Directors 2002-2003: President: Dr. N. Jasentuliyana, Sri Lanka President Emeritus: Prof. Dr. I.H. Ph. Diederiks-Verschoor, The Netherlands Vice-Presidents: Prof. Dr. V. Kopal, Czech Republic Prof. N.M. Matte, Canada Secretary: Ms. T.L. Masson-Zwaan, The Netherlands/Switzerland Treasurer: Dr. F.G von der Dunk, The Netherlands
THE COMPETITION
The Manfred Lachs Space Law Moot Court Competition is organized annually by the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) of the International Astronautical Federation (IAF). The first competition was organized for law students from northern America by the Association of US Members of the IISL (AUSMIISL) during the first World Space Congress (WSC) held in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. in 1992. In 1993, the Competition was renamed after the late Judge Manfred Lachs, the previous President of the IISL, of the International Court of Justice and of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS). In the same year, the Competition was also extended to include European students and in 2000, the Asia-Pacific Round was added. This year will be the 12th Competition.
Directors: Prof. E. Back Impallomeni, Italy Dr. G. Catalano Sgrosso, Italy Dr. He Qizhi, People's Republic of China Prof. S. Hobe, Germany Prof. R. Jakhu, Canada Prof. T. Kosuge, Japan Prof. F. Lyall, UK Dr. J. Monserrat, Filho, Brazil Dr. S. Ospina, Colombia Dr. L. Perek, Czech Republic Prof. R.M. Ramirez de Arellano y Haro, Mexico Ms. Marcia Smith, USA Ms. P.M. Sterns, USA Dr. A. Terekhov, UN/Russia Honorary Directors (non-voting): Prof. Dr. K.-H. Böckstiegel, Germany Dr. M. Bourély, France Prof. Dr. A.A. Cocca, Argentina Dr. S. Doyle, USA Dr. E. Fasan, Austria Dr. G. Gál, Hungary Dr. E. Galloway, USA Dr. P. Jankowitsch, Austria Dr. G. Lafferranderie, ESA/France Dr. M. Menter, USA Prof. Dr. Priyatna Abdurrasyid, Indonesia Prof. Dr. V.S. Vereshchetin, ICJ/Russia Dr. E. Wyzner, Poland Prof. Dr. G.P. Zhukov, Russia
12th MANFRED LACHS SPACE LAW MOOT COURT COMPETITION WORLD FINALS 2003
Thursday, 2 October 2003 3gericht Bremen Bremen, Germany
THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPACE LAW
The International Institute of Space Law (IISL) was founded by the International Astronautical Federation (IAF) in 1960. The IISL replaced the Permanent Committee on Space Law, which the IAF had created in 1958 under the chairmanship of Andrew G. Haley. The current President is Dr. N. Jasentuliyana, Former Director of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs. Since 1958, the IISL has held over 40 annual colloquia on space law in many nations. The IISL presently has elected individual and institutional members from more than 40 countries, who are distinguished by their contributions to or proven interest in the field of space law or other social science aspects related to space activities. While a component of the IAF, the IISL is authorized to function autonomously in accordance with its Statutes. The purposes and objectives of the Institute include the cooperation with appropriate international organizations and national institutions in the field of space law, the holding of meetings, colloquia and competitions on juridical and social science aspects of space activities, the preparation or commissioning of studies and reports and the publication of books and proceedings. The IISL holds annual Colloquia on the Law of Outer Space at the same time and place as the annual IAF Congresses, generally convened in October. Each Colloquium usually consists of four sessions whose topics are decided by the IISL Board well in advance of the conference dates. The Proceedings of these Colloquia are published annually by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and can be ordered at /store/ or via the links provided at the IISL website. As the IAF is an officially recognized observer at sessions of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and its Scientific & Technical and Legal Subcommittees, members of the IISL are entitled to be designated IAF observers to those sessions.