临八医学英语整理(仅课文)
医学英语课文总结
医学英语课文知识总结1.Seasonal Influenza (P18)Definition: Seasonal influenza is an acute infection caused by the influenza virus.Type:Type A: A1(H1N1) and A3(H3N2) are circulating among humanType B: Only influenza A and B viruses are included in seasonal influenza vaccinesType C: much less frequently than A and BCause:1. High risk: People with certain medical conditions, such as chronic heart, lung, kidney, liver, blood or metabolic diseases (such as diabetes), or weakened immune systems2. Transmission: Spread by breathing in infected dropletsSigns and symptoms: high fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, severe malaise, sore throat and runny noseTreatment: antiviral drugs such as adamantanes and inhibitors of influenza neuraminidase Prevention: vaccinate timely(most effective);covering mouth and nose with tissue when coughing, washing hands regularly2.Diabetes (P25)Definition:Diabetes is a chornic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin,or alternatively,when thw body cannot effevtively use the insulin it produces.Type:Type 1 diabetes(previously know as insulin-dependent or childhood-onset)is characterized by a lack of insulin production.Type 2 diabetes(fromly called non-insulin-dependent or adult-onset)results from the body's ineffective use of insulin.Gestational diabetes is hyperglycaemia which is first recognized during pregnancy.Common consequences：Diabetes can damage the heart,blood vessels,eyes,kindneys,and nerves.Such as:retinopathy,neuropathy;tingling;pain;numbness,or weakness in the feet and hands;fool ulcers,even amputation;kidney failure;heart disease;stroke;cardiovascular disease.Prevent:achieve and maintain healthy body weigh;be physically active;blood testing;tabacco cessation; blood pressure control;foot care;morderate blood control,people with type 1 diabetes require insulin,people with type 2 diabetes can be treated with oral medication,but may also require insulin.screening for retinopathy;blood lipid control;screening for early signs of diabetes-related kindney disease.5.Obesity And Overweight（P70）Defintion:Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.WHO defines “overweight” as a BMI equal to or more than 25 and “obesity” as a BMI equal to or more than 30.Reason: Energy imbalance ,unhealthy diet and physical inactivity.Consequence:Cardiovascular disease,diabetes,musculoskeletal disorders,some cancer Prevention: Achieve energy balance and a healthy weight,limit energy intake,fruit,vegetables,legumes,whole grains and nuts.increase physical activity and limit sugar intake3.Ear Infection（P52）Definnition:An ear infection means that the middle ear is infected.Occur:The middle ear space sometimes becomes filled with mucus which infected by bacteria or viruses Sometimes an ear infection occurs 'out of the blue' for no apparent reason.Main symptoms:earache, dulled hearing, fever (high temperature),children feel sick or vomit,irritable, cryingTreatment :Most bouts of ear infection will clear on their own without treatment within 2-3 days. The immune system can usually clear bacteria or viruses that cause ear infections.first use painkillers regularly,then antibioticsComplications:It is common for some mucus to remain behind the eardrum after the infection clears. Sometimes it may cause eardrum perforates.Prevented:do not use dummies in babies,prevent passive smoking of babies and childen.A long course of antibiotics used to prevent further bouts occurring for the children that have recurring bouts of ear infections close together.4.Cardiovascular Diseases（P65）Definition:Cardiovascular diseases include coronary heart disease,cerebrovascular disease, raised blood pressure ,peripheral artery disease,disease,congenital heart disease and failure.Causes:Major:tobacco use,physical inactivity,an unhealthy diet.The most common cause is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart or brain.Common symptoms:a heart attack or stroke;diffivulty in breathing or shortness of breath;feeling sick or vomiting;feeling lightheaded or faint;breaking into a cold sweatSymptom of a heart attack:pain or discomfort in the centre of the chest;pain or discomfort in the arms,the left shoulder,elbows,raw or back.Common symptom of a stroke:sudden weakness of the face,arm,or leg,most often on one side of the body;(some other symptoms inP66)Prevention:physical activity at least 30min every day;make sure enough fruit and vegetables intake and limit salt intake;check blood pressure regularly;control blood pressure and blood sugar for someone who have disbetes;maintain a ideal body weight;eat a healthy diet6.HIV and AIDS (P78)Defintion:The human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) is a retrovirus that infects cells of the human immune system, destroying or impairing their function.The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) Causes:Transmissins:Unprotected sexual (anal and vaginal) ,transfusion of contaminated blood, sharing ofcontaminated needles, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.Main symptoms:encephalitis;meningitis;retinitis;pneumocystis/pneumonia;tuberculosis;tumors; esophagitis;chronic diarrhea7.Hepatitis (P102)Definition: Injury to the liver with inflammation of the liver cells.Types:Hepatitis A：Infection is through food all water that contains HA V,and Anal-oral contact during sex.it does not lead to chronic.Hepatitis B：Infection is through blood,semen,other body fluids and mother’s milk.Hepatitis C：Infection is through blood.liver cancer risk is only increased in people with cirrhosis. Hepatitis D：only a person who is already infected with Hepatitis B.It can become infected with Hepatitis E：Infection is though water contained HEV.and anal-oral sex.Hepatitis F：unknown.Hepatitis G：Symptoms are mild .Symptoms: The acute :diarrhea,fatigue,mild fever,nausea,vomiting,weight loss,muscle or joint aches,slight abdominal pain, loss of appetite,The acute phase develops into the fulminant or rapidly progressing. Circulation,Dark urine, dizziness, hives, itchy skin.circulation problems,dark urin,dizziness,drowsiness,enlarged spleen,headache,hives,itchy skin,light colored feces,yellow skinTreatment:Hepatitis A：no specifical treatment/abstain from alcohol and drugs;can recover spontaneously. Hepatitis B：need rest;high protein and carbohydrate died;interfHepatitis C：pegylated interferon;ribavirinHepatitis D/E：no effective treatment.Non-Viral Hepatitis：flush out of harmful substance in the stomach;corticosteroid8.CancerDefinition: Cancer is a generic term for a large group of diseases that can affect any part of the bodyFeature: The abnormal cells grow rapidly beyond their usual boundaries, Which can invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs.Common types：lung,stomach,colorectal,liver,breastmen：lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, esophagus and prostate.women：breast, lung, stomach, colorectal and cervical.Causes:external agents and inherited genetic factorsPhysical carcinogens:ultraviolet and ionizing radiationChemical carcinogens:asbesyos,components of tobacco smoke,aflatoxin and arsenicBiological carcinogens:infection from certain virus(hepatitis B and liver cancer,HPV and cervical cancer,HIV and kaposi sarcoma) ,bacteria(helicobacter pylori and stomach cancer) or parasites(schistosomiasis and bladder cancer)Low- and middle-income countries: tobacco use, alcohol use, low fruit and vegetable intake, and chronic infectious (HBV, HCV, HPV).High-income countries: tobacco use, alcohol use, and being overweight or obese.Signs and symptoms：early signs include lumps,sores,persistent indigestion,persistent coughing,and bleeding from the body’s orificesRisk factors:tobacco use,being overweight or obese,low fruit and vegetable intake,physical inactivity,alcohol use,sexually transmitted HPV-infection,urban air pollution,indoor smoke from household use of solid fuelsPrevention:Avoid the risk factors.Vaccinate against HPV and HBV.Control occupational hazards.Reduce exposure to sunlight.Treatment:Principal treatment methods are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.palliative care9.Hypertension（P126）Definition:Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is chronically elevated.Hypertension means high blood pressure:transitory or sustained elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure to a level likely to induce cardiovascular damage or other adverse consequences. Diagnose:blood pressure between120/80 and 139/89 is called prehypertension (to denote increased risk of hypertension),and a blood pressure of 140/90 or above is considered hypertension.Types：essential hypertension:unknown causesecondary hypertension:a known direct cause such as kidney disease,tumors,or birucontrol pills Causes:unknown exactlysmoking;obesity or being overweight;diabetes,sedentary lifestyle;lack ofphysical activity;high levels of salt intake(sodium sensitivity); VitD deficency;insufficient calcium,potassium,and magnesium consumption;high levels of alcohol consumption;stree;aging;medicines such as birth control pills;genetics and a family history of hypertension;chronic kidney disease;adrenal and thyroid problems or tumorsSymptoms:severe headaches；fatigue or confusion；dizziness；nausea；problems with vision；chest pains；breathing problems；blood in the urineTreatment:lower blood pressure1.By changing lifestyle2.Be treated medicallyPrevention：adjust lifestyle:proper diet and exercisemaintain a healthy weight,reduce salt intake,reduce alcohol intake,and reduce stress.be important to screen,diagnose,treat,and control hypertension in its earliest stages.10.Basic Anatomy-Tissues and Organs（P145）Tissues：Cells group together in to form tissues including 4 primary tissue typesEpithelial tissue：serves as membranes linings organs and helping to keep the body's organs separate,in place and protected.Connective tissue：add support and structure to the bodyMuscle tissue：contractNerve tissue：generate and conduct electrical signalsOrgans：the second level of organization .An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue function together for a common purpose.The largest organ is skin which composed of three layers：the epidermis (epithelial tissue to provide a barrier),dermis(connective tissue to provide support,nerve tissue to provide feeling,blood vessels to nourish,muscle tissue for goosebumps) and subcutaneous layer(adipose tissue to help cushion the skin and provide protection from cold temperature)Organ systems：composed of two or more different organs that work together to provide a common function.10 major organ systemsSkeletal system：provide support for the body, protect internal organs, provide attachment sites for the organs.including bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.Muscular system：provide movement,including skeletal muscles, smooth musclesCirculatory system：transport nutrients, gases, hormones, and wasts.including heart, blood vessels and blood.Nervous system：relay electrical signals . including brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves. Respiratory system：provide gas exchange .including nose, trachea, lungs.Digestive system：break down and absorb nutrients..including mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines.Urinary system：filter out cellular wastes, toxins, excess water, nutrients.including kidneys, ureters , bladder, urethraEndocrine system：relay chemical messages.including hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid , pancreas, adrenal glands.Reproductive system：manufacture cells that allow reproductive.Female including ovaries, oviducts ,uterus, vagina ,mammary glandsMale including testes, seminal vesicles and penisImmune system：destroy and remove invading microbes and viruses from the body.removes fat and excess fluids from the body.including lymph, lymph nodes, and vessels, white blood cells, T-and B-cells.11.The Disease SARS（P157）Definition：S ARS is a respiratory illness that by a SARS-COV.incubation periods for 2-7 days typically.be contagious when have symptoms.SYmptoms：high fever,headache,sore throat,coughing,diarrhea,shortness of breath and difficult ofbreathing due to pneumonia,flu-like sympoms such as joint pain and malaise.low white cell count.Spread：close person-to-person contact by respiratory droplets,touch something with infections droplets and then touch himself.(droplet,airborne,waterborne)close contact:Treatment：various antiviral drugsPrevention：frequently hand washing with soapand water or use of an alcohol-based hand rub.avoid touching eyes,nose,mouth with unclean hands.cover nose and mouth with a tissue when coughing or sneezing.12．Facture（P219）Definition:a fracture is a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of a bone. classification: traumatic and pathologic; closed and open;stable (transverse,spiral,or greenstick) or unstable(comminuted or oblique)Symptoms:edema and swelling,pain and tenderness,muscle spasm,deformity,ecchymosis,loss of function,and crepitationComplications:death occurs sometimesDirect :problems with bone union,avascular necrosis,and bone infectionIndirect:blood vessel and nerve damage result in conditions such as compartment syndrome,venous thrombosis,fat embolism,and traumatic or hypovolemic shockpain,risk for infection,risk for peripheral neurovascular,risk for inpaired skin integrity, activity intolerance,ineffective management of therapeutic regimenTreatment:Goal：anatomic realignment of bone fragments,immobilization to maintain realignment,and restoration of function of the part.have no associated complications,obtain satisfactory pain relief,and achieve maximal rehabilitation potential.Preoperative management:preoperative preparation inform the patient something,proper skin preparationPostoperative management:any limitations of movement or activity should be monitored closely.proper alignment and positiondressing or casts should be carefully to observe bleeding and drainage.wound-drainage system should be assessed at least once each shiftprevent constipation and renal calculicarefully evaluationexercisepatient teaching13. Respiratory System（P227）Respiratory system：coordinate the exchange of O2 and CO2animals: consumption of O2, contribution of CO2plants: consumption of CO2, contribution of O2.Function：maintain the acid-based balance,gas exchange(main),production of sound Anatomy: nose and mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → lung Divided:the upper respiratory tract /conducting zone(filter;warm;moisten,provide resonance)the lower respiratory tract/respiratory zone.Ventilation：controlled by the autonomic nervous system，carried by muscles of respiration. The breathing center is in the medulla oblongata and the pons.Inhalation：by the diaphragm with help from the intercostal muscles.10 to 18/minpressure：lungs<atmosphericExhalation：with the help of abdominal and the intercostal muscles.pressure：lungs=atmospheric at the end of both inhalation and exhalationConditions：Respiratory acidosis：by a deficiency of ventilationRespiratory alkalosis：by a excess of ventilation,or hyperventilationCondition of the respiratory system：Obstructive conditions (emphysema,bronchitis,asthma attacks)Restrictive conditions (fibrosis, sarcoidosis,alveolar damage,pleural effusion)Vascular disease (pulmonary edema,pulmonary embolism,pulmonary hypertension)Infectious,environmental disease (pneumonia,tuberculosis,asbestosis,particulate pollutants)14.Depression（P238）Definition：have a low mood and other symptoms each day for at least two weeks Symptoms：be in a low mood to almost everything,sleeping problem,negative emotions,physical symptoms,abnormal sadness and poor concentrationTreatment：most recover without treatmentDivided into for mild depression and for moderate and severe depressiontalking/psychological treatment,specific coumselling,excise program,a self-help program1. Seasonal Influenza1.Seasonal influenza is an acute viral infection.2.Signs and symptoms: high fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, runnynose.3.Prevention: vaccinationacute; incubation period; complication; antiviral drugs; hospitalization; high-risk group;vaccine2. Diabetes1.Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin,or alternatively, when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces.2.Insulin is a hormone that regulate blood sugar.3.Hyperglycaemia means raised blood sugar.4.The classification of diabetes:Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent or childhood-onset): a lack of insulin production.Type 2 diabetes (non-insulin dependent or adult-onset): the body’s ineffective use of insulin Gestational diabetes: hyperglycaemia which is first recognized during pregnancy.5.Major symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia, constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes andfatigue.chronic; insulin; hyperglycaemia; retinopathy; neuropathy; impairment; numbness; kidney failure; blood glucose; blood lipid; ulcer3. Ear Infection1.An ear infection means that the middle ear is infection, which is also called acute otitis media.2.Symptoms: earache dulled hearing, fever, feeling sick or vomit, being generally unwell,eardrum perforation. Baby: hot, irritable, cryingacute otitis media; mucus; referred pain; antibiotic; prescribe; side-effect4. Cardiovascular Diseases1.Cardiovascular diseases include: coronary heart disease (heart attack), cerebrovascular disease,raised blood pressure (hypertension), peripheral artery disease, rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease and heart failure.2.Major cause of cardiovascular disease: tobacco use, physical inactivity and an unhealthy diet.3.The direct cause of heart attacks and strokes: a blockage that prevents blood from flowing tothe heart or the brain.blockage; build-up; fatty deposit; atherosclerosis; blood clot; difficulty in breathing; shortness of breath; nausea / feeling sick; vomiting; faint, lightheaded, dizzy; cold sweat; numbness;loss of balance; unconsciousness; menopause5. Obesity and Overweight1. Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health.2. The fundamental cause of obesity and overweight is an energy imbalance between calories consumed on one hand, and calories expended on the other hand.micronutrient; sedentary; musculoskeletal; osteoarthritis; endometrial; colon; undernutrition6. HIV and AIDS1.The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is a retrovirus that infects cells of the humanimmune system, destroying or impairing their function.2.The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).3.The transmission of HIV: unprotected sexual intercourse, transfusion of contaminated blood,sharing of contaminated needles, and between a mother and her infant during pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding.immunodeficiency,mmmune system,advanced stage,syndrome,blood transfusion7. Hepatitis1.The liver is the largest gland in the human body; it is also the largest internal organ.2.Blood reaches the liver through the hepatic artery and the portal vein.3.The functions of the liver4.The causes, transmissions, symptoms, treatments, and preventions of seven types of hepatitis.inflammation,acute hepatitis,chronic hepatitis,carriers of hepatitis B,swell,cirrhosis8. Cancer1.Cancer is also called malignant tumors and neoplasms.2.One defining feature of cancer is the rapid creation of abnormal cells that grow beyond theirusual boundaries, and which can then invade adjoining parts of the body and spread to other organs. This process is called metastasis.3.The factors for the cause of cancer: genetic factors, external agents, and aging.4.There are three categories of external agents, including: physical carcinogens, chemicalcarcinogens, and biological carcinogens.5.Principal treatment methods: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapymalignant,tumor,neoplasm,metastasis,mortality,pre-cancerous lesion,carcinogen,lump,sore, indigestion,cytology,pathology,surgery,radiotherapy,chemotherapy9. Hypertension1.Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood pressure in the arteriesis chronically elevated.2.Hypertension may result in: heart attack, stroke, heart failure, aneurysm, or renal failure.3.The normal level for blood pressure is below 120/ 80.Prehypertension: between 120/80 and 139/ 89.Hypertension: 140/ 90 or above.4.Hypertension may be classified as essential or secondary.5.The causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of hypertension.blood pressure,heart beat,pump,systolic/ diastolic,prehypertension,essential hypertension secondary hypertension11. The Disease SARS1.SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by coronavirus2.Its symptoms3.Spread: droplet spread4.Close contact5.The incubation period: typically 2 – 7 days.6.The laboratory tests for SARS: PCR, serologic test, and viral cultureventilation,droplet,airborne spread,atypical,antiviral,hospitalization,specimenserum,culture10. Basic Anatomy – Tissues and Organs1.Cells group together in the body to form tissues.2.Tissues are a collection of similar cells that group together to perform a specialized function.3.The four primary tissue types in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscletissue and nerve tissue.4.An organ is a structure that contains at least two different types of tissue functioning togetherfor a common purpose.5.The skin is the largest organ in the human body.6.The skin is composed of three layers: the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer.7.The systems of the body: skeletal system, muscular system, circulatory system, nervoussystem, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, endocrine system, reproductive system and lymphatic/ immune system.12. Fracture1. A fracture is a disruption or break in the continuity of the structure of a bone.2. The classification of fractures: traumatic and pathologic; closed and open; stable and unstable3. Symptoms, complications, etc.13. Respiratory System1. The respiratory system of animals: consumption of oxygen, contribution of carbon dioxideThe respiratory system of plants: consumption of carbon dioxide, contribution of oxygen.2. Anatomy: nose and mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → lung3. The respiratory system can be divided as the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.4. Ventilation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.5. The breathing center is in the medulla oblongata and the pons.14. Depression1. Depression: low mood and other symptoms for at least two weeks.2. Symptoms of depression考试题型：1.Medical knowledge. (1*15)2.Roots and Affixes. （1*20）3.Cloze. （1*10）4.Medical Terms. （2*10）5.Reading comprehension. （2篇2*10）6.Translation. （英译汉15分）。
医学英语(完整版本)
How about your appetite? How bad is it? How far pregnant are you? How long has it been this way? How long has this been going on? How long have you been ill? How long have you been like this? How long have you had it? How long have you had this trouble?
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I’m aching all over. I’m afraid I’ve got a temperature. I’m feeling rather out of sorts these days. I’m having some trouble sleeping. I’m suffering from insomnia. I’m rather sick. I’m running a fever. I’m running a temperature. I’m under the weather.
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I feel like vomiting. I feel sick. I feel poorly. I feel rather unwell. I feel very bad. I feel so ill. I feel shivery and I’ve got a sore throat. I feel a dull pain in the stomach. I just feel all pooped out. I keep feeling dizzy.
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2. Telling a doctor how you feel
临床医学八年制 医学英语
医学英语-1期末考试：开卷考试任课老师：张蕾芳姓名：专业班级：学号：Some ideas about relationship between doctors and patients after reading “Roller Skating with Rickets”After reading the book, named “Roller Skating with Rickets”, I had learned from it a lot. Through this book, I understood the model of the American medical especially the relationship between the doctors and patients. It can be an exemplar of Chinese medical.As the doctors, we usually have no time and no mind to talk with our patients. What’s more, there are some doctors may communicate with the patients snappily. Then, some patients who lost of temper chopped the doctors brutally. While the doctors in this book, they took her as their family, they regarded her in a sincere or genuine way. A lot of ways were carried out to communicate with Jessica and her family, and they persuaded Jessica when she unwilling to take drugs instead of commanding or other rude methods. Nowadays, the doctors-patients relationship is so intensively in our country. It is definitely that our doctors have problems. If we can treat people like what Jessica’s doctors do, the relationship will be better.But do the patients themselves have no responsibility to it? Absolutely not. In this article, Jessica as a patient, she had herown thoughts and feelings. But she did not tell her doctors. It took a lot of time for doctors to find what it happened, then they can remedy right away. Patients in our country are a little different. Some hope their doctors know everything, and regard them as the god. If doctors have no method to cure them, they blame their doctors like abusing, chopping. The other think they are full of knowledge although they search information about their disease on the Internet. So if the doctors aren’t do as what they hope, they begin to doubt doctors. Perhaps, they will not follow their doctors.People are distinctive to each other, particularly teenagers. They are always run after personality. Jessica, a teenager, always followed her own heart regardless of her body. At this point, children in all of country are the same. So it is significant to realize that nothing is important than our body. We should not be capricious anymore, at the same time, doctors should be more patient.If we can do all of it, China’s medical environment can be greatly improved.。
医学英语课文翻译
医学英语课文翻译Unit One器官系统众所周知，细胞是人体的基本单位，大量的细胞构成某种类型的组织，各类组织再共同形成不同的器官。
特定种类的器官进一步组合形成系统，即器官系统。
一般而言，人体拥有十大器官系统，它们分别是循环系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、泌尿系统、神经系统、内分泌系统、生殖系统、免疫系统、骨骼系统和肌肉系统。
有些器官系统对我们而言非常熟悉，并能感觉到它们的活动，例如呼吸系统。
无论白天还是夜间，我们都在呼吸。
另一方面，有些器官系统对我们来说相对陌生，例如内分泌系统，我们无法感知内分泌腺在机体内的活动。
人体构架人类为什么会长成现在模样？我们为何能够直立而不是像动物那样爬行？是什么让人类得以转动头颅，手脚和身体的其他部位？答案就是骨架，即人体的构架。
骨架是指我们身体中所有骨头的集合。
有了骨架，我们的血液和组织才能够形成现在的形状，有了它，我们全身的肌肉编排才会有序，才能协调我们身体的运动。
此外，人体构架将重要脏器包覆起来以保护其免受外界伤害。
骨架由骨、软骨、腱和韧带等几个重要元素组成的，骨是骨架的重要组成部分。
新生儿一般拥有350多块骨头，但当他长大后，部分骨骼相互连接二最终减少为206块。
我们身体大部分的运动都是由胳臂和腿来完成的，因此胳膊和腿上的骨也最多，而且其中多数为长骨。
股骨位于大腿内部，是人体内最长的骨头。
脊柱由26块骨组成，担负着支撑躯干结构并容纳重要神经的责任。
胸腔由胸骨和肋骨包裹而成，容纳了心脏、肺等重要生命器官。
最后，我们的头部也有20多块骨，其中头盖骨遮盖着大脑，其他骨头则构成脸部。
Unit Two保持健康的决定因素每个人都希望自己一辈子保持健康。
然而，没有人能实现这个目标，我们每个人都可能由于各种原因染上这种或那种疾病。
有时候我们自己都不知道是怎么得病的。
世界卫生组织指出，个人健康状况是由多种因素决定的，其中包括个人特质或生物学特质、个人的行为或生活方式、自然环境以及社会、经济环境。
[整理版]医学英语原文翻译1至5单元
![[整理版]医学英语原文翻译1至5单元](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/02c93e93b8d528ea81c758f5f61fb7360b4c2bcb.png)
1. 生理学是研究生物体正常功能的一门科学。
它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。
这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。
生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。
尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的，如基因编码的复制，但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。
鉴于此，将这门学科分成不同部分研究如细菌生理学，植物生理学和动物生理学是有必要的。
Physiology is the study of thefunctions of living matter. It is concerned with how an organism performs its varied activities: how it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to changing circumstances, how it spawns new generations . The subject is vast and embraces the whole of life. The success of physiology in explaining how organisms perform their daily tasks is based on the notion that they are intricate and exquisite mac hines whose operation is governed by the laws of physics and chemistry. Although some processes are similar across the whole spectrum of biology—the replication of the genetic code for example —many are specific to particular groups of organisms. For this reason it is necessary to divide the subject into various parts such as bacterial physiology, plant physiology, and animal physiology. 2.正如要了解一个动物如何活动，首先需要了解它的构成，要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。
医学英语课文翻译
第一单元 A History of TCMText A A History of TCM1.通过考古发掘，中医药的历史可以追溯到数百万年前。
原始人们在基本生存方面花了大部分时间：狩猎、种植植物以获取食物、建造住所、保护自己。
很容易想象，随着时间的推移，他们会尝试大多数当地植物来寻找食物。
经过一段时间，随着口头记载的流传，可以确定哪些植物可以做美食，哪些可以用于建筑，哪些可以影响疾病，和哪些是有毒的。
通过试验和错误，一种原始的草药和饮食疗法在中国逐渐形成。
2.火作为一种取暖，燃料和光的资源在他们的生活中也发挥了关键作用。
他们围坐在火堆周围，我们的祖先发现热的治疗力量是很自然的。
这些力量对像关节炎这类寒湿病的作用特别明显，热量起到迅速缓解的作用。
这是艾灸的艺术的起源,热量的医疗应用适合于多种多样的条件。
3.在他们艰苦的生活中，这些古老的人们一定经历了各种各样的伤害。
痛苦的一个自然的反应是摩擦或按压病变部位。
这种动手的治疗逐渐演变成一个系统的治疗操作。
人们发现按压在身体上特定的穴位有广泛的影响。
他们开始使用磨骨碎片或石片增强感觉，针刺诞生了。
中国传统医学历史的记载4.中医的书面历史发展主要是在过去的3000年。
商朝的考古挖掘揭示了医学著作被刻在占卜的骨头上：早期的巫师，大多数是妇女，使用肩胛骨执行占卜仪式；后来这些骨头也被用于写作。
5.在1973年发现的11篇写在丝绸上的医学文献在某些方面阐明了中国历史早期的复杂实践。
追溯到公元前168年，这些文章讨论饮食、锻炼、艾灸和草药疗法。
,一本广泛混杂萨满魔法的文章（52病方）描述了草药和食物的药理作用。
这个时期还存在着神农的传说，农业的皇帝，他每天品尝100草药来评估他们的性能。
（据说他在调查的过程中已经中毒多次调）6.到公元400年，中国传统医学的基础已具有书面形式。
此时，医学中大多数魔法的方面已经落后；越来越相信自然的力量可以治愈疾病。
最重要的书籍是在公元前300年到公元400年之间编制的黄帝内经。
医学英语专业八级
医学英语专业八级Medical English is a specialized field of study that focuses on the language used in the medical profession. It is designed for individuals who are studying or working in healthcare, such as doctors, nurses, and medical researchers.The Medical English Proficiency Test, also known as the Medical English Level 8 Exam, assesses a person's ability to understand and communicate in English within a medical context. The exam covers various topics related to healthcare, including medical terminology, anatomy, physiology, diseases, treatments, and medical procedures.To prepare for the Medical English Level 8 Exam, individuals need to have a strong foundation in English language skills, including reading, writing, listening, and speaking. They should also be familiar with medical terminology and have a good understanding of medical concepts and practices.Some resources that can help individuals prepare for the exam include:1. Medical English textbooks: There are several textbooks available that specifically cover medical English language skills and vocabulary. These books typically include practice exercises and sample scenarios to help individuals improve their medical English proficiency.2. Medical English courses: Many universities and language institutes offer specialized courses in Medical English. Thesecourses provide comprehensive instruction in medical terminology, medical communication skills, and language used in specific healthcare settings.3. Online resources: There are numerous websites and online platforms that offer practice exercises, quizzes, and study materials for Medical English. These resources can help individuals improve their medical vocabulary and comprehension skills.4. Medical journals and articles: Reading medical journals and articles can help individuals familiarize themselves with medical terminology and current research in their field. This can also improve their reading and comprehension skills in English.5. Practice conversations: Practicing conversations with native English speakers or fellow medical professionals can help individuals improve their speaking and listening skills in a medical context. This can be done through language exchange programs, role-playing scenarios, or mock patient consultations.It is important to note that the Medical English Level 8 Exam is typically required for individuals who plan to work or study in an English-speaking country, where a strong command of medical English is necessary. Achieving a high score on the exam demonstrates a person's proficiency in using English within a medical context and can enhance job prospects and career advancement opportunities in the healthcare field.。
医学入门知识点总结英语
医学入门知识点总结英语IntroductionMedicine is a branch of science that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries. It encompasses a wide range of medical practices, from traditional methods to modern technology. This article aims to provide an overview of some fundamental concepts and knowledge points in medicine that are essential for beginners.Human AnatomyAnatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. It is important to have a good understanding of human anatomy in medicine, as it provides the foundation for understanding how the body works and how diseases and injuries affect the body. The human body can be divided into several systems, each with its own functions and structures. The skeletal system provides support and protection for the body, along with aiding in movement. Understanding the location and function of different bones and joints is essential for diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases related to the skeletal system.The muscular system allows the body to move and provides support and stability. An understanding of the different types of muscles, their functions, and how they work together is crucial in diagnosing and treating muscular disorders and injuries.The circulatory system is responsible for transporting blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. A good knowledge of the structure and function of the heart, blood vessels, and blood is important in diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.The nervous system is responsible for transmitting and processing information in the body. An understanding of the structure and function of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves is essential for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Knowledge of the structure and function of the lungs, airways, and respiratory muscles is important for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases.The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. An understanding of the structure and function of the digestive tract and its associated organs is important in diagnosing and treating digestive disorders.The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body. Understanding the structure and function of the kidneys, bladder, and other components of the excretory system is important in diagnosing and treating disorders related to waste excretion.The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various body functions. Knowledge of the structure and function of the endocrine glands and the hormones they produce is important for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders.The reproductive system is responsible for producing and nurturing offspring. An understanding of the structure and function of the reproductive organs is important for diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders.Human PhysiologyPhysiology is the study of the functions and processes of the human body. It is important to have a good understanding of human physiology in medicine, as it provides the basis for understanding how the body works and how diseases and injuries affect the body. The human body is a complex system that relies on the coordination and integration of multiple physiological processes to maintain homeostasis.The cardiovascular system is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove waste products. Understanding how the heart functions, how blood flows through the circulatory system, and how blood pressure is regulated is important for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases.The respiratory system is responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the external environment. Understanding how the lungs function, how breathing is regulated, and how gas exchange occurs is important for diagnosing and treating respiratory diseases.The digestive system is responsible for breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. Understanding how food is digested, how nutrients are absorbed, and how waste products are eliminated is important for diagnosing and treating digestive disorders.The nervous system is responsible for transmitting and processing information in the body. Understanding how neurons function, how nerve impulses are generated and transmitted, and how the brain processes sensory information is important for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders.The endocrine system is responsible for producing hormones that regulate various body functions. Understanding how hormones are produced, how they are released into the bloodstream, and how they act on target organs is important for diagnosing and treating endocrine disorders.The excretory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body. Understanding how the kidneys function, how waste products are filtered from the blood, and how urine is formed is important for diagnosing and treating disorders related to waste excretion.The reproductive system is responsible for producing and nurturing offspring. Understanding how sex hormones regulate the reproductive cycle, how sperm and egg cellsare produced, and how pregnancy occurs is important for diagnosing and treating reproductive disorders.Human PathologyPathology is the study of the causes and effects of diseases in the human body. It is important to have a good understanding of human pathology in medicine, as it provides the basis for understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases and how they manifest in the body. Diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.The main categories of diseases include infectious diseases, genetic diseases, degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Genetic diseases are caused by abnormalities in the genetic code, and can be inherited or acquired. Degenerative diseases are caused by the gradual breakdown and dysfunction of tissues and organs. Autoimmune diseases are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking the body's own tissues. Cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Disease can affect the body in a variety of ways, including changes in structure and function, changes in genetic and molecular pathways, and changes in the immune system. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of diseases is important for diagnosing and treating them.The diagnosis of diseases involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic procedures. Treatment of diseases involves a combination of medications, surgery, rehabilitation, and other therapeutic interventions. Prevention of diseases involves a combination of vaccination, lifestyle modifications, and other preventive measures.PharmacologyPharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with the body to produce therapeutic effects. It is important to have a good understanding of pharmacology in medicine, as drugs are commonly used to treat diseases and injuries. Drugs can produce therapeutic effects by interacting with specific receptors and enzymes in the body.The main categories of drugs include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiparasitics, anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics, antipyretics, antihistamines, bronchodilators, antiarrhythmics, antihypertensives, diuretics, anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, thrombolytics, lipid-lowering agents, antidiabetics, hormones, immunosuppressants, antineoplastics, and psychotherapeutic drugs.Drugs can produce adverse effects and interactions, which can be harmful to the body. Understanding the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs is important for prescribing and monitoring their use.Pharmacotherapy is the use of drugs to treat diseases and injuries. It involves the selection of appropriate drugs, the determination of appropriate dosages, the monitoring of drug effects, and the management of adverse effects and interactions.Medical EthicsMedical ethics is the study of moral values and principles in medical practice. It is important to have a good understanding of medical ethics in medicine, as the practice of medicine involves the care of patients and the management of their health. Medical ethics encompasses a wide range of ethical issues, including patient autonomy, confidentiality, informed consent, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and truth-telling.Patient autonomy is the right of patients to make their own decisions about their medical care. It is important to respect the autonomy of patients and involve them in the decision-making process.Confidentiality is the obligation of healthcare providers to protect the privacy of patient information. It is important to maintain the confidentiality of patient information and only disclose it when necessary.Informed consent is the requirement for patients to be informed about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of medical procedures before they are performed. It is important to obtain the informed consent of patients before proceeding with medical procedures.Beneficence is the obligation of healthcare providers to act in the best interests of their patients. It is important to prioritize the well-being of patients and provide them with the best possible care.Nonmaleficence is the obligation of healthcare providers to do no harm to their patients. It is important to minimize the risks of harm to patients and avoid unnecessary interventions. Justice is the obligation of healthcare providers to distribute healthcare resources fairly and equitably. It is important to allocate healthcare resources in a manner that is fair and just.Truth-telling is the obligation of healthcare providers to be honest and transparent with their patients. It is important to provide patients with accurate information and be truthful in all communications.ConclusionMedicine is a complex and multifaceted field that requires a good understanding of human anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and medical ethics. This article provides an overview of some fundamental concepts and knowledge points in medicine that are essential for beginners. It is important to continue learning and updating one's knowledge throughout a career in medicine, as new discoveries and advancements are constantly being made in the field.。
医学英语_课文翻译
Unit 1肺和肾的结构一、肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。
二、肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
中农临诊英译汉整理
Root词根Prefix前缀Suffix后缀Combining vowel衔接元音:connect root with suffix,or connect roots together.例子：（1）Gastritis胃炎-gastr:stomach胃-itis:inflammation炎症（2）Hyperthyroidism甲状腺功能亢进（Overactive condition of thyroid gland）Hyper:high,above高Thyroid:thyroid gland,甲状腺-ism:condition一种状态（3）Hematology血液病学（Process of study of blood）Hema:blood血液-logy:process of study学习过程（4）Gastroenterology胃肠学（Process of study of stomach and intestine）Gastr:stomach胃Enter:intestine肠（普通指小肠）-logy:process of study学习过程消化系统词根/前缀/后缀meaning examplesenter/o Small intestine小肠enteritis小肠炎Gastr/o Stomach胃Gastrectomy胃切除术-emesis V omiting呕吐Hematemesis呕血第1页/共12页Dysphagia吞咽艰难-phagia Eating,swallowing吞咽，进食Ileostomy回肠造口术-stomy Surgical opening外科开口-ectomy Cutting out切除Gastrectomy胃切除术Rumen 瘤胃Reticulum 网胃Omasum 瓣胃Ruminal wall瘤胃壁Bile 胆Liver 肝Pancreas 胰腺Caecum 盲肠Colon 结肠Oesophageal Obstruction 食管阻塞Stony of forestomach 前胃弛缓Ruminal tympany/bloat 瘤胃鼓气/胀气Impaction of rumen 瘤胃积食Ruminant acidosis 瘤胃酸中毒Ruminitis 瘤胃炎Traumatic reticuloperitonitis外伤性网状腹膜炎Peritoneum腹膜Peritonitis 腹膜炎Abdominal pain腹痛abdominal distention腹胀Left/right displacement of abomasum皱胃左方/右方变位Gastroenteritis 胃肠炎Pancreatitis 胰腺炎Ascites 腹腔积液（腹水）(acute) gastric dilatation （急性）胃扩张Intestinal obstruction肠梗阻intestinal impaction 肠阻塞/肠便秘V olvulus肠扭转（vol这个词根，无数英文单词都有“转”意思，比如：involve，evolve,revolve,convolve）Intussusception肠套叠intestinal Invagination 肠套叠dyspepsia 消化不良Indigestion消化不良Anorexia厌食vagal indigestion 迷走神经性消化不良vomit 呕吐watery diarrhea 水样腹泻salivation 流涎anorexia 厌食spasm 痉挛Intestinal dislocation 肠变位Catarrh 卡他Mucosa 黏膜Lack of appetite食欲不振Nausea 恶心V omiting 呕吐Constipation 便秘Diarrhea 腹泻Steatorrhea 脂肪泻第3页/共12页dehydration 脱水Jaundice 黄疸Dysfunction 功能失调Disorder 紊乱Parenchy matous hepatitis实质性肝炎Emergency rumenotomy瘤胃切开术Appendicitis 阑尾炎Rupture 破碎Perforation 穿孔Sepsis 败血症Severe hemorrhage 大出血Hernia 疝Hemorrhoid 痔Gallstone 胆石Pancreatitis 胰腺炎Hepatitis A 甲肝Hepatitis B 乙肝Hepatitis C 丙肝呼吸系统词根/前缀/后缀meaning examplesCapn/o CO2二氧化碳Hypercapnia高碳酸血症Cyan/o Blue蓝色Cyanosis紫绀Lob/o Lobe肺叶Lobectomy肺叶切除术Pleur/o Pleura胸膜Pleural effusion胸腔积液-pnea Breathing呼吸Apnea呼吸暂停,Dyspnea呼吸艰难Hydrothorax 胸水Pneumothorax 气胸Closed pneumothorax闭合性气胸Open pneumothorax展开性气胸Tension pneumothorax张力性气胸第5页/共12页Pneumonia肺炎Bronchitis 支气管炎lobular pneumonia / bronchopneumonia 支气管/小叶性肺炎lobar pneumonia大叶性肺炎interstitial pneumonia 间质性肺炎bronchiectasis 支气管扩张aspiration pneumonia 吸入性肺炎catarrhal pneumonia 卡他性肺炎（小叶性肺炎）pleuritic 胸膜炎pleural effusion 胸腔积液red/gray hepatization 红/灰色肝变期Cough咳嗽Choke窒息Suffocate窒息Chest pain胸痛Cyanosis紫绀pulmonary abscess肺肿脓pulmonary edema肺水肿Emphysema肺气肿cor pulmonale肺源性心脏病lung cancer肺癌tuberculosis(TB)结核pleural effusion胸腔积液pleurisy胸膜炎,肋膜炎pleuritis胸膜炎，肋膜炎Apnea呼吸暂停Dyspnea呼吸艰难Hypoxia组织缺氧Barrel chest桶状胸Breath sounds呼吸音Stethoscope听诊器Rhonchi干啰音Crackles湿啰音Wheeze哮鸣音Stridor尖锐的声响；喘鸣Pleural friction rub[医]胸膜摩擦音Absent lung sounds呼吸音出现Diminished lung sounds呼吸音削弱第7页/共12页心血管系统词根/前缀/后缀meaning examplesCardi/o Heart心脏Cardiac心脏的Coron/o Heart心脏Coronary artery冠状动脉Phleb/o V ein静脉Phlebitis静脉炎vascul/o V essel血管Cardiovascular心血管的Ventricu/o V entricle室Supraventricular室上的-emia Blood condition血液情况Anemia贫血Hyper-Over,high高、上Hyperemia充血Atrium 心房Ventricle 心室tricuspid valve 三尖瓣aortic valve 主动脉瓣valvular 瓣膜pulmonary vein 肺静脉cardiac failure 心力衰竭pericarditis 心包炎myocarditis 心肌炎Cardiac dilatation 心肌扩张myocardial hypertrophy 心肌肥大hemorrhagic anemia 出血性贫血hemolytic anemia 溶血性贫血aplastic anemia再生障碍性贫泌尿系统词根/前缀/后缀meaning examples-uria Urine condition尿液情况Bacteriuria细菌尿V esic/o Urinary bladder膀胱Intravesic al膀胱内的Ureth/o Urethra尿道Urethralgia尿道痛; Nephr/o Kidney肾Nephropathy肾病Ren/o Kidney肾Renal肾的Cyst/o Sac,urinary bladder囊，膀胱Cystoscopy膀胱镜检查Glomeru/o Glomerulus肾小球Glomerulitis肾小球炎第9页/共12页Nephritis 肾炎Nephrosis 肾病Urethritis 尿道炎Cystitis 膀胱炎paralysis of bladder 膀胱麻痹kidney stone 肾结石uremia 尿毒症chronic renal failure慢性肾功能衰竭CRF polydipsia 多饮polyuria 多尿urinary tract infection 泌尿道感染UTI Feline urologic syndrome猫泌尿系统综合症Nephrotic syndrome(nephrosis)肾病综合征Hyponatremia低钠血症Hypoalbuminemia低蛋白血症Proteinuria>3.5g/d蛋白尿Hyperlipidemia高脂血症Nephrolithiasis肾结石Pyelonephritis肾盂肾炎Kidney carcinoma肾癌renal hypertension肾性高血压Acute/chronic renal failure肾衰Cystitis 膀胱炎bladder cancer 膀胱癌Bladder stone 膀胱结石千里之行，始于足下。
临床医学英语的课文参考译文整理版
无法修正的危险因素
无法修正的危险因素是与生俱来的，而且不能改变，包括年龄、性别、骨折家族史，以前发生骨折，种族、绝经较早。认识到这些危险因素并采取措施防止骨矿物质降低是很重要的。
年龄
年龄是骨质疏松无法改变的主要危险因素之一。90%的骨折患者属于50岁和50岁以上人群。部分原因是骨密度降低——从中年开始，人流失骨矿物质的速度比补充的快。
种族
骨质疏松在高加索人和亚洲人中更常见。黑人骨质疏松、髋关节及脊椎骨折的发病率比白人低。
绝经
子宫切除，如果同时有卵巢摘除，也能因雌激素的丧失而增加骨质疏松的危险。绝经后的妇女尤其应该关注自己的骨骼健康。
长期接受糖(肾上腺)皮质激素治疗
长期服用导致骨骼颠覆增加的皮质类固醇是继发性骨质疏松的常见原因，与骨折危险性增加相关。
第三单元
A篇
论基因与基因治疗
染色体携带的基因是遗传的基本物理和功能单位。基因是一种编制制造蛋白质指令的特殊基础序列。尽管基因引起人们很大的关注，但真正起生命功能作用的是蛋白质，而且细胞的主要结构也是也是由蛋白质构成的。基因改变时被编码的蛋白质就无法发挥其正常功能，遗传疾病便由此产生。
学术英语——医学unit8整理
学术英语医学 Academic English for MedicineUnit 8 Principles of Biomedical EthicsDoctors and biomedical researchers make tough decisions that have to be morally justifiableevery day. Biomedical ethics provides moral principles and behavioral guidelines for the biomedical research and practice of medicine. It encompasses philosophy , sociology, theology, and practical applications in clinical settings. Text AUseful expressionsThe distinction between research andpractice is blurred partly because andpartly because notable departures frombe treated as autonomous agentspersons with diminished autonomy areentitled to protectionA provides an instructive exampleprisoners not be deprived of the opportunityto volunteer for researchfor which they would not otherwise volunteer Justas the principle of respect for persons findsexpression in the requirements forconsent, and the principle of beneficence in risk/benefit assessment, the principle ofjustice gives rise to moral requirements that there be fair procedures and outcomes in theselection of research subjects.Difficult sentencesAlmost all commentators allow thatdistinctions based on experience, age,deprivation, competence, merit and positiondo sometimes constitute criteria justifyingdifferential treatment for certain purposes. 几乎全部的议论员认可，出于特定目的，进行差别化对待的标准能够包含有无经验、年纪大小、能否贫穷、有无能力、功过大小和地位高低等要素的差别。
医学书英语知识点总结
医学书英语知识点总结Medical English is a specialized area of language learning that requires a deep understanding of medical terminology, communication skills, and the ability to convey complex medical information accurately and clearly. This summary provides an overview of key knowledge points in the field of medical English, including medical vocabulary, communication skills, and language use in various medical settings.Medical VocabularyMedical vocabulary is a fundamental aspect of medical English, as it is crucial for understanding and communicating medical information. Medical English vocabulary includes terms for anatomy, physiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and various medical procedures. Some examples of medical vocabulary include:- Anatomy: terms for the different parts of the human body, such as organs, bones, muscles, and tissues.- Physiology: terms related to the functions and processes of the body, including circulation, respiration, digestion, and metabolism.- Pathology: terms for diseases, conditions, and disorders, such as cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis.- Diagnosis and treatment: terms used to describe the process of diagnosing and treating medical conditions, including symptoms, tests, medications, and therapies.- Medical procedures: terms for medical interventions and procedures, such as surgery, radiology, chemotherapy, and rehabilitation.It is important for medical professionals to have a strong command of medical vocabulary in order to effectively communicate with colleagues, patients, and other healthcare professionals. Learning medical vocabulary also helps non-medical individuals better understand and discuss their own health concerns and treatment options with their healthcare providers.Communication SkillsEffective communication is essential in the field of medicine, as it plays a key role in patient care, medical research, and healthcare administration. Medical English communication skills encompass a wide range of abilities, including speaking, listening, writing, and reading. Some important communication skills for medical professionals and students include:- Active listening: the ability to listen attentively to patients, colleagues, and other healthcare professionals in order to understand their concerns, questions, and information.- Effective speaking: the ability to convey medical information clearly and accurately to patients, families, and other healthcare providers, using appropriate language and tone.- Writing skills: the ability to write medical reports, notes, and documentation in a clear, concise, and organized manner, following medical guidelines and standards.- Reading skills: the ability to understand and interpret medical literature, research articles, and patient records, in order to stay updated on the latest medical developments and provide evidence-based care.In addition to these general communication skills, medical professionals and students also need to develop specific communication skills for interacting with different groups of people, such as patients, colleagues, families, and medical staff. For example, they need to be able to explain medical procedures and treatment plans to patients in a clear and empathetic manner, as well as communicate effectively with other healthcare professionals in a multidisciplinary team setting.Language Use in Various Medical SettingsMedical English language use varies depending on the specific medical setting and the people involved. For example, the language used in a clinical setting may differ from that used in a research or academic setting. Some important considerations for language use in various medical settings include:- Clinical settings: in patient care settings such as hospitals, clinics, and doctor's offices, medical professionals need to use clear and simple language when communicating with patients and their families, in order to ensure that they understand their diagnoses, treatment plans, and medication instructions. Medical professionals also need to use precise and specific language when communicating with colleagues, to avoid misunderstandings and errors in patient care.- Research settings: in research and academic settings, medical professionals and students need to use technical and specialized language when discussing medical theories, studies, and findings, in order to communicate with precision and accuracy. This includes using specialized terms and jargon related to medical specialties, such as cardiology, oncology, neurology, and dermatology.- Administrative settings: in administrative settings such as healthcare organizations, insurance companies, and government agencies, medical professionals need to use formal and professional language when writing reports, policies, and guidelines, in order to convey information in a professional and authoritative manner. This includes using standard medical terminology and following professional writing conventions.In addition to these considerations, medical professionals and students also need to be aware of cultural and social factors that influence language use in medical settings, such as patient preferences, cultural beliefs, and linguistic diversity. Being sensitive to these factorshelps medical professionals and students communicate more effectively with patients and colleagues from diverse backgrounds.ConclusionMedical English is an essential area of language learning for medical professionals and students, as it encompasses a wide range of knowledge points related to medical vocabulary, communication skills, and language use in various medical settings. Mastering medical English requires a deep understanding of medical terminology, the ability to communicate effectively with patients and colleagues, and the awareness of language use in different medical contexts. By developing these knowledge points, medical professionals and students can improve their ability to understand and convey medical information accurately and clearly, and provide better care for their patients.。
医学英语综合教程主课文(u1-u7)翻译
Unit1肺和肾的功能肺的血管系统肺从两个血管系统----支气管循环系统和肺循环系统获得血液供应。
它的营养血液来自于支气管循环系统，流向肺部除肺泡外的所有组织，因为支气管循环系统始于主动脉及上肋间动脉，接受大约1%的心输出量。
大约三分之一的支气管循环的静脉输出流入全身静脉，然后回到右心房。
剩余的输出流入肺静脉，并在心脏最小静脉的作用下，在正常情况下，以1%-2%的量自右向左分流。
肺动脉系统沿着气道从肺门向外周延伸，向下连接下段气道（直径大约2毫米）的动脉，它们壁薄且富有弹性。
从这儿开始，动脉成肌肉化发展，直至其达到30微米，此时肌层消失。
因为这些小肌肉动脉起着积极控制肺部血流分布的作用，所以大部分动脉压降产生在这些小肌肉动脉中。
肺小动脉将血液排空，送入广泛分布的毛细血管网，进入肺静脉。
肺静脉的壁很薄，它们最终在肺门处与动脉和支气管汇合，出肺进入左心房。
肾结构成分人类肾脏在解剖学上位于腹膜后隙，与下胸椎和上腰椎平行。
每个成年人的肾脏大约重150克，长、宽、厚分别为12厘米、6厘米以及3厘米。
肾脏的冠状部分分为/由两个明确的区域（组成）。
外周部的皮质大约1厘米厚，深部的髓质由几个肾锥体构成。
这些锥体状结构的底部位于皮髓质结合处。
锥体的顶部伸入肾门，称为肾**。
每个肾**被一个肾小盏包裹。
肾小盏与肾大盏相聚组成肾盂。
经肾**流出的尿液汇集在肾盂，通过输尿管排入膀胱。
由主动脉分支出来的肾总动脉为两肾输送血液。
肾总动脉通常分为两个主侧支，这两个侧支又进一步分为叶动脉，为肾脏上、中、下区域供应血液。
当这些血管进入肾实质，变成叶间动脉通向肾皮质时，（这些血管）又进一步细分。
细分后的更小血管在皮髓质结合处成为竖支--弓状动脉。
从弓状动脉伸出的叶间动脉进入皮质。
由于传入小动脉始于这些末端叶间动脉，所以为肾小球毛细血管输送血液。
组织学上，肾脏是由一个叫做“肾单位”的基本单位组成。
每个肾脏约含有一百万个肾单位，“肾单位”有两个主要成分：过滤成分―紧包着毛细血管网（肾小球）和一个附着在上面的小管组成。
[临八]医学英语-优才工作站整理
![[临八]医学英语-优才工作站整理](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/a8f83612ba68a98271fe910ef12d2af90242a84c.png)
医学英语（临床八年制版）感谢各级学长学姐记题，题目基本来源于人人网，如有缺漏欢迎指出12临八11临八一、阅读（简单，5分钟之内可以搞定）二、连线题（包括词根对应中文连线和词组英文对应中文连线）三、词组中译英四、句子翻译（英译中和中译英）五、句子改写（把很多句句子写成一句话，用各种从句或者连词，注意逻辑）10临八一、阅读二、词根连线三、汉译英解剖结构改变椎管狭窄功能恢复骨骼细胞吸收不全乳糜泻读片脊骨X光钙化结构继发表现对照组肌肉酸痛先天畸形隐患椎间盘磨损神经根四、英译汉helicoptec pylori bacteriasalmonella enteritidisirritable bowel syndromnregulator geneoperator geneneoplastic growthgrowth-promoting proto-oncogenesgrowth-restraining tumor supressor gene dormant virusradio active materialbasal cell carcinomalethal doseoncogenic virusceliac crisis三个句子09临八中译英×151.结缔组织2.腰背疼3.临床表现4.临床对照试验5.病例报告6.预后良好7.细胞更新8.葡萄糖耐受不良9.细胞复制10.基因表达11.抑制生长瘤抑制基因12.对照研究13.关节腔14.排便增多15.脊骨畸形资料会定期更新，整理12届至09届考题（缺11届)。
如有补充，欢迎联系优才工作站更多真题整理请关注优才微信号：youcaimed。
华西临床八年制解剖英文6-1 PPT课件
forearm) flexor carpi radialis palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris(ulnar
N) 2).intermedial layer flexor digitorum
3)Palmar aponeurosis
triangle-shaped,connecting
with tendon of palmaris longus
palm
4)Vessels and nerves
*superficial palmar arch :superficial. palmar br.of radial a. units with terminal br. of ulnar a.. Sometime it is a continuation of the ulnar a.
n.
Cubital fossa
1.It is bounded
laterally by brachioradialis
medially by pronator teres
superiorly by a line between the medial and lateral epicondyle of humerus
arch gives off 3 common palmar digital a.
*terminal br. of median n.
*superficial br of ulnan n.
palm
5)Tendon-muscels layer (1) tendons of the flexor digitorum
华西临床八年制解剖英文6-2 PPT课件
of radius
4) Movements
flexion extension
Particitate in rotation of the forearm
参与前臂旋前、旋后运动
4 Joints of the bones of forearm
1) Proximal radioulnar joint 2) Distal radioulnar joint Above the two joints can
It is formed by the sternal end of the clavicle and sternum and 1st costal cartilage.
2)Capsule
is attached to the margins of the articular surfaces.
1. Sternoclavicular joint
3) Articular disc (fibrous cartilage )
divides the synovial joint into the two compartments.
flexibility
4) Ligaments includes
Ant. and Post. sternoclavicular lig., and
do pronation and supination.
3) Interosseous membrane in forearm
5.Wrist joint 桡腕关节
1)The *distal end of the radius and **articular disc form the articular fossa
Joints of upper limb (P.334)
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临八医学英语课文语言点整理Week 1: Unit 9Reading APara. 1low-back pain 腰背痛、成人腰痛the catalogue of life’s certainties一个人一生中有些事情是确定无疑的。
experience low-back pain 患腰背痛看内科physiacal office visitswork disability 丧失工作能力reserve cell 储备细胞cell renewal 细胞更新cell population 细胞群体cell of the same lineage同一谱系的细胞the annual combined cost 每年的费用加起来disability compensation 残疾补贴评（论）注（释）性状语：clearly = it is clear that …non-lethal [‘li: әl] adj 非致命的medical condition 疾病，病症prevalence ['prevәlәns] n.流行the prevalence of back pain 腰背痛发病率很高患病率(prevalence rate)：也称现患率。
指某特定时间内总人口中某病新旧病例所占比例。
发病率(incidence rate)：表示在一定期间内，一定人群中某病新病例出现的频率。
lingering [‘li☠gәri☠] adj.延迟的, 逗留不去的the lingering mystery 这个谜一样的东西一直存在，挥之不去美文赏析（beautiful English)腰背痛是看内科、住医院、做手术和丧失工作能力的主要原因。
Low-back pain is a leading reason for physician visits，for hospitalization and surgery，and for work disability.Para. 2With less heavy labor 重体力劳动越来越少diagnostic [dai☜g‘n stik] adj.诊断的spine [spain] n.脊骨Work disability has risen.丧失工作能力的情况增加了。
faint-praise 轻微的赞扬Over-praise is certainly sometimes even more damning than faint praise.字面翻译：过分的赞扬要比轻微的赞扬更可恨。
翻译：颂扬过了头，有时要比微有此意更可恨。
damn with faint praise. 名褒实贬damn [’dæm] v.诅咒at best - 至多;充其量比较：at one‘s best - 处在最佳状态have a limited understanding of sth.对…认识有限，对…理解不够=do not understand … well enoughmedicine’s reliance on outdated ideas医学依赖一些陈旧的想法weak evidence 证据不充分physical inferences 生理推论case report 病例报告clinical findings临床表现;临床特征;临床症状rigorous [‘rigәrәs] adj.严格的trial实验临床对照试验Controlled Clinical TrialsPara. 3substantially [s☜b’stæn☞(☜)li] adv.充分地prognosis [pr g‘nәusis] n.预后(a prediction of the course of a disease)hold true v.适用, 有效(remain valid, applicable or unchanged)a minority of 少量的=a small number ofmiss work v. 误工=fail to attend or perform workleave work 停工，休假at a given time 在特定时间work force n. 劳动人口, 劳动力chronically adv.慢性地, 长期地(…病)预后良好The prospects (for…) are quite good.recurrence [ri‘k∧rәns] n.复发tend to do sth =have a tendency towards…spontaneous [sp n‘teinj☜s]adj.自发的, 自然产生的=happening without an apparent external causePara. 4 Sources of Pain英汉对比Part of the mystery of back pain comes from the diagnostic challenge of determining its causes in a mechanical and biochemical system of multiple parts, all of which are subject to insult.腰背痛病有点神秘，部分原因在于诊断困难，不易确定其原因，涉及多个部位的机械与生化系统，这些部位容易受到损伤。
be subject to v.受支配, 常遭受ligament [‘ligәmәnt] n.系带, 韧带arthritis [a:‘ raitis] n.关节炎facet [‘fæsit] n.(多面体的)面*facet joints 小面关节herniated [‘hә:nieitid] adj成疝的，突出的herniated disk = slipped disk 椎间盘突出症cushioning 减震, 缓冲cushioning material 缓冲物质protrude [pr☜’tru:d] v.突出rim=the usually curved or circular border or edge of an objectouter rim 外缘adjacent adj.邻近的*nerve root神经根*culprit [‘k∧lprit] n.犯人Or the culprit might be spinal stenosis.此处culprit 应该引伸为“（致痛）原因”spinal [‘spainl]adj.脊骨的, 脊髓的*spinal stenosis. 椎管狭窄症stenosis [sti’n☜usis][医](器官)狭窄spinal canal椎管椎管肿瘤tumors of spinal canal*pinched nerve 神经受到压迫wear of the disks 椎间盘磨损体验医学英、汉语差异：A herniated disk, in which the soft inn er cushioning material protrudes through the disk’s outer rim and irritates an adjacent nerve root, can be the source of pain.椎间盘突出症，其症状为椎间盘内软性缓冲物质突出至椎间盘外，压迫相邻神经根，这可能是造成疼痛的原因，Para. 5*congenital [k n‘dʒenitl] n.adj. 先天的congenital abnormality 先天性畸形odd structure 畸形结构*asymptomatic [eisimptә`mætik] adj.无症状的anatomy [☜‘næt☜mi] n. 解剖学，解剖结构pancreas [‘pænkri☜s] n.[解]胰腺*aorta [ei‘ :tә] n.大动脉*underlying disease 潜在病变，隐患rare forms of arthritis 罕见型关节炎common forms of arthritis 常见型关节炎Para. 6vex [veks] vt.使烦恼hinder [ [’hind☜] v.阻碍, 打扰体验医学英、汉语差异：The physical complexity of the lower back combines with another vexing reality to hinder diagnosis of the cause of pain.人体腰背部分结构复杂，再加上本身的另一问题，很难诊断出疼痛原因。
Dosage and Administration 用（剂）量与用法Route of Administration 给药途径Direction for Use 用法Method of (for) Administration 用法Application and Dosage 用法与用（剂）量anatomic [æn☜‘t mik] adj.解剖的, 解剖学上的anatomic change 解剖结构改变*physiological change 生理改变*irritated nerve 受损神经*definitive diagnosis 明确诊断nuts-and-bolts 具体的account for = be responsible for*the medical community 医学界garden-variety adj.普通的体验医学英、汉语差异：至于疼痛得原因，多达85%的腰背痛患者并没有获得明确诊断，也没有找到具体的原因。
Up to 85% percent of patients with low-back pain are left without a definitive diagnosis, a nuts-and-bolts reason for their pain.Para. 7stressful life events 生活节奏快perceive … as = regard … as 把… 看作是*control group 对照组=a group for comparisondefinitive physical damage确定的身体损伤physical tension身体的紧张状态=the physical condition of being stretched or strainedassert [☜’s☜:t] v.断言, 声称=claimserve to do sth.=help to do sthdistract [dis’trækt] v.使…分心distress [dis’tres] n.悲痛, 忧伤confront [k☜n’fr✈nt] vt. 面对, 对抗conflict [‘k nflikt] n.斗争, 冲突=disagreement; struggle or fightpsychological counseling心理咨询Para. 8*muscle soreness 肌肉酸痛*natural wear 自然磨损wear = diminishing , as by frictiontear n. 牵拉ligament [’lig☜m☜nt]n.系带, 韧带create microtraumas to sth. 对…造成微创trauma [‘tr :m☜] n.[医] 外伤, 损伤with age = with passage of time*pinpoint [‘pinp int] v.查明find out体验医学英、汉语差异：Determining the cause of a given individual’s pain，however，remains more art than science.确定某一个特定病人疼痛原因，仍然是这样一种情况: 与其说是科学，不如说是艺术。