2012级研究生试题1
2012年考研法律硕士(专业课)真题及答案(完美打印版)
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试法律硕士（非法学）专业学位联考专业基础课试题一、单项选择题：1～40小题，每小题1分，共40分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
中国人甲在德国的旅途中将中国人乙杀死，我国的刑法对本案行使管辖权的原则是（）。
A属人主义B属地主义C保护主义D普遍管辖主义4．下列犯罪属于纯正不作为犯的是（）A．重婚罪B．遗弃罪C．绑架罪D．掩饰隐瞒犯罪所得罪【答案】B．5．甲（15周岁）盗窃他人钱包，被陈某发现，为栽赃物而当场使用暴力，失手将陈某打死，甲的行为构成（）A．抢劫罪B．盗窃罪C．故意伤害罪D．过失致人死之罪【答案】A．6．下列关于处理未成年人犯罪的表达，正确的是（）A．对不满18周岁的犯罪人不得适用没收财产刑B．对犯罪的不满18周岁的犯罪人，应当减轻或免除处罚C．对罪行及其严重的未成年人犯罪，可以适用无期徒刑D．对未成年人因犯抢劫，绑架等暴力犯罪被罚处有期徒刑的均可假释【答案】C．7．甲在乡村路上高速驾驶拖拉机，因视线不好将栓在路边的耕牛撞死，对甲的行为（）A．不认定为犯罪B．以危险驾驶罪定罪处罚C．可以免予刑事处罚D．以交通肇事罪定罪处罚【答案】A．8．某村委会主任甲利用服务便利，将国家下拨的扶贫款20万元用于炒股，后因亏损而无法归还，用的行为构成（）A．贪污罪B．挪用公款罪C．挪用资金罪D．职务侵占罪【答案】9．警察甲因为公民吴某举报自己受贿而怀恨在心，遂用他人手机向某军官发了一条短信，捏造吴某与其妻同居的事实，该军官信任自己妻子未予理睬，甲的行为构成（）A．诽谤罪B．诬告陷害罪C．报复陷害罪D．不构成犯罪【答案】D．10．甲雇佣乙杀害胡某，并且带乙辨认了胡某，乙在某夜将王某误做胡某杀害（）A．甲构成故意杀人罪B．甲构成故意杀人罪未遂C．乙构成故意杀人罪未遂D．乙构成过失致人死亡罪【答案】A．11．甲乙分别为国有公司总经理和副总经理二人挪用单位100万元公款给张三从事期货交易，收受并平分了张三15万元回扣，并揭发乙也收受了15万元回扣，本案中（）A．甲在受贿罪上成立自首B．甲在受贿罪行上成立自首和立功C．甲在挪用公款和受贿罪上均成立自首和立功D．甲在挪用公款上成立立功在受贿罪上成立自首【答案】D．12．甲明知卖淫女赵某未满14周岁，而与之发生性交易，甲的行为构成（）A．不构成犯罪B．构成强奸罪C．构成猥亵儿童罪D．构成嫖宿幼女罪【答案】D．13．甲得知单位财务室保险柜里有10万元工资款将于次日发放，随携带工具潜入财务室，因保险柜十分坚固，甲用了三个小时都没有撬开，便离开，甲的行为属于（）A．未实行终了的未遂B．实行终了的中止C．能犯的未遂D．不能犯的未遂【答案】D．14．下列情形中，属于结果加重犯的是（）A．聚众斗殴致他人死亡B．非法行医造成就诊人死亡C．D．遗弃没有独立生活能力人致其死亡【答案】D．15．甲为某市交通局副局长，负责公路建设工程招标工作，乙为承揽工程，送给了甲30万元，不料甲在数日后被调离，不再负责工程招标，乙闻讯后要甲退回30万元遭到拒绝，乙到检察机关投案，交代了给甲30万元欲请甲帮助承揽工程的事实，检查机关遂对甲、乙立案查处，并立即讲30万元追缴，下列选项中，正确的是：A．甲构成受贿罪未遂B．乙构成行贿罪中止C．乙成立立功D．对乙可以减轻或者免除处罚【答案】D．16．下列情形中应当数罪并罚的是（）A．甲为迫使不满18周岁的未成年女子卖淫而对其实施强奸B．乙非法拘禁债务人张某10天，期间多次毒打张某，致张某伤残C．丙无证驾车，在被交警查处时使用暴力抗拒执法，失手将交警打死D．丁开地下卷烟厂，制售劣质卷烟数量巨大，在县联合执法队前来查处时，组织数十村民围攻执法人员，迫使执法队暂时撤离【答案】D．17．甲以迷信方式恐吓刘某有灾祸，刘某一时慌乱，请甲帮助自己。
2012考研数学一真题+答案解析
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（Ⅱ）求 Cov( X − Y , Y )
（23） （本题满分 11 分） 设随机变量 X 与 Y 相互独立分别服从正态分布 N ( µ , σ 2 ) 与 N ( µ , 2σ 2 ) ，其中 σ 是未 知参数且 σ >0。设 Z = X −Y （Ⅰ）求 Z 的概率密度 f ( z , σ 2 ) 2 （Ⅱ）设 z1 , z2 , ⋅⋅⋅, zn 为来自总体 Z 的简单随机样本，求 σ 2 的最大似然估计量 σ 为 σ 2 的无偏估计量 （Ⅲ）证明 σ
' x 2x
− 2)
(e nx − n) + (e x − 1)(2e 2 x − 2)
(e nx − n) +
(e x − 1)(e2 x − 2)
(nenx − n)
所以 f (0) = ( −1)
'
n −1
n!
（3）如果 f ( x, y ) 在 ( 0, 0 ) 处连续，那么下列命题正确的是（ （A）若极限 lim
x →0 y →0
（C）若 f ( x, y ) 在 (0, 0) 处可微，则极限 lim
x →0 y →0
（D）若 f ( x, y ) 在 (0, 0) 处可微，则极限 lim
x →0 y →0
【答案】 ：
【解析】 ：由于 f ( x, y ) 在 ( 0, 0 ) 处连续，可知如果 lim
x →0 y →0
（2）设函数 y ( x = ) (e x − 1)(e 2 x − 2) ⋅⋅⋅ (e nx − n) ，其中 n 为正整数，则 y ' (0) = （A） (−1) n −1 (n − 1)! （B） (−1) n (n − 1)! （C） (−1) n −1 n ! （D） (−1) n n ! )
2012年英语一真题翻译
2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(一)试题文章翻译Section I Use of English最近对最高法院法官的道德判断成为一个重要的话题。
当法官像政治家一样行事时，法院就不能维护其作为法律原则守护者的合法性。
然而，在一些事例中，法官行事的方式损害了法院独立、公正的名誉。
例如，法官Antonin scalia出席了政治活动。
这种行为使得法院的审判更有可能被认为是不公正的。
部分问题在于法官没有受到道德规范的约束。
至少，法院应当遵守适用于其他联邦司法部的行为规范。
这个以及其他类似的案例提出了这样的问题：在法院和政治之间是否仍然存在着界限？宪法的制定者们设想法律拥有独立于政治之外的权力。
他们给予法官永恒的地位，故法官不再会忌惮当权者，也没有必要寻求政治支持。
我们的法律体系被设定为使得法律完全不受政治的影响，是因为这二者是如此紧密相连的。
宪法具有政治性，这是因为它源于那些根植于诸如自由、财产之类的基本社会概念中的选择。
当法院处理社会决策问题时，它所适用的法律不可避免地会带有政治性。
这也就是为什么偏离思想路线的决策这么轻易地被视为是不公正的而不予考虑的原因。
法官必须通过他们对行为规范负责的方式来解决对于法院（审判的）合法合理性的质疑。
这可能会使得审判看上去更加与政治相独立，因此，像法律一样令人信服。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1“来吧，每个人都在这么做。
”这个半邀请半强迫的耳语似的信息，是大部分人在听到“同龄压力”这个词语时所想到的。
这个词语常常会导致不好的事情，如酗酒、嗑药和滥交。
但在她的新书——《加入俱乐部》中，Tina Rosenberg认为通过她所称之为的社会疗法，同龄压力也可以成为一种正面的力量。
在这种社会疗法中，机构和官员利用集体动态的力量来帮助个人改善他们的生活，并且可能改变这个世界。
普利策奖的获得者，Rosenberg提供了许多正在进行中的社会疗法的例子：在南卡罗来纳州，一个名为“Rage Against the Haze”（愤怒面对烟雾）的由政府发起的禁烟行动，决心使得香烟不再受人欢迎。
中国科学院研究生院 化工原理
..........................................中国科学院研究生院2012 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：化工原理考生须知：1.本试卷满分为150 分，全部考试时间总计180 分钟。
2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
3.可以使用无字典存储和编程功能的计算器。
一．单选题（每题2分，共20分）1.关于层流与湍流,下列叙述错误的是（）A.层流与湍流的判断依据是雷诺数Re；B.层流无径向流动而湍流有径向流动；C.当雷诺数Re<2000 时，如外界对流动进行瞬时扰动，流型即由层流转向湍流；D.当雷诺数Re>4000 时，一般情况下总出现湍流。
2.下列各项中，对离心泵理论压头没有影响的是（）A．流量；B．叶片形状；C．叶片尺寸；D．流体密度。
3.以下过滤机是连续式过滤机的是（）A.板框压滤机；B.箱式叶滤机；C.三足式离心机；D.回转真空过滤机。
4.关于颗粒的自由沉降，下列说法正确的是（）A.颗粒在沉降过程中仅受重力和浮力作用；B.自由沉降整个过程均是等速沉降；C.当沉降处于斯托克斯定律区时，沉降速度与颗粒直径的平方成正比；D.颗粒间的自由沉降充分考虑了颗粒间的碰撞或接触。
5.关于传热系数K，下列说法错误的是（）A.K 是一个平均值；B.K 随所取的传热面不同而不同；C.K 可表示传热面的强热，与冷热流体的物性无关；D.降低最大热阻可使K 值提高。
6.吸收过程的推动力为（）A.气相浓度与液相浓度之差；B.气相实际浓度与平衡浓度之差；C.气相温度与液相温度之差；D.气相实际温度与平衡温度之差。
7.某理想双组分混合物，其中A 为易挥发组分，液相组成x A = 0.6 ，常压下相应的泡点温度为t1，气相组成yA= 0.6 ，常压下相应露点温度为t2，则（）A. t1 >t2； B. t1<t2； C. t1=t2； D. 不能确定。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题__毙考题
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试心理学专业基础综合试题一、单项选择题：1〜65小题，每小题2分，共130分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项是符合题目要求的。
1.下列选项中，属于心理状态的是（）。
A.感觉B.想象C.注意D.记忆2.在大脑两半球之间传递信息的神经纤维结构是（）。
A.杏仁核B.内囊C.边缘系统D.胼胝体3.神经系统最小的功能单位是（）。
A.突触B.轴突C.神经元D.胞体4.大部分患有色盲的人不能够区分的颜色是（）。
A.红和青B.红和黄C.红和蓝D.红和绿5.感受性提高的感觉适应现象是（）。
A.触觉适应B.嗅觉适应C.暗适应D.明适应6.当人们第一次看到右图时，往往只看到一些凌乱的斑点。
经提示这是一幅骑士骑马图后，人们就觉得像所提示的内容。
这主要体现的知觉特性是（）。
A.知觉整体性B.知觉理解性C.知觉恒常性D.知觉选择性7.立体电影利用的知觉原理主要是（）。
A.运动视差B.纹理梯度C.线条透视D.双眼视差8.一名5岁儿童向怀里抱着的布娃娃讲妈妈曾给她讲过的故事。
这种言语活动属于（）。
A.对话言语B.独白言语C.语言获得D.语言理解9.安德森（J.R.Anderson）提出了语言产生的三阶段模型，该模型认为语言产生的阶段包括（）。
A.构造、转化、执行B.概念化、公式化、发音C.构造、转化、发音D.概念化、公式化、执行10.在沙赫特和辛格的情绪唤醒模型中，对情绪产生起关键作用的因素是（）。
A.注意B.认知C.生理变化D.情境11.人对同一个目的同时产生两种对立的动机，这种动机冲突是（）。
A.双趋冲突B.双避冲突C.趋避冲突D.多重趋避冲突12.根据马斯洛的需要层次理论，人的需要从低级到高级的正确排序是（）。
A.生理、安全、尊重、归属与爱、自我实现B.生理、安全、归属与爱、尊重、自我实现C.生理、归属与爱、安全、尊重、自我实现D.生理、归属与爱、尊重、安全、自我实现13.某学生学业成绩名列前茅，但其他方面却表现平平。
北京大学2012年汉语国际教育硕士研究生入学考试试题
启用前机密北京大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：汉语基础考试时间：2012年1月8日上午招生专业：汉语国际教育研究方向：汉语国际教育---------------------------------------------------------------------------说明：答题一律写在答题纸上（含填空题、选择题等客观题），写在此页上无效。
壹汉语语言学基础知识（共80分）一、填空题（每题1分，共30分）1.汉民族的共同语，在春秋时被称为。
2.汉语方言可以分为大方言区。
3.新疆汉族使用的汉语属于方言。
4.语音系统中最小的语音单位叫。
5.发音时口腔通畅，气流同时从鼻腔和口腔呼出，这样的音叫。
6.现代汉语在词汇方面广泛运用法构造新词。
7.从发音部位来说，舌头可以分为舌尖、舌面和。
8.如果一个人把p读成了b，是因为他的错了。
9.如果一个人把b读成了d，是因为他的错了。
10.在现代汉语中，有一个边音，是。
11.[ts’]是一个、送气、清、塞擦音。
12.合口呼韵母是指。
13.在现代汉语普通话中，可以做韵尾的辅音有（请用国际音标表示）：。
14.舌面、后、半高、不圆唇元音是（请用国际音标表示）。
15.zhuang这个音节中包含了个音素。
16.现代汉语中，除了舌面元音外，还有元音。
17.“旅”字的形旁是。
18.“小雨伞”的实际读音是（请写出调类）。
19.在音节yan中，/a/的实际读音是（请用国际音标表示）。
20.现在，汉语字典或词典中，汉字的排列顺序主要音序法、形序法和。
21.从词根与词根之间的关系看，“蜡染”属于。
22.普通话作为民族共同语，她的基础方言是。
23.“即使……，也……”一般表示关系的复句。
24.在词义的构成中，除了理性义之外，还有。
25.“墙上芦苇，头重脚轻根底浅；山间竹笋，嘴尖皮厚腹中空”中，运用了的修辞手法。
26.民族语言的地域性变体，叫做。
27.在汉语中，语音四要素当中的和音长在语调和轻声里起重要作用。
生物化学试卷及参考答案
2012年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 生物化学 满分：150分 考试时间：180分钟注意：所有试题答案写在答题纸上，答案写在试卷上无效。
一、单项选择题：（每题1分，共20分）1．已知Arg的3个pK值分别为2.17，9.04和12.48, 其pI是（ ）。
A．7.32 B．5.63 C．9.67 D．10.762．下列哪种氨基酸属于亚氨基酸？（ ）A．丝氨酸 B．脯氨酸 C．亮氨酸 D．组氨酸3．SDS凝胶电泳测定蛋白质的相对分子质量是根据各种蛋白质（ ）。
A．溶解度不同 B．分子极性不同C．分子大小不同 D．在一定pH条件下所带净电荷的不同4．凝胶过滤法分离蛋白质时，从层析柱上先被洗脱下来的是（ ）。
A．分子量大的 B．分子量小的 C．电荷多的 D．带电荷少的5．由3’,5’-磷酸二酯键相连接的核苷酸组成的大分子有（ ）。
A．DNA B．RNA C．两者均可 D．两者均不可6．DNA碱基配对主要依靠的作用力是（ ）。
A．范德华力 B．氢键 C．疏水作用力 D．盐键7．下列序列中，在双链状态下存在回文结构的序列是（ ）。
A．AGTCCTGA B．AGTCAGTC C．AGTCGACT D．CTGAGATC 8．酶加快反应速度的原因是（ ）。
A．增高活化能 B．降低活化能C．降低反应物的能量水平 D．降低反应的自由能9．在下列核酸分子中，稀有碱基主要存在于（ ）。
A．DNA B．tRNA C．mRNA D．5S rRNA10．对于一个服从经典动力学的酶来说，当［S］= 9Km，反应的速率（v）应该是（ ）。
A．1/6 Vmax B．9/10 Vmax C．1/20 Vmax D．1/30 Vmax11．氰化物中毒时呼吸链中受到抑制的部位在于（ ）。
A．NADH→FMN B．FMN→CoQ C．CoQ→CytC D．Cytaa3→O212．柠檬酸循环中发生底物水平磷酸化产生高能磷酸键的化合物是（ ）。
2012年考研数学一真题及详细解答
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试 数学一试题解析一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. （1）曲线221x x y x +=-渐近线的条数为（）（A ）0（B ）1（C ）2（D ）3【答案】：C 【解析】：221lim 1x x x x →+=∞-，所以1x =为垂直的22lim 11x x x x →∞+=-，所以1y =为水平的，没有斜渐近线 故两条选C（2）设函数2()(1)(2)()x x nx f x e e e n =--- ，其中n 为正整数，则'(0)f =（A ）1(1)(1)!n n ---（B ）(1)(1)!n n --（C ）1(1)!n n --（D ）(1)!n n -【答案】：C 【解析】：'222()(2)()(1)(22)()(1)(2)()x x nx x x nx x x nx f x e e e n e e e n e e ne n =--+---+--- 所以'(0)f =1(1)!n n --（3）如果(,)f x y 在()0,0处连续，那么下列命题正确的是（ ）（A ）若极限0(,)lim x y f x y x y→→+存在，则(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微 （B ）若极限2200(,)lim x y f x y x y →→+存在，则(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微（C ）若(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微，则极限00(,)lim x y f x y x y→→+存在（D ）若(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微，则极限2200(,)limx y f x y x y →→+存在 【答案】：B 【解析】：由于(,)f x y 在()0,0处连续，可知如果220(,)lim x y f x y x y→→+存在，则必有00(0,0)lim (,)0x y f f x y →→==这样，2200(,)limx y f x y x y →→+就可以写成2200(,)(0,0)lim x y f x y f x y ∆→∆→∆∆-∆+∆，也即极限2200(,)(0,0)lim x y f x y f x y ∆→∆→∆∆-∆+∆存在，可知lim 0x y ∆→∆→=，也即(,)(0,0)00f x y f x y o ∆∆-=∆+∆+。
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合(代码311)真题及详解
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试教育学专业基础综合（代码311）真题及详解一、单项选择题：1～45小题，每小题2分，共90分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合试题要求。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂黑。
1．关注和探询“谁控制学校”、“谁制定学校管理的政策”、“谁决定教育的伦理、社会和经济目标”、“谁设置课程”的教育理论流派是（）。
A．制度教育学B．改造主义教育理论C．存在主义教育理论D．批判教育学【考点】教育理论流派的主要观点。
【答案】D【解析】本题旨在考查考生对不同教育理论流派基本观点的理解和掌握情况。
制度教育学重视制度的教育价值；改造主义教育理论强调教育是“社会改造”的工具，主张以重大的社会问题作为课程内容；存在主义教育理论主张教育的本质和目的在于使学生实现“自我生成”、提倡学生“自由选择”道德标准、主张个别教育的方法，主张培养学生的人格品质；批判教育学关注和探询“谁控制学校”、“谁决定教育的伦理、社会和经济目标”、“谁设置课程”等。
故本题的正确答案为D。
2．如下现象属于教育范畴的是（）。
A．爸爸针对小明懦弱的个性设法训练小明如何以牙还牙报复欺侮者B．妈妈指导小明在与他人冲突中如何保护自己C．老师严格管理以保护小明等弱小学生不再受欺负D．小明在与同学的多次冲突中逐渐学会了如何与人和睦相处【考点】教育的内涵与实质。
【答案】B【解析】本题旨在考查考生对教育内涵与实质的理解程度。
教育是一种有目的、有意识的培养人的活动。
它与“管理”、“自学”不同，更与“以牙还牙”等负面的“训练”有本质区别。
这道题的关键还是要找到每个选项的关键词，ACD的关键词分别给出，是训练、管理和学会。
故本题的正确答案为B。
3．下列现象中，可以说明教育对社会发展起促进作用的是（）。
A．班级授课制为普及义务教育提供了便利B．普及义务教育在一定程度上满足了机器大生产对劳动力的需求C．僵化的制度化教育导致社会拒绝学校毕业生D．学生发展指导制度促进了学生学业、生涯、个性及社会性的发展【考点】教育的社会功能。
2012级硕士研究生数值分析期末考试试卷及答案
设区间分成 n 等分，则 h=1/n., 故对复合梯形公式，要求
RT ( f ) =| −
即n2 ≥
b − a 2 '' 1 1 1 h f (η ) |≤ ( ) 2 e ≤ × 10 −5 ，η ∈ (0,1) 12 12 n 2
e × 10 5 ， n ≥ 212 .85 ，因此 n=213，即将区间[0,1]分成 213 等分时，用复合梯形计 6 1 算，截断误差不超过 × 10 − 5 。 2
为 2 ．设 。 位有效数字，
x * 的相对误差限
f ( x ) = 3 x 7 + x 4 + 3x + 1 ，则 f [2 0 ,2 1 ,L ,2 7 ] =
，
f [2 0 ,21 , L,2 8 ] =
。 ， 并计
3. 过点 ( −1,0), ( 2,0) 和 (1,3) 的二次拉格朗日插值函数为 算 L2 ( 0) 4 ．设
S1 ( x) = 3.7143 + 1.2429 x
2-范数的误差
4
2.45
|| δ || 2 =
∑ (S (x ) − y )
1
2
i
i
= 0.675 = 0.8216
i= 0
5. 用改进的欧拉公式（预估-校正方法） 解初值问题
dy = x 2 + 100 y 2 , y( 0) = 0 ， h 为步长， （1） 取步长 h = 0.1, 计算到 x = 0 .2（保 dx
p ( 2) = 1, 并写出其余项表达式（要求有推导过程） 。
2. 若用复合梯形公式dx ，问区间 [0, 1] 应分成多少等分才能使截断误差不超过
1 × 10 − 5 ? 若改用复合辛普森公式，要达到同样的精度区间[0, 1] 应该分成多少等份? 由下表数 2
可靠性理论试题
能源学院2012级研究生《可靠性理论》试题（开卷）1. 某器件的失效率为λ=1×10-6/h ，试求该器件开始工作1h 和开始工作20h 的可靠度。
（提示：失效率为常数时的可靠度服从指数分布）例8：某器件的失效率h /1016-⨯=λ是个常数，试求该器件开始工作1h 和开始工作20h 的可靠度。
解：失效率为常数时的可靠度服从指数分布：99998.0)20(:2099999.0)1(:1)(201020110166=======⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯----e eR h e e R h e t R tλλλ2. 某型发动机18台（假设该发动机失效后不修复），从开始使用到发生失效前工作时间的小时数如下：26，39，60，80，100，150，180，210，250，301，340，400， 484，570，620，1100，2500，3100，试求其平均寿命。
例10：某型发动机18台（该发动机失效后不进行修复），从开始使用到发生失效前工作时间的数据如下（单位为h ，小时）：26，39，60，80，100，150，180，210，250，301，340，400，484，570，620，1100，2500，3100，试求其平均寿命。
解：没分组，用第一种方法h 9.583181MT T F 181==∑=i i t3.一个串联系统由三个平均寿命分别为1500h、100h、500h的单元组成，三个单元的寿命均服从指数分布，试求系统的平均寿命。
解：由于三个系统服从指数分布所以三个子系统的失效率为：λ1=1/1500（h）λ2=1/100(h) λ3=1/500(h)串联系统的实效率为：λs=1/100+1/1500+1/500则整个系统的平均寿命为：1/λs=78.9（h）4.一个系统有n个相同元件并联组成，分别求n=1,4,7,10时系统的可靠度并讨论系统可靠度与元件个数及元件可靠性的关系。
已知元件的失效率分别为q=0.01,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.8。
北京中国科学院大学2012年普通生物学考研真题
（北京）中国科学院大学2012年普通生物学考研真题中国科学院研究生院2012 年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：普通生物学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为 150 分，全部考试时间总计 180 分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、名词解释（每题 3 分，共 36 分）1、转座子2、免疫耐受3、外排作用4、心电图5、外热动物6、网状激活系统7、胰高血糖素8、生态因子9、种群10、群落演替11、初级生产量12、动性二、选择题（每题 2 分，共 30 分）1、马、兔等食草动物在（）中消化纤维素。
A、小肠B、大肠C、盲肠D、阑尾2、蜘蛛的主要含氮排泄物是（）。
A、氨B、尿素C、尿酸D、鸟嘌呤3、以下昆虫中，不属于完全变态的是（）。
A、蚊B、蜂C、蝗虫D、金龟子4、黑素是脊椎动物皮肤中普遍存在的一种色素，它的前身是（）。
A、酪氨酸B、苏氨酸C、组氨酸D、色氨酸5、动物细胞中与有丝分裂有关的细胞器是（）。
A、溶酶体B、高尔基体C、内质网D、中心体6、占陆地表面的大约12%，年降雨量为250-800 mm，这描述的是（）。
A、荒漠B、草原C、苔原D、温带森林7、元素（）既是核酸，也是ATP的重要组成部分。
A、NB、PC、KD、Ca8、植物光合作用形成的糖类主要通过（）运输到根部。
A、木质部B、胞间连丝C、韧皮部D、皮层9、决定种群动态的两个重要参数是（）。
A、出生率和迁入率B、死亡率和迁入率C、出生率和死亡率D、迁入率和迁出率10、生态系统一词是由（）首先提出来的。
A、TansleyB、ClementsC、EltonD、Lindeman11、细胞进行有氧呼吸时电子传递是在（）。
A、细胞质内B、线粒体的内膜C、线粒体的膜间腔内D、基质内进行12、（）与一般的学习类型不同，只发生在动物个体早期的一个特定阶段。
A、习惯化B、动性C、趋性D、印记13、下列哪种物质不是抗体（）。
2012年考研数一真题及答案解析(完整版)
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学一试题一、选择题:1 8小题，每小题4分，共32分.下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有一个选项符合题目要求的，请将所选项前的字母填在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (1)曲线221x xy x +=-渐近线的条数( )(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (2) 设函数2()(1)(2)()x xn x y x e e e n =--- ,其中n 为正整数,则(0)y '=( )(A) 1(1)(1)!n n --- (B) (1)(1)!n n -- (C) 1(1)!n n -- (D)(1)!n n -(3) 如果函数(,)f x y 在(0,0)处连续,那么下列命题正确的是 ( )(A) 若极限0(,)limx y f x y x y→→+存在,则(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微(B) 若极限2200(,)limx y f x y x y→→+存在,则(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微 (C) 若(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微,则 极限00(,)limx y f x y x y →→+存在(D) 若(,)f x y 在(0,0)处可微,则 极限2200(,)limx y f x y x y→→+存在 (4)设2sin (1,2,3)k x K e xdx k π==⎰I 则有 ( )(A)123I I I << (B) 321I I I << (C) 231I I I << (D)213I I I <<(5)设1100C α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,2201C α⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ,3311C α⎛⎫ ⎪=- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭ ,4411C α-⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭,其中1234,,,C C C C 为任意常数，则下列向量组线性相关的为( )(A)123,,ααα (B) 124,,ααα (C)134,,ααα (D)234,,ααα(6) 设A 为3阶矩阵，P 为3阶可逆矩阵，且1100010002p AP -⎛⎫ ⎪= ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭.若P=（123,,ααα），1223(,,)ααααα=+，则1Q AQ -= ( )(A) 100020001⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(B) 100010002⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(C) 200010002⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(D)200020001⎛⎫⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭(7)设随机变量X 与Y 相互独立，且分别服从参数为1与参数为4的指数分布，则{}p X Y <=( )(A)15 (B) 13 (C) 25 (D) 45(8)将长度为1m 的木棒随机地截成两段，则两段长度的相关系数为( )(A) 1 (B)12 (C) 12- (D)1-二、填空题：9 14小题,每小题4分,共24分.请将答案写在答题纸．．．指定位置上. (9)若函数()f x 满足方程'''()()2()0f x f x f x +-=及''()()2f x f x e +=，则()f x = (10)2202d x x x x =-⎰(11)(2,1,1)()|zgrad xy +y=(12)设(){},,1,0,0,0x y z x y z x y z ∑=++=≥≥≥，则2y ds ∑=⎰⎰(13)设X 为三维单位向量，E 为三阶单位矩阵，则矩阵TE XX -的秩为 (14)设A ,B ,C 是随机变量，A 与C 互不相容，()()()11,,23p AB P C p AB C === 三、解答题：15～23小题,共94分.请将解答写在答题纸．．．指定位置上.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.(15)证明21ln cos 1(11)12x x x x x x ++≥+-<<- (16)求函数222(,)x y f x y xe +-=的极值(17)求幂级数22044321nn n n x n ∞=+++∑的收敛域及和函数(18)已知曲线(),:(0),c o s2x ft L t y t π=⎧≤<⎨=⎩其中函数()f t 具有连续导数，且'(0)0,()0(0).2f f t t π=><<若曲线L 的切线与x 轴的交点到切点的距离恒为1，求函数()f t 的表达式，并求此曲线L 与x 轴与y 轴无边界的区域的面积。
2012考研政治真题及答案（完整版）
2012年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试政治试题答案详解 ⼀、单项选择题：1～16⼩题，每⼩题1分，共16分。
下列每题给出的四个选项中，只有⼀个选项是符合题⽬要求的。
请在答题卡上将所选项的字母涂⿊。
1.【答案】A 【解析】 2.【答案】A 【解析】 3.【答案】B 【解析】 4.【答案】C 【解析】 5.【答案】D 【解析】 6.【答案】D 【解析】本题考查公有制的实现形式，巩固和发展公有制经济，还要努⼒寻找能够极⼤促进⽣产⼒发展的公有制实现形式。
公有制经济的性质和实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。
公有制经济的性质体现在所有权的归属上，坚持公有制的性质，根本的是坚持国家和集体对⽣产资料的所有权。
所有制作为⽣产关系的基础，有公有制与私有制、社会主义与资本主义的区别。
⽽所有制的实现形式是采取怎样的经营⽅式和组级形式问题，它不具有“公”与“私”、“社”与“资”的区分。
同样的所有制可以采取不同的实现形式，⽽不同的所有制可以采取相同的实现形式。
因为实现形式要解决的是发展⽣产⼒的组织形式和经营⽅式问题，只要能够有利于⽣产⼒的发展，公有制的实现形式可以⽽且应当多样化，⼀切反映社会化⽣产规律的经营⽅式和组织形式都可以⼤胆利⽤。
要根据社会化⽣产规律的要求，采取多样化的经营⽅式和资产组织形式，使国有经济在更⼤的范围⾥获得⼴阔的发展空间。
7.【答案】B 【解析】本题考查党的报告明确提出了完善⼈民代表⼤会制度的具体措施。
其中的第三条表⽰：保障⼈⼤代表依法⾏使职权，密切⼈⼤代表同⼈民的联系，建议逐步实⾏城乡按相同⼈⼝⽐例选举⼈⼤代表，因此B选项更加体现出党的民主与群众路线的内容。
8.【答案】B 【解析】此题考查民主区域⾃治制度的历史依据。
实⾏民族区域⾃治，是党棍据我国的历史发展、⽂化特点、民族关系和民族分布等具体情况作出的制度安排，符合各民族⼈民的共同利益和发展要求。
统⼀的多民族国家的长期存在和发展，是我国实⾏民族区域⾃治的历史依据。
2012级研究生入学教育测试题
51.从表现形式看，学术界界定的三类科研不端行为不包括 A.杜撰 B.引用 C.篡改 D.剽窃
52.以下关于篡改的表述不正确的是 A.篡改是用作伪的手段按自己的期望随意改动、任意取舍原始数据或试验使得结果符合自己的研究结 论、支持自己的论点 B.篡改一般指按照某种科学假说和理论演绎出的期望值伪造虚假的观察与实验结果的行为 C.篡改行为的表现形式之一是篡改数据 D.拼凑数据属于篡改行为
。 C.5—7 万字 D.7—10 万字
49.非工学硕士总学分不少于 分。 A.30 B.32 C.34
学分（含社会实践，不含体育课学分），其中学位课学分不少于 17 学
D.36 学分。
50.工学硕士总学分不少于 32 学分（含社会实践，不含体育课学分），其中学位课学分不少于 A.15 B.17 C.16 D.18
。 C.3—5 万字 D.5—7 万字
46.硕士研究生延长学习期限最长不得超过 A.三个月 B.六个月 C.九个月
。 D.一年
47.应届毕业的研究生一般应在当年 A.4 月底前 B.6 月底前
办理离校手续。 C.7 月底前 ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้.8 月底前
48.博士研究生学位论文要求的字数为 A.1—3 万字 B.3—5 万字
4.博士研究生的总学分不少于 A.14 B.15 C.16
5.博士、硕士研究生的中期筛选分别于 A.课程学习结束之后，学位论文开始之前
D.第三学期末；课程学习结束之后，学位论文开始之前 6.研究生补办研究生证，须于提出申请的下一学期开学 A.一周内 B.两周内 C.三周内 D.四周内 办理。
7.申请延期毕业的研究生，须在 A.第二学期 B.第三学期
10.硕士研究生累计 A.2 B.3
中南大学2012级博士研究生英语考试
English Test Paper for Doctoral Candidates (A)Dec. 23, 2012Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A ConversationDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center ( on Answer Sheet I ).1. A. She has missed too many classes.B. She finds the course very difficult.C. She is hardly able to finish the reading.D. She doesn’t like the professor and his lecture.2. A. The woman cannot find the piece of paper.B. The woman will go to see Mr. Brown.C. The man has agreed to give the woman a call.D. The man will ask Mr. Brown to call the woman.3. A. She is unable to help the man.B. She offers to collect data for the man.C. She has never lived in that small city.D. She will tell the man her childhood stories.4. A. It is canceled.B. It is delayed.C. It will take off soon.D. It has a technical problem.5. A. Bank accounts closed.B. Money overdrawn.C. Vacation plans.D. Daily expenses.Section B PassageDirections: In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center ( on Answer Sheet I ).Passage 16. A. Deteriorating memory.B. Insufficient preparation.C. Uncontrollable tension.D. Education background.7. A. She would fail to recall anything.B. She would become absent-minded.C. She would sit down and rest.D. She would copy the answers.8. A. To help students become smarter.B. To help students prepare for tests.C. To help students follow instructions.D. To help students control anxiety.Passage 29. A. Water could be found in a nearby river.B. The river water could be used for irrigation.C. The water could be saved for future use.D. Villagers could carry the water to the fields.10. A. The job would take several months.B. The villagers had never done the job before.C. The job was too great and costly.D. There wasn’t enough labor to do the job.Section C SummaryDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. Then you are asked to write a summary about 60 words on it (on Answer Sheet II ).Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: There are a number of incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet ( on Answer Sheet I ).11.A speaker who makes more eye contact is perceived as _________ and responsible.A. virtualB. confidentC. intrusiveD. innocent12. The book is a(n) __________ of tapescripts of some famous speeches.A. imageB. featureC. collectionD. encryption13. The treaty created the European Union, the world’s largest trading __________.A. blocB. blockC. bulkD. Bond14. The museum _________ the different tastes and needs of different people.A. caters forB. results inC. stems fromD. conforms to15. Information considered to be pornographic includes _________ explicit materials.A. personallyB. politicallyC. sexuallyD. racially16. Indian women have few ________ for relaxation and recreation.A. outletsB. choresC. phasesD. scores17. The assumption is rooted in a Cold War _________ or viewpoint.A. perspectiveB. prospectiveC. retrospectiveD. introspective18. Precautionary _________ must be taken to prevent wildfires.A. institutionsB. measuresC. gadgetsD. assets19. Technology has _________ the sharing, storage and delivery of information.A. facilitatedB. furnishedC. functionedD. fascinated20. The carcinogenic pollutants inhaled are the ________ of smoking 20 packs of cigarettes a day.A. equivalentB. formulaC. qualityD. priceSection BDirections: There are a number of sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best suits the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet ( on Answer Sheet I ).21. Should universities give priority to undergraduate education?A. attach importance toB. make reference toC. pay attention toD. give respect to22. A typical woman in a developed country puts on 22 pounds during pregnancy.A. winsB. gainsC. toleratesD. estimates23. Birmingham, Alabama, was once the most racially segregated city in America.A. intenseB. diverseC. variedD. separated24. The thermostat will gauge the temperature and control the heat.A. measureB. reduceC. adjustD. raise25. I’ve been smoking pot for three years, and now it is making me sick.A. marijuanaB. nicotineC. cocaineD. heroin26. In the late 1980s, TB resurged or returned with a vengeance.A. periodicallyB. sporadicallyC. assuredlyD. fiercely27. Just now the little girl was throwing up in the hallway of the school.A. vomitingB. spinningC. leapingD. trolling28. The movable-type printing press is one of the seminal achievements in history.A. controversialB. indispensableC. time-honoredD. groundbreaking29. Given that chimpanzees are endangered, stop using them in biomedical research.A. BecauseB. ThoughC. UnlessD. While30. The potential for falsification of documents has never been greater.A. fabricationB. interceptionC. transactionD. DisseminationPart III Cloze (10%)Directions : There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.Capital punishment, or the death penalty, is the execution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offence. Capital punishment (31)_______ murder and rape was widely (32)________ in ancient Greece. The Romans also used it for a wide (33)________ of offenses. It also has been (34)_________ at one time or another by most of the world’s major religions.Death was formerly the penalty for a large number of offenses in England during the 17th and 18th century, but (35) ________ was never applied as widely as the law provided. As in other countries, many offenders who (36) _______ capital crimes escaped the death penalty, either because juries or courts would not convict them (37) _______ because they were pardoned, usually on condition that they agreed to banishment; some were sentenced to the (38) _______ punishment of transportation to the then American (39) ________ and later to Australia.From ancient times until well into the 19th century, many societies administered exceptionally(40) ________ forms of capital punishment. In Rome the condemned for parricide (杀父母亲人)(41) ________ drowned in a sealed bag with a dog. Executions in ancient China were carried (42) ________ by many painful methods, such as sawing the condemned in half, flaying him while still (43) _________, and boiling. By the end of the 20th century many jurisdictions had adopted lethal injection.Historically, executions were public (44) ________, attended by large crowds, and the mutilated bodies were often displayed (45) ________ they rotted. Public executions were banned in England in 1868, (46) ________ they continued to take place in parts of the United States until the 1930s. In the last half of the 20th century, there was considerable debate (47) ________ whether executions should be (48) _________ on television. Since the mid-1990s public executions have taken place in (49) _________ 20 countries, though the practice has been condemned by the United Nations Human Rights Committee as “incompatible with human (50)_________”.Part IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I.Passage 1All around us is a world of tiny living things called microbes. They are everywhere --- in the air, in the soil, in the water we drink. They are on our food, hands, clothes, and everything we touch. The dust that settles on the furniture carries them. They are on walls, ceiling, floors. Theymay be very tiny --- most of them too small to be seen --- but they are constantly doing things all about us. Some of the things they do are very useful. The cheese and bread that we eat have become the foods they are because of the work of microbes. We owe our sauerkraut, pickles, vinegar, sour cream, and favorite kinds of sour milk to microbes. Our earth stays fertile because of the activity of the billions of microbes in the soil.Microbes are responsible, too, for some annoying things that happen every day in your home. If you forget to change the water in a vase of flowers, it begins to smell; microbes are at work. Bread left in a package too long get moldy. Your clothes my mildew. Your food may spoil. All of these things mean microbes at work.Microbes are also at work when people get sick. In fact, most people think of microbes as something to be destroyed. It is true that certain microbes do cause disease, but they are a very small part of the microbe population. Out of every thirty thousand of microbes, the chances are that just one is harmful and likely to cause disease. Most microbes are harmless. And some microbes themselves produce the most powerful weapons we have yet found to conquer disease. The “wonder drugs” such as penicillin and streptomycin are products of the activity of microbes.51. According to the passage, microbes are __________.A. both dynamic and staticB. both powerful and controllableC. both widespread and confinedD. both detrimental and beneficial52. Owing to the work of microbes, we can eat all of the following EXCEPT ___________.A. milkB. picklesC. cheeseD. sauerkraut53. It is stated in the passage that ______________.A. one out of every thirty thousand kinds of microbes turns out to be harmlessB. some microbes produce the most powerful weapons such penicillinC. microbes are so small that they cannot be seen by naked eyeD. microbes can do annoying things and should be destroyed54. The underlined word “mildew” in Paragraph 2 can best be replaced by _________.A. be dampB. wear outC. get moldyD. become smelly55. ________ is the scientific study mainly concerning microbes.A. BiochemistryB. InsectologyC. BacteriologyD. ZoologyPassage 2Nobody ever went into academic circles to make a fast fortune. Professors, especially those in medical- and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutions are wrestling with a whole new set of issues.The profits are impressive: the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly 6 pharmaceutical and high-tech companies.Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one whodoesn’t? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in more musty areas?Now Columbia pans to go beyond the typical “”model, free sites listing courses and professors’ research interests. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will grow into an independent company. Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear: It is going to take the best minds on camps to find a new balance between profit and purity.56. Big money flowing into the ivory tower has _____________.A. brought about news concernsB. yielded fat profits for administratorsC. benefited both the faculty and studentsD. altered the nature of higher education57. The survey found that 132 universities made huge profits by __________.A. helping corporations develop high-tech productsB. selling their patents or marketing their inventionsC. conducting research with the industrial sectorD. playing a leading role in academic research58. Some faculty members are worried about __________.A. the professors in profitable fieldsB. the credibility of researchersC. the way of profits are dividedD. the trend of profit-making59. The underlined word “toiling” most likely means ______________.A. struggling aloneB. working hardC. specializingD. exploring60. What is the new plan of Columbia University?A. To find a new balance between profit and purity.B. To offer free courses and research services on line.C. To provide academic resources on a profit-earning basis.D. To run a company by making use of its faculty expertise.Passage 3In a family where the roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a greater or lesser extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain. But if the process goes too far and man’s role is regarded as less important --- and that has happened in some cases --- we are as badly off as before, only in reverse.It is time to reassess the role of the man in the family. We are getting a little tired of “Momism”--- but we don’t want to exchange it for a “neo-Popism”. What we need, rather, is the recognition that bringing up children involves a partnership of equals. There are signs that psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and specialists on the family are becoming more aware of the part men play and that they have decided that women should not receive all the credit --- nor all the blame. We have almost given up saying that a woman’s place is in the home. We are beginning, however, to analyze a man’s place in the home and to insist that he does have a place in it. Nor is that place irrelevant to the healthy development of the child.The family is a co-operative enterprise for which it is difficult to lay down rules, because each family needs to work out its own ways for solving its own problems.Excessive authoritarianism has unhappy consequences, whether it wears skirts or trousers, andthe ideal of equal rights and equal responsibilities is pertinent not only to a healthy democracy, but also to healthy family.61. Paragraph 1 suggests that in the family ___________.A. male superiority should be maintainedB. men’s role should be correctly definedC. fathers are badly off as beforeD. husbands are not treated equal62. Some people start to realize that bringing up children __________.A. is not just the responsibility of the momB. should be a major job or task of the dadC. entails tiring household tasksD. involves happiness and pains63. Men’s place in the family is __________ to the healthy growth of the child.A. paramountB. acceptableC. dominantD. relevant64. To run the co-operative enterprise of the family, husband and wife should ________.A. avoid conflictsB. lay down rulesC. make joint effortsD. consult specialists65. Equality is beneficial to a healthy family, so is it to a healthy _________.A. childB. businessC. nationD. civilizationPassage 4Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation of productive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical, in production, and is designed to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The development of automation in American industry has been called the “Second Industrial Revolution”.Labor’s concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects to employment, and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labor has taken the view that resistance to technical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase in employment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing, maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labor lies in bringing about the transition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, union spokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possible by automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, and improved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted a number of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefit plans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financial interest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations so as to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working for dismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of money based on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the “improvement factor”, which calls for wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labor will rely mainly in reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.66. Automation aims to ______________.A. increase productivityB. promote employmentC. reduce labor’s distressD. carry out technical reform67. Automation causes concern among workers or employees because they ________.A. are not well protected by new policiesB. are losing benefits and financial interestsC. are resistant to new technology and skillsD. are not ready to cope with changes in jobs68. Despite labor’s concern, automation may eventually _________.A. increase employment in industriesB. reduce permanently dismissed workersC. help laid-off workers acquire new skillsD. benefit employees no less than their employers69. _________ require(s) that money or wages be paid on the basis of length of service.A. Supplementary unemployment benefitsB. Dismissal pay agreementsC. The “improvement factor”D. New installation plans70. Workers can expect to share or enjoy the fruits of automation to the full extent with ________.A. the increased productivity and lowered production costsB. the least inconvenience and stress in the technical transitionC. less time at work, more time at play and higher incomesD. increased wages in proportion to the increase in productivityPassage 5There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units ( state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status ) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses --- all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. These data may be either quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level --- variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum --- or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible from the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make productions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficientto question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.71. In paragraph 1, “mother”and “father”are used as ________ for modern descriptive andinferential statistics.A. a simileB. an analogyC. an overtureD. a euphemism72. What is TRUE about descriptive statistics?A. It leads to increased variability.B. It solves major numerical problems.C. It keeps orderly records of variables.D. It simplifies unwieldy masses of data.73. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of variables?A. Gender.B. Character.C. Occupation.D. Intelligence.74. The passage suggests that ____________.A. both descriptive and inferential statistics are methods of data assemblyB. ordering, tabulating, and depicting are associated with inferential statisticsC. descriptive and inferential statistics are traced back to two different sourcesD. prediction on the basis of a sample is characteristic of descriptive statistics75. The passage is mainly concerned with ________ of statistics.A. originalsB. theoriesC. categoriesD. applicationsPart V Translation (20%)Section ADirections: Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese, and write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet II.At present, if I, in Australia, were to be gullible enough to fall victim to a fraudulent investment scheme originating in Albania, I suspect that I could count on very little help from authorities in either jurisdiction.In furtherance of electronic crime control, it is imperative to foster international co-operation. Steps taken following the G-8 Birmingham meeting in May 1998 for nations to designate liaison offices which will be on call on a 24-hour basis, illustrates the need for prompt concerted response to the problem of transnational digital crime.This unprecedented co-operation between nations will inevitably generate tensions arising from differences in national values. Even with nations, tensions between such values as privacy and the imperatives of law enforcement will be high on the public agenda. And new organizational forms will emerge to combat new manifestations of criminality.Section BDirections:Translate the following paragraph into English, and write your English version on Answer Sheet II.每年，大约一千名企业高管、政府官员、知识分子和媒体记者，从几十个国家聚集到瑞士达沃斯世界经济论坛。
湖南大学2012级硕士研究生普通语言学试题
2012级英语专业硕士研究生普通语言学试题1.Is there FL (faculty of Language) in an individual's brain? Why or why not? (20 points)Actually I quite agree with Chomsky’s statements that among the human cognitive systems is a “faculty of language”(FL), to borrow a traditional term: some subsystem of the brain. FL is close to uniform for humans: it is a genuine species property. The theory of the faculty of language is called universal grammar(UG). Universal grammar is a theory in linguistics, usually credited to Noam Chomsky, proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. The theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught, and that there are properties that all naturalhuman languages share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device(LAD),which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. He argues that the child comes into the world with specific innate endowment, not only with general tendencies or potentialities, but also with knowledge of the nature of the world, and specifically with knowledge of the nature of language. According to this view, children are born with the knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. This innateness hypothesis is based on the observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. For example:1). Children learn their native language very fast and with little effort. Considering the fact that small children are not yet intellectually mature for any other sciences. This is surprisingly fast and can’t be explained by other theories except the innateness hypothesis.2). There are other facts that are puzzling if language is not innate. Children learn their mother tongue in very different environments. But they follow more or less the same stages in acquisition: the babbling stage, nonsense word stage , holophrastic stage, two-word utterance, developing grammar, near adult grammar, and full competence.3). The child learns the total grammar of the language during a limited period of time, from limited exposure to speech. He can not only produce and understand sentences he has heard, but also sentences he has never heard before. What he learns seems tobe s set of rules rather than individual sentences.If there isn’t an FL in the brain, how they can achieve this? That is to say that there must be a faculty of language in the brain to facilitate people to learn language.2.What are the differences between structuralism and formalism? (20 points) Structuralism and formalism may sound like they should mean the same thing, but they are different. Structural linguistics is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. And it stresses examining language as a static system of interconnected units. But formalism, also called Generative linguistics, founded by Norm Chomsky, is a school of thought within linguistics that makes use of the concept of a generative grammar which is a finite set of rules that can be applied to generate all those and only those sentences (often, but not necessarily, infinite in number) that are grammatical in a given language.The main differences between them are as follows:1.Structural linguistics focus on the systematic analysis and description of the language forms(especially the spoken language), while Transformation-generative grammar, founded by Chomsky mainly reveals the universal grammar in human mind.2.From the theoretical perspective, the structuralism is based on the empiricism but the formalism is based on the rationalism. From the psychological perspective, the former one is based on the behaviorism while the latter one is based on the mentalism.3.The foundation of structural linguistics is a "sign," which in turn has two components: a "signified" is an idea or concept, while the "signifier" is a means of expressing the signified. The "sign" is thus the combined association of signifier and signified. Signs can be defined only by being placed in contrast with other signs, which forms the basis of what later became the paradigmatic dimension of semiotic organization. While formalism theory is distinguished from other traditions by distinguishing competence and performance, which distinguishes in the act of speech its linguistic capacity. Thus, under this approach, each speaker has a linguistic organ specialized in the analysis and production of complex structures forming the speech.4.Structural linguistics was efficient for phonology and morphology, because both have a finite number of units that the linguist can collect. Structural linguistics was not sufficient for syntax, reasoning that an infinite number of sentences could be uttered, rendering a complete collection impossible. Instead, Chomsky proposed the job of the linguist was to create a small set of rules that could generate all the sentences of a language, and nothing but those sentences.5.Saussure advocated the structure of language has nothing to do with history , he thinks that diachronic language study cannot explain the process of language creation. in fact, the basic relationship that play an important role in the language is the equivalent relationship between the symbols and meaning. All kinds of meanings contact with each other and depend on each other to form a synchronic language system. While generative grammar to with the rationalism as philosophical foundation, emphasize to explain people's language ability , not only the description of language behavior. What it will study is to embody cognitive system and the universal grammar in the human brain . Language is not the actual things that exists. This concept is derived from grammar, and only grammar is in existence. Therefore, the TG theory is defined as the study of the grammar and not the language.3.In what aspects does Cognitive Linguistics differ from Formal Linguistics? (20 points)In linguistics, cognitive linguistics (CL) refers to the branch of linguistics that interprets language in terms of the concepts, sometimes universal, sometimes specific to a particular tongue, which underlie its forms. While formalism linguistics is the mainstream of the international linguistics research. Its main purpose is to establish a system of a set of formal principles and rules, trying to find out the explanation of language phenomena from the internal language structure .The difference between the two theories are as follows:1. Cognitive linguistics thinks that the person’s language ability is not an independent ability, but is closely related to a general cognitive ability. While the formalism linguistics thinks that language ability is independent of the other abilities. And it makes the syntax as an independent part ,even as a core autonomy system, and then divided into lexical, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics, etc.2. Being opposite with the formalism linguistics, cognitive linguistics thinks that syntax as a part of the language structure is not sufficient. What is more important is the close relation of the syntax and the lexical as well as the semantics.3. The cognitive linguistics thinks that semantics is not only the truth condition, but the combination of subjective and objective, and the semantic always involves people's subjective opinions and psychological factors. But the formalism linguistics defines semantic only according to the true value condition, for example, the meaning of the word "chair" is made up of the objective semantic components,such as the "four legs", "back", "a plane that can sit " and so on. Things that satisfy all these conditions is a chair.4. Cognitive linguistics believes that various categories of units in language, as most established categories, is discrete, and has no clear boundary. But the formalism linguistics tend to think anything in language, such as different classes of word and syntax component , etc. are all with clear boundary and alternative. For example, a noun can not be a verb, and a subject cannot be the object.5. Cognitive linguistics also pays full attention to the influence of the different nationalities' cognitive characteristics on language expression when they admit human cognitive universals at the same time. But formalism linguistics doesn’t.4.Is children early syntactic development based on rules or based on usage? Why?(20 points)Some people consider that children early syntactic development were limited by the universals, so the development is based on rules, while others believe that the motivation of the early language development is from the language environment and usage. I think that it’s mainly based on the rules. The reason are as follows:1.The researchers who believe that the development is based on the rules, make a hypothesis that the children early word combination, which seems to be an easy and simple process, is actually a complex one. It is similar to the adult grammar. And it has the basic grammatical features of the target language and is controlled by the universal grammar. The universal grammar consists of the rules and parameters. The rules prescribe the basic principles for all the human language, and constraint the possible language forms. While the parameters allow the parametric variation which is based on the experience. This reflects the differences among the individuals.2.The universal grammar is considered as the innate and potential language knowledge in the mind and is the original state of language acquisition. This belief and the later research about the parameter missetting by Hyams explain the phenomenon that the early syntactic development is not necessary to obey the grammar of the target language, but it doesn’t mean that the development can change casually. Oppositely, the development os under the constraints of the universal grammar from the beginning and their language behaviors are all in the scope of the universal rules. Thus the researches based on the rules mainly discuss the syntactic structures and their growth and development under the constraints of the rules. But this thought can’t explain the irregularity and limits in the early development of the children syntactics.3. Chomsky believes that language is somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a language acquisition device(LAD),which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. According to this view, children are born with the knowledge of the basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal. This innateness hypothesis is based on the observation that some important facts can never be otherwise explained adequately. For example: 1). Children learn their native language very fast and with little effort, and 2). There are other facts that are puzzling if language is not innate.But it doesn’t mean that the usage has nothing to with the children early syntactic development.It explains the importance and key influence of the language environment, usage and the general cognitive process on the children syntactic development.So the children early syntactic development is based on both the rules and the basis of usage also have some influence on it. These two theories explains the importance and specific influence of the innate knowledge and the acquired environment on the early syntactic development.5. In what aspects does L2 Acquisition differ from L1 Acquisition? (20 points)The differences between the L2 Acquisition L1 Acquisition lie in the following 3 aspects:I. Differences in learners:1. Age: L1 learner as a child has innate capacity for learning language according to nativist theories.2.Motivation: a child had strong motivation for learning L1 to satisfy his or her basic need in communication. L2 learner motivation is much weaker.3.Linguistic knowledge: L1 learner has no previous knowledge of language while L2 leaner approaches the task already known a language, he or she potentially transfers these knowledge.4.Cultural knowledge: L1 learner acquires the cultural norms in the process of acquiring language while the L2 learner has already acquired a set of cultural values, these may enhance or hinder L2 learning.5.Fossilization: the leaner’s grammar is may fossilize. Fossilization occurs when learner’s stop learning while their internalized grammar contains rules different from those of the target system. This failure to reach native-like competence is common in SLA. It does not happen in L1.6.Nervousness about speaking: the fear of making mistakes when speaking the target language. For the L2 learners, of whom are often adolescents and adults, they are usually afraid of making mistakes because they think these mistakes will make them be laughed at by others, but L1 learners, of whom are child, will never take this into consideration.II. Differences in learning conditions:1.Free to be silent: for the L1 learners, they are allowed to be silent, but the L2 learners can’t.2.Opportunities to practice the language: for L1 learners, they have the complete exposure to talk and contact with the native speakers,while the L2 learners usually have opportunities to practice it in the classroom.3.Corrective feedback: for the L1 learners, they usually receive the correct feedback from the meaning and word choice, while for L2 learners, they usually receive the correct feedback from grammar and pronunciation.III. Differences in research styles:1.Purposes and focuses : L1 acquisition researches are always focus on the theoretical purposes and learner strategies , while the L2 acquisition researches are focus on the applied purposes and input.2.Methods: L1 researches usually apply the method of case studies, while L2 with groups of subjects.3.Settings: L1 acquisition researches are studied under the natural setting, while L2 research with the classroom setting.。
山东科技大学2012年研究生入学考试试题(801安全系统工程)
山东科技大学2012年研究生入学考试试题（801安全系统工程）一、简答题(每小题6分，共30分)1．简述系统安全的概念。
2．简述作业条件危险性评价法的思路和步骤。
3．简述事故预测的经验判别法。
4．PHA中，可以从哪几方面入手辨识危险因素？5．简述危险与可操作性研究的处理方式。
二、计算题(第1小题各15分，第2小题20分，共35分)1．某一由泵A和阀B串联组成的系统，其事件树如图1所示。
设泵A正常的概率P{A}=0.9999，阀B正常的概率P{B}=0.999，求系统失效的概率。
图12．某事故树有3个最小割集：K1={x1,x3}，K2={x2,x3 }，K3={x3,x4}。
各基本事件的发生概率分别为：q1=0.01，q2=0.02，q3=0.03，q4=0.04。
用最小割集逼近法判断顶上事件发生概率的区间。
三、问答与论述题(第1小题10分，第2小题15分，第3小题20分，共45分)1．FMEA中，如何用评点法划分故障等级？2．分析道化学公司火灾爆炸指数危险评价法的总体思路，并说明物质系数的概念和确定方法。
3．结合安全工作的实际需要，论述应如何进行安全评价的种类与方法划分；对于工程项目的不同阶段（可行性研究、工程设计、投产验收、正常生产阶段等），宜分别采用何种类型的安全评价？四、应用题(第1小题15分，第2小题25分，共40分)1．如图2所示，发射演习中，在炮位A处发射炮弹，炮弹预定落在B处。
但由于大炮外弹道有擦伤，操作人员未发现外弹道伤痕，加上对当时的风力（西南风）影响考虑不足，瞄准方向偏北，致使弹丸飞行不正常，落在预定点北侧的C点（事故点），将未进掩体的工作人员炸伤。
试用鱼刺图分析这一事故。
图22．如图3所示事故树：风向预定落点事故点16250米17200米706米炮位（1）求事故树的割集和径集数目；（2）求出最小割集或最小径集（求出二者之一即可）；（3）根据求出的最小割集或最小径集，作出其等效事故树；（4）进行结构重要度分析。
中国科学院研究生院-2012年-招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学统一考试试题-普通物理(乙)
H
四、 (共 20 分) 火箭靠向后直喷气体来获得向前的动量。已知喷射出的气体相对 于火箭的速率为常值 V ，火箭从静止开始启动，竖直向上运动，忽略重力与空气 阻力，试问： (1) 假设火箭未装燃料时质量为 2m ，装满燃料后质量为 2M ( M m )，火箭能达 到的最高速度是多少； (2) 若火箭为二级火箭，每级未装燃料时质量均为 m ，装满燃料后质量均为 M ， 在第二级点火时，第一级火箭(质量为 m )脱离，则火箭最终速度是多少。 五、 (共 20 分) 半径为 R 的球形体内均匀带电，总带电量为 Q ，求： (1) 电场强度和电势随半径的分布； (2) 如果在球内离球心 R / 2 处挖去一半径为 R / 2 的小球， 球体其余部分带电不被 改变，计算被挖去的空腔中心的电场强度。 六、 ( 共 20 分 ) 一个边长为 1.0 米的正方形回路在磁场中运动。磁感应强度
第 1 页，共 3 页
4. 一个带正电荷 Q 、质量为 M 的质点绕另一个带负电 q 、质量为 m 的固定质点 作匀速圆周运动。则这两个质点电荷间的距离与运动周期的 2/3 次方 (A) 成正比； (B) 成反比； (C) 不成比例； (D) 无关。
5. 真空中一半径为 r 的单匝圆形线圈， 通以电流 I 。 其中心处磁感应强度大小为 (A)
7. 关于温度的物理意义，以下哪个说法是错误的？ (A) 气体的温度表示每个气体分子的冷热程度； (B) 气体的温度可用来度量分子平均平动动能； (C) 气体的温度是大量气体分子热运动的集体表现，具有统计意义； (D) 平衡态物质内部分子运动的剧烈程度可由温度来反映。 8. 斯特恩-盖拉赫(Stern-Gerlach)实验与下面哪个发现密切相关。 (A) 原子的核式结构；(B) 电子的波动性；(C) 电子的自旋；(D)光的粒子性。
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2013级研究生《常用统计软件分析与应用》期末试题
姓名:学号: 成绩:
一、统计术语解释（每小题5分，共计35分）
1.总体和样本
2.方差和标准差
3.变异系数
4.同比和环比
5.描述统计和推断统计
6.标志与指标
7.统计指标
二、简答题（每小题10分，共计20分）
1.分别简述EXCEL、DPS和SPSS三大统计软件的基本功能及区别。
2.常用的统计分析方法，并对其进行解释。
三、计算与应用题（每小题15分，共计45分）
1.二次多项式回归分析
要求：（1）要有数据来源；（2）说明分析方法；（3）显著性检验；（4）变量各自的意义；（5）对结果进行分析解释。
2.多因素方差分析，并进行多重比较
要求：（1）要有数据来源；（2）说明分析方法；（3）进行多重比较；（4）对结果进行分析解释。
3.聚类分析
要求：（1）要有数据来源；（2）说明分析方法；（3）聚类图；（4）对结果进行分析解释。
注：（1）数据要结合自己的专业，并有现实意义；
（2）所完成的内容应包括：数据来源、研究方法（说明使用的软件）、结果分析等。
(3) 如有出现雷同，按0分计。