Development and Application of automobile ASC
无人驾驶汽车英语PPT课件
Urban transportation services
1 2 3
Robotaxi
Autonomous taxi service, providing efficient and safe point-to-point travel.
Autonomous Public Transport
It enables scheduled and scheduled public transportation services by driving buses or subways automatically.
• Millimeter wave radar: Utilizing electromagnetic waves in the millimeter wave band for detection, it can operate under harsh weather conditions and measure the speed and distance of objects.
01
solves the problem of "last mile" delivery in cities
through autonomous driving.
Autonomous Trucking
02
Automated long-distance freight transportation to
• Transfer learning: Transfer the knowledge learned in one task to other related tasks, accelerating model training and improving performance.
二手车出口一带一路沿线主要国家的应对建议
二手车出□一带一路沿线主要国家的应对建议蒋惠强姚榕武修英（上海机动车检测认证技术研究中心有限公司，上海201805）【摘要】发展二手车出口业务有利于给国内整个汽车行业注入新的发展活力。
一带一路沿线国家是中国车出口业务的首要目标国家。
对潜在车出口目标国家的进口要求的，对车出口业务提出建议。
/Abstract]The development of used cos expoi business is canducive i inject new develop-mentvotaeotyontothewhoeeautomoboeeondustey.Counteoesaeongonebeet，oneeoad aeethepeomaey goa of Chinas used css expoi busines s.In this papeo,based on tae analysis of the impog requirements of potentiea expoi targel countees,some suggestions on how to expand and trengthen the expoi busone s ooused aaesaeepu2ooewaed.【关键词】二手车出口一带一路doi：10.3969/j.issn.1007-4554.2021.03.040引言我国汽车产业的发展，汽车保有量&2019年底,全国汽车保有到2.6,中私家车保有量首次突破2,.到2.1亿辆&由此带来二手车交易规模持续扩,2019年交易量接近1500，交超过9000&如果我国二手车出口量能够占二车交的10%,中国车口■达到150左右，目前我国二手车出口量距离这个目标还有一&根据日等汽车发达国家或地区的经验，当汽车发展到一定成后，为本国汽车产业康发展，一鼓车出口，即满足世欠发达地区对汽车产品的需求，也可以推动国际经贸往来&发达国家车出口已有几十年的丰富经验，它们以经济为基本则，成，产业善,政策配套齐全，在有资源，具有的出口竞争&美国、日本和韩国位列车出口国家的前& 2018年的数据显示，日本车年出口量为133 ,口为61,口车总交的19%；美国车出口量为119,口为103,口车总交的2.9%；韩国车出口量为32,口为13,口车总交易量的8.5%。
摩缇马帝multimatic底盘及调教简介
Objective Testing
Multimatic’s unique multi-post rig testing and vehicle characterisation techniques offer an easily interpreted objective-based methodology for assessing a vehicle’s ride and handling performance. Using in-house developed servo-hydraulic actuators in conjunction with a proprietary controller and software suite, a vehicle’s dynamic signature can be identified. The analysis returns data on the dynamic characteristics of the vehicle’s structure, suspension and tires as well as an overall assessment of performance.
Closed-Loop Vehicle Closed-Loop Vehicle Dynamics Optimisation Dynamics Optimization
Multimatic provides development and tuning services that integrate three crucial testing and evaluation disciplines into a “Closed-Loop Vehicle Dynamics Optimisation” process.
The future of transportation Autonomous ships
The future of transportation AutonomousshipsThe future of transportation is rapidly evolving, and one area that is gaining significant attention is autonomous ships. These self-driving vessels have the potential to revolutionize the shipping industry, offering numerous benefits such as increased efficiency, reduced costs, and improved safety. However, there are also concerns and challenges that need to be addressed before autonomous ships become a common sight on our oceans. From an efficiency standpoint, autonomous ships have the potential to revolutionize the shipping industry. These vessels can operate 24/7 without the need for crew rest, resulting in faster delivery times and increased productivity. With advanced sensors and artificial intelligence, autonomous ships can navigate more efficiently, optimizing fuel consumption and reducing emissions. This not only benefits shipping companies by reducing costs but also has a positive impact on the environment by reducing carbon footprint. In terms of safety, autonomous ships have the potential to greatly improve maritime transportation. The majority of accidents at sea are caused by human error, and by removing the human element, the risk of accidents can besignificantly reduced. Autonomous ships are equipped with advanced collision avoidance systems and can respond to potential dangers much faster than a human crew. Additionally, these vessels can be remotely monitored and controlled, allowing for immediate intervention in case of emergencies. However, there are concerns surrounding the implementation of autonomous ships. One of the main concerns is the potential job displacement of seafarers. With autonomous ships, the need for a large crew is eliminated, leading to job losses in the maritime industry. This is a valid concern, and it is crucial that measures are put in place to ensure a smooth transition for workers. Training programs and job opportunities in other sectors should be provided to help seafarers adapt to the changing landscape. Another concern is the potential for cyber-attacks on autonomous ships. As these vessels rely heavily on technology and connectivity, they become vulnerable to hacking and other cyber threats. A successful attack on an autonomous ship could have catastrophic consequences, leading to accidents,environmental damage, and even loss of life. Therefore, it is essential that robust cybersecurity measures are in place to protect these vessels from such threats. Furthermore, the legal and regulatory framework surrounding autonomous ships needs to be developed. There are currently no international regulations specifically addressing autonomous ships, and this lack of clarity poses challenges for the industry. Issues such as liability in case of accidents, insurance coverage, and compliance with international maritime laws need to be addressed to ensure the safe and efficient operation of autonomous ships. Despite these challenges, the future of autonomous ships looks promising. The potential benefits in terms of efficiency, safety, and environmental impact are too significant to ignore. With proper planning, regulation, and investment in technology, autonomous ships can become a reality in the near future. It iscrucial to involve all stakeholders, including shipping companies, seafarers, regulators, and technology providers, in the decision-making process to ensure a smooth transition to this new era of maritime transportation. In conclusion, autonomous ships have the potential to revolutionize the shipping industry, offering increased efficiency, improved safety, and reduced environmental impact. However, there are challenges that need to be addressed, such as job displacement, cybersecurity threats, and the development of a legal and regulatory framework. With proper planning and collaboration, these challenges can be overcome, and autonomous ships can become a common sight on our oceans, ushering in a new era of transportation. It is an exciting prospect that holds the promise of a more efficient, safer, and sustainable future for maritime transportation.。
美国政府《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》解读与探讨
25美国政府《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》解读与探讨Interpreting and discussing for the Federal Automated Vehicles Policy摘要│自动驾驶汽车是当前最热门的技术，制定相应的发展政策也受到政府、企业、消费者等相关各方的关注。
本文介绍了美国政府发布的全球首个无人驾驶汽车政策文件——《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》，其内容包括：政策目的、自动驾驶等级定义，政策组成包括了自动驾驶汽车性能指南、统一的州政策、现行国家公路交通安全管理局监管法规工具、将来可采用的新监管工具，以及政策下一步工作。
总结了政策成果，包括将安全监管作为核心，鼓励创新、建立规范的决策程序，以及政策困难。
认为美国的政策相关内容值得中国不断地跟踪分析。
关键词│美国、政策、法规、自动驾驶汽车、无人驾驶汽车文章编号│2096-255X（2018）01—0025—06中图分类号│T-013/017 文献标识码│AAbstract │The automated vehicles are the most popular technical field and the related development policies are concerned by governments, businesses, consumers and stakeholders widely. The paper introduced United States Government issued the world's first self-driving car policy——“Federal Automated Vehicles Policy”，including the policy objectives and Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-Road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems. Components of the Policy include “Vehicle Performance Guidance for Automated Vehicles”, Model State Policy, Current Regulatory Tools and Modern Regulatory Tools, and next steps of the Policy. Summarizes the results of policy, including safety regulating as a core, prompting innovation, establishing the normal rule-making procedures and policy difficulties. The paper deems the content related to the Policy is worth continuing to track and analyze.Keywords │United States, policy, regulation, Automated Vehicle, State、self-driving car文/陈燕申1 陈思凯2 （1中国城市规划设计研究院 研究员，北京 100037； 2美国普渡大学（西拉法叶）工程学院博士研究生）Yanshen Chen Sikai Chen0 引言美国交通运输部（DOT）于2016年9月20日公布了全球首个无人驾驶汽车（self-driving cars）政策文件《联邦自动驾驶汽车政策》（Federal Automated Vehicles Policy，简称《政策》）[1]。
沃尔沃英文缩写含义清单-20150604
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Advanced Manufacturing Engineering After Market Executive Committee W ork Environment Committee After Market Program After Market Pre-Program Engineering Application Management Services Advanced Manufacturing Technology and Development Active Noise Cancellation Analysis Of Means Analysis Of Variation Alarm Notification System American National Standards Institute Automotive Network Exchange Application Owner Active On-demand Coupling A.Attribute utomotivePrototype Occupancy Sensor Process 3. Accelerator 1 2. Annual Pedal Availability Performance Data Automotive Performance Execution & Layout Study Assessment for Prior Experience & Learning Arizona Proving Ground Application Program Interface Availability Performance Program Advanced Product Quality Planning Annual Percentage Rate Affordable Personel Structure Accepted Quality Level Air Quality Sensor Application Ready Architecture Review Board Analytical Road Loads Accelerated Revitalization Management Assembly Receive Order 1. Application Recovery Plan 2. Abrasive Resistant Paint Advanced Research Projects Agency 1. Active Rear Steering 2. Active Roll Stabilization 1. Automatic Synchronizer 2. Automatic System After Sales Analysis As Soon As Possible 1.Adaptive Steering Column 2. Active Short Cut Air Bag System Diagnostic Module Automotive Safety Engineering Standards Office Application Specified Integrated Circuit A Safety Integrity Level 1.utomotive Automative Strategy Meeting 2. Active Safety Management Advanced Shipping Notice Active Server Pages Attribute Status Report Assembly Active Safety Test Arena American Society for Testing And Material Automatic Transmission Answers To All Car Questions Automatic Temperature Control Automatic Transmission Engineering Office Advanced Technical Information 1.Antenna Module 2. Antenna Tuner Module Affordable Target Process
开发电动汽车英语作文
开发电动汽车英语作文The Future of Mobility: Developing Electric VehiclesThe transportation sector is undergoing a significant transformation, driven by the growing need to address the environmental and sustainability challenges posed by traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. As the world becomes increasingly conscious of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and the depletion of fossil fuels, the development of electric vehicles (EVs) has emerged as a promising solution to revolutionize the way we move.Electric vehicles, powered by rechargeable battery packs and electric motors, offer a clean and efficient alternative to their gasoline-powered counterparts. The advantages of EVs are numerous and far-reaching, making them a crucial component in the pursuit of a sustainable future.One of the primary benefits of electric vehicles is their environmental impact. Traditional internal combustion engines are responsible for a significant portion of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributingto climate change and air pollution. Electric vehicles, on the other hand, produce zero direct emissions, making them a much cleaner mode of transportation. By reducing the reliance on fossil fuels, EVs can help mitigate the environmental damage caused by the transportation sector and play a vital role in the transition towards a more sustainable future.In addition to their environmental benefits, electric vehicles also offer significant cost savings for consumers. While the initial purchase price of an EV may be higher than a traditional gasoline-powered vehicle, the long-term operational costs are significantly lower. Electricity is generally less expensive than gasoline, and the maintenance requirements for electric vehicles are typically lower due to the simplicity of their powertrain. Furthermore, many governments around the world offer various incentives and subsidies to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles, further reducing the financial burden on consumers.The development of electric vehicles also presents an opportunity to revolutionize the way we think about transportation. Unlike traditional vehicles, EVs can be integrated into a smart grid, allowing for bidirectional energy flow. This means that electric vehicles can not only draw power from the grid to charge their batteries but also potentially feed energy back into the grid, providing a valuable resource for load balancing and energy storage. This integration withthe smart grid can help to improve the overall efficiency and stability of the electrical infrastructure, paving the way for a more sustainable and resilient energy system.Furthermore, the rise of electric vehicles has spurred the development of advanced battery technologies. Lithium-ion batteries, the primary energy storage solution for EVs, have undergone significant improvements in terms of energy density, charging speed, and overall performance. As research and development in battery technology continues to advance, the range and capabilities of electric vehicles are expected to improve, making them more practical and appealing for a wider range of consumers.The development of electric vehicles is also driving innovation in the automotive industry. Automakers are investing heavily in the research and development of EV technologies, leading to the introduction of a growing number of electric models across various vehicle segments. This competition and innovation are driving down the costs of electric vehicles, making them more accessible to a broader consumer base.Moreover, the development of electric vehicles is closely linked to the advancement of autonomous driving technology. Many of the same sensors and computing power required for autonomous driving are also essential for the efficient operation of electricvehicles. As these technologies converge, the potential for a future of fully autonomous, electric transportation becomes increasingly within reach.However, the widespread adoption of electric vehicles is not without its challenges. One of the primary obstacles is the availability and accessibility of charging infrastructure. While the number of public charging stations has been steadily increasing, the lack of a comprehensive and reliable charging network can still be a deterrent for some consumers. Addressing this issue will require significant investment and coordination between governments, automakers, and energy providers to ensure that the charging infrastructure can keep pace with the growing EV market.Another challenge is the need to address the environmental impact of the manufacturing and disposal of electric vehicles. While EVs themselves are environmentally friendly during operation, the production of the vehicles and their batteries can have a significant carbon footprint. Efforts are being made to address this issue, such as the development of more sustainable manufacturing processes and the recycling of battery materials.Despite these challenges, the development of electric vehicles remains a crucial step in the transition towards a more sustainable transportation future. As governments, automakers, and consumerscontinue to embrace the benefits of electric mobility, the future of transportation is poised to undergo a profound transformation.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles represents a pivotal moment in the history of transportation. By addressing the environmental, economic, and technological challenges posed by traditional internal combustion engine vehicles, the rise of EVs holds the promise of a cleaner, more efficient, and more sustainable future for mobility. As the world continues to grapple with the pressing issues of climate change and resource depletion, the development of electric vehicles stands as a testament to the power of innovation and collective action in shaping a better tomorrow.。
汽车发展现状及未来趋势分析英文
汽车发展现状及未来趋势分析英文The Current Status and Future Trends of Automotive DevelopmentThe automotive industry has witnessed significant growth and transformation over the past few decades. The development of new technologies, changing consumer preferences, and environmental concerns have all played a crucial role in shaping the current status of the automotive industry. This article aims to provide an analysis of the current state of the automotive industry and explore future trends that are likely to emerge.Firstly, let us examine the current status of the automotive industry. The industry is experiencing a shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving technologies. With advancements in battery technology and increased government support for sustainable transportation, EVs have gained significant traction and are expected to dominate the market in the near future. This shift towards EVs is driven by the need to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. Major automakers have responded by investing heavily in the development and production of electric vehicles. This transition is expected to continue in the coming years, with more countries implementing stricter emissions regulations and providing incentives for EV adoption.Another significant trend in the automotive industry is the rise of autonomous driving technologies. Companies such as Tesla, Waymo, and Uber have made significant strides in developing self-driving cars and are actively testing them on public roads. The potential benefits of autonomous driving, such as increased safety, improved traffic flow, and reduced congestion, have prompted both traditional automakers and tech companies to invest heavily in this area. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as ensuring the safety and reliability of these systems, as well as addressing regulatory and legal concerns.In addition to electric vehicles and autonomous driving technologies, the automotive industry is also focusing on connectivity and digitization. The integration of advanced infotainment systems, smart sensors, and connectivity features in vehicles has become a key area of development. The emergence of 5G technology is expected to further enhancevehicle connectivity and enable seamless communication between vehicles, infrastructure, and other devices. This connectivity will not only improve the driving experience but also enable a wide range of services such as real-time traffic updates, remote vehicle diagnostics, and vehicle-to-vehicle communication.Moreover, the automotive industry is witnessing a shift towards mobility services and shared mobility. The rise of ride-hailing companies like Uber and Lyft has disrupted the traditional car ownership model, especially among younger consumers who prefer access to mobility rather than owning a vehicle. As a result, automakers are exploring new business models such as car-sharing, subscription-based services, and mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) platforms. These developments are driven by changing consumer preferences, increased urbanization, and the need for sustainable transportation options.Looking ahead, there are several key trends that are likely to shape the future of the automotive industry. One of these is the continued advancement of electric vehicles. As battery technology improves and the cost of EVs decreases, electric vehicles are expected to become more affordable and widely adopted. The development of solid-state batteries and other breakthroughs in energy storage could also extend the range and charging capabilities of EVs, further boosting their popularity.Another important trend is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in vehicles.AI-powered systems can enhance driver assistance features, improve the performance and efficiency of autonomous vehicles, and enable personalized in-car experiences. The integration of AI algorithms in vehicle design and manufacturing processes can also improve efficiency and reduce costs.Furthermore, the push towards sustainability and environmental consciousness will drive the development and adoption of alternative fuels such as hydrogen fuel cells and biofuels. These technologies have the potential to significantly reduce carbon emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Governments and industry players are investing in research and development to make these alternative fuels more commercially viable.In conclusion, the automotive industry is undergoing a major transformation driven by the adoption of electric vehicles, autonomous driving technologies, connectivity, andshifting consumer preferences. The future of the industry will be characterized by sustainable transportation options, increased vehicle connectivity, and the continued advancement of electric and autonomous vehicles. As the industry adapts to these changes, it is crucial for automakers to embrace innovation, collaborate with technology companies, and focus on creating safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly vehicles. By doing so, the automotive industry can shape a sustainable and exciting future.。
汽车产品禁用、限用物质细则2012版
Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (GADSL)1. GADSL ObjectivesMajor objectives of automotive product development include continuous improvements in quality, safety, and the reduction of environmental impact throughout vehicle life cycle. As much as possible, these objectives should be achieved in an efficient, cost effective way to optimize consumer value. A large number of construction, operational and processing materials are used in the automotive manufacturing chain, and their selection and proper use can have significant impact on these objectives.To meet these objectives, an ongoing dialogue and information flow within the global automotive supply chain, including automobile manufacturers, tier suppliers and material suppliers has been established, called the Global Automotive Stakeholder Group (GASG). Early information and dialogue up and down the supply chain will help facilitate compliance with current and future regulations, as well as take into account customer requirements to ensure sustainable products. Optimized handling of relevant information flow can help automobile manufacturers meet existing and projected reporting requirements in a consistent, understandable and efficient way.The GASG organization consists of three regions, Americas, Europe/Africa/Middle East, and Asia/Pacific. Regional membership and participation is open to all stakeholders in the automotive supply chain. Each of the three regions nominates six members to sit on the governing body of the GASG, called the Steering Committee (SC). The SC meets annually or more at its prerogative to decide on the GADSL and to provide a transparent and open process for decision making.The product of the GASG dialogue is the Global Automotive Declarable Substance List (GADSL). The GADSL covers declaration of certain information about substances relevant to parts and materials supplied by the supply chain to automobile manufacturers. The information is applicable to the use of these parts or materials in the production of a vehicle up to its usage and relevant to the vehicle’s re-use or waste disposal.Revision Date Revision Comment2012-02-01 2012 update of the substance list according to agreed dossiers. 2012 updatesare highlighted in gray.The intent of GADSL is to become the company specific list for declaration of parts composition within the automotive industry. It provides a definitive list of substances requiring declaration with the target to minimize individual requirements and ensure cost-effective management of declaration practice along the complex supply chain. The scope is to cover declarable substances in the flow of information relevant to parts and materials supplied throughout the automotive value chain, from production to the end of life phase. The GADSL only covers substances that are expected to be present in a material or part that remains in the vehicle or part at point of sale.This approach is a voluntary industry initiative designed to ensure integrated, responsible and sustainable product development by automobile manufacturers and their supply chain. Its purpose is to minimize individual requirements and ensure cost-effective management of declaration practice along the large and complex global supply chain.2.Application of the GADSLThe use of certain substances in vehicle parts may be a risk factor to human health and the environment. Information exchange along the vehicle supply chain helps manage those potential risks while also meeting customer requirements. The GADSL is used to enhance further dialogue and cooperation along the supply chain on the benefits and potential risks of certain substances or groups of substances in a specified use within vehicle parts/materials. Declaration of a substance does not mean, however, that the substance is prohibited from being used in vehicle parts or is to be de-selected from use. Any declaration process using the GADSL must respect the framework formulated in this preface.DefinitionsSubstances Chemical elements or chemical compounds as parts of materials or preparationsPreparations Mixtures, composed of two or more substancesMaterials Chemical elements, chemical compounds or preparations thereof in finished state used to manufacture products/articlesProducts/articles Materials, which have been transformed during production to take a specific shape, surface or form, which has a greater influence ontheir function than their chemical composition does.Parts Single components made up of one or more homogenous material(s)Criteria for Declarable SubstancesThe decision to list a substance on the GADSL is based on the following criteria: •The substance should be expected to be present in a material or part in the vehicle.Either of the following conditions should apply:The substance is regulated1, or is projected to be regulated by a governmental agency or authority, orIt is demonstrated, by testing under OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development) guidelines for testing chemicals, conducted under Good Laboratory Practice (according to the OECD Principles on Good Laboratory Practice as revised in 1997), that the substance may be associated with a significant hazard to human health and/or the environment, and its presence in a material or part in a vehicle may create a significant risk to human health and/or the environment. Other scientifically valid methodology, based on the weight of evidence, may also be considered.• A substance that causes a functional problem in vehicle design may be included if its presence in a vehicle part exceeds a level shown to be problematic by an international industry standard test2.•Reportable threshold levels will be based on the lowest level required by regulation or reasonably required by scientific evaluation.Declarable Substance ClassificationA reportable substance when present in a material or part in a vehicle will be shown on the GADSL with a classification of “P” or “D”, defined as follows:Depending on its specific application, the same substance could be classified “P” in one end use, and “D” in another end use. When this is the case, both classifications for the substance will be shown on the GADSL with examples under the application column. Declaration thresholds are defined by specific application of the substance in automotive parts. Any reportable substance below the declaration level does not have to be reported. These levels, unless otherwise indicated, are 0.1 g/100g (weight %) of non-separable, homogeneous materials, not on the total content in the component or assembly.P = ProhibitedA substance designated “P” is either prohibited by regulation for use in certain applications or may not exceed regulated threshold limits.1Due to potential effects on human health or the environment related to the Automotive industry2Examples would be emissions, like odor testing or fogging. Currently there are numerous tests. Development of a quantitative industry standard test would reduce resource requirement and uncertainty for the supply chain.D = DeclarableA substance designated “D” must be declared if it exceeds the defined threshold limits.Reason CodesReason codes have been developed to explain why a substance has been included in the GADSL. Each declarable substance will be listed with one of the following reason codes to facilitate dialog within the supply chain:LR = Legally RegulatedA substance legally regulated because its use in a vehicle part or material poses a significant risk to health and or the environment.FA = For AssessmentA substance projected to be regulated by government agencies, upon decision by the GASG Steering Committee.FI = For InformationA substance tracked for information purposes only, upon decision by the GASG Steering Committee. After discussion at the GASG Steering Committee and on an exceptional basis, an automobile manufacturer may include an individual substance or family of substances on the list under this (FI) reason code.LR, FA and FI substances should not be construed to mean that the substance is prohibited from being used in a vehicle part, or is to be de-selected from use.Substance families: If all members of a substance family are “D” or “P” the entry “All members” is listed after the family name. The entry “substance name, selected” means: This substance family refers to a limited list of single substances, which meet the criteria for being declarable or prohibited.In certain cases substance families have the classification "D, except". This means that all substances within that family are declarable except those that are listed directly below labeled with "P" (e.g. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers).CAS numbers for individual substances of a chemical family or group on the GADSL are listed in the Reference List which is part of GADSL. This list is available on the GADSL website. A 2006 priority of the GASG will be to review individual substances identified by CAS numbers on the reference list against GADSL criteria. The sole purpose of this reference list is to facilitate communication and declaration relating to the GADSL within the automotive supply chain to the automobile manufacturers.3. GADSL ValidityThe valid GADSL will be the current English version on . The content of the GADSL and its application does not relieve parties in the supply chain from obligation to comply with all existing relevant regional and national regulations in their business to business dealings.4. Change Management ProcessThe GADSL will be updated and published annually in February according to improved knowledge in order to achieve a high standard of product safety and environment protection. At the latest 12 months after the publication date, any declaration should be performed according to this updated version.Requested changes to the GADSL must be received by July 15 each year in order to be considered for the next version. For this input, comments and questions please contact one of the persons listed on the GADSL website.5. Listed substancesThe table on the following pages shows the substances that are covered by the GADSL. Any substance name that has "all members" after the name is to be considered as a group name covering several individual substances. Every attempt has been made to include a complete list of the members of the family. For a listing of those potentially individual relevant substances, please refer to the "Reference List" that can be found on the GADSL website.Any substance where the substance name is followed by the word “selected” means that the list in the reference list will not be a complete listing but will show only those members that are to be reported, whether they are classified as “P” or “D.”6. Use of GADSLGADSL was created by GASG. GADSL is intended to be a public document, freely available to third parties. GADSL may be duplicated or reproduced without the express permission of GASG. Companies and trade associations along the automotive value chain are free to communicate GADSL and any updates thereto. GASG and its members assume no liability whatsoever for GADSL, its content or any reliance on GADSL. Please note that this document is constantly evolving and is updated every year in February.7. Abbreviations UsedEU-D European Union Directive including amendment and adaptation directives:(EC) No. 552/2009:Directive on the approximation of the laws,regulations and administrative provisions of the Member Statesrelating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certaindangerous substances and preparationsEU-D 2000/53/EC: Directive on end-of life vehiclesEU-R EU Regulation including amendment and adaptation regulations: (EC) No. 1005/2009: Regulation of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 16 September 2009 on substances that deplete theozone layer (Text with EEA relevance)(EC) No. 1272/2008:Directive on the approximation of laws,regulations and administrative provisions relating to theclassification, packaging and labeling of preparations made fromdangerous substancesUS-EPA US-EPA Regulations on Class 1 and Class 2 Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Under section 602 of the Clean Air Act,published on January 19, 1996 in the U.S. Federal Register2012 GADSL Version 1.0Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 7 of 44CAS-No.fication code Applicationrequirements regulations) Generic examples stated otherwise)1 Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 D FI Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Emitted substance from polymer components 2Acetamide60-35-5DFIReg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Solvent additive, stabilizer for softening agents3 Acetamide, N-Methyl- 79-16-3 D FI Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008, Classified as toxic to reproductionclass 2 Present in capacitors, used in automobileparts4 Acetonitrile 75-05-8 D FI Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Component in high-capacity capacitors 5Acrylamide79-06-1DFIReg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Production of polyacrylamide (residual monomer)6 Acrylonitrile 107-13-1 D FI Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Production of plastics,resins and rubbers e.g. ABS (residualmonomer)7Amines, carcinogenic, which are formed from Azo-dyes, selectedP LR Reg. (EC) No 552/2009In dyes for textiles etc.30 ppm2012 GADSL Version 1.0Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 8 of 44CAS-No.fication codeApplicationrequirements regulations) Generic examplesstated otherwise)8Amines, which can form carcinogenic Nitrosamines, selectedD FILegally regulated according togerman TRGS 615. Limit for allsecondary Amines in volatile corrosion inhibitors, whichcan form carcinogenic Nitrosamines. Volatile corrosion inhibitors include papers, plastic filmsand oils. Polyurethane foams,corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, rubber,colorants, herbicides94-Aminobiphenyl and its salts, all membersP LRReg. (EC) No 1272/2008,carcinogen class 2 Reg. (EC) No 552/2009 0,01%10 Ammonium Perchlorate7790-98-9D FI Reg. (EC) No1272/2008Dir. 2007/23/ECPyrotechnicalcompound11Aniline and its salts, all membersDFIReg. (EC) No1272/2008Pigments,sulfonamides,isocyanate - plastics 0,1%112Antimonytrioxide (Diantimonytrioxide)1309-64-4 D FIReg. (EC) No1272/2008Flame retardant for plastics andrubber/latex,opacifier, friction material component1Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()2012 GADSL Version 1.0Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 9 of 44CAS-No.fication codeApplicationrequirements regulations) Generic examplesstated otherwise) 139,10-Anthracenedione, 1-[(5,7-dichloro-1,9-dihydro-2-methyl-9-oxopyrazolo[5,1-b]quinazolin-3-yl)azo]-(Pigment Red 251)74336-60-0 D FI Reg. (EC) No 1272/20080.1%, Reportany intentionally added content. No testing required.14 Aromatic amines, selected D FIReg. (EC) No 1272/2008Impurities in textile and leather paints, antioxidants in lubricants,rubber/latex, plastics 0,1%15Arsenic and its compounds, all membersD FAReg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Reg. (EC) No 552/2009Paints, smelted materials, biocides (including wood treatment), leather and textile finishes, glasses, pyrotechnic objects, metalfinishes, electronics0.01% (unless present in metals & alloys,then the declaration limit is 0,05%).116 Asbestos Fibres, all members P LRReg. (EC) No 552/2009 Definition of asbestos fiber for counting purposeby OSHA in 1992； Particle with a length >5 µm, a diameter of <3µm and aspect ratio(length ：width)>3：1Friction pads, gaskets, insulations Any intentionally added content1Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()2012 GADSL Version 1.0Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 10 of 44CAS-No.fication codeApplicationrequirements regulations)Generic examplesstated otherwise) Asbestos Minerals, all members D, except FIPotential to form Asbetos fibres (see entry Asbestos fibres) Friction pads, gaskets, insulations Any intentionally added content17Chrysotile 132207-32-0 P LRREACH Annex XVII (COMMISSIONREGULATION (EC) No 552/2009)18Barium compounds (organic or water soluble), selectedD FI Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Colour pigments, stabilizers for PVC, lubricant additives1%119 Benzidine and its salts, all members P LR Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008, carcinogen class 2 Reg. (EC) No 552/2009 Canadain Toxic Substances Regulation 20050.01%, see details for Canada specific20 Benzene 71-43-2 P LRAllapplications except those listed below Reg. (EC) No 552/2009Fuel constituent, raw material/contaminant in other chemicals 0,01%20.1 D FAAdditive in Fuels0,1%1Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()Substance CAS-No. Benzenamine, N-phenyl-, reaction products with styrene and 2,4,4trimethylpenteneClassificationReason codeApplication2168921-45-9DFI221,4-Benzenediamine, N,N’ -mixed phenyl and tolyl derivs68953-84-4DFI232-Benzothiazolesulphenamide, N, Ndicyclohexyl-4979-32-2DFISource (Legal requirements regulations) Canada Gazette Vol. 140, No. 49 December 9, 2006 (Canadian Challenge). The Canadian Challenge is regulated under the Part 5, Section 71, of the Canadian Environmental Protection Ac t, 1999 (CEPA, 1999). Canada Gazette Vol. 140, No. 49 December 9, 2006 (Canadian Challenge). The Canadian Challenge is regulated under the Part 5, Section 71, of the Canadian Environmental Protection Ac t, 1999 (CEPA, 1999). Japan (Chemical Substances control Law) Type I Monitoring Chemical SubstanceGeneric examplesThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise)0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required.0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required.Any intentionally added content must be reported2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 11 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplicationSource (Legal requirements regulations) Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008Generic examples Electric contacts, relays and switches; electronics Biocidal and biostatic treatments of polymers, textiles, and other components susceptible to microbiological attack (e.g. mobile air conditioning systems) surface treatment of vulcanized rubber to increase adhesion, and in the manufacture of flame-retardant fabrics (ATSDR 1989).Threshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise) 0,1%124Beryllium and its compounds, all membersDFI25Biocidal coatings / biocidal additives, selectedDFADir. 2003/2032/ECAny intentionally added content26Bis(chloromethyl) ether (BCME)542-88-1PLRProhibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations, 2005 (SOR/SOR/200541. Published in Canada Gazette Part II, 2006-11-29 Vol. 140, No. 24Any intentionally added content27Boric acid/Orthoboric acid11113-50-1 10043-35-3DFAREACH Annex XIVPanels, Absorbers1Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 12 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplicationSource (Legal requirements regulations)Generic examples Manufacturing of synthetic rubber for tires, as homopolymerisate (BR), as copolymerisate with Styrene (SBR) or Acrylonitrile (NR), starting product of Sulfolane, Chloroprene, Hexadiamine, softeners, Tetrahydrophthalic acid anhydride, residual monomer in ABS Surface protection of metals, stabilizers in polymers, pigments, in paints and plastics, electronicsThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise)28Butadiene , 1,3-106-99-0DFIReg. (EC) No 1272/200829Cadmium and its compounds, all membersPLRAll applications except those listed below. Valid exemptions according to current ELV Annex IIDir. 2000/53/EC Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Reg. (EC) No 552/20090,01%, Any intentionally added content must be 1 reported.29.1DLR30Chlorinated hydrocarbons, selected 1,1,1 Trichloroethane Tetrachloromethane (Tetrachlorocarbon) 71-55-6 56-23-5D, except P PFA LR LRReg. (EC) No. 1272/2008 Reg (EC) No 2037/2000 Montreal ProtocolLeather, paints, rubbers, adhesives1Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 13 of 44Substance CAS-No.Classification PReason code LRApplicationSource (Legal requirements regulations) ChemVerbotsVGeneric examples31Chlorinated or brominated Dibenzo-pdioxins or Dibenzofurans, all membersChlorinated Paraffins, Short & Medium Chain Length (SCCP, MCCP), all members Note that the use of specific CAS numbers for these substances differs throughout the world. Example CAS numbers are provided below; however, other CAS numbers may be used that are not specific to chain length. Therefore, please consult your MSDS and supplier to determine productspecific chain length. Short Chained Chlorinated paraffines (SCCP) Medium Chained Chlorinated paraffines (MCCP)Impurities in productsThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise) Content above 10 ppb32D/PFlame retarding substances1%32.1 32.2P DLR FIReg. (EC) No. 552/2009 UK DEFRA Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations, 2005 (SOR/SOR/200541. Published in Canada Gazette Part II, 2006-11-29 Vol. 140, No. 25 Reg. (EC) No 1005/2009; Montreal Protocol; US EPA Class 1 ODS surface treatment of vulcanized rubber to increase adhesion, and in the manufacture of flame-retardant fabrics (ATSDR 1989). Coolants, propellants, cleaners,solvents, impregnating agents, blowing agents (PU production)33Chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME)107-30-2PLRAny intentionally added content34Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFC) and other Ozone depleting substances, all membersPLR2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 14 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplicationSource (Legal requirements regulations)Generic examples Chromium pigments, chromated surfaces e.g. "Chromium Yellow", corrosion inhibitors, residues from dying and leather tanning.Threshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise) 0,1%, Any intentionally added content must be 1 reported.35Chromium(VI)-salts, all membersPLRAll applications except those listed below. Valid exemptions according to current ELV Annex II Cobalt compounds and alloys, excluding cobalt in steelsReg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Dir. 2000/53/EC35.1DLRDir. 2008/689/EC36Cobalt and its compounds, all membersDFIReg. (EC) No 1272/2008Hard metals, galvanic Zn-Co-plating, element in metals0,1%237Colophony (Rosin), selectedDFIACGIH Worldwide Documentation of the TLVs and BEIs with other Worldwide Occupational Exposure Values; 2003.Solders, adhesives, sealants1 2Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. () Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 15 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplication38Copper (metallic)7440-50-8DFIDispersive applications (Brake and Friction linings)39Cyclododecane, hexabromo(HBCD) Cyclohexane25637-99-4DFISource (Legal requirements regulations) No current regulations but substance of concern in dispersive friction material applications due to environmental impact potential; could be subject to future regulation EU risk assessmentGeneric examplesThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise)Alloys, Wiring, Friction linings, ElectronicsFlame retardant Neoprene based adhesives. Nonwoven fabrics, tyres and sealings.40110-82-7DFA412-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl-78-59-1DFIReg. (EC) No 552/2009 Canada Gazette Vol. 140, No. 49 December 9, 2006 (Canadian Challenge). The Canadian Challenge is regulated under the Part 5, Section 71, of the Canadian Environmental Protection Ac t, 1999 (CEPA, 1999).0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required.2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 16 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplication42Cyclopentasiloxane, decamethyl-541-02-6DFI43Cyclotetrasiloxane, heptamethylphenyl-10448-09-6DFISource (Legal requirements regulations) Canada Gazette Vol. 140, No. 49 December 9, 2006 (Canadian Challenge). The Canadian Challenge is regulated under the Part 5, Section 71, of the Canadian Environmental Protection Ac t, 1999 (CEPA, 1999). Canada Gazette Vol. 140, No. 49 December 9, 2006 (Canadian Challenge). The Canadian Challenge is regulated under the Part 5, Section 71, of the Canadian Environmental Protection Ac t, 1999 (CEPA, 1999).Generic examplesThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise)0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required.0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required.2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 17 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplication44Cyclotetrasiloxane, octamethyl-556-67-2DFI45Decanedioic acid, bis(1,2,2,6,6pentamethyl-4-piperidinyl)ester41556-26-7DFISource (Legal requirements regulations) Canada Gazette Vol. 140, No. 49 December 9, 2006 (Canadian Challenge). The Canadian Challenge is regulated under the Part 5, Section 71, of the Canadian Environmental Protection Ac t, 1999 (CEPA, 1999). Canadian Priority List in 2008, and Producers, importers and related industry in Canada have to submit information on production or import amount. Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008Generic examplesThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise)0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required.0.1%, Report any intentionally added content. No testing required. Preliminary and intermediate product of resins, adhesives, dyes, curing agent, accelerator. Solvent for antiwrinkle agents and flame retardants in textiles, and in the production of epoxy resins46Diamino-diphenyl-methane (4,4 -Diaminodiphenylmethane)101-77-9PLR47Dichloropropanol (1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol)96-23-1DFIReg. (EC) No 1272/20082012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 18 of 44Substance CAS-No.ClassificationReason codeApplication48Dimethylformamide (N,NDimethylformamide)68-12-2DFIDiorganotin compounds, Selected 49 Dibutyltin Compounds, All members Dioctyltin Compounds, All members 50 Disodiumtetraborates, selectedD D D DFI FI FI FASource (Legal requirements regulations) Reg. (EC) No 1907/2006 Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008 Dir 91/689/EC Reg. (EC) No. 1272/2008 Reg. (EC) No 1907/2006 Reg. (EC) No 1907/2006 REACH Annex XIV Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations, 2005 (SOR/SOR/200541. Published in Canada Gazette Part II, 2006-11-29 Vol. 140, No. 24 Reg. (EC) No 1272/2008Generic examplesThreshold (0,1% if not stated otherwise)Stabilizer for polymers0,1%151Dodecachloropentacyclo 1, 3, 4Metheno-1H-cyclobuta(cd)pentalene, Mirex2385-85-5PLR52Epichlorohydrin (1-Chloro-2,3-epoxy-propane)106-89-8DFIspring steel wire, ditch molding Flame retardant in plastics, rubber, paint, paper, and electrical goods from 1959 to 1972. Mirex was sold as a flame retardant under the trade name Dechlorane, and chlordecone was also known as Kepone. Residual monomers in epoxy resinsAny intentionally added content1Calculated according to 4.3.1 of the GADSL guidance document. ()2012 GADSL Version 1.0 Only valid with the GADSL-prefacePage 19 of 44。
未来城市是否使用自动驾驶汽车英文作文
未来城市是否使用自动驾驶汽车英文作文The Use of Autonomous Vehicles in Future CitiesWith the rapid development of technology, autonomous vehicles have become a hot topic in the transportation industry. Many believe that self-driving cars will revolutionize the way we travel and ultimately change the landscape of future cities. However, there are also concerns about the safety, reliability, and practicality of autonomous vehicles. In this essay, we will explore the pros and cons of using self-driving cars in future cities.One of the main advantages of autonomous vehicles is the potential to reduce accidents and fatalities on the road. According to the World Health Organization, road traffic injuries are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and most of these accidents are caused by human error. Self-driving cars are equipped with advanced sensors and algorithms that allow them to detect and respond to their surroundings much faster than humans. This technology has the potential to significantly reduce the number of accidents and save thousands of lives each year.In addition to safety benefits, autonomous vehicles can also improve the efficiency of transportation systems in cities.Self-driving cars can communicate with each other and withtraffic signals to optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize travel times. This can help to alleviate the traffic gridlock that plagues many cities and improve the overall quality of life for residents. Furthermore, autonomous vehicles can provide a more convenient and accessible transportation option for people with disabilities or limited mobility.Another advantage of autonomous vehicles is their potential to reduce the environmental impact of transportation.Self-driving cars are typically electric or hybrid vehicles, which produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline-powered cars. By promoting the use of autonomous electric vehicles, cities can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to global efforts to combat climate change. In addition, self-driving cars can be programmed to drive more efficiently, which can further reduce fuel consumption and emissions.Despite these benefits, there are also challenges and concerns associated with the use of autonomous vehicles in future cities. One of the main concerns is the reliability and safety of self-driving cars. While autonomous vehicles have the potential to reduce accidents, there have been reports ofself-driving cars getting into accidents due to software glitchesand sensor failures. Furthermore, there are ethical dilemmas surrounding the programming of autonomous vehicles, such as how they should prioritize different types of accidents or make decisions in emergency situations.Another challenge is the potential impact of autonomous vehicles on the job market. The widespread adoption ofself-driving cars could lead to job losses in the transportation industry, particularly for truck drivers, taxi drivers, and delivery drivers. This could have significant economic implications and create social unrest as workers are displaced by automation. Policymakers will need to consider how to retrain affected workers and mitigate the social impacts of automation.In conclusion, the use of autonomous vehicles in future cities has the potential to bring about significant benefits in terms of safety, efficiency, and sustainability. However, there are also challenges that need to be addressed, including concerns about safety, reliability, and job displacement. It is important for policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers to work together to address these challenges and ensure that the deployment of autonomous vehicles is done in a responsible and ethical manner. Only then can we harness the full potential of self-driving cars tocreate smarter, greener, and more livable cities for future generations.。
汽车试验场数字化综合管理平台应用
10AUTO TIMEFRONTIER DISCUSSION | 前沿探讨1 前言随着社会的进步，我国汽车工业飞速发展，汽车试验场作为汽车行业的伴生行业，近年来也在不断发展壮大，除研发机构外，各大型整车企业、轮胎及零部件企业，纷纷建设自己的试验场，既保证企业研发试验需求，同时对外经营。
随着汽车行业“四化”的要求，对汽车试验场的信息化、智能化也提出了更高的要求。
通过结合5G 、高精定位等先进技术，利用数字化手段，搭建汽车试验场运营管理平台，全面提升试验场运营及试验过程管理能力，提高汽车企业车辆产品的研发效率。
2 智能化汽车试验场要求■ 建立试验场与企业其他数字化平台的集成，在整个试制试验技术、业务的要求下进行试验场数字化的建设。
■ 移动端与电脑端相结合的方式，自助查询场地信息、试验预约记录、服务记录和驾驶资质等。
■ 动态的场地管理，动态更新场地占用情况，自动排程，辅助调度，计划变更提醒，违约识别，风险预警等。
■ 统一的数据管理，统一的场地试验数据调度管理，统一的设备运行状态管理，完善的统计分析功能等。
■ 试验场道闸远程控制，道闸自动授权，道闸容量和通行记录的综合管理，道闸与LED 屏显联动等。
■ 试验场运行车辆精准监控，3D 高精度地图上的车辆实时定位监控。
3 汽车试验场综合管理体系为了保障试验场运营的安全与高效，满足试验场智能化的要求，需要建立一套完整的汽车试验场运营管理体系，集运营管理、试验管理、综合服务管理三个维度于一体，实现包括场地运营管理、试验服务管理、经营管理、场地预约管理、试验数据管理、安全管理、人员管理、综合保障等八部分内容的管理，完成汽车试验场数字化综合管理。
4 汽车试验场综合管理平台方案平台架构如图，方案感知通过层设备网联形式，数据层通过对接、采集等形式形成数据中台提供服务，展示层结合PC 端、移动端APP 、大屏不同展现方式，实现试验场数字化综合管控。
汽车试验场数字化综合管理平台应用徐昊 刘芳 贺怡中汽数据（天津）有限公司 天津市 300300摘 要： 随着汽车行业“四化”的要求，各个整车企业对研发试制领域的管理要求越来越高，因此加快试制试验环节的数字化建设成为汽车行业发展趋势。
工程技术与设计服务行业迎接自动驾驶的时代
工程技术与设计服务行业迎接自动驾驶的时代English Answer:With the rapid development of technology, the era of autonomous driving is approaching in the engineering, technology, and design service industry. This technological advancement brings both opportunities and challenges for the industry.Firstly, the emergence of autonomous driving technology will greatly improve the efficiency and safety of the engineering and design process. Autonomous vehicles can collect and analyze massive amounts of data, which can be used for various purposes such as road design, traffic planning, and infrastructure development. This will not only save time and cost but also ensure the accuracy and reliability of the projects.Secondly, the demand for engineering and design services will increase as more and more industries adopt autonomous driving technology. With the widespread use of autonomous vehicles in transportation, logistics, and other sectors, there will be a need for designing and developing new infrastructure, such as smart highways and charging stations. This will create a huge market for engineering and design firms, providing them with ample opportunities for growth and expansion.Moreover, the advent of the autonomous driving era will require professionals in the engineering and design service industry to acquire new skills and knowledge. As the technology advances, there will be a need for experts who understand the complexities of autonomous systems, sensor technologies, and artificial intelligence. This will create a demand for training programs and courses to equip professionals with the necessary skills to thrive in this new era.However, along with the opportunities, there are also challenges that the engineering and design service industry will face in the era of autonomous driving. One major challenge is the ethical and legal implications of autonomous vehicles. As these vehiclesoperate without human intervention, issues such as liability, privacy, and cybersecurity need to be addressed to ensure the safety and trustworthiness of the technology.In conclusion, the engineering, technology, and design service industry is gearing upto embrace the era of autonomous driving. This technological advancement brings opportunities for efficiency, growth, and innovation. However, it also poses challenges that need to be addressed to ensure the responsible and ethical implementation of autonomous driving technology.中文回答：随着科技的快速发展，工程技术与设计服务行业正迎来自动驾驶的时代。
通用汽车开发流程 术语中英文对照
SSTS Subsystem Technical Specification
ST
Single Theme Direction
STC Readiness for Ship-to-Commerce
STDMD Single Theme Direction Math Data
SVER Structure Vehicle Engineering Release
SVSR Structure Vehicle Surface Release
T
Tooling
"T" Release Math Data/Production Design Complete
TA
Theme Approval
U
Understudy
制造系统认证-可销售 不适用 决议通告 正式生产工装/工艺下可定购零件 生产装配文件 原车型停产 物流后勤 产品内容表 工厂数据管理者 产品描述系统 产品开发小组 项目工程经理 项目实施小组 项目实施小组/车型平台总监 工艺失效模式分析 流程领导委员会 项目生产启动经理 项目经理 项目管理小组 先期生产措施授权 生产件批准流程 产品项目规划书 项目采购经理 项目质量审核 绩效审核 投产/加速的准备状态 项目状态系统 初步的结构车表面发布 动力总成 动力总成标定 正常生产选装 系统管理小组 要求说明 开始正式生产 开始系统填充 子系统技术规范 单一主题指示 发运的准备状态 单一主题指示数模 结构车工程发布 结构车表面发布 工装 数模/生产设计完成 主题批准 研究中
Acronym 缩写
AC ADV ASB AVDP AVLE BOM BOP CSO CVER DFFA DFMEA DM DSI DSO DTS EPL EWO Exp. FE FEDR FIVC FMEA GA GD&T GVDP ICD IDR iMAN Init. IPTV
目前电动汽车的开发受到政府的重视英语作文
目前电动汽车的开发受到政府的重视英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1With the growing concern for environmental protection and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the development of electric vehicles has become a focus for many governments around the world. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the production and sales of electric vehicles, as well as the development of charging infrastructure and supportive policies to promote their adoption.One of the key reasons why governments are giving more attention to the development of electric vehicles is the need to reduce air pollution and combat climate change. Traditional gasoline-powered vehicles are a major source of air pollution, emitting harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter. By promoting the use of electric vehicles, governments hope to reduce air pollution and improve air quality in urban areas.In addition to addressing environmental concerns, governments are also promoting the development of electricvehicles as a way to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and enhance energy security. As the supply of oil becomes increasingly uncertain and prices continue to fluctuate, switching to electric vehicles powered by clean energy sources such as wind and solar can help reduce reliance on imported oil and create a more stable and sustainable energy system.Furthermore, the development of electric vehicles is seen as a way to stimulate economic growth and create new opportunities for innovation and job creation. The electric vehicle industry is a rapidly growing sector that has the potential to create thousands of new jobs in manufacturing, research and development, and other related industries. By supporting the development of electric vehicles, governments can help boost economic growth and promote the transition to a low-carbon economy.To support the development of electric vehicles, governments are implementing a range of policies and incentives to encourage consumers to switch to electric vehicles. These include financial incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and grants for purchasing electric vehicles, as well as subsidies for the installation of charging infrastructure. In addition, governments are also investing in research and development toimprove battery technology, reduce costs, and increase the range of electric vehicles.Overall, the development of electric vehicles is being taken seriously by governments around the world as a way to address environmental, energy, and economic challenges. By promoting the adoption of electric vehicles and investing in supportive policies and infrastructure, governments can help accelerate the transition to a more sustainable and clean transportation system. As the technology continues to improve and costs come down, electric vehicles are expected to play a growing role in the future of transportation.篇2The Development of Electric Vehicles is Getting Government's AttentionIn recent years, the development of electric vehicles has been gaining more and more attention from governments around the world. With the increasing awareness of environmental issues and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, many countries are taking steps to promote the adoption of electric vehicles as a cleaner and more sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered cars.One of the main reasons why electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular is their environmental benefits. Unlike gasoline-powered cars, electric vehicles produce zero tailpipe emissions, which means they do not contribute to air pollution or climate change. This is especially important in urban areas, where air quality is often poor due to high levels of vehicle emissions. By encouraging the adoption of electric vehicles, governments can help reduce air pollution and create a healthier environment for their citizens.In addition to their environmental benefits, electric vehicles also offer economic advantages. With the rising cost of gasoline and the volatility of oil prices, electric vehicles can help consumers save money on fuel expenses. In many countries, governments are offering incentives and subsidies to encourage the purchase of electric vehicles, such as tax credits, rebates, and free charging stations. These incentives make electric vehicles more affordable and attractive to consumers, thereby accelerating their adoption and driving market growth.Furthermore, the development of electric vehicles is also seen as a way to promote technological innovation and create new economic opportunities. As the demand for electric vehicles continues to grow, manufacturers are investing in research anddevelopment to improve battery technology, increase driving range, and reduce charging time. This has led to the emergence of new companies and industries in the electric vehicle supply chain, such as battery manufacturers, charging infrastructure providers, and software developers. By supporting the development of electric vehicles, governments can stimulate innovation, create jobs, and boost economic growth in the clean energy sector.To support the growth of the electric vehicle market, governments are implementing various policies and initiatives to promote the adoption of electric vehicles. These include setting targets for electric vehicle sales, implementing fuel efficiency standards, investing in charging infrastructure, and providing financial incentives for consumers and businesses. For example, countries like Norway and the Netherlands have set ambitious targets to phase out gasoline and diesel vehicles and promote the transition to electric vehicles. China, the world's largest electric vehicle market, has implemented a series of policies to support the development of electric vehicles, such as subsidies for electric vehicle purchases and regulations to reduce emissions from transportation.In conclusion, the development of electric vehicles is receiving increasing attention from governments around the world due to their environmental, economic, and technological benefits. By promoting the adoption of electric vehicles, governments can help reduce air pollution, save energy, create jobs, and stimulate innovation. As electric vehicles become more affordable, convenient, and reliable, they have the potential to transform the transportation sector and contribute to a more sustainable future. It is essential for governments to continue supporting the growth of the electric vehicle market through policies and incentives that encourage consumers and businesses to switch to cleaner and more efficient vehicles. By working together, we can build a greener and more sustainable transportation system for future generations.篇3With the increasing awareness of the environmental impact of traditional gasoline-powered vehicles, governments around the world are starting to pay more attention to the development of electric vehicles. The rapid advancements in technology and the push for sustainable transportation solutions have made electric vehicles a viable option for many consumers. In this essay,we will discuss how the development of electric vehicles is being supported and promoted by governments.One of the main reasons why governments are focusing on the development of electric vehicles is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. The transportation sector is a major contributor to carbon emissions, and shifting to electric vehicles can help reduce the carbon footprint of the industry. By promoting the adoption of electric vehicles, governments can help lower emissions and improve air quality in urban areas.In addition to environmental concerns, there are also economic incentives for governments to support the development of electric vehicles. Electric vehicles can help reduce dependence on imported oil and create new job opportunities in the growing electric vehicle industry. By investing in the development of electric vehicles, governments can stimulate economic growth and position themselves as leaders in the transition to sustainable transportation solutions.Another reason why governments are prioritizing the development of electric vehicles is to meet regulatory requirements and achieve emissions targets. Many countries have set ambitious goals to reduce emissions from vehicles, andelectric vehicles play a crucial role in meeting these targets. By providing incentives and subsidies for electric vehicle adoption, governments can accelerate the transition to a cleaner transportation system and ensure compliance with emissions regulations.Furthermore, governments are also investing in infrastructure to support the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. This includes building charging stations, developing smart grid technology, and implementing policies to encourage the installation of charging infrastructure in residential and commercial buildings. By investing in infrastructure, governments can address one of the main barriers to electric vehicle adoption and make it more convenient for consumers to switch to electric vehicles.Overall, the development of electric vehicles is receiving increased attention and support from governments around the world. By promoting the adoption of electric vehicles, governments can reduce emissions, create new economic opportunities, and address the challenges of climate change. With continued investment and focus on electric vehicle development, we can expect to see a shift towards a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system in the coming years.。
汽车电子产品软件开发流程
汽车电子产品软件开发流程英文回答：## Automotive Electronics Software Development Process.The automotive electronics software development process is a complex and multifaceted undertaking that requires a high degree of coordination and collaboration between multiple stakeholders. The process typically involves the following steps:1. Requirements Gathering and Analysis:The first step in the software development process is to gather and analyze the requirements of the automotive electronics system. This involves working closely with the system engineers and other stakeholders to identify the functional, performance, and safety requirements of the system.2. System Design and Architecture:Once the requirements have been gathered and analyzed, the next step is to design the system architecture. This involves defining the overall structure of the system, including the hardware and software components, and the communication protocols between them.3. Software Development:Once the system architecture has been designed, thenext step is to develop the software. This involves writing, testing, and integrating the software components that make up the system.4. Hardware Integration:Once the software has been developed, it must be integrated with the hardware components of the system. This involves physically connecting the hardware components and configuring the software to work with them.5. System Testing and Validation:Once the system has been integrated, it must be tested and validated to ensure that it meets the requirements of the stakeholders. This involves conducting a variety of tests, including functional testing, performance testing, and safety testing.6. Deployment and Maintenance:Once the system has been tested and validated, it can be deployed to the end users. The software development team must then provide ongoing maintenance and support for the system throughout its lifecycle.## Key Considerations in Automotive Electronics Software Development.The automotive electronics software development process is subject to a number of unique challenges and considerations, including:Safety: Automotive electronics systems are critical to the safety of the vehicle and its occupants. As such, the software development process must adhere to strict safety standards and regulations.Reliability: Automotive electronics systems must be highly reliable and able to operate in a variety of harsh conditions. The software development process must therefore focus on ensuring the reliability of the system.Cost: Automotive electronics systems can be expensive to develop and produce. The software development process must therefore be efficient and cost-effective.Time-to-market: Automotive electronics systems must be developed and released to market in a timely manner. The software development process must therefore be optimizedfor speed and efficiency.## Best Practices for Automotive Electronics Software Development.There are a number of best practices that can help to ensure the success of an automotive electronics software development project. These practices include:Use a model-based development approach: A model-based development approach can help to reduce the risk of errors and improve the quality of the software.Adhere to industry standards: There are a number of industry standards that can help to ensure the safety, reliability, and quality of automotive electronics software.Conduct thorough testing and validation: Testing and validation are essential to ensure that the software meets the requirements of the stakeholders.Maintain a comprehensive software development process: A comprehensive software development process can help to ensure the consistency and quality of the software.Work closely with the system engineers: The software development team must work closely with the systemengineers to ensure that the software meets the system requirements.中文回答：## 汽车电子产品软件开发流程。
汽车科技创新展望：自动驾驶技术与智能交通的影响与前景
汽车科技创新展望：自动驾驶技术与智能交通的影响与前景1. Introduction1.1 OverviewIn recent years, the automotive industry has witnessed significant advancements in technology, particularly in the field of autonomous driving and intelligent transportation systems. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize the way we commute, improve road safety, and transform urban planning. This article aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the impact and prospects of autonomous driving technology and intelligent transportation on our society.1.2 Research BackgroundAutomobile manufacturers and tech companies worldwide have been investing heavily in research and development to perfect autonomous driving technology. The goal is to create vehicles capable of navigating without human intervention, using a combination of sensors, artificial intelligence, and advanced algorithms. With each passing year, these technologies are becoming more sophisticated and closer to achieving widespread adoption.1.3 Purpose of the ArticleThe purpose of this article is to explore the implications and potential applications of autonomous driving technology in the context of intelligent transportation systems. It seeks to shed light on how these advancements can improve traffic efficiency, enhance road safety, shape urban planning strategies, and raise ethical considerations. By analyzing current trends and future prospects, we aim to provide insights into the significance of technological innovation for societal development.Please note that this response is based on general knowledge and understanding regarding autonomous driving technology and intelligent transportation systems.2. 自动驾驶技术概述:2.1 技术原理:自动驾驶技术是基于先进的感知系统、数据处理和控制算法，使汽车能够在不需要人类干预的情况下进行自主驾驶。
面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片 第3部分：人工智能应用工具链-2023最新
向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片第3部分：人工智能应用工具链1范围本文件规定了面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片配套人工智能应用工具链的基本要求及其可靠性要求,适用于面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片。
本文件适用于面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片配套人工智能应用工具链的设计,适用于第三方机构对面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片进行综合性的性能测试与评估，也适用于用户在面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片软硬件产品的采购、选型时参考。
2规范性引用文件下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。
其中,注日期的引用文件,仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件;不注日期的引用文件,其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
GB/T34590-2017道路车辆功能安全T/CESA1120—2020人工智能芯片面向边缘侧的深度学习芯片测试指标与测试方法ISO/PAS21448道路车辆预期功能安全（Road vehicles—Safety of the intended functionality）EURO NCAP.Euro NCAP2020Roadmap.Brussels.2015,2017。
3术语和定义下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
3.1面向自动驾驶应用的计算芯片computing chip for automatic driving applications一种能够同时满足人工智能及异构算力需求和通用计算的可靠性要求的边缘侧计算设备。
3.2工作负载workload为测试目的，运行在计算系统中的给定任务集合。
注：一般包含输入、输出要求，计算数量和种类及所要求的计算资源。
[来源：ISO/IEC/IEEE24765:2017，3.4618]3.3有效推理计算能力effective computing ability在给定任务集合上，对每个任务的实际吞吐率与其基线吞吐率之比的加权几何平均。
3.4每秒浮点运算次数floating point operations per second在执行某项任务过程中，关于特定种类操作的每秒执行浮点运算次数。
最实用汽车行业英文缩写
汽车行业词汇缩写A-DA/D/V Analysis/Development/Validation 分析/发展/验证AA Approve Architecture 审批体系ACD Actual Completion Date 实际完成日期ALBS Assembly Line Balance System 装配线平衡系统ANDON 暗灯AP Advanced Purchasing 提前采购API Advanced Product Information 先进的产品信息APQP Advanced Product Quality Planning 先期产品质量策划ATT Actual Tact Time 实际单件工时ABS Anti lock Braking SystemAIAG 美国汽车联合会ANPQP Alliance New Product Quality ProcedureApportionment 分配APQP Advanced Product Quality PlanBIQ Building in Quality 制造质量BIW Body In White 白车身BOD Bill of Design 设计清单BOE Bill of Equipment 设备清单BOL Bill of Logistic 装载清单BOM Bill of Material 原料清单BOP Bill of Process 过程清单BPD Business Plant Deployment 业务计划实施Backlite Windshield 后窗玻璃Benchmark Data 样件资料BMW Bavarian Motor WorksCAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计CAE Computer Aided Engineering 计算机辅助工程(软件)CARE Customer Acceptance & Review Evaluation 用户接受度和审查评估CIP Continue Improve Process 持续改进CIT Compartment Integration Team 隔间融合为组CKD Complete Knockdown 完全拆缷CMM Coordinate Measuring Machines 坐标测量仪CPV Cost per Vehicle 单车成本CR&W Controls/Robotics & Welding 控制/机器人技术和焊接CS Contract Signing 合同签订CTD Cumulative Trauma Disadjust 累积性外伤失调CTS Component Technical Specification 零件技术规格CVIS Completed Vehicle Inspection Standards 整车检验标准Certified Purchasing manger 认证采购经理人制度CB Confirmation Build 确认样车制造CC Change CutOff 设计变更冻结CC\SC critical/significant characteristicCCR Concern & Countermeasure RequestCCT Cross Company TeamCharacteristics Matrix 特性矩阵图COD Cash on Delivery 货到付现预付货款(T/T in advance) CP1 Confirmation Prototype 1st第一次确认样车CP2 Confirmation Prototype 2nd 第二次确认样车Cpk Cpk=Zmin/3 过程能力指数CPO Complementary Parts OrderCraftsmanship 精致工艺Cross functional teams 跨功能小组CUV Car Based Ultility VehicleDAP Design Analysis Process 设计分析过程DES Design Center 设计中心DFA Design for Assembly 装配设计DOE Design Of Experiments 试验设计DOL Die Operation Line Up 冲模业务排行DPV Defect per Vehicle 单车缺陷数DQV Design Quality Verification 设计质量验证DRE Design Release Engineer 设计发布工程师DRL Direct Run Loss 直行损失率DRR Direct Run Run 直行率DSC Decision Support Center 决策支持中心DCC Design Change ControlDOE Design Of Examination 试验设计DQES Delivery Quality Evaluation SystemDTL Direct To LineDVP&R Design Validate Plan&Report 设计验证计划报告ECD Estimated Completion Date 计划完成日期3 lEGM Engineering Group Manager 工程组经理ENG Engineering 工程技术、工程学EOA End of Acceleration 停止加速EPC&L Engineering Production Control &Logistics 工程生产控制和后勤EQF Early Quality Feedback 早期质量反馈EWO Engineering Work Order 工程工作指令EDI electronic data interchange 电子数据交换ERP Enterprise Resource PlanningES Engineering Specification 工程规格ESI Early Supplier Involvement 供应商先期参与Ex Work（工厂交货）、FOB（船上交货）、FAS（船边交货）或CIF（运保费在内交货）FA Final Approval 最终认可FE Functional Evaluation 功能评估FEDR Functional Evaluation Disposition Report 功能评估部署报告FFF Free Form Fabrication 自由形态制造FIN Financial 金融的FPS Fixed Point Stop 定点停FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件传送协议FTQ First Time Quality 一次送检合格率FEU Field Evaluation Units 用户市场实际体验与评估first gear 一档Flow Chart 流程图FMEA Failure Mode and Effects AnalysisFRG Ford Reliability Guideline 福特可靠性指导Front Windshield 前挡风玻璃FSS Full service supplier 全服务供应商FTA Fault Tree AnalysisGA General Assembly 总装GA Shop General Assembly Shop 总装车间Paint Shop 涂装车间Body Shop 车身车间Press Shop 冲压车间GCA Global Customer Audit 全球顾客评审GD&T Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 几何尺寸及精度GDS Global Delivery Survey 全球发运检查GM General Motors 通用汽车GMAP GM Asia Pacific 通用亚太GME General Motors Europe 通用汽车欧洲GMIO General Motors International Operations 通用汽车国际运作GMIQ General Motors Initial Quality 通用汽车初始质量GMPTG General Motors Powertrain Group 通用汽车动力组GMS Global Manufacturing System 通用全球制造系统GP General Procedure 通用程序GQTS Global Quality Tracking System 全球质量跟踪系统GSB Global Strategy Board 全球战略部GD&T Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing 标准公差GR&R Guage Repeatability&reproducibility 量具的重复性和再现性HV AC Heating, Ventilation ,and Air Conditioning 加热、通风及空调HTFB Hard Tooling Functional Build 工装集成调试与验证IC Initiate Charter 初始租约ICD Interface Control Document 界面控制文件IE Industrial Engineering 工业工程ILRS Indirect Labor Reporting System 间接劳动报告系统IO International Operations 国际业务IOM Inspection Operation Method 检验操作方法IOS Inspection Operation Summary 检验操作概要IPC International Product Center 国际产品中心IPTV Incidents Per Thousand Vehicles 每千辆车的故障率IQS Initial Quality Survey 初始质量调查IR Incident Report 事故报告ISP Integrated Scheduling Project 综合计划ITP Integrated Training Process 综合培训方法ITSD Interior Technical Specification Drawing 内部技术规范图IUV A International Uniform Vehicle Audit 国际统一车辆审核IPO Individual Parts OrderISIR Initial Sample Inspection ReportJES Job Element Sheet 工作要素单JIS Job Issue Sheet 工作要素单JIT Just in Time 准时制JPH Job per hour 每小时工作量KCC Key Control Characteristics 关键控制特性KCDS Key Characteristics Designation System 关键特性标识系统KPC Key product Characteristic 关键产品特性KD knocked down/ Semi Knock Down(SKD) /Completely Knock Down(CKD) KO Kick offLT Look at 看Laminated glass 夹层玻璃LP－Lean Production 精益生产LR Launch Readiness 启动准备LVPM Local Vendor Packaging MethodMFD Metal Fabrication Division 金属预制件区MFG Manufacturing Operations 制造过程)MIE Manufacturing Integration Engineer 制造综合工程师MLBS Material Labor Balance System 物化劳动平衡系统MNG Manufacturing Engineering 制造工程MPG Milford Proving Ground 试验场MPI Master Process Index 主程序索引MPL Master Parts List 主零件列表MPS Material Planning System 原料计划系统MRD Material Required Date 物料需求日期MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets 化学品安全数据单MSE Manufacturing System Engineer 制造系统工程MTBF Mean Time Between Failures 平均故障时间MTS Manufacturing Technical Specification 生产技术规范MVSS Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 汽车发动机安全标准MPV Multi PurposeVehicle 多用途汽车MRD Material Required DateMRO Maintenance,Repair,and OperationMTP Make to print supplier 照图加工供应商NAMA North American Market Analysis 北美市场分析NAO North American Operations 北美业务NAOC NAO Containerization NAO货柜运输NC Numerically Controlled 数字控制NOA Notice of Authorization 授权书NSB NAO Strategy Board 北美业务部N/A Not ApplicableNCDR Non Conforming Delivery ReportNCMAR Non Conforming Material Action ReportNDA Non Disclosure Agreement 保密协定NDS Nissan Design SpecificationNML Nissan Motor LtdNVH System Noise, Vibration & Harshness 系统噪音,振动及粗糙性OED Organization and Employee Development 组织和员工发展OSH Occupational Safety & Health 职业安全健康T OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Act 职业安全与健康法案OSHMS Occupational Safety & Health Management System职业安全健康管理体系OSHS Occupational Safety & Health Standards 职业安全标准OSM Outside of MaterialPA Production Achievement 生产结果PAA Product Action Authorization 产品临时授权PAC Performance Assessment Committee 绩效评估委员会PACE Program Assessment and Control Environment 项目评估和控制条件PAD Product Assembly Document 产品装配文件PARTS Part Readiness Tracking System 零件准备跟踪系统PC Problem Communication 问题信息PCL Production Control and Logistics 生产控制和支持PCM Process Control Manager 工艺控制负责人PCR Problem Communication Report 问题交流报告PDM Product Data Management 产品资料管理PDS Product Description System 产品说明系统PDT Product Development Team 产品发展小组PED Production Engineering Department 产品工程部PEP Product Evaluation Program 产品评估程序PER Personnel 人员PET Program Execution Team 项目执行小组PGM Program Management 项目管理PI People Involvement 人员参与PLP Production Launch Process 生产启动程序PMI Process Modeling Integration 加工建模一体化PMM Program Manufacturing Manager 项目制造经理PMR Product Manufacturability Requirements 产品制造能要求POMS Production Order Management System 产品指令管理小组POP Point of Purchase 采购点PP Push Pull 推拉PPAP Production Part Approval Process 生产零部件批准程序PPE Personal Protective Equipment 个人防护用品PPH Problems Per Hundred 百辆车缺陷数PPM Problems Per Million 百万辆车缺陷数PPS Practical Problem Solving 实际问题解决PR Performance Review 绩效评估PR/R Problem Reporting and Resolution 问题报告和解决PRTS Problem Resolution and Tracking System 问题解决跟踪系统PSC Portfolio Strategy Council 部长职务策略委员会PST Plant Support Team 工厂支持小组PTO Primary Tryout 第一次试验PTR Production Trial Run 生产试运行PUR Purchasing 采购PAT Program Attributes Team 产品属性小组PDL Product Design LetterPH Proportions&HardpointsPIPC Percentage of Indexes with Process Capability 能力指数百分比PIST Percentage of Inspection points Satisfying Tolerance 检测点满意工差百分比PMT Program Moudle Team 产品模块小组PO Purchase OrderPPAP Production Part Approval Process 生产件批准程序PPSR Production Preparation Status ReportPQA Process Quality AssurancePR Program ReadinessPre Launch 试生产price driven costing 价格引导成本Production Preparation Final Nissan PT2/Renault PP Production Preparation Initial Nissan PT1/Renault PPP3 Production Trial Run 试生产Prototype 样件QA Quality Audit 质量评审QAP Quality Assessment Process 质量评估过程QBC Quality Build Concern 质量体系构建关系QC Quality Characteristic 质量特性QCOS Quality Control Operation Sheets 质量风险控制QE Quality Engineer 质量工程师QET Quality Engineering Team 质量工程小组QFD Quality Function Deployment 质量功能配置QRD Quality, Reliability and Durability 质量、可靠性和耐久力QS Quality System 质量体系QUA Quality 质量QFTT Quality Functional Task TeamQR Quality Reject 质量拒收RC Review Charter 评估特许RCD Required Completion Date 必须完成日期RFQ Request For Quotation 报价请求RGM Reliability Growth Management 可靠性增长小组RONA Return on Net Assets 净资产评估RPO Regular Production Option 正式产品选项RQA Routing Quality Assessment 程序安排质量评定RT&TM Rigorous Tracking and Throughout Management 严格跟踪和全程管理RAN Release Authorisation Numberreverse 倒车档RFQ Request For Quotation 询价RKD Reverse Knock DownRLQ Receiving Lot QuantityROC Rate of ClimbROI return on investment 报酬率ROP Re Order PointRTO Required To OperateSDC Strategic Decision Center 战略决策中心SF Styling Freeze 造型冻结SIL Single Issue List 单一问题清单SIP Standardized Inspection Process 标准化检验过程SL System Layouts 系统规划SLT Short Leading Team 缩短制造周期SMBP Synchronous Math Based Process 理论同步过程SMT Systems Management Team 系统管理小组SNR 坏路实验SOP Start of Production 生产启动SOP Safe Operating Practice 安全操作规程SOR Statement of Requirements 技术要求SOS Standardization Operation Sheet 标准化工作操作单SOW Statement of Work 工作说明SPA Shipping Priority Audit 发运优先级审计SPC Statistical Process Control 统计过程控制SPE Surface and Prototype Engineering 表面及原型工程SPO Service Parts Operations 配件组织SPT Single Point Team 专一任务小组SQA Supplier Quality Assurance 供应商质量保证（供应商现场工程师）SQC Supplier Quality Control 供方质量控制SQD Supplier Quality Development 供应方质量开发SQE Supplier Quality Engineer 供方质量工程师SQIP Supplier Quality Improvement Process 供应商质量改进程序SSLT Subsystem Leadership Team 子系统领导组SSTS Subsystem Technical Specification 技术参数子系统STD Standardization 标准化STO Secondary Tryout 二级试验SUI 安全作业指导书SUW Standard Unit of Work 标准工作单位SWE Simulated Work Environment 模拟工作环境SAIS Supplier Assessment & Improvement SystemSC Strategic Confirmation/significant Charac''teristicsSDS System/ Design Specifications 系统/设计说明Shipping Date 出货日、Invoice Date 发票日或On Board Date 装船日Side Windshield 侧窗玻璃SJ Strategic IntentSNP Standard Number of PartsSOW state of work 工作申明SPC Statistical Process ControlSQA Supplier Quality AssuranceSREA Supplier Request for Engineering Approval 供应商工程设计更改申请ST Surface TranferSTRS Supplier Test Report SystemSubcontractor 分承包商Sunroof Windshield 天窗玻璃SUV Sports Utility VehicleTAG Timing Analysis Group 定时分析组TBD To Be Determined 下决定TCS Traction Control System 牵引控制系统TDC Technology Development Centre 技术中心TDMF Text Data Management Facility 文本数据管理设备TG Tooling 工具TIMS Test Incident Management System 试验事件管理系统TIR Test Incident Report 试验事件报告TMIE Total Manufacturing Integration Engineer 总的制造综合工程TOE Total Ownership Experience 总的物主体验TPM Total Production Maintenance 全员生产维护TSM Trade Study Methodology 贸易研究方法TT Tact Time 单件工时TVDE Total Vehicle Dimensional Engineer 整车外型尺寸工程师TVIE Total Vehicle Integration Engineer 整车综合工程师TWS Tire and Wheel System 轮胎和车轮系统TAG Test Aptitude GraphiqueTCO Total Cost of Ownership 总持有成本TCRA Total Cost Reduction ActivityTGR Things Gone RightTGW Things Gone WorstTM Techinical ManualTPM Total Preventive MaintenanceTTO Tool Try Out 工装验证UAW United Auto Workers 班组UCL Uniform Criteria List 统一的标准表UDR Unverified Data Release 未经核对的资料发布UPC Uniform Parts Classification 统一零件分级V AE Vehicle Assembly Engineer 车辆装配工程师VCD Vehicle Chief Designer 汽车首席设计师VCE V ehicle Chief Engineer 汽车总工程师CVCRI Validation Cross Reference Index 确认交叉引用索引VDR Verified Data Release 核实数据发布VDS V ehicle Description Summary 汽车描述概要VDT Vehicle Development Team 汽车发展组VEC V ehicle Engineering Center 汽车工程中心VIE Vehicle Integration Engineer 汽车综合工程师VIN Vehicle Identification Number 车辆识别代码VIS Vehicle Information System 汽车信息系统VLE Vehicle Line Executive 总装线主管VLM Vehicle Launch Manager 汽车创办经理VOC V oice of Customer 顾客的意见VOD V oice of Design 设计意见VS Validation Station 确认站VSAS Vehicle Synthesis Analysis and Simulation 汽车综合、分析和仿真VSE V ehicle System Engineer 汽车系统工程师VTS V ehicle Technical Specification 汽车技术说明书VO Vehicle Operation 主机厂VPP Vehicle Program Plan 整车项目计划VQA Vehicle Quality AssuranceVTTO Vendor Tool Try Out 供应商工装验证WOT Wide Open Throttle 压制广泛开放WPO Work Place Organization 工作场地布置WWP Worldwide Purchasing 全球采购WERS World Wide Engineering Release SystemWVTA Whole Vehicle Type Approval其他相关词汇招聘IQC解聘OQC岗位说明书SOP（标准作业程序）绩效考核SPC部门管理TQM人力资源会议MRB（MaterialReviewBoard）物料评审会议人员流失要进行5W2H（what、why、where、when、who、how、howmuch）人才要先编写FMEA任用要进行PFMEA招聘要进行DFMEA岗位设计才是DFMEA工作流分析就是流程再造岗位职责要求就是SIP（StandardInspectionProcedure标准检验程序）KPI权重就是AQL权重CP是岗位工作手册绩效标准、考评、面谈、反馈和改善计划就是APQP流程节点规划、岗位需求测量、价值流和工作流分析、岗位分析、绩效改善计划、绩效管制就是DMAIC（六西格玛项目推进流程）每日考勤和工作报表是查检表质量目标要用SMART员工关系是亲和度人员招聘委托书是CEM人事档案是DCC中介公司考察就是SSQA花名册明细名单BOM人员照片就是DWG人事招聘控制就是PCC人事招聘顾问QE绩效专员就是QA人资开发就是R&D人员招聘策划DQA招聘计划SQA关键特性就是KPI1PP First Phase of Production Prove Out 第一次试生产3C Customer(顾客导向)、Competition(竞争导向)、Competence（专长导向）4S Sale, Sparepart零配件, Service, Survey信息反馈5S 整理，整顿，清理，清洁，素养8D 8 DisciplineD1：信息收集；D2：建立8D小组；D3：制定临时的围堵行动措施，避免不良品流出；D4：定义和证实根本原因，避免再发；D5：根据基本原因制定永久措施；D6：执行和确认永久措施；D7：预防再发，实施永久措施；D8：认可团队和个人的贡献。
汽车轮毂金属闪光漆的研制与应用
汽车轮毂金属闪光漆的研制与应用汽车轮毂金属闪光漆的研制与应用王军姜晓辉(大连振邦氟涂料股份有限公司工程研发中心,116036)摘要选择适宜的含羟基树脂作为主要成膜物质,丁氧基三聚氰胺作为交联剂,再配以铝银浆及定向助荆,防沉剂,配制成汽车轮毂用金属闪光漆和与其相配套的罩光清漆.介绍了该漆的各组成成分,生产工艺和性能指标.讨论了影响涂层性能的因素.关键词汽车轮毂漆金属闪光漆聚酯氨基面漆氟树脂分类号TQ637文献标识码A文献编号1007—9548(2()o4)02—0004—04 DEVELoPMENTANDAPPLICATIoNoFMETALLICFINISHFoRAUToMoBⅡEWHEELHUBWangJun,JiangXiaohuiAbstract:Ametallicbasecoatforautomobilewheelhubandthetopclearcoatarepreparedbyc arefullyselectedhydroxylresinasmainfilmformer,butoxylmelamineascross—linkingagent,aluminumpaste,orientation—aidagentandanti—sedimentationagent.Thecomposition,manufactureprocessandtechnicalspecificationare given.Influencingfactorsonthefilmperformance8tiediscussed.Keywords:paintforautomobilewheelhub,metallicfinish,amino—polyestertopcoat,fluororesinl引言伴随汽车工业的不断发展,汽车轮毂作为汽车的配套产品,其需求量也13益增加.20世纪90年代国内先后成立了多家汽车(摩托车)轮毂生产厂.迄今为止,国内共有汽车轮毂生产厂约50家.其中,秦皇岛戴卡轮毂制造有限公司的年生产能力为l50万套,位居全国轮毂制造行业之首.汽车轮毂行业对涂料的质量要求非常严格.要生产优质的汽车(摩托车)轮毂,优质的铝材,无尘涂装,综合性能优异的涂料三者缺一不可.汽车轮毂用涂料除要求有良好的表面质量和施工性外,根据应用领域的不同,要求也不尽相同.如国外高档轿车用涂料除要求涂膜具有优异的机械性能外,还要求涂膜应具有优异的耐盐雾性和耐洗涤剂性等.根据市场要求,开发了聚酯氨基金属闪光面漆和罩光清漆及配套的稀释剂.该面漆具有优良的装饰性,加工性及耐沾污性.2试验部分2.1金属漆的研制2.1.1原材料氟树脂(大连振邦),聚酯树脂,L一018氨基树脂,防流挂聚酯树脂,R一717氨基树脂,蜡液,铝银浆,醋现代涂料与涂墓2DDtn24酸丁酸纤维素,流平剂及溶剂.2.1.2制漆工艺先将氟树脂,聚酯树脂与蜡液混合均匀,2000r/min高速搅拌5～10min.然后在l000r/min中速搅拌下加入氨基树脂(固化剂)和醋酸丁酸纤维素及其他助剂,再分散5～10min,使树脂混合均匀.将铝粉在溶剂中(加入少量的润湿分散剂)浸泡l0～l5min,搅拌均匀,制成铝银浆.在500r/min的低速搅拌下将该铝粉浆加入到已制好的树脂中,分散l0～20min,使漆液混合均匀.2.1.3金曩漆的配方设计金属漆的配方设计如表l所列.2.1.4试板的制备及其性能指标根据汽车轮毂的涂装工艺,用手动喷涂进行模拟涂装.将马口铁板进行细打磨,除锈,除油,然后涂覆干膜厚度为(23±3)m的金属漆,在基材温度为(140土2)℃的条件下烘干20min.最后进行涂膜的性能检测,测试结果如表2所列.2.1.5铝粉的质■特性光线在金属颜料表面的反射和散射使金属漆具有金属闪光效果,这些金属颜料在涂膜中定向排列.目视效果与反射光和散射光的比率有关.散射光的比率随颜料面积的增大而增加,色散光的比例随光线在边缘散射的增大而增大.及粒径分布有关,也和片状铝粉颜料在涂膜中的定向有关(见图2).表1汽车轮毂用金属闪光漆的配方设计底表2金属闪光面漆性能的检测结果注:样板的烘烤条件为(140±2)℃,20raino颜料颗粒越粗,形状越圆,反射光线的比例越高,因此就越亮,越白,色强度越强,闪光性增大(闪光性是指在不同角度观察时白度的变化).事实上,可以观察到金属闪光漆涂膜的立面和水平面白度的不同,或从不同角度观察涂膜时就可感觉到随角异色闪光性.铝粉颜料颗粒越细,粒子结构越不规则,散射光的比例就越高,看上去越均匀,明暗变化越强,遮盖力越高,鲜映性(DOI)越好.目前对高白度,高亮度以及随角异色闪光效果好,且遮盖力高,DOI好的金属颜料的需求很大.这些特性和粒径大小的变化关系如图l所示.细一鲜映度遮羞力随,-异色闪光度色彩饱和度闪光度光亮度粒径减弱减弱增强增强增强增强粗图l粒径的影响2.1.6铝粉的定向铝粉的质量特性——白度,明亮度,色饱和度,遮盖力,随角异色闪光性和鲜映度等不仅和铝粉的粒径底材ba一定向性好.一致的反射,强随角异色闪光."闪烁": b一定向性差,不规则反射,弱随角异色闪光,"浑浊" 图2粒子定向对光学效果的影响2.1.7铝粉定向的影响因素铝粉定向的好坏直接影响金属闪光漆的光泽,闪光指数(FI),随角异色效果及颜色的一致性.因此,在金属闪光漆中选择合适的助剂帮助铝粉在成膜过程中进行有序排列是至关重要的.在配方设计中选用醋酸丁酯纤维素(CAB)和蜡助剂进行试验.CAB是热塑性高分子聚合物,成膜后存在于涂膜的表面.在烘烤固化过程中CAB中少量的羟基也参与反应,使漆膜的耐二甲苯浸泡与擦拭性能更好,然而CAB的玻璃化温度较高,在较低温度下,漆膜表现得更脆,因此漆膜的柔韧性下降,但对铝粉有良好的定向及改善光泽的作用.蜡助剂在涂料表干过程中微结晶,对铝片定向有一定帮助.CAB与氟树脂的搭配以CAB38l一0.5为最好,其用量对漆膜性能的影响如表3所列.表3CAB用量对漆膜性能的影响由表3可见,随着CAB381—0.5用量的增加,漆膜的柔韧性有下降的趋势,耐二甲苯擦拭性能较空白样品要好,且光泽也明显高于空白样品.因此,CAB38l一0.5的用量在l5%左右时漆膜的综合性能较好,又对铝粉有明显的定向作用.2.1.8提高金属闪光漆的贮存稳定性金属闪光漆的贮存稳定性存在以下2个方面的问题:①铝粉的反应性问题.在酸催化体系中,铝粉颜料会与酸发生反应而消耗部分酸催化剂,使体系不能完全固化,且使铝粉颜色发黑.因此选择部分醚化的氨基树脂,其反应活性高,不需要酸催化剂,可避免这一2004.02现代涂料与涂蓑5问题的发生.②铝粉的沉降问题.在金属闪光漆中,选择合适的防沉剂,直接关系到涂料的防沉性,施工性,流平性乃至成膜后的物化性能.在金属闪光漆的研制中,选择了4种助剂:BYK一410,BYK一103蜡液, 6900—20X(DISPARLON)和nrS—l蜡液(东方天益生产).在试验中发现BYK一410的防沉性良好,但有泛黄倾向;TYS一1的防沉性较差;6900—20X和BYK一103的防沉性均较好,且不易泛黄,但加6900—20X的漆膜流平性和重涂性不如BYK一103.因此选择BYK一103作为金属闪光漆的防沉剂.2.2罩光清漆的研制2.2.1原材料氟树脂(大连振邦),丙烯酸树脂,L一0l8氨基树脂,丙烯酸防流挂树脂,R一7l7氨基树脂,流平剂,紫外吸收剂和溶剂.2.2.2制漆工艺将氟树脂,丙烯酸树脂与丙烯酸防流挂树脂91795混合均匀,2000r/rain高速搅拌5～10min.然后在l000r/min中速搅拌下加入氨基树脂和流平剂及紫外吸收剂,分散l0～20min,使漆液混合均匀.2.2.3罩光清漆的配方设计罩光清漆的配方如表4所列.表4汽车轮毂用罩光清漆配方设计2.2.4试板的衬备及其性能指标罩光清漆的试板制备与金属漆相同,涂膜性能的检测结果如表5所列.表5汽车轮毂用罩光清漆性能的检测结果注:样板烘烤条件为(140±2),20rain.现代涂料与涂蓑,7004.0262.2.5罩光滑漆抗流挂性的解决罩光清漆的光泽和丰满度一方面取决于成膜树脂本身,另一方面与其喷涂的厚度也有直接关系,为了保证喷涂的厚度并且不产生流挂,选择了AKZO?NO—BEL的SETALUX9l795VX一60抗流挂丙烯酸树脂和A VECIA的250抗流挂剂来改善罩光清漆的流挂性. 试验结果如表6所列.表6抗流挂剂对漆膜性能的影响注:试验温度为l2℃.由表6可见,随着91795树脂用量的增加,漆膜的抗流挂性明显提高,而且对漆膜的光泽几乎无影响,但是在喷涂时发现,用量大时其喷涂所需压力也较大,施工性能较差,且稀释剂用量大,影响漆膜的丰满度.而A VECIA的250助剂的抗流挂性虽较好,但对光泽的影响较大.因此,选择91795树脂为抗流挂剂,用量在5%～l0%之间.2.2.6罩光滑漆中流平剂的选择在罩光清漆的配方设计中,选用EFKA公司的E.FKA一3033,EFKA一3777流平剂进行了对比试验,结果如表7所列.表7流平剂用■对漆膜性能的影响表7试验结果表明,EFKA一3033,EFKA一3777流平剂综合使用的效果最好,且不影响漆膜的重涂性, 因此选择EFKA一3033,EFKA一3777搭配使用.2.3稀释剂的配方设计在溶剂型涂料中,混合溶剂配方的设计对涂层性能起着举足轻重的作用.配方的成分与浓度影响着溶剂的溶解力,挥发速率,黏度,相对密度,安全性以及涂料的成本.适宜的溶剂配方不仅会改善涂料性能,同时也能降低成本,提高市场竞争力.2.3.1金属漆稀释剂的配方设计在金属漆稀释剂的配方设计中,着重考虑以下几个方面:①溶剂的溶解力;②溶剂的挥发速率;③溶剂的黏度,安全性;④溶剂的成本低,原料易得.根据以上几个方面的要求,设计配方如表8所列.表8配方中,真溶剂是醋酸丁酯和乙二醇乙醚醋酸酯(CAC),其中CAC可以改善金属漆的搭接性,正丁醇和二甲苯为稀释剂和助溶剂,其中正丁醇可防止氨基树脂脱丁氧基,提高金属漆的贮存稳定性.表8汽车轮毂用金属闪光漆稀释剂2.3.2罩光清漆稀释剂的配方设计在罩光清漆稀释剂的配方设计中,同样要考虑2.3.1中的4个要点;另外,还要着重考虑罩光清漆稀释剂对金属漆的影响,设计配方如表9所列.表9罩光清漆稀释剂配方设计表9的3个配方中,1'配方在试验过程中发现挥发速率较快,且漆膜流平性不好,同时影响了光泽;3 配方中CAC的溶解力很强,沸点较高,因此漆膜的流平性有所改善,但对金属漆有咬底现象;2'配方由于加入了少量的DBE(高沸点溶剂),因其具有良好的溶解力且沸点较高,馏程长,极大地改善了漆膜的流平性,减少了表面缺陷;DBE低毒无味,符合环保要求, 该配方较为理想.因此,选用2'配方作为罩光清漆用稀释剂的配方.3结语汽车轮毂用涂料的应用前景十分广阔.随着市场对汽车(摩托车)轮毂的要求越来越高,许多轮毂生产厂家对其外观与机械性能方面的要求也愈加严格.目前,国内诸多轮毂生产厂家使用的涂料主要是美国杜邦的产品,国内产品在质量上还存在一定的差距,本公司研制的汽车轮毂用涂料将为轮毂生产厂家多一个选择余地.参考文献【11朱莉,刘卫平.家电板用金属闪光卷材面漆的研制.涂料工业,2002,(2):15f21崔旭,钟姗姗.浅析溶剂配方的设计.涂料工业,2000. (1):29(收稿日期:2003—03—03)(上接第3页)的基本性能达到或超过了国家标准所规定的要求.4结论(1)用硬脂酸对纳米A1O表面进行改性,红外光谱分析及亲油性试验表明硬脂酸成功地与纳米A1:O表面的羟基进行反应,使纳米材料的表面性质从亲水性转变成亲油性.(2)SEM观察涂层磨损前后的形貌,表明纳米AhO在树脂中的分散大部分在20～100nm之间,与树脂具有良好的相容性,在树脂中分散良好.(3)在羟基丙烯酸树脂涂料中添加5%的纳米A110,涂膜的耐磨性提高了66%;在聚酯树脂涂料中添加15%的纳米A10,,涂膜的耐磨性能提高了100%,相对于底材有机玻璃的耐磨性能提高了2.75倍,可见光平均透过率在80%以上.参考文献[1】曹红亮,赵石林.纳米透明耐磨涂料.中国涂料,2003, (1):34—37【2】ChenghongLi,KurtJordens,GaahL.Wilkes.Abrasion—RemsmntCoatingsforPlasticandSoftMetallicSubstratesbySol—gelReactionsofaTriethoxysilylatedDiethyenetriamine andTetramethoxysilane,Wear.2000.242:152—159 WinklerRP..eta1.AqueousW_elCoatingsforTransparent PlasticGlazing,ThinSOlidFilm.1999.35l:209—2ll CambeU,eta1.ScratchResistantClearcoatsContainingSur- faceReactiveMicmparticlesandMethodTherefore,US 5853809.1998周吉高,李包顺,黄校先等.纳米氧化锆粉体的表面改性研究.无机材料,l996,ll(2):237—240王家序.陈战,秦大同.纳米AI2O,对聚四氟乙烯工程材料性能的影响.机械工程材料,2002,(9):3l一33未明,黄志杰,左美群等.纳米SiO:在不饱和聚酯树脂中的应用.化工新型材料,1998,(3):3l一32徐伟平,黄锐.聚合物/无机纳米粒子复合材料研究进展. 中国塑料,1997,ll(5):5—22汤戈,王振家,马全有等.纳米AIO,粉体改善环氧树脂耐磨性的研究.热固性树脂,2002,17(1):4—8.纪秋龙,章明秋,客敏智等.减摩耐磨用无机颗粒/高分子复合材料的研究.中国塑料,2001.(8):l一5.(收稿日期:2003—08一l9)2004.02现代涂料与涂蕞11J1J1J1J1J1J1J1J3456789_一rIr【r【rIrIr【r【r【。
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声音设计保证行驶的安全性，驾乘的舒适感，提升了驾驶的乐趣！
Sound design ensures the safety of driving, driving comfort, enhance the fun of driving!
市场驱动背景Market driven
有源发声 应用车型：
雪佛兰 Volt EV 雷诺 Zoe EV 长安 逸动 EV 奥迪 SQ5 宝马 i8 奔驰 E-class 高尔夫 GTD
市场驱动背景Market driven
声音设计运用于汽车的主要方向
Sound design applied to the main direction of new energy vehicles
仪表面板
INSTRUMENT PANEL • 转弯指示Turn indicator • 固定安全带Fasten Seat Belt • 电池使用量Battery level
• 模拟类引擎声音模型/科技感/未来感...... Simulation engine sound model
• 根据乘客心理情绪定制声音,改善用户体验； Add the fun of sound and the comfort of new energy vehicles
形式多样的智能化声音设计，为不同类别车型产品
精致感 Refined
愉悦感 Pleas ant
有源发声控制产品ASC
汽车声品质开发流程
Automotive acoustic quality development process
交互式主观评价 Interactive subjective evaluation
达到客户期望的就是具有好的声品质的声音
Meets the customer's expectation is the sound with good sound quality
PART 01 市场驱动背景
Market Opportunities
PART 02
产品的技术研发
Research & Development
PART 03
产品应用平台
Application Platform
PART 04
核心优势
Competitive Edgket Opportunities
汽车有源发声技术的开发与应用
Development and application of automobile active sound technology
汪海燕 NVH主任工程师 无锡威孚高科 Wang Haiyan，NVH Chief Engineer，WUXI WEIFU Co.,LTD
Contents
纯电动汽车
Pure electric vehicle
有源发声控制产品ASC
目标特征主观定义及描述
Subjective definition and description of target characteristics
运动型/Sporty
超跑型/Supercar
细化特征
Refinement characters
有源发声控制产品ASC
汽车声品质开发过程的差异性
Automotive acoustic quality development differentiation
车外噪声
Exterior noise
风激励
Wind excitation
车内噪声
Interior noise
风扇
Fan
发动机
Engine
进气系统
辅助驾驶系统
ADAS
• 3D立体声警示3D waring • 交通状况Traffic information
车外声音增强
ENHANCE SOUND
• 行人警示安全Pedestrian warning • 排气主动声浪EASW
车内声音补偿
SOUND ENHANCEMENT
• 加速声设计Run up ASD • 减速声设计Coast down ASD • 怠速声设计Idle ASD
车内振动
Interior vibration
驱动电机
Driving motor
风扇
Fan
路面激励
Road excitation
路面激励
Road excitation
辅助控制器件
Auxiliary controller device
传统内燃机车型
Conventional internal combustion engine vehicle
PART 02
产品的技术研发
Research & Development
有源发声控制产品ASC
功能介绍
Introduce function
驾乘人员/Driver & Passenger
• 联动油门、转速、车速及扭矩信号； Cooperation throttle, speed, speed and torque signal
Intake system
排气系统
Exhaust system
车内振动
Interior vibration
传动系统
Transmission system
车内噪声
Interior noise
传动系统
Transmission system
风激励
Wind excitation
车外噪声
Exterior noise
创造驾驶乐趣。
Various forms of intelligent sound design create driving
•
pleasure for different types of vehicle models.
电动和混动汽车能够发出和正常汽车同等量级的声音，•
便于路人识别。
Electric and hybrid cars can produce the same level of sound as normal cars, making it easier for passersby to identify them
行人/Pedestrian
车外警示音设计，满足法规要求； Warning sound design, meet the requirements of regulations
个性化的车外警示音设计具有品牌效应 Personalized warning tone design has brand effect