Comparison & Comparative Constructions
Comparison-Contrast-对比与对照
• Decide on your purpose • Choose your subjects
Contrast Comparison
SubjectA common SubjectB
Set Your Purpose
How to write a good comparison/ contrast essay?
Comparison/Contrast is a method that is often used by writers to
analyze the similarities and differences
between two subjects.
What is comparison/contrast?
Professor Wu: classroom instruction homework exam grading
How to write a good comparison/ contrast essay?
Point-by-Point
Classroom instruction Homework Exam Grading
Point by Point
Point 1
Subject A Subject B
Point 2
Subject A Subject B
Point 3
Subject A Subject B
Mixed sequence
How to organize a comparison/ contrast essay?
Comparison/Contrast
01
Beier
What is comparison/ contrast?
02
比较和对照的英语写作方法(2012)
Comparison and Contrast比较和对照的写作方法一．目标、重点和难点目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较着重相似点，而对照强调不同之处）；重点：熟悉比较和对照写作方法的特点、模式及相关写作语块（词组、结构及句子）；难点：训练学生对作文主题的思维拓展以及相关语言表达的总结。
二．A Brief Introduction1. Definitions of comparison and contrastComparison: You are asked to explain how two or more things are alike.Contrast: You are asked to explain how two or more things are different.2. Two methods to organize a comparison and contrast essay使用比较和对照写作方法的一般是说明文与论说文，常见的比较对照有两种方式1）逐点比较方式Point-by-point method(or alternating arrangement): You alternatepoints about A (one thing) with comparable points about B (another thing). AB交错，即A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3...。
2）块状比较方式Item-by-item method (or block arrangement): You discuss all of A, then all of B. 先A后B，即A1, A2, A3...；B1，B2，B3...。
3. structureUsually, comparison and contrast essay writing consists of three parts: Introduction, Body and Conclusion.Introduction often begins with a sentence that will catch the reader’s interest. Then name the two subjects and state that they are very similar or quite different, having many important (or interesting) similarities or differences.Body discusses how both subjects are different or similar with the two methods (alternating or block arrangement).Conclusion gives a brief, general summary of the most important similarities and differences. End with a personal statement, or a prediction.4．SamplesSample1 Country Life and City LifeIt is really hard to say which is better than the other, city life or rural life. Both have their merits and shortcomings.Living in the city has a great many advantages. First, you can enjoy variouskinds of foods, both foreign and domestic. Second, there are more cultural activities in the city – you can go to the concert, the theatre, the movies or the disco club after a day’s hard work. But city life has many problems, too.The overcrowded population, traffic jam, industrial pollution, and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness. Living in the country, however, you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want, you can certainly have a huge garden when a small green space seems a luxury in the city. In the country, you don’t have so mucn worrie s. You can enjoy the pleasure of work by planting seeds in the earth and watching them grow into flowers and finally into fruits or food. But rural life may not be that perfect. Things are going so slowly that sometimes you may feel that you are absolute left behind in some remote corners of the world. Y ou may again miss the parties, friends and movies in the city.Like anything else, country life and city life have their advantages and disadvantages. The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasures of both lives and get rid of their inconveniences.Sample2 Middle School Life and College Life There are many differences between middle school and the college.First，in middle school，we have to listen to what the teacher says in class, to understand the content of the text. But in college，we must study by ourselves before class. If not，we couldn't follow the teacher. Second，there are lots of rules in middle school. For example，we should wear the uniform，the girls must have their hair cut short，and we are not allowed to make boy- or girlfriends. However，in college，we have more freedom. We can wear the clothes we like. And the girls could have long beautiful hair. We are also free to make boy or girlfriends. The third，in the middle school，we must study first. That means we could do nothing but study.In contrast，we have to do everything by ourselves in college. That means we must plan our time carefully. There are also other differences between our school life and our college life. We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life.Sample3 The Senate and the House of Representatives [Introduction]As we all know, in the USA, Congress is responsible for making laws. Congress is made up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In this essay, you will learn the differences between the two houses of Congress.[Body]There are many differences between the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Vice President of the United States is the head of the Senate. He must vote in the Senate if there is a tie (平局). On the other hand, the head of the House of Representatives is called the Speaker of the House, who is elected by representatives. Another difference is that the Senate is made up of 100 senators, two from each state. The House of Representatives, however, is made up of 435 representatives. The number of representatives from each state is determined by that state’s population. A thir d difference is that senators are elected to serve six-year terms, while representatives are elected to serve two-year terms.[Conclusion]Although Congress is made up of two types of lawmakers, they must work together for the benefit of all Americans.三．写作步骤1. 写前阶段：写作提纲1) 对两个对象或一个对象的两个方面进行比较与对照分析，找出相似点/不同之处。
Comparison Contrast 对比与对照
Differences
How to write a good comparison/ contrast essay?
Short Conjunctions However, In contrast, By contrast, ..., but ..., yet
Subordinating Conjunctions On the other hand, even though + [sentence] although + [sentence] whereas + [sentence] unlike + [sentence] while + [sentence] nevertheless,
What is comparison/contrast?
Comparison is to bring out the similarities between two things.
Contrast is to emphasize the differences between two things.
Classroom instruction Homework Exam Grading
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Point-by-Point
Comparison(比较文范文)
ComparisonWith a fantastic advance in the field of technology, it brings more benefits and troubles to the modern people’s lives than before, and there are two articles focus on this question by two different authors. Comparing the two articles – “Attached To Technology and Paying a Price” written by Matt Richtel, and “Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty, With Real Dangers” written by Nicholas Carr, there is a common idea that both of the two authors are focusing on the negative effects of technology in people’s lives. Furthermore, the emphases of the two articles have difference. In Carr’s work, he is more interested in the privacy under threat by the increasable divulged personal information. On the other hand, Richtel pays more attention to the effects of people's daily lives by technology. In addition, Richtel also shows that there are positive effects of technology in his article. Overall, it is no doubt that technology has pros and cons for our lives.To begin, we must focus on the common idea about the cons of technology. Richtel agrees that “Our ability to focus is being undermined by bursts of information” (Richtel 2). That is, due to the process of technologies being applied in the modern people’s life, the excess of information into our daily lives has led us to focus on the extra information; meanwhile, our awareness of original life has been reduced. As a common phenomenon, people spend increasing time on the Internet or other media digitals such that we ignore communicating with our family members; not only that, there is more serious issue that the real dangers are close to us by divulged privacy. Carr shows that “personal information may be used to influence our behavior andeven our thoughts in ways that are invisible to us” (Carr 4). That means that we have the possibility of being manipulated with the leaked personal information. As increasing users of social network and online shopping, people's privacy is more severely compromised without attention. In particular, the leaked dates can be used to predict how they will react when they're presented with online ads and other digital stimuli by mathematicians and marketers who refine data-mining algorithms.Unlike Carr, Richtel does not considered that all of technologies are negative. What’s more, Richtel uses the results of research to prove that there are positive effects of technology. The research shows that “Technology use can benefit the brain in some ways” (Richtel 1). As the results of research are given in the article: “Imaging studies show the brains of Internet users become more efficient at finding information. And players of some video games develop better visual acuity” (Richtel 1). That means that we can improve our abilities or skills through using technology. With the process of technology, technology is not only a tool in our life, but also become something we cannot live without. Besides, Richtel shows that technology plays a helpful role in the modern people’s lives. “More broadly, cellphones and computers have transformed life.They let people escape their cubicles and work anywhere (Richtel 2)”, which means that technologies are beneficial to our works and studies by their powerful functionality. Therefore, our lives become more efficient and convenient with technology’s help.Consequently, there are both pros and cons in people’s lives with applying technology. But, we cannot shirk the whole fault on technology. If people can paymore attention and control themselves when they use technology, the negative effects of technology will decrease; otherwise, people will pay a price for their carelessness.Works CitedMatt Richtel, “Attached To Technology and Paying a Price”Nicholas Carr, “Tracking Is an Assault on Liberty, With Real Dangers”。
作文资料Comparison and Contrast 比较和对照的写作
Comparison and Contrast 比较和对照的写作1.目标：掌握英语作文中比较和对照的写作方法（比较相似点，对照强调不同之处）2.使用比较和对照写作方法一般是说明文和议论文，常见的比较对照有两种方式：1.块状比较方式：(block method )先A 后B,即A1，A2，A3----; B1,B2,B3----。
2.逐点比较方式：(point-by-point method ) AB交错，即A1，B1;A2，B2;A3，B3----范文一：(块状比较法)Country life and City lifeIt is really hard to say which is better than the other,city life or rural life .Both have their merits and shortcomings .living in the city has a great many advantages .,First ，you can enjoy various kinds of foods，both foreign and domestic .Second, there are more cultural activities in the city —you can go to the concert ,the theatre ,the movies or the disco club after a day’s hard work .But city life has many problems too. The overcrowded population ,traffic jam , industrial pollution ,and the lack of understanding between people may result in disease and unhappiness .living in the country ,however ,you can watch the magnificent sunrise and sunset and listen to the bird singing in the tree. If you want ,you can certainly have a huge garden while asmall green space seems a luxury in the city .In the country ,you don’t have so much worries .You can enjoy the pleasure of work by planting seeds in the soil and watching them grow into flowers and finally into fruits or food .But rural life may not perfect .Things are going so slowly that sometimes you may feel that you are absolute left behind in some remote corners of the world .You may again miss the parties ,friends and movies in the city .Like anything else ，country life and city life have their Advantages and disadvantages .The best solution may be that you enjoy pleasure of both lives and get rid of their inconveniences.范文二：（逐点比较法）Middle School life and college LifeThere are many differences between middle school and the college .First , in the middle school , we have to listen to what the teacher says in class to understand the content of the text .But in college ,we must study by ourselves before class. If not ,we couldn’t follow the teacher .Second ,there are lots of rules in the middle school .For example , we should wear the uniform ,the girls must have their hair cut short .and we are not allowed to make boy-girl friends . However ,in college ,we have more freedom .We can wear the clothes we like .And the girls could have longbeautiful hair . We are also free to make boy or girlfriends .The third ,in the middle school ,we must study first .That means we could do nothing but study .In contrast ,we have to do everything by ourselves in college .That means we must plan our time carefully .There are also other differences between our school life and our college life .We have to learn to adapt ourselves to college life .。
Comparison and Contrast
充分地，显著地
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ 短
远远地在后面
Ⅲ
Ⅳ
Ⅴ
• There are two general kinds of steel: carbon steel and alloy steel. Carbon steel contains only iron and carbon, while alloy steel contains other elements as well, such as nickel, chromium, tungsten, etc. The properties of carbon steels, notably strength and hardness, depend on the amount of carbon they contain. Low carbon steel is relatively soft and weak; medium carbon steel is both harder and stronger than low carbon steel, while high carbon steel is the hardest and strongest.
• The additional elements of alloy steel make it not only stronger and harder than carbon steel, but resistant to rust as well. For the latter reason, alloy steel is also called stainless steel.
Comparison and Contrast（比较和对比）
• 英语科技说明文中，对事物进行分类和比较与对 比是联系很紧密的两个方面。因为，对事物进行 分类后，客观上必然要对它们进行比较与对比。 对事物进行分类时，采用的作法是，对事物分类
英语作文comparison
英语作文comparisonIn the ever-evolving landscape of education, the debate between traditional and modern methods often surfaces.While traditional education focuses on rote learning, discipline, and respect for authority, modern education emphasizes critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration. This comparison aims to delver into the pros and cons of both approaches and explore how they manifest acrossdifferent cultures.**Traditional Education:**The cornerstone of traditional education is theteacher-centered classroom. Teachers are the sole disseminators of knowledge, and students are expected to absorb information passively. This model emphasizes memorization and repetition, often through rote learning techniques. Discipline and respect for authority are paramount, with a strict adherence to rules and regulations. Exams are typically the sole criterion for evaluating student performance.**Modern Education:**In contrast, modern education is student-centered, promoting active learning and collaboration. Teachers act as facilitators, guiding students to explore and discover knowledge. This approach emphasizes critical thinking, analytical reasoning, and creativity. Students are encouraged to question, challenge, and innovate, fostering a culture of inquiry and exploration. Evaluation is often more comprehensive, incorporating various methods such as projects, presentations, and peer reviews.**Cross-Cultural Perspective:**The implementation of traditional and modern education methods varies significantly across cultures. In some cultures, respect for authority and hierarchy is paramount, making the traditional model more suitable. In these settings, students learn to obey rules and follow procedures, which is crucial for societal harmony. However, this approach may stifle creativity and innovation.On the other hand, cultures that value individualism and autonomy tend to favor modern education methods. These cultures encourage students to think critically, challenge conventions, and pursue their passions. While this fostersinnovation and creativity, it can also lead to a lack of discipline and respect for authority.**Conclusion:**In conclusion, both traditional and modern education methods have their merits and drawbacks. The choice of approach should be tailored to the cultural context and societal needs. A blend of both methods could potentially yield the best results, fostering both disciplinary skills and creative thinking. As education continues to evolve, it is crucial to remain flexible and adaptive, incorporating the best practices from both traditions to create a well-rounded and inclusive learning environment.**传统教育与现代教育的比较：跨文化视角**在教育不断演变的景观中，传统与现代方法之间的辩论经常出现。
Unit 4 写作技巧之comparison and contrast-高中英语上外版2020必修三
Finally， a concluding sentence （结束句） —— whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation—— ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding
paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written expository （说明文的） paragraphs and essays are
What is the argumentative article made up of ?
Topics or situation Opinions and reasons conclusion
个人观点：It’sno easy task to find a satisfactory answer to the issue.As for me,there’s some truth to both arguments.It’s advisable to ________.
范文赏析
My View on Studying Abroad
常见句型 表明观点：When it comes to
_________,different people hold different views. 展示观点：Some contend that ________.For
one thing,________.For another,_________.In spite of all these claims,others maintain that _________.They point out that _________.Another instance often cited is that ________.
contrast近义词名词
contrast近义词名词对比的近义词名词对于表达相同或相似含义的词语，我们通常会使用近义词来进行替换。
在英语中，"contrast"是一种常见的表达方式，用以比较两个或多个事物之间的差异。
本文将介绍一些与"contrast"相似的近义词名词，以帮助读者丰富词汇并提升表达能力。
1. Comparison（比较）Comparison指的是对两个或多个事物之间的相似性和差异进行详细的分析和描述。
在比较中，我们可以利用各种因素来评估事物之间的不同之处，例如：外观、特征、功能等。
通过比较，我们可以更好地理解事物之间的关系，并得出结论。
2. Distinction（区别）Distinction用于描述两个或多个事物之间的差异或区别。
与contrast 类似，distinction强调事物之间显著的差异。
在使用distinction时，我们可以着重强调事物之间的特征、属性或功能的不同之处。
通过分析事物的区别，我们可以深入了解它们的独特之处。
3. Variation（变化）Variation指的是事物之间的差异或变化，是对比的一种表达方式。
这种差异可以体现在形状、大小、颜色、性质、程度等多个方面。
通过研究事物的变化，我们可以更好地理解其特点，并将其与其他事物进行对比。
4. Disparity（差异）Disparity用于描述事物之间的差异或不相等。
与contrast相比，disparity更强调差异的程度。
通过使用disparity，我们可以突出事物之间的明显差异，提示读者关注这些差异。
这有助于我们对不同事物进行深入的比较和理解。
5. Parity（相似）Parity用于描述事物之间的相似性或相等程度。
与contrast相反，parity着重于说明事物之间的共同点与相似之处。
通过使用parity，我们可以归纳出两个或多个事物之间的共同特征，以及它们之间的相似之处。
6. Resemblance（相似）Resemblance描述的是两个或多个事物之间的相似性。
Comparison&Contrast
表示比较的两个词comparison & contrast的区别首先看看这两个词的含义comparison - When you compare things, you consider them and discover the difference or similarity between them.compare更侧重于比较事物间的共同点，发现他们不同的地方。
e.g. Compare with dogs, cats are cleaner. 猫比狗干净。
猫和狗都干净，比较而言猫更加干净。
就干净这一点，它们是有共同点的。
contrast - A contrast is a great difference between two or more things which is clear when you compare them.contrast更侧重于比较不同点e.g. Cats catch mice, by contrast, dogs don't. 猫捉老鼠，但是狗不捉老鼠。
这一点上，猫和狗大不相同。
很多时候，这两者可以连起来用。
请看在网上找到的这个例句e.g. Please compare and contrast education in China and America. 请对中国和美国的教育系统做一下对比。
即相同点和不同点都做对比。
总的来说，compare是比较同类事物，而contrast是比较不同类的事物。
换句话说compare 侧重的是相同点的比较，而contrast侧重的是不同点的比较。
很多时候，这两者可以连用，表示对照比较。
Comparison: in comparison, in comparison with, also, similarly, likewise etc.This book is funny and easy to understand in comparison.Judging from your recent information, it seems that your market conditions have not been favorable in comparison with other markets.Those who feel frigid towards their neighbors are mostly the working people. By comparison, retirees and housewives are more sociable, as they spend more time about the housing estates. You’ll have to get a passport, and you’ll also need a visa.Men wear a jacket and tie; similarly, women wear a skirt or dress.Pleased to meet you. Likewise.Contrast: in contrast to, by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead of, rather than, however, unlike, though, conversely etc.In contrast to your belief that the project will fail; I’m confident that it will succeed.The coastal areas have mild winters, but by contrast the central plains are extremely cold.The older a male is , the more valuable he is and the younger a female is, the costlier she is . The older a male is , the more valuable he is while a female is on the contrary.My job is not well paid, but on the other hand I don’t have to work long hours.I can go to the meeting instead of my sick brother.You take his advice rather than my suggestion.However rich people are，they always seem anxious to take more money.Unlike last year, the company has made big profits this year.The essay is all right; there is room for improvement, though.Everybody suggest him to do a teacher, but he didn’t choose that career conversely.however和whatever引导从句时的用法However的用法主要有以下两点：（一）用作连接副词，相当于no matter how，引导让步状语从句，意思是“不管怎样……”“无论如何……”，具体结构有以下两种：1．however+形容词+主语+系动词，例：However rich people are，they always seem anxious to take more money.无论人们有多富裕，他们似乎总是渴望挣到更多的钱。
comparison
1My hometown Gridlock and college town Arnside are similar in some aspects.Gridlock is a small town whose population is approximately 10,000. What’s more, Gridlock is in a rural area surrounded by many acres of farmland that is devoted to growing corn and soybeans. Besides, Gridlock is home to Neutron College that is famous for its Agricultural Economics program and its annual Corn-watching Festival. Like Gridlock, Arnside is also a small town, which altogether has about 4000 college students and 11,000 local residents. Similarly, Arnside is in a rural area that is in the center of land used for raising hogs or cattle.In the same way, Arnside also contains a college, and it called Quark College that is famous for its agricultural engineering department and its yearly Hog-calling Contest.2The Spring Festival is celebrated by the Chinese people; Christmas is celebrated by Westerners. Though they have different cultural backgrounds, the two holidays are alike in some aspects. First, when it comes to festivals, there is no doubt that both the Spring Festival in China and Christmas in western countries are the grandest two festivals in the world. In China, 56 nationalities celebrate the Spring Festival together. Similarly, in western countries, whether people are rich or poor, all of people from all walks of life celebrate Christmas. Second, as we all know, festivals can also provide good chances for people to have family reunions. Of course, the Spring Festival and Christmas are no exception.Once it is around the corner of the Spring Festival, many peasant-workers are inclined to return to their hometown regardless of the long distance or the bad weather. Like Chinese, westerners also attach much importance to the celebration of Christmas. Family members get together and have a big meal at home. Besides, whether it’s in China or in western countries, workers and students can get several days-off according to government rules. Before the Spring Festival, the Chinese would like to visit their friends and relatives and give them gifts respectively. In the same way, westerners like to get together and have a party. Finally, both the Spring Festival and Christmas are celebrated in winter. Traditionally, the Chinese usually have a rest at home in winter and look forward to the warmth of the next spring. Like Chinese, so do westerners.。
英语段落写作--对比比较
When we compare two things, the areas beimpare two students
A Face Body clothes B Face Body clothes
Sample: Students who have Mr. Dickens and Mr. Joyce as their
teachers are immediately aware of the differences in the lecturing manner of each teacher. // ①Mr. Joyce has a melodious voice which helps hold the interest of the students. Mr. Dickens, however, has a monotonous voice which bores rather than attracts students. // ②Mr. Joyce pronounces clearly in a rhythmic pattern, emphasizing key words. On the other hand, Mr. Dickens mumbles, running his words together. // ③Mr. Joyce also adds humor to the subject and sometimes makes jokes in class, whereas Mr. Dickens, with an expressionless face, is always serious about each lesson. //④ Mr. Joyce welcomes questions from students who don’t understand the material, He is very enthusiastic about his subject; he tries to make sure that his students understand a concept before he moves on to something new. But Mr. Dickens hates to be interrupted. He is always in a determined mood; he feels that he must cover everything. // Each teacher has a different voice, pronunciation, expression, and attitude; and, as a result, their lectures are quite different.
Comparison-Contrast-对比与对照PPT课件
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a good comparison/ contrast essay?
CONTENTS
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2
3
Definition
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What is comparison/contrison/contrast?
What is comparison/contrast?
Point-by-Point
Classroom instruction Homework Exam Grading
The area of the Pacific Ocean is 19 times the size of China
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9
What is comparison/contrast used for?
emphasize changing
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emphasize scale
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Three Patterns
What is comparison/contrast
used for?
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7
Purpose
What is comparison/contrast used for?
• To clarify something unknown or not well understood.
• To lead to a new way of viewing something familiar.
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How to organize a comparison/ contrast essay?
How to organize a comparison/ contrast essay?
Subject by Subject
comparison写作文
comparison写作文1.你很善于观察生活，能敏锐地捕捉一个个有意义的瞬间；你是个很有潜力的学生。
2.文章的语言很流畅，也写出了老师的感受。
你是老师的知音，希望我们共同切磋，在文学的百花园中采撷芬芳的一束。
3.你的字迹工整，书写很优美，老师要向你学习。
文章选材如果再新颖些，肯定会与书写交相辉映。
你认为呢？4.太棒了！你的文章，再现了东北人的憨直爽朗，使读者顿感神清气爽。
语言流畅至极，通感运用尤为巧妙。
你的笔锋具有征服力和感染力。
努力，再创辉煌！5.你的文章象一条缓缓而流的小溪，清秀，流畅。
文笔优美，感情真挚细腻，具有个人风格。
愿你在写作路上继续采撷生活中的朵朵浪花，让自己的风格更趋完善！6.涉世不深的少年走进复杂的社会，这本身就是一种睿智。
文章语言平实而柔和，描写很随意，似乎引领着读者在心灵的原野上漫步。
不足是议论略感缺乏棱角。
要知道，精粹的议论可起到画龙点睛的作用，会使你的文章更加深刻。
继续练笔，你会更出色！7.本文文笔优美清新，富有一定的哲理性。
文中写“我”在大海边散步，大海不仅给予“我”美的享受，还引起“我”的沉思和联想，可以说是大海给了我畅游的空间，“我”为大海注入了生命，使大海成为一个具有高尚人格力量的“人”。
本文读后给人以美感，引人深思。
8. 除了上课就是下课，学校生活似乎平淡乏味，但本文却善于从平凡中发现不平凡，而且写得津津有味：紧张的早晨，战斗的中午，疲劳的晚上，每个时段都选取了极富生活情趣的镜头加以点染。
清新活泼的语言，生动地展示了学生积极向上的精神风貌。
9.本文无论是思想性还是艺术性都是很高的，读后让人久久回味。
构思巧妙，运用对比手法，深化了主题；情节也颇具匠心，整个故事既出人意料之外，又在情理之中。
语言朴实无华，采用白描手法，作者的爱憎包含在叙述之中，能让读者去体会，去深思。
10、文中对父亲的介绍是全面的：从外貌到内心，从工作到生活；对父亲的介绍又是有重点的：重在写父亲的感情。
英语口语写作常用连词
【导语】在英语⼝语写作中，学好连词⾮常的重要。
它可以让你英语⼝语或者是书⾯表达瞬间增⾊，这对提⾼作⽂分数是很有帮助。
今天主要给⼤家分享英语⼝语写作常⽤连词，希望对你们有帮助!【篇⼀】英语⼝语写作常⽤连词 1.增补(Addition) in addition, furthermore, again, also, besides, moreover, what`s more, similarly, next, finally. 2.⽐较(Comparison) in the same way, likewise, similarly, equally, in comparison, just as 3.对照(Contrast) whereas, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, however, nevertheless, unlike, even though, on the contrary, while 4.因果(Cause and effect) because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus 5.强调(Emphasis) certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant 6.让步(Concession) although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true.... 7.例证(Exemplification) for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illustration. 8.总结(Conclusion) to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary 9.推断(Inference) therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise 10.时间和空间(Time and space) afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of 11.启承转合 1)、启 A proverb says...... At present....... As the proverb says.... Currently..... Generally speaking, .... Now,.... In general, ..... On the Whole.... It is clear that.... Recently..... It is often said that.... Without doubt, ....... 2)、承 First(of all), ...... Moreover, ......... Firstly, ............ No one can deny that.... In the first place, ......... Obviously..... To begin with, ......... Of course, ......... Also, ....... Similarly,......... At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that..... Certainly...... There is no doubt that....... In addition,..... What`s more, .......... In fact........ It can be easily proved that... Meanwhile...... 3)、转 But... Still, ...... But the problem is not so simple... There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However, ....... To our surprise,.......... Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately....... On the other hand, ....... Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........ Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think..... 4)、合 Above all, In brief, ........ Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........ All in all, ....... In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........ As a consequence, ......... In short, ......... As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........ In summary, ....... As has been noted, .... Obviously, ......... By so doing, ..... On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........ Presumably, ....... Eventually, ......... To conclude, ...... Finally, ........ To sum up, ..... In a word, ...... To summarize, ......【篇⼆】英语⼝语写作中常⽤的连接词 Chronological (temporal) sequence 顺序 At first, first, firstly, second, secondly, then, next, eventually, in the end, lastly, later, subsequently, at the same time, simultaneously, afterwards, finally, last but not least Additive 补充 And, in addition, moreover, besides, above all, further, furthermore, not only … but also, what is more, in the same way Comparison ⽐较 Likewise, equally, similarly, in comparison, correspondingly, in the same way Comparison / Contrastive ⽐较 / 对⽐ But, however, whereas, conversely, in contrast, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand, yet Concessive 让步 However, nevertheless, even though, still, yet Expressing an alternative 提出可选项 Alternatively, on the other hand, rather Causal (result/consequence) 因果 Consequently, so, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, hence, thus, owing to this/that, due to this/that, because of this/that, therefore, with this in mind, under these circumstances Example / illustration 举例 For example, that is, such as, for instance, thus, as follows, the following, in this case Explanation / rephrasing 解释 That is to say, in other words, namely, this means, to put it in another way, to put it simply Thematising/starting a new point 提出新观点 With regard to, in regard to, with reference to, turning to, as for…, as far as… is concerned Generalisation / hedging 模糊限制语 Generally, in general, on the whole, in most cases, normally, as a rule, in most cases, usually, for the most part Interpersonal (情感)交际 Fortunately, unfortunately, certainly, luckily, needless to say, strangely enough Emphasis/highlighting 强调 Mainly, especially, notably, in particular, particularly, clearly then Conclusion 总结 In conclusion, to conclude, finally, to sum up, in brief, therefore Condition/deduction 条件 Otherwise, under the circumstances, if so, if not, in that case, otherwise【篇三】英语⼝语写作中常见逻辑关系的连接词 1. ⽐较关系(相同点) similarly; in like manner, in comparison with;when compared with;compared with;when in fact...; like...; likewise; similarly important; apart from(doing)...; ... rather than...，by doing so ;both…and...; in the same way;not only...but (also) 2. 对照关系(不同点) yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither ... nor; although;though; but; however; something is just the other way around(另⼀种⽅式);yet;conversely; unlike; opposed to; as opposed to ; in contrast; by way of;on the contrary;different from this;nevertheless; contrary to; whereas; while 3.举例关系 for example; for instance; in thiscase; namely; as you know;like; such as; a case inpoint is...; in particular;including...; put it simply;stated roughly;as an illustration;a good example would be...;to detail this, I would like to...; It is interesting to note that...;as proof;take the case of;take…as example;as for;as regards;according to;on this occasion. 4. 强调关系 in fact;especially;particularly;moreover;naturally; what is particular;not to mention...;believe it or not;undeniably;it is certain/sure that...;by definition;definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth;in any event; withoutreservation;obviously;not only.. 5.条件关系 if;unless;lest;provided that(考虑到);if it is the case;in this sense;once...;if possible;if necessary;if so;if not all;if anything 6.归纳总结 in other words;to put it in a nutshell; in sum; therefore;hence;in short;in brief;to sum up;in conclusion; in summary; to conclude;the conclusion can be drawn that...; in short 7.⽅位关系 beyond; opposite to; adjacent to(毗邻的); at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above;below; at the right; between; on this side 8.⽬的关系 with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way;since; so that; on that account;in case; with a view to; for the same reason. 9.重申关系 in other words; that is to say; namely;to put it in another way;as I have said;again;once again. 10.时间关系 at once; immediately; at length; in the meantime; meanwhile; at the same time;in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of asudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once;since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly;whereupon; previously. 11.先后关系 at this time; first; second; at last; next;previously;simultaneously;eventually;last but not least;to begin with;to start with;to end with;finally;since then;first of all;afterwards; following this; preceding this;prior to this 12.因果关系 because;because of this;since;as;for;owing to;due to;for the reason that...;in view of;for such areason; as a result of; therefore;consequently;as a result;thus; hence; so;so that...; in consequence; as a consequence;accordingly;inevitably;under these conditions 13.转折关系 but;even so;however;though;even though;independent of;reckless of ;despite that;in spite ofthat;regardless of;while…yet…;unless... 14.并列关系 and;also;too;as well as;either...，or...;both...and...;for onething...，for another...; meanwhile;at the same time 15.递进关系 furthermore;moreover;further;In this way;still; notonly...but also...; not...but...;in addition (to);additionally, much more interesting;more specifically;next;besides; as faras... is concerned; moreover;in other words;on one hand...;on the other hand...;even; as a poplar saying goes...;in order to do it...; to make things better(worse);accordingly; 写作中，有很重要的⼀项叫做连贯与衔接，连贯性指⽂章的流畅程度，⽂章的观点应该逻辑清楚，易于理解和把握。
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3. (the) + superlative adjective/ adverb + scope of comparison
The Sahara is the largest desert in the world. Negative form: the least… This is the least difficult book I have ever read. This is the easiest book I have ever read.
Variant forms of as…as
As
much/ many + noun + as You can take as much butter as you nee. As+ adj + noun phrase + as Noun phrase: a/an + singular c. noun zero + u.c noun George is as efficient a worker as Jack. George is a worker as efficient as Jack.
如果形容词的比较级后面有名词，则修饰语也
要能与名词搭配，即many和a few等与可数 名词搭配，much和a little等与不可数名词搭 配 I hope I can get a few more gifts.
因此而更加……”时则用“all/ so much / none等+ the + 比较级+（表示原因 的状语）”，这种结构之后不再接than引导的 比较状语从句。 His dishonesty hurt her all the more because she loved him so much. He lost his left leg in the war, but things got none the worse for it.
1. Regular comparison of adjectives
Synthetic
form: expressing the comparison in relation to a higher or the highest degree by the inflected forms in –er or –est Analytic form: expressing the comparison in relation to a higher or the highest degree by their equivalents with more or most
Another
pattern: Determiner more/ less/ fewer + noun + than I have done more work than he. A variant form a/ an + comparative adjective + noun + than John is more efficient worker than Jack John is a worker more efficient than Jack.
比较级前可用many, much, far, a little, a bit, slightly, a great (good) deal, a lot, completely 等词语表示比较的程度。 She speaks English far better than me. This test was slightly more difficult than the last one. She felt a great deal (much) more healthy after physical exercise. I couldn’t afford basic necessities, much less a car.
another
variant form The + comparative adj./ adv + of John is the brighter of the two boys. Of the two boys John behaves (the) more politely. A third variant form More/ less of a + noun + than He is more / less of a sportsman than his brother.
Comparison & Comparative Constructions
Lecture 25
As
has been shown, most adjectives and adverbs are gradable and can be used in comparative clauses. When appearing in comparative constructions, adjectives and adverbs take special grammatical forms which are called ―forms of comparison‖.
ad comparison of adverbs
Comparison
adjectives. Adverbs of one syllable form their comparative degree in –er and their superlative in –est. Adverbs of more than one syllable usually take more and most forms.
The
subjects of the comparative and the main clause The comparative elements Identical subjects and comparative elements omission Identical subjects and different comparative elements Different subjects and comparative elements
Exercise 25A
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
more brightly cooler coldest deepest higher, highest more seriously bigger, biggest
8. 9. 10. 11.
12.
13. 14. 15.
softer, softest harder harder, hardest earlier hotter, hottest lighter youngest, the youngest swiftest
16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
nearer, nearest more lovely, the most lovely most convenient the most silly the most crowded
25.2 comparative constructions
There are three types of comparative construction 1. as…as 2. more…than 3. (the) + superlative adjective/ adverb + scope of comparison
of adverbs is similar to that of
3. Irregular comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Notes
many, much, little, few可用作限定词或不定代词 little表示“小的”时，其比较级和最高级可与small 相同 further现在多用作原级形容词，意为“进一步的”， 也可用作动词，表示“促进”。而farther/ farthest通常用来表示距离。 We must await further developments. I plan to further my study. Go farther and fare worse. 适可而止。
如果比较结构和名词连用，则名词一般放在
as…as结构的中间，即“as + adj. + n. + as” Our class has as many students as that one. She has read as many books as her brother has.
1. as…as
The
basic pattern of ―as…as‖ construction is ―as + adj / adv + as‖ John is as bright as Bob. The negative: John is not as bright as Bob. John is not so bright as Bob.
2. more…than
Basic
pattern Comparative degree + than The parcel is heavier than that one. Negative pattern The parcel is less heavy than that one. The parcel is not so/ as heavy as that one.
Monosyllabic
–est Adjectives of more than two syllables— adding more and most Disyllabic adjectives—either –er / -est or more / most except those ending in –y and –ow which more often than not take the synthetic forms