Cloning
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Uห้องสมุดไป่ตู้it Eight
Cloning
What is cloning?
• Cloning is the process of making a
genetically identical organism through nonsexual means.
• In genetic engineering, cloning refers to
the issue of talents and that some of them seem to be influenced genetically, such as musical ability. Cloning using the DNA from an adult who is musically talented could result in a cloned child growing up to be equally talented. (continued)
• A huge case against human cloning is the
•
emotional effects on the clone, for example a cloned child would in effect be a twin of one of his parents which could lead to serious emotional difficulties. There is also the religious side of things. For example, whether or not removing the nucleus is murder or whether or not the cloned human would have a soul. Some religious people believe that the soul enters the body when a sperm fertilizes an egg, but since sperm is not used during the reproductive cloning process there may not be a soul present, which gets into some pretty deep controversy.
• 2000 Japanese scientists clone a baby bull from a
bull that was a clone itself, the first re-cloning case involving a large mammal.
• 2002 A team of scientists at Texas A&M University
• In the case where a husband is sterile and can
not produce a child sexually he could contribute a cell from his body and through this type of cloning the wife and husband could both contribute to a cloned child, where the wife would provide the so called factory for raising the baby while the husband would provide the genetic information. This could be a viable option instead of using sperm from another man. A similar situation might be if two women would like to have a child together. They could use this cloning technique instead of going the way of artificial insemination.
produces the first cloned pet, a calico kitten called “CC” (for Copy Cat). The work was funded by Arizona millionaire John Sperling, whose company, Genetic Savings and Clone, hopes to clone pets for profit.
Text A
A Clone Is Born
Text Organization
• Part One
(Paras 1-2) Dolly the sheep, a clone, was born.
• Part Two
(Paras 3-6) Dolly’s birth has made cloning a reality and human cloning a possibility.
the copying of DNA molecules.
Cloning Milestones
• 1938 Cloning is envisioned. Hans Spemann proposed
what he called a "fantastical experiment." He suggested taking the nucleus from a cell of a late-stage embryo and transplanting it into an egg. In other words, cloning. 1952 First cloning experiment with frogs. Robert Briggs and T. J. King used a pipette to suck the nucleus from the cell of an advanced frog embryo and added it to a frog egg. It did not develop. 1984 First embryo cloning with sheep is reported. Steen Willadsen reported that he cloned a live lamb from immature sheep embryo cells. Others later replicate his experiment using a variety of animals, including cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys.
• 1997 A team led by
Drs. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (U.K.) create the first sheep with a human gene in every cell of its body. The genetically engineered lamb is named Polly.
•
Human cloning
• Human cloning is a very controversial
issue and there are many advantages and disadvantages.
Major Advantages of human Cloning
• One advantage would be
China’s Breakthroughs in Cloning
• 1999 Chinese scientists have produced an
embryo of a giant panda through cloning technology, a breakthrough that could save the endangered animal. scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences had introduced cells of a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit and the embryo was nurtured successfully. 2003 Chinese scientists have produced human embryonic stem cells by mixing human skin with rabbit eggs. This experiment would represent the first time human embryonic stem cells had been generated via cloning.
• Part Three
(Paras 7-11) People have to face the ethical problems of human cloning. This part can be further divided into…
Major Disadvantages of Human Cloning
• there is a high chance that the clone will not be
normal. It may have some disorder; either starting at birth or the clone may get a disorder or disease related to the cloning process later in life. There is also the issue of the cells aging. Cells are believed to have a set life span and that using an aged cell of say an adult human would result in the cloned child starting off with cells already aged thus having an effect on that child’s life span.
•
• Another problem is that
•
after the technique of using a female egg and a female cell to make a clone there would really be no genetic need for men. Another issue is diversity; if cloning is done large scale genetic diversity could be depleted. Diversity is really what the human race is all about, so this could be a disaster.
•
•
• 1994 First cloning of
more advanced embryo cells. Neal First cloned calves from embryos that have grown to at least 120 cells. • 1996 Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team clone the world's the first sheep from adult cells. The lamb born in July 1996 is named Dolly.
Cloning
What is cloning?
• Cloning is the process of making a
genetically identical organism through nonsexual means.
• In genetic engineering, cloning refers to
the issue of talents and that some of them seem to be influenced genetically, such as musical ability. Cloning using the DNA from an adult who is musically talented could result in a cloned child growing up to be equally talented. (continued)
• A huge case against human cloning is the
•
emotional effects on the clone, for example a cloned child would in effect be a twin of one of his parents which could lead to serious emotional difficulties. There is also the religious side of things. For example, whether or not removing the nucleus is murder or whether or not the cloned human would have a soul. Some religious people believe that the soul enters the body when a sperm fertilizes an egg, but since sperm is not used during the reproductive cloning process there may not be a soul present, which gets into some pretty deep controversy.
• 2000 Japanese scientists clone a baby bull from a
bull that was a clone itself, the first re-cloning case involving a large mammal.
• 2002 A team of scientists at Texas A&M University
• In the case where a husband is sterile and can
not produce a child sexually he could contribute a cell from his body and through this type of cloning the wife and husband could both contribute to a cloned child, where the wife would provide the so called factory for raising the baby while the husband would provide the genetic information. This could be a viable option instead of using sperm from another man. A similar situation might be if two women would like to have a child together. They could use this cloning technique instead of going the way of artificial insemination.
produces the first cloned pet, a calico kitten called “CC” (for Copy Cat). The work was funded by Arizona millionaire John Sperling, whose company, Genetic Savings and Clone, hopes to clone pets for profit.
Text A
A Clone Is Born
Text Organization
• Part One
(Paras 1-2) Dolly the sheep, a clone, was born.
• Part Two
(Paras 3-6) Dolly’s birth has made cloning a reality and human cloning a possibility.
the copying of DNA molecules.
Cloning Milestones
• 1938 Cloning is envisioned. Hans Spemann proposed
what he called a "fantastical experiment." He suggested taking the nucleus from a cell of a late-stage embryo and transplanting it into an egg. In other words, cloning. 1952 First cloning experiment with frogs. Robert Briggs and T. J. King used a pipette to suck the nucleus from the cell of an advanced frog embryo and added it to a frog egg. It did not develop. 1984 First embryo cloning with sheep is reported. Steen Willadsen reported that he cloned a live lamb from immature sheep embryo cells. Others later replicate his experiment using a variety of animals, including cattle, pigs, goats, rabbits and rhesus monkeys.
• 1997 A team led by
Drs. Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell (U.K.) create the first sheep with a human gene in every cell of its body. The genetically engineered lamb is named Polly.
•
Human cloning
• Human cloning is a very controversial
issue and there are many advantages and disadvantages.
Major Advantages of human Cloning
• One advantage would be
China’s Breakthroughs in Cloning
• 1999 Chinese scientists have produced an
embryo of a giant panda through cloning technology, a breakthrough that could save the endangered animal. scientists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences had introduced cells of a dead female panda into the egg cells of a Japanese white rabbit and the embryo was nurtured successfully. 2003 Chinese scientists have produced human embryonic stem cells by mixing human skin with rabbit eggs. This experiment would represent the first time human embryonic stem cells had been generated via cloning.
• Part Three
(Paras 7-11) People have to face the ethical problems of human cloning. This part can be further divided into…
Major Disadvantages of Human Cloning
• there is a high chance that the clone will not be
normal. It may have some disorder; either starting at birth or the clone may get a disorder or disease related to the cloning process later in life. There is also the issue of the cells aging. Cells are believed to have a set life span and that using an aged cell of say an adult human would result in the cloned child starting off with cells already aged thus having an effect on that child’s life span.
•
• Another problem is that
•
after the technique of using a female egg and a female cell to make a clone there would really be no genetic need for men. Another issue is diversity; if cloning is done large scale genetic diversity could be depleted. Diversity is really what the human race is all about, so this could be a disaster.
•
•
• 1994 First cloning of
more advanced embryo cells. Neal First cloned calves from embryos that have grown to at least 120 cells. • 1996 Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team clone the world's the first sheep from adult cells. The lamb born in July 1996 is named Dolly.