GRINDING CHATTER
结构化超硬磨料砂轮设计与制备研究进展
表面技术第52卷第12期结构化超硬磨料砂轮设计与制备研究进展何船1a，邓辉1a,1b*，尉迟广智1a，谢宇明2，易军1a（1.湖南科技大学a.难加工材料高效精密加工湖南省重点实验室b.海洋矿产资源探采装备与安全技术国家地方联合工程实验室，湖南 湘潭 411201；2.复杂环境特种机器人控制技术与装备湖南省工程研究中心，湖南 湘潭 411104）摘要：从减摩降力、导屑促排、储液换热的角度出发，探索结构化砂轮在降低磨削力及磨削温度、抑制工件表面热损伤、提高工件加工表面完整性等方面的有效方法。
以砂轮表面/基体结构的几何形状、三维尺寸及排布方式等因素对磨削性能的影响为主线，对结构化砂轮设计、制备的基本原理与最新进展进行了全面的论述和总结，重点揭示了结构表征参数-砂轮磨削性能-工件表面质量的内在关联，深入剖析了结构化砂轮在磨削中的优越性，并预测了其未来发展趋势，旨在为推进超硬磨料结构化砂轮的设计及制备技术发展提供理论指导和实践经验。
关键词：超硬磨料砂轮；表面结构化；磨削热损伤；磨削性能；工件表面质量中图分类号：TH117 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-3660(2023)12-0042-15DOI：10.16490/ki.issn.1001-3660.2023.12.003Research Progress on the Design and Preparation of StructuredSuperabrasive Grinding WheelsHE Chuan1a, DENG Hui1a, 1b*, YUCHI Guang-zhi1a, XIE Yu-ming2, YI Jun1a(1.a. Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Precision Machining of Difficult-to-Cut Material,b. National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Mineral Resources Exploration Equipment and SafetyTechnology, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Hunan Xiangtan 411201, China;2. Hunan Engineering Research Center of Control Technology and Equipment of Special Robot inComplex Environment, Hunan Xiangtan 411104, China)ABSTRACT: Superabrasive grinding wheels are important grinding tools for difficult-to-cut materials that are increasingly used in aerospace, automotive industry, engineering machinery, and other fields. The design of their matrix and surface structure is directly related to the overall performance of the grinding wheel, which in turn affects the grinding accuracy, workpiece quality, and processing efficiency. Currently, the primary bottlenecks restricting the development of superabrasive grinding wheels are grinding chatter caused by excessive grinding force, thermal damage to the workpiece caused by high grinding temperature, and decrease of accuracy caused by clogging of the grinding wheel, and the structuring design and preparation of superabrasive收稿日期：2023-09-03；修订日期：2023-11-20Received：2023-09-03；Revised：2023-11-20基金项目：国家自然科学基金（51975209，52375425)；湖南省青年科技创新人才项目（2022RC1136）；中央引导地方科技发展资金项目（2023ZYC006）；湖南省教育厅科学研究项目（21B0458）Fund：The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51975209, 52375425); The Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2022RC1136); The Special Projects of the Central Government in Guidance of Local Science and Technology Development (2023ZYC006); The Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (21B0458)引文格式：何船, 邓辉, 尉迟广智, 等. 结构化超硬磨料砂轮设计与制备研究进展[J]. 表面技术, 2023, 52(12): 42-56.HE Chuan, DENG Hui, YUCHI Guang-zhi, et al. Research Progress on the Design and Preparation of Structured Superabrasive Grinding Wheels [J]. Surface Technology, 2023, 52(12): 42-56.*通信作者（Corresponding author）第52卷第12期何船，等：结构化超硬磨料砂轮设计与制备研究进展·43·grinding wheel is an effective way to break through the bottlenecks. In view of this, the work aims to explore the effective measures of superabrasive structured grinding wheels in reducing grinding force and temperature, inhibiting thermal damage to the workpiece surface, and improving the workpiece surface integrity from reducing friction to reducing grinding force, guiding chips to promote removal, and storing grinding fluid to exchange heat. The basic principles and latest progress in the design and preparation of the superabrasive structured grinding wheels are comprehensively discussed and summarized based on the effect of factors such as the geometry, three-dimensional size, and arrangement of the grinding wheel structure on the grinding performance. It focused on revealing the intrinsic relationship between the surface/matrix structure characterization parameters of the superabrasive grinding wheel - grinding wheel grinding performance - workpiece surface quality and profoundly analyzed the superiority of structured grinding wheels in grinding.Regarding the grooved structured grinding wheel, it is pointed out that to improve the surface quality of the workpiece, the design of grooved structured grinding wheels should be based on the optimization of groove parameters and strive to reveal the intrinsic relationship between structural characterization parameters-grinding wheel grinding performance-workpiece surface quality, thus providing a reliable theoretical reference for the optimal design of grooved structured grinding wheels. Regarding structured grinding wheels with holes, it is pointed out that the precise mapping relationship between the three-dimensional size and arrangement of blind holes on the surface of the grinding wheel and the liquid storage and heat exchange, friction reduction and wear resistance has not yet been established. Regarding the convex hull structured grinding wheel, it is pointed out that it can reduce the interference between the grains and effectively improve the utilization rate of grains by designing the arrangement style, optimizing the arrangement parameters, controlling the grinding wheel speed/feed speed, etc., thereby improving the surface quality of the workpiece after grinding. Regarding the matrix structured grinding wheel, it is pointed out that it dramatically improves the flow characteristics and the heat exchange performance of the grinding fluid in the grinding arc area by regularly grooving or drilling holes inside the matrix and rationally designing the size, quantity, arrangement and other characterization parameters of the groove/hole structure. At the end of this work, the future development trend of structured grinding wheels is predicted, which aims to provide theoretical guidance and practical experience for developing structured design and preparation technology of superabrasive grinding wheels.KEY WORDS: superabrasive grinding wheel; surface structuring; grinding heat damage; grinding performance; workpiece surface quality磨削是一种利用砂轮表面磨粒的微小切刃进行连续微切削的精加工工艺，它通常作为精密零件制造的必要和最终工序，因此会对零件的服役性能与寿命产生决定性影响。
幽默的德国笑话英文
幽默的德国笑话英文Humorous German Jokes: Bringing Laughter Across BordersIntroduction:Humor is a universal language that has the power to bring people together and create a sense of joy and amusement. Germany, known for its precision and efficiency, also has a rich tradition of humor that often surprises foreigners. In this article, we will explore a collection of hilarious German jokes that have been translated into English, showcasing the wit and comedic brilliance of the German culture.Joke 1: "The Train Ticket"Two Germans were traveling together on a train. One took out his wallet and proudly showed his new train ticket to his friend. The other German, confused, asked, "Why did you buy two tickets? Are you going back and forth?" The first German replied with a grin, "No, I bought two tickets because I wanted to extend my feet!"Explanation: This joke plays on the German concept of "Erweiterung der Fuß" (the extension of the foot) which means to stretch or relax. The literal interpretation of "two tickets for extending feet" adds a humorous twist to the situation, showcasing the Germans' love for efficiency and precision even in everyday conversations.Joke 2: "The Chocolate Bar"Two Germans were stranded on a deserted island. After days of searching for food, they stumbled upon a magical chocolate bar. The firstGerman excitedly said, "Let's divide it in half, so we can ration our food!" The other German nodded in agreement, but then he added, "But if we divide it in four, we can have more Schokolade!"Explanation: This joke captures the cliché of Germans' dedication to precision and logic. While the first German wants to divide the chocolate bar into two equal parts to ensure fairness, the second German takes it to another level by suggesting dividing it into four parts, thus highlighting their meticulous nature even in dire situations.Joke 3: "The Grammar Lesson"A German teacher was explaining the concept of singular and plural nouns to her class. She said, "In English, we add an 's' to make a noun plural. For example, one house, two houses. But in German, we add an 'en.' So, one Haus, zwei... uh... zwoo... oh, never mind!"Explanation: This joke pokes fun at the complexity of German grammar, particularly the distinction between two and the German word "zwei." The humorous part lies in the teacher's confusion, highlighting the challenges non-native speakers face when learning the intricacies of the German language.Joke 4: "The Dachshund Parade"In a small German town, a parade of Dachshunds was organized. As the adorable dogs passed by, one spectator exclaimed, "Look at all the sausages!" The person next to him corrected, saying, "No, those are Wurstcases!"Explanation: This joke cleverly uses wordplay to draw attention to the similarity between Dachshunds and sausages. By replacing the word "suitcases" with "Wurstcases," a fusion of "wurst" (sausage) and "suitcases," the joke creates a humorous image and showcases Germans' love for wordplay and puns.Conclusion:Although Germans are often associated with seriousness and precision, their ability to create and appreciate humor is a testament to the diversity and complexity of their culture. The jokes mentioned above offer a glimpse into the German sense of humor, highlighting their fondness for wordplay, careful attention to detail, and love for poking fun at themselves. Whetherit's on a train, a deserted island, or during a language lesson, the Germans' ability to find joy in the everyday is a trait worth celebrating. Let us embrace the lightheartedness of German humor and enjoy the laughter it brings across borders.。
中考英语_专题02 阅读理解热点话题之中国传统文化中国元素类20篇 -精选2024中考模拟试题
【备战2024中考英语】中考英语考前冲刺重点题型专项突破专题02 阅读理解热点话题之中国传统文化中国元素20篇（含答案解析）精选2024年最新中考模拟试题Passage 1（2024·湖南长沙·二模）Sui Xin and her friends spent an afternoon roasting nuts and fruits around a coal stove (炉子) while enjoying freshly boiled white tea. This traditional practice of boiling tea has been described in many ancient Chinese art works. Recently, it has become a popular way for the young to run away from the busy life. It also gives young people of today a chance to get to know more about Chinese tea culture.Boiling tea over coal stove has always been part of people’s lives, especially during cold winters. To promote tea culture among the young, traditional teahouses have turned into new-style ones to meet the tastes of young people. The decoration (装饰) of some stores shows a combination (结合) of traditional Chinese styles and youthful design, such as Heytea’s Zhongguancun store in Beijing. Tea makers and modern teahouses are also trying to introduce tea culture to more people by creating new drinks and related (相关的) products to highlight local cultures and history. The drinks and products do catch a lot of people’s attention.Sun Xuling, a co-founder of Theatre Tea, noticed that there has been a clear increase in people’s understanding of Chinese tea in the past two years. To meet the need of young people, Theatre Tea is planning on building a tea experience store, which will give customers chances to try different ways of making tea and to learn more about tea culture.The exploration of new combinations between traditional tea culture, pop culture, and modern life is an exciting and important trend (时尚)in China. With the increasing popularity of Chinese tea, tea makers and teahouses are continuously finding new ways to promote the culture to the young while keeping its traditional customs.1．Why does the writer mention Sui Xin’s experience in Paragraph 1?A．To tell a story. B．To lead into the topic. C．To present an opinion.2．What does the underlined word “promote” in Paragraph 2 mean?A．spread B．change C．prevent3．What’s the writer’s attitude (态度) to introducing tea culture to the young?A．Unclear. B．Doubtful. C．Supportive.4．What can be a suitable title for the text?A．A New Trend for Chinese Tea CultureB．The Rise and Fall of Teahouses in ChinaC．Ways to Promote Traditional Culture AbroadPassage 2（2024·陕西宝鸡·二模）As an old saying goes in Xunpu, Fujian province, “Put flowers in your hair in this life and you’ll also be pretty in the afterlife.” In the past, all the women in the small fishing village had long hair, and then they put colorful and special floral (花的) headdresses on their hair. The headdress is known as zanhua. Zanhua was listed as a national intangible cultural heritage in 2008.As a child, Huang Rongbing would watch his mother comb (梳理) her long and thick hair. After forming a bun at the back of her head, she would put colorful lowers into her hair, the 34-year-old recalled.The headdress inspired Huang’s career (职业) choice. In 2016, heand his older sister opened a salon. There, tourists can get their hair styled in the Xunpu tradition and have their photos taken. “We have been fully booked and now there are over 200 businesses offering services to dress tourists with a zan hua,” said Huang.The increase in tourist visits has made Huang happy. That’s because it not only keeps the business busy but also helps spread the history and culture behind zanhua headwear.After going through the full zanhua experience, Hu Titi, one of Huang’s customers, even brought zanhua culture to Paris in France last year. Under the Eifel Tower, she shot photos and videos of herself dressed in traditional Chinese clothes with a zanhua in her hair.Huang said the women of Xunpu are hard-working, warm-hearted and brave. They are famous for catching the best seafood. “When they put a zanhua on their head, they express their wish for happiness. The flowers are seen as a symbol of hope,” he added.5．In the first paragraph, we can find the answer to the question “ ________”.A．What do Xunpu villagers believe in?B．When did the visitors go to Xunpu?C．How old is the flower-wearing tradition in Xunpu?D．Why did the tradition become popular online?6．In Xunpu, women are well-known for _________ according to the passage.A．planting flowers B．making the delicious seafood C．catching the best seafood D．doing zanhua business7．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Huang Rongbing starts his career at the age of 34.B．There are lots of tourists at Huang’s salon.C．Everyone in Xunpu is hard-working, warm-hearted and brave.D．Xunpu people think flowers can bring them good luck.8．Where may the passage come from?A．A travel guidebook. B．A language newspaperC．A news website. D．A cultural magazine.Passage 3（2024·山东泰安·二模）Eating and drinking in China can be an enjoyable cultural experience. However, there are likely to be many surprises along the way. We would like to prepare you for, and even warn you of, the main differences between eating and drinking in China and in the West.Be prepared for your Chinese host placing food in your bowl, usually without even asking. The host will often put chicken legs or other parts of the meal in the guest’s bowl. Though Westerners may see this as interfering (干涉) with one’s independence and personal space, it is a sign of hospitality (好客) in China.Though in the West it is sometimes considered rude to put one’s elbows on the dining table, this is quite acceptable in China, especially when eating noodles. However, you may want to avoid this in some restaurants. Using your own antiseptic wipes (消毒湿巾) may help to put your mind at ease in some situations.In China it is also common practice to spit things out on the table or the floor. However, in more upper-market restaurants in China or in the West, people usually use one of the methods below rather than spitting. Using chopsticks, forks, or tissues (餐巾纸) is a polite way around the problem. You might want to ask for a side plate or an extra bowl for the bones (骨头), etc. Be warned if seeing piles of things that came out of someone’s mouth may put you off your food. You may want to order disheswith no bones.We realize Westerners usually come to China to experience things you don’t have at home. Our custo mers usually want to eat different things. If you want to enjoy Chinese food and experience the eating and drinking in China, see our recommended (被推荐的) China tours.9．What can we infer from the paragraph 2-3?A．It’s a sign of hospitality in China when the host puts a chicken leg in your bowl.B．Chinese hosts want to interfere with your personal space when they place food in your bowls.C．Westerners usually put their elbows on the table.D．Chinese always put their elbows on the dinner table.10．What does th e underlined word “spit” in paragraph 4 mean?A．扔掉B．吐出C．收拾D．发泄11．Which one is more unacceptable for westerners when eating something with bones?A．Asking for a side plate. B．Spitting on the ground.C．Using tissues. D．Asking for an extra bowl. 12．What is the main idea of the passage?A．Westerners want to enjoy eating and drinking in China.B．There are many surprises in China.C．Major different table manners between China and Western countries.D．Westerners usually come to China to experience things you don’t have at homePassage 4（2024·天津和平·二模）Look at the pictures of cute rabbits dressed in lion dance costumes. Can you guess what they are used for? Are they toys? Well, if you think so, think again. These cute “rabbits” are actually huabobo. It has been a popular traditional food in ShandongProvince for more than 300 years.Usually, huabobo is four or even six times bigger than mantou. It has become a necessary part of some important events. Local women use tools like knives, scissors and pens to shape the dough (生面团) into ducks, dragons, peaches, etc, before having them steamed. Then they color them. Their bright and beautiful colors are generally considered to express good wishes.For example, huabobo in the shapes of rabbits and tigers is usually given to children to express the wish that a boy will be as strong as a tiger and a girl as lovely and clever as a white rabbit. And huabobo in the shape of yuan yang represents the wish that a newly-married couple will live happily together to an old age.Huabobo is normally sweet in taste. The way to make huabobo has been passed down from generation (一代人) to generation in Shandong Province.Huabobo tastes good, but most huabobo shops only serve it locally. That detail caught the attention of Zang Chaiyuan, a 25-year-old girl from Yantai. She wanted to introduce huabobo to more people.Zang’s love for huabobo has also led her to create new shapes. She also uses natural fruit and vegetable juice to color huabobo. What’s more, she has found a way to store huabobo for over two months, making it more convenient to send it to other cities.Using her creative works, Zang has managed to breathe new life into the traditional huabobo, allowing more young people to understand and taste this traditional food.13．What purpose does Paragraph 1 serve in the passage?A．To introduce a new topic for discussion. B．To bring in the topic in an interesting way.C．To provide background information. D．To use an example tosupport the topic.14．What are the steps in making huabobo?① Steam it.② Color the dough. ③ Shape the dough. ④Serve it.A．③→①→② B．③→ ②→①C．②→③→④D．①→③→④15．What shape of huabobo is usually given to a boy?A．B．C．D．16．Which of the following is TRUE about huabobo?A．Young people don’t like it anymore. B．It is used more widely than mantou.C．Now it’s easy for non-locals to taste it. D．This traditional food is half a century old.17．What role does Zang mainly play in introducing huabobo?A．She makes huabobo more child-friendly. B．She reduces the cost of making this food.C．She improves the way she sends huabobo. D．She helps keep this traditional food alive.Passage 5（2024·甘肃武威·二模）We know many musical instruments well, such as pianos, violins, drums and so on. What about the erhu? The erhu is a traditional Chinese instrument. It is the most popular of the huqin family, and it has a long history.The modern erhu developed from the xiqin, which was played by many ethnic minorities during the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, musicians began to use the erhu to perform different kinds of music, and it became quite a popular instrument. With the rise of some forms of folk art, the art of the erhu developed quickly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It became an important accompanying instrument in different folk music. At present, it is used in both traditional and modern music, such as in pop,rock and jazz. It has even become a solo instrument. One of the most famous musical pieces played on the e rhu is Erquan Yingyue.As the erhu was mainly played by common people and the playing skills were passed down in oral form, so there are few written records about the erhu that can be found. To study the history and the development of the erhu, historians usually turn to ancient paintings. The earliest pictures of this instrument were found in Yulin Caves and Eastern Thousand Buddha Caves in Gansu Province, where five erhu pictures were discovered on murals.18．What is paragraph 1 mainly about?A．Pianos. B．Violins. C．The huqin. D．The erhu. 19．When did the erhu become a popular instrument?A．In the Tang Dynasty. B．In the Song Dynasty.C．In the Ming Dynasty. D．In the Qing Dynasty.20．What does the underlined word “oral” mean in paragraph 3?A．Listening. B．Spoken. C．Reading. D．Written. 21．To study the history of the erhu, historians usually ________.A．play Erquan Yingyue B．listen to different kinds of folk musicC．get help from ancient paintings D．read some books about ethnic minorities22．Which can be the best title for the passage?A．The history of erhu. B．The form of folk music.C．The development of Chinese instrument. D．The rise of different dynasties.Passage 6（2024·甘肃武威·二模）We can see fans everywhere in our life. But how much do you know about them?China is named the kingdom of fans. It is said that fans were firstused to cool the air during the Shang Dynasty. At that time, they were made of feathers, bamboo or silk. Some of them were round, while others were square.Folding paper fans first became popular during the Song Dynasty. There were usually beautiful pictures on the fans. Some were mountains and rivers, and others were flowers and animals. Many people, including Su Dongpo, a poet of the Song Dynasty, and Tang Bohu, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, even painted and wrote poems on fans. This made the fans into art works. Many rich and important people liked holding fans.Today, fans are popular gifts. During the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, folding fans were given to leaders and officials from other countries, as well as audience members. While they were using their fans to get cool air, they were also experiencing Chinese culture.23．The fans were made of different materials except ________ during the Shang Dynasty.A．bamboo B．paper C．silk D．feathers 24．When did folding paper fans first become popular?A．During the Shang Dynasty. B．In 2008.C．Today. D．During the Song Dynasty. 25．What couldn’t people see on fans in the Song Dynasty?A．Mountains. B．Animals. C．Buildings. D．Flowers. 26．Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A．Fans were first used to cool the air during the Song Dynasty.B．Tang Bohu never wrote or painted on fans.C．Some fans were round, while others were square.D．Folding fans were only given to leaders and officials from China. 27．What’s the best title of this passage?A．How Fans Became Art Work B．The Shapes of FansC．When Fans Became Popular D．The Development of FansPassage 7（2024·宁夏银川·一模）Showing respect for seniorsDads have Father’s Day. Moms have Mother’s Day. Kids have Children’s Day. But, do our grandparents have a special holiday? Yes, they do!The Double Ninth Festival is a special day for elderly people in China. The festival is on the ninth day of the ninth month of the lunar calendar. As the Chinese word for nine has the same sound as the word for long, people take the Double Ninth Festival to show their wishes of long life for elderly people.There are many traditions for this festival. On that day, families get together and climb mountains for luck and in the hope that elderly people will live much longer. They also drink chrysanthemum wine (菊花酒) and wear a plant called zhuyu to celebrate it. Both chrysanthemum and zhuyu are regarded as clean plants that can clean houses and cure (治疗) diseases.Respecting elderly people is shown not only on this special day but also in daily life. For example, when an older person enters a room, everyone stands up. When there are several guests at the table, the host usually introduces them from the oldest to the youngest. When a younger person is presenting something to an older person, two hands are used. On a crowded subway or bus, younger people always offer their seats to elderly people.It is a traditional virtue (美德) in China to respect elderly people. That’s because the Chinese know that elderly people have knowledge andexperience that young people can learn from. So, Chinese people are proud of being old. Besides, to respect the elderly people is to respect yourself tomorrow.28．The Double Ninth Festival is a celebration for ________.A．fathers B．mothers C．children D．elderly people 29．Which of the following may NOT be a tradition for the Double Ninth Festival?A．Cleaning houses. B．Wearing the plant zhuyu.C．Drinking chrysanthemum wine. D．Families climbing mountainstogether.30．Which is NOT the correct way to respect elderly people?A．We should offer seats to the old while taking a bus.B．We should sit straight when the old come into a room.C．We should use double hands to present things to the old.D．We should introduce the oldest person first while eating at the table.31．Why are Chinese people proud of being old?A．It means they don’t have to work for others.B．It means they have more virtues than others.C．It means they have knowledge and experience.D．It means what they did in the past was meaningful.Passage 8（2024·安徽合肥·一模）Do you know which gift becomes the most popular one to be sent by Chinese? Of course, Chinese knot (结)! With the Chinese cultural development all around the world, when Chinese people go abroad for business or study, they may choose a Chinese knot as a gift to their foreign friends, which makes it widely spread in the world.The Chinese knot is a beautiful handmade art work that began as a traditional art in Tang and Song Dynasties, and became popular in Mingand Qing Dynasties.It is named according to its different shapes, usages and origins (起源). The Treasure Knot, for example, is with the appearance of “Yuanbao”. The Torx Knot looks like “meihua” which is a kind of beautiful flower. The Kingdee Knot is in a shape of a golden butterfly, and there is a knot called the Wukong Knot which comes from the Incantation of the Golden Hoop (紧箍咒) of Monkey King.The Chinese knot has been served as wishes now. The materials can be cotton, nylon and so on, and many of them are red, which stands for good luck in China. Therefore, the knots are usually sent as gifts in some important Chinese traditional festivals or on someone’s big day to carry people’s best wishes to their family or friends.32．Why has the Chinese knot become widely spread in the world?A．Because it is easy to make.B．Because it looks beautiful.C．Because Chinese people often give it as a gift to foreign friends.D．Because it is a traditional art from the Tang and Song Dynasties. 33．When did the Chinese knot become popular?A．In Qin and Han Dynasties. B．In Tang Dynasty.C．In Song Dynasty. D．In Ming and Qing Dynasties. 34．According to the passage, which kind of Chinese knot is connected with flowers?A．The Treasure Knot. B．The Torx Knot.C．The Kingdee Knot. D．The Wukong Knot.Passage 9（2024·江西鹰潭·一模）Flying kitesPlaying diaboloWatching shadow playsSetting offfirecracker35．How do the children play diabolo?A．They burnt it. B．They juggled it on ropes.C．They flew it in the sky. D．They controlled it behind the screen.36．How could people enjoy beautiful stories in ancient China?A．By watching shadow plays. B．By setting off firecrackers.C．By flying kites. D．By playing diabolo.37．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?A．Weifang kite is the most famous kite in China.B．Nian is a symbol of hope and luck in ancient China.C．Diabolo can make a sound because it is made of bamboo.D．Shadow play is not only a game but also a kind of culture.Passage 10（2024·湖北武汉·二模）Dancing with the song of heroes With the worldwidecelebration of the Chinese New Year. Yingge Dance from southeast China has once again received widespread attention. It is based on the story of the heroes of Liangshan who attacked the Damingfu during the Song Dynasty. Yingge Dance is often performed during traditional Chinese festivals. The exaggerated (夸张的) makeup and brightly colored costumes transform the performers into the ancient heroes. ___________________As the popularity of traditional Hanfu clothingrises, more people are taking the opportunity to make it widely known. Among them is Yang Ting, who opened a Hanfu dressing and makeup store in Xi’an. Since its opening in March 2023, her store has become a hit, attracting hundreds of visitors daily, both locals and tourists, young and old. They come to dress up in ancient Hanfu clothing and have their makeup done.Blowing sugar into art pieces Sugar-figureblowing, the traditional art, is said to have a history of more than 600 years. Firstly, the sugar-figure craftsman (工匠) heats the sugar to the proper temperature and then makes the sugar into different shapes by pulling, blowing and more. The craftsmen walk around the streets, showing their magical skills to children and adults.38．In which SECTION of the newspaper can we read the news?A．BUSINESS. B．CULTURE. C．FOO D．D．PEOPLE. 39．What is needed to perform Yingge Dance?A．Beautiful stage. B．Sweet music. C．Particular look.D．Attractive lighting.40．The best heading for the second piece of news would be __________.A．Having fun in Xi’an B．Enjoying the beauty of Hanfu C．Opening more Hanfu stores D．Leaming different dressing styles 41．Which of the following can best describe picture 3?A．The girl is trying hard to blow the sugar. B．The girl is showing beautiful sugar-figure pieces.C．The girl is having a taste of the sugar. D．The girl isexperiencing pulling the sugar.42．What can we infer from those traditional arts?A．They are welcome among foreigners. B．They are used to celebrate festivals.C．They are difficult to pass down. D．They are getting moreattention.Passage 11（2024·江苏苏州·一模）Fibromyalgia is a long-lasting health problem, which makes people feel of pain and have trouble sleeping. It can make them feel bad both in their bodies and minds. Some researchers wanted to see if Tai Chi, a special kind of exercise that uses slow movements to help both body and mind, could help people with fibromyalgia feel better. They studied 226 people with fibromyalgia for a year. Some did regular (常规) exercises, and others did Tai Chi, which can be done by anyone, no matter their physical limits.Before starting, the researchers checked how much pain and stress each person had. They chose patients who had a lot of pain and had been dealing with fibromyalgia for about nine years. They divided them into two groups: one did regular exercises, and the other did Tai Chi. Both groups exercised twice a week for an hour. After either 12 or 24 weeks of classes, they were told to practice at home for at least 30 minutes every day. The researchers checked on them every month. They also asked how much pain and other problems the patients had in the beginning, after 12 and 24 weeks, and after the whole year.The results showed that the Tai Chi groups, especially those who practiced for 24 weeks, had less pain than the regular exercise groups. The Tai Chi groups also felt less stressed and were better at dealing with their problems. They attended their Tai Chi classes more often.Tai Chi is about moving slowly to exercise all parts of the body.It helps with balance and controlling movements. It also helps with feelings and behavior. The researchers said, “Tai Chi helped patients with fibromyalgia feel better in their minds and bodies, which might be better for them in the long run.”Many patients have also said that Tai Chi helps them feel better. The researchers’ study adds something more to that They said, “Tai Chi could help patients feel more confident to manage their condition better. Tai Chi may be especially well suited to the treatment of fibromyalgia.”43．What can we learn about the health problem fibromyalgia?A．Patients’ minds are free of pain.B．A long time is needed to improve it.C．It makes patients move very slowly. D．It’s caused by a sudden pain in the body.44．How did the researchers carry out the study?A．By recording patients’ everyday life.B．By phoning patients from time to time.C．By mentioning the studies in the past.D．By following patients’ health conditions.45．Which of the following can best describe Tai Chi according to the last 2 paragraphs?A．Practical. B．Challenging. C．Traditional. D．Interesting. 46．What is the best title of the passage?A．The Power of Tai Chi for Fibromyalgia B．Exploring the Ancient Culture of Tai ChiC．The Science Behind Mind and Body Practices D．Advantages of Tai Chi Over Medical TreatmentPassage 12（2024·甘肃武威·三模）Sherry Gao is pouring coffee made from Yunnan beans, hoping that her coffee shop in the city of Pasadena, Californiaintroduces you to your new favorite coffee and turns your opinions about Chinese coffee beans upside down._________ But Gao hopes that throwing light on Yunnan-sourced coffee could expose customers to the coffee-producing region and help to break down prejudice against the beans, which for tens of years were mostly used for instant products.“We w anted to highlight Chinese coffee because a lot of people never had Chinese coffee before,” Gao said. “Some have the prejudice that it’s bad or cheap, but that’s not the case anymore. It’s been changing so much over the last decade.” Recent producing proce ss, such as the addition of fruit, is leading Yunnan’s coffee to better results. “Every time a new product comes in, it tastes better than the last one,” Gao said.Farmers in China have grown tea for more than 3,000 years, but coffee has been grown there for only about a century in fewer areas. There was an uptick in the 1980s with government’s efforts. And the turn of the century and the 2010s saw a sharp growth with international companies investing in the coffee planting. But in the last 10 to 15 years, tastes and need for special and high-grade coffees appeared, especially from local growers and shops. The domestic demand for China-grown coffee has risen so rapidly that Gao says it’s now much more expensive.To further connect with the community, Gao hopes to hold classes for Yunnan coffee introduction. After all, she says, the Yunnan coffee tastes excellent when made in one’s own kitchen with a pour-over system. She hopes it’s only a matter of time before Yunnan coffee becomes popular among the homemade coffee lovers.47．What’s a misunderstanding of Chinese coffee beans?A．They are of poor quality.B．They have fewer producing areas.C．They have a strange taste.D．They are used in cheap coffee shops.48．Which of the following can be put in _________?A．M uch of the Western world doesn’t use good Chinese coffee.B．Much of the Western world drinks instant coffee most of the time.C．Much of the Western world prefers coffee in the coffee shops.D．Much of the Western world buys its coffee from Africa and South America.49．What does the underlined word “uptick” in paragraph 4 mean?A．Difference. B．Rise. C．Introduction. D．Drop.50．What does Sherry Gao expect to do in the future?A．Offer community members coffee for free.B．Buy a pour-over system for her shop.C．Teach people to make Chinese coffee at home.D．Keep up with homemade coffee fans.51．What would be the best title for the passage?A．Increasing Yunnan Coffee ProductionB．A Coffee Shop Using Chinese Coffee BeansC．Waking People Up to Yunnan CoffeeD．Intr oducing Coffee to People’s Daily LifePassage 13（2024·广东深圳·二模）The Spring Festival Yingge Dance Show Parade, held in Shantou on February 14th, attracted a large crowd. More than 1,000 dancers from 15 Yingge Dance teams participated, making it a big cultural event for the city.Yingge Dance, or“Dance to the Hero’s Song”, is a type of folk dance with a history of more than 300 years. It is popular in Chaoshan region in the east of Guangdong Province and a few parts of Hong Kong, China. Combining dancing, Chinese martial arts, and Chinese opera, Yingge Dancehas been listed as a national-level intangible (非物质的) cultural heritage in China.It’s said that this traditional dance developed from the Nuo Opera (傩戏) performed to drive away evil spirits, welcome the spring, and pray for good luck. While ancient Nuo Opera tells stories from different folk tales, Yingge Dance is based on the adventures of the “108 Heroes” of Liangshan Mountain, best known from the classic novel The Water Margin 《水浒传》.During festivals and celebrations, Yingge dancers, each holding short sticks, dress in colorful costumes, jump up and down, and use props like masks, snakes, and drums to enhance their performances.In London’s Burlington Arcade, during the Chinese New Year, a team from Pu’ning, Jieyang, put on an impressive show. Anna, a Londoner who attended with her son, was thrilled and interested in joining future Chinese New Year celebrations. Her son’s growing interest in Chinese traditions has led him to study the Chinese language.Chen Laifa, the coach of the Yingge Dance team, wants to show Yingge Dance globally. After a month of busy training, the team, consisting of experienced members with over 15 years of performance, was well-prepared for their international performance.52．What’s the main purpose of the Yingge Dance Show Parade mentioned in the beginning?A．To show some new modern dancing skills.B．To share a new type of celebrating activity.C．To introduce the main topic of the passage.D．To raise readers’ great interest in the festival.53．Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A．Yingge Dance is popular in the southern part of China at the moment.B．Dancing, Chinese martial arts, and Chinese opera are mixed in Yingge。
机加工专业单词中英对照
机加工专业(单词/词组)中英对照Aabrasion n. 磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂, adj. 磨损的,磨蚀的abrasive belt n. 砂带abrasive belt grinding n. 砂带磨削,用研磨带磨光abrasive cut-off machine n. 砂轮切断机abrasive dressing wheel n. 砂轮修整轮abrasive grain n. 磨料粒度abrasive grit n. 研磨用磨料,铁粒abrasive lapping wheel n. 磨料研磨轮accuracy of position n. 位置精度accuracy to shape n. 形状精度active cutting edge n. 主切削刃adapter flange n. 连接器法兰盘adjointing flanks n. 共轭齿廓align n. 找中(心),找正,对中,对准,找平,调直,校直,调整,调准angle milling cutter n. 角铣刀angular grinding n. 斜面磨削,斜磨法angular milling n. 斜面铣削angular plunge grinding n. 斜向切入磨削angular turning n. 斜面车削arbour n. 刀杆,心轴,柄轴,轴,辊轴attachment n. 附件,附件机构,联结,固接,联结法automatic bar machine n. 棒料自动车床automatic boring machine n. 自动镗床automatic copying lathe n. 自动仿形车床automatic double-head milling machine n. 自动双轴铣床automatic lathe n. 自动车床automatic turret lathe n. 自动转塔车床Bbelt grinding machine n. 砂带磨床bench lathe n. 台式车床bevel n. 斜角，斜面，倾斜，斜切，斜角规，万能角尺，圆锥的，倾斜的，斜边，伞齿轮，锥齿轮bevel gear cutting machine n. 锥齿轮切削机床bevel gear tooth system n. 锥齿轮系，锥齿轮传动系统borehole n. 镗孔，镗出的孔，钻眼boring n. 镗孔，钻孔，穿孔boring fixture n. 镗孔夹具boring machine n. 镗床boring tool n. 镗刀boring, drilling and milling machine n. 镗铣床broaching machine n.拉床，铰孔机，剥孔机broaching tool n. 拉刀broad finishing tool n. 宽刃精切刀，宽刃精车刀，宽刃光切刀CCalibrate vt. 校准〔正〕，刻度，分度，检查〔验〕，定标，标定,使标准化，使符合标准cam contour grinder n. 凸轮仿形磨床carbide tip n. 硬质合金刀片carbide turning tool n. 硬质合金车刀carbide-tipped tool n. 硬质合金刀具cast iron machining n. 铸铁加工，铸铁切削加工centerless cylindrical grinder n. 无心外圆磨床ceramic cutting tool n. 金属陶瓷刀具chamfer n.;vt. 倒角，倒棱chamfered cutting edge n. 倒角刀刃champ v. 焦急champing fixture n. 快换夹具champing jaw n. 快换卡爪chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，梳刀盘，板牙chatter vi.;n. 振动，振荡，震颤，刀振cherry n.;a. 樱桃，鲜红的，樱桃木制的chip n. 切屑，铁屑，刀片，刀头，片，薄片，芯片，基片chip breaker groove radius n. 断屑槽底半径，卷屑槽底半径chip clearance n. 切屑间隙chip cross-sectional area n. 切屑横截面面积chip curl n. 螺旋形切屑chip flow n. 切屑流chip formation n. 切屑形成chip removing process n. 去毛刺加工chip variable n. 切屑变量chuck n. 卡盘，夹盘，卡头，〔电磁〕吸盘，vt. 固定，装卡，夹紧，卡住chucker n. 卡盘车床，卡角车床circular drilling machine n. 圆工作台钻床circular path n. 环路，圆轨迹circular pitch measurement n. 周节测量circumference n. 圆周，周线，周界，周围，四周，范围close-grained a. 细颗粒的coffecient of tool thrust n. 刀具推力系数coil chip n. 卷状切屑cold circular saw n. 冷圆锯cold saw n. 冷锯column drilling machine n. 圆〔方〕柱立式钻床combined drill and milling cutter n. 复合钻铣床complete traverse grinding n. 横进给磨削，切入磨削computer-controlled machine n. 计算机控制机床，数控机床contact pattern n. 靠模continuous chip n. 连续切屑continuous spiral chip n. 连续螺旋切屑contour n. 轮廓，外形，外貌，轮廓线，回路，网路，电路，等高线，等值线，轮廓等高距a. 仿形的，靠模的contour grinding n. 仿形磨削，成形磨削contour milling n. 成形铣削，外形铣削，等高走刀曲面仿形法convex milling attachment n. 凸面铣削附件convex turning attachment n. 中凸车削附件，凸面车削附件coolant lubricant n. 冷却润滑剂coolant lubricant emulsion n. 冷却润滑乳液〔剂〕copy n. 样板，仿形，靠模工作法，拷贝复制品，v. 复制,模仿,抄录copy grinding n. 仿形磨床copy-mill n. 仿形铣copying turret lathe n. 仿形转塔车床corner n. 角,弯〔管〕头,弯管counterbore n. 埋头孔,沉孔,锥口孔,平底扩孔钻,平底锪钻, n.;vt. 扩孔，锪孔，镗孔，镗阶梯孔crankshaft grinding machine n. 曲轴磨床crankshaft turning lathe n. 曲轴车床creep feed grinding n. 缓进给磨削cross milling n. 横向铣削curly chip n. 卷状切屑，螺旋形切屑，切屑螺旋cut v.;n. 切削〔割〕，口，片，断，断开，削减，减少，断面，剖面，相交，凹槽cut off n. 切断〔开，去〕，关闭，停车，停止，断开装置，断流器，挡板，截止，截流cut teeth n. 铣齿cut-off grinding n. 砂轮截断，砂轮切割cutter n. 刀具，切削工具，截断器，切断器，切断机cutting n. 切削，切片，切割，切屑，金属屑，截槽cutting edge profile n. 切削刃轮廓〔外形，断面〕，切削刃角度cutting force n. 切削力cutting lip n. 切削刃，刀刃，钻唇，钻刃cutting operation n. 切削加工，切削操作，切削作业cutting rate n. 切削效率，切削速率cutting tool n. 刀具，切削工具，刃具cycle n. 周期，周，循环，一个操作过程，轮转，自行车cylindrical grinder n. 外圆磨床Ddamage n.;vt. 损坏〔害，伤，耗，失〕，破坏，事故，故障，伤害，危害deep-hole drilling n.深孔钻削deep-hole milling n. 深孔铣削design n. 设计，计算，计划，方案，设计书，图纸die-sinking n. 凹模dimension n. 尺寸，尺度，维度，量纲，因次direction of the feed motion n. 进给方向，进刀方向discontinuous chip n. 间断切屑distance n. 距离，间隔〔隙〕，长度，vt. 隔开double-column planer-miller n. 双柱龙门铣床dress v. 修饰，修整，平整，整理，清理，装饰，调制，准备，打磨，磨光，压平，轿直，清洗，清理，分级drilling n. 钻头，钻床，穿孔器，凿岩机，v. 钻孔，打孔，钻井，钻探drilling machine n. 钻床，钻机，钻孔机，打眼机drilling tool n. 钻孔〔削，井，眼〕工具Eedge point n. 刀口，刀刃efficiency n. 效率，效能，性能，功率，产量，实力，经济性，有〔功，实〕效end mill n. 立铣刀external grinding n. 外圆磨削Fface n. 表面，外观，工作面，表盘，屏，幕v. 面向，朝向，表面加工，把表面弄平face grinding machine n. 平面磨床face milling machine n. 端面磨床feed force n. 进给力feed motion n. 进给运动fine adjustment n. 精调，细调，微调fine boring n. 精密镗孔finish v.;n. 精加工，抛光，修整，表面粗糙度，完工，最后加工，最后阶段，涂层，涂料finish-cutting n. 精加工，最终切削fixture n. 夹具，夹紧装置，配件，零件，定位器，支架form n. 型式，类型，摸板，模型，形成，产生，成形，表格v. 形〔组，构〕成，产生，作出，成形，造型form-turn n. 成形车削free-cutting n. 自由切削，无支承切削，高速切削Ggap n. 间隔，间隙，距离，范围，区间，缺口，开口火花隙，vt. 使产生裂缝vi. 豁开gear cutting machine n. 齿轮加工机床，切齿机gear generating grinder n. 磨齿机gear hob n. 齿轮滚刀grinding cutter n. 磨具grinding force n. 磨削力grinding machine n. 磨床grinding wheel diameter n. 砂轮直径grinding wheel width n. 砂轮宽度groove n. 槽，切口，排屑槽，空心槽，坡口，vt. 切〔开，铣〕槽groove milling n.铣槽Hheadstock spindle n. 床头箱主轴，主轴箱主轴，头架轴helical tooth system n. 螺旋齿轮传动装置high precision lathe n. 高精度车床high-speed n. 高速high-speed machining n. 高速加工hob n. 齿轮滚刀，滚刀，螺旋铣刀，v. 滚铣，滚齿，滚削horsepower n. 马力hobbing machine n. 滚齿机，螺旋铣床，挤压制模压力机，反应阴模机hole n. 孔，洞，坑，槽，空穴，孔道，管道，v. 钻〔穿，冲，开〕孔，打洞hone n. vt. 磨石，油石，珩磨头，磨孔器，珩磨，honing machine n. 珩磨机，珩床，搪磨床，磨孔机，磨气缸机Iinclination n. 倾斜，斜度，倾角，斜角〔坡〕，弯曲，偏〔差，角〕转increment n. 增量，增加，增〔大〕长indexing table automatic n. 自动分度工作台infeed grinding n. 切入式磨削installation n. 装置，设备，台，站，安装，设置internal grinding n. 内圆磨削involute hob n. 渐开线滚刀Jjig boring machine n. 坐标镗床Kkeyway cutting n. 键槽切削加工knurling tool n. 滚花刀具，压花刀具，滚花刀Llaedscrew machine n. 丝杠加工机床lap grinding n. 研磨lapping n. 研磨，抛光，精研，搭接，擦准lathe n. 车床lathe dog n. 车床轧头，卡箍，鸡心夹头，离心夹头，制动爪，车床挡块lathe tool n. 车刀level n. 水平，水准，水平线，水平仪，水准仪，电平，能级，程度，强度，a. 水平的，相等的，均匀的，平稳的loading time n. 装载料时间，荷重时间，充填时间，充气时间lock n. 锁，栓，闸，闭锁装置，锁型，同步，牵引，v. 闭锁，关闭，卡住，固定，定位，制动刹住longitudinal grinding n. 纵磨low capacity machine n. 小功率机床〔机器〕Mmachine axis n. 机床中心线machine table n. 机床工作台machine tool n. 机床，工作母机machining n. 机械加工，切削加工machining (or cutting) variable n. 加工（或切削）变量machining allowance n. 机械加工余量machining cycle n. 加工循环machining of metals n. 金属切削加工，金属加工magazine automatic n. 自动化仓库，自动化料斗，自动存贮送料装置manufacture n. 制造者，生产者，厂商，产品，制造material removing rate n. 材料去除率metal cutting n. 金属切削metal-cutting technology n. 金属切削工艺学，金属切削工艺〔技术〕metal-cutting tool n. 金属切削刀具，金属切削工具micrometer adjustment n. 微调milling n. 铣削，磨碎，磨整，选矿milling feed n. 铣削进给，铣削走刀量，铣削走刀机构milling machine n. 铣床milling spindle n. 铣床主轴milling tool n. 铣削刀具，铣削工具mount v. 固定，安装，装配，装置，架设，n. 固定件，支架，座，装置，机构mounting n. 安装，装配，固定，机架，框架，装置mounting fixture n. 安装夹具，固定夹具NNose n. 鼻子，端，前端，凸头，刀尖，机头，突出部分，伸出部分number of revolutions n. 转数numerical control n. 数字控制numerically controlled lathe n. 数控车床Ooblique grinding n. 斜切式磨床operate v. 操纵，控制，运行，工作，动作，运算operating cycle n. 工作循环operation n. 运转，操作，控制，工作，作业，运算，计算operational instruction n. 操作说明书，操作说明operational safety n. 操作安全性，使用可靠性oscillating type abrasive cutting machine n. 摆动式砂轮切割机oscillation n. 振动，振荡，摆动，颤振，振幅out-cut milling n. 切口铣削oxide ceramics n. 氧化物陶瓷oxide-ceramic cutting tool n. 陶瓷刀具Pperformance n. 实行，执行，完成，特性，性能，成品，制作品，行为，动作，生产率，效率peripheral grinding n. 圆周磨削peripheral speed n. 圆周速度，周速，边缘速度perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的，成直角的n. 垂直，正交，竖直，垂线，垂直面physical entity n. 实体，实物pitch n. 齿距，节距，铆间距，螺距，极距，辊距，坡度，高跨比，俯仰角pitch circle n. 节圆plain (or cylindrical) milling machine n. 普通（或圆柱形）铣床plain grinding n. 平面磨削plain turning n. 平面车床plane n. 平面，面，投影，刨，水平，程度，阶段，飞机a.平的v. 弄平，整平，刨，飞行plane milling n. 平面铣削plane-mill n. 平面铣刀，平面铣床plunge mill n. 模向进给滚轧机plunge-cut n. 切入式磨削，横向进给磨削，全面进刀法，全面进给法plunge-cut thread grinder n. 切入式螺纹磨床plunge-grinding n. 切入式磨削point n. 点，尖端，刀尖，针尖，指针，交点，要点，论点，特点v. 指，面向，瞄准，对准，表明，弄尖，强调power n. 功率，效率，能〔容，力〕量，动力，电源，能源v. 驱〔拖，带，发〕动，给...以动力power hacksaw n. 机动弓锯〔钢锯〕precision boring n. 精镗precision boring machine n. 精密镗床precision machining n. 精密机械加工pressure angle n. 压力角primary cutting edge n. 主切削刃principal feed motion n. 主进给运动，主进刀运动production method s n. 生产方法[式]profile n. 轮廓，形面，剖面，侧面图，分布图。
PFERD 螺纹钻石裁切轮、裁切盘、槽盘、螺纹裁切轮、PFERD POLIFAN 磨盘、CC-GRI
11/2018 S u b j e c t t o t e c h n i c a l m o d i fi c a t i o n s .August Rüggeberg GmbH & Co. KG · PFERD-Werkzeuge Hauptstrasse 13 · D-51709 Marienheide · PFERD quality certified according to ISO 9001.This user information summarizes the information required for the safe use of reinforced grinding wheels, cut-off wheels, cup wheels, grinding wheels, diamond cut-off wheels , POLIFAN flap discs, CC-GRIND grinding discs and CC-GRIND-SOLID grinding discs from PFERD (referred to below as …grinding tools“) onstationary cut-off machines, hand-held grinders and hand-held cut-off machines (both referred to below as …grinders“). In addition to this user information, user information relating to the grinder, as well as the applicable provisions on health and safety at work, should always be observed. Finally, when beeing used in Australia the AS 1788.1 and 1788.2 should always be observed.This user information complies with EC Directive 2001/95/EC on general product safety.Explanation of the labelling of grinding tools■■Always observe the instructions on the grinding tool, the grinder and all accompanying user information.■■Only use grinding tools which meet current safety standards.These products carry the relevant EN resp. AS standard number and the …oSa“ mark:•EN 12413 for grinding tools with bonded abrasives(reinforced grinding wheels, cut-off wheels, cup wheels and grinding wheels) •EN 13236 for grinding tools with diamond or boron nitrate (diamond cut-off wheels)•EN 13743 for coated abrasives(POLIFAN flap discs, CC-GRIND grinding discs) •AS 1788.1■■Use a grinding tool that is suitable for the respective application. A tool that can not be clearly identified should never be used.Observe any use restrictions, warnings and safety instructions on the grinding toolsNot permitted for hand-held grindingNot permitted for face grindingNot permitted for wet grindingDo not use if damaged Only permitted with a back-up pad Refer to instruction manual/bookletWear eye protectionWear ear protectionWear protective gloves Wear a respirator/mask■■Grinding tools for hand-held grinding with bond types B (e.g. cup wheels) and BF (reinforced grinding wheels, cut-off wheels, grinding wheels) must not be used after their expiry date. The expiry date is stated as the month and year, e.g. 04/2017. The bond type is always marked on the label.Storage of grinding tools■■Grinding tools should be stored in such a way as to prevent any adverse effects caused by moisture, frost or large temperature variations and so as to avoid mechanical damage. Do not use resinoid-bonded grinding tools or grinding tools using coated abrasives that have been exposed to severe humidity, damp, or high temperatures.Mounting principle for grinding tools■■Only use grinders that are intended for use with the relevant tool.■■Never use a grinder that is not in good condition.■■Use only grinding tools whose outer diameter and centre-hole diameter and/or thread match the specifications of the grinder.■■Never use damaged grinding tools. Grinding tools must be visually inspected and checked for any possible damage before each use.■■Keep mounting components clean and in good mechanical condition. Replace them if they become damaged or worn. If the manufacturer of the grinder provides clamping devices and special wrenches of the grinding tools (e.g. a key), then these are to be used. Tighten the clamping mechanism finger tight.■■In principle, only clamping flanges having a contact surface with the same outer diameter and which are identically shaped on the contact side are to be used.For Australia only: According to Australian Standards, for wheels of type 27 and 28 equal to or greater than 180 mm the locking nut shall seat within the depressed portion of the wheel. The flange adjacent to the wheel shall be equal to or greater than one-third of the wheel diameter and the outer part of the flange shall be free and clear from the wheel. For details see AS 1788.■■For large diameter cut-off wheels, use blotters between the grinding tool and clamping components if required.■■Prevent the grinder from accidentally turning on, before mounting or changing the grinding tool by disconnecting the power supply.■■Never exceed the maximum operating speed of a grinding tool. Make sure that the rotational speed of the grinder (rev/min, 1/min, RPM or min -1) does not exceed the maximum permissible speed given on the grinding tool, the accompanying label or packaging.■■Do not make any unauthorized changes to grinding tools.■■If a diamond cut-off wheel is a marked with a specified direction of rotation, this must be complied with.■■Each time that a tool is mounted, perform a trial run at operating speed, with the guard properly installed, for at least 30 seconds. During the trial run, the grinder must be held in such a way that in the event of any failure of the abrasive tool the operator is not struck by any fragments.■■Stationary cut-off wheels must only be used on appropriate stationary cut-off machines. They are not permitted for hand-held or manually guided grinding. If a maximum power output of the cut-off machine is indicated on the wheel label, it must never be exceeded.■■Clamping flanges for stationary cut-off wheels must meet today‘s requirements according to EN ISO 16089 (Europe) and/or AS 1788 (Australia). Our PFERD sales department will be happy to advise e of grinding tools■■Ensure that the correct abrasive product is selected for the desired application. Never use a product if it cannot be properly identified.■■Always be aware of the potential dangers during use of grinding tools.■■Always use protective equipment and guards in compliance with the operating instructions for the grinder and make sure they are properly mounted and in good condition before you switch on the grinder. The guard must always be positioned in such a way that it is located between the operator and the tool. Sparks should not fly in the direction of the operator.■■The workpiece must be fixed without tension by appropriate clamping devices or by its own weight.■■The grinder must always be turned on before the grinding tool comes into contact with the workpiece.■■Always bring grinding tools carefully into contact with the workpiece surface.■■Always guide cut-off wheels in a straight line. No lateral load should be applied to the cut-off wheel and it should not be used for face grinding.■■Only use diamond cut-off wheels on materials listed on the label.■■Grinders may only be put down once they have been turned off and have come to a complete stop.Hazards due to tool breakage, abrasive particles, sparks, dust, fumes, noise and vibration and bodily contact with the abrasive product at operation speed■■The use of appropriate personal protective equipment is required for all grinding operations to provide protection against mechanical impacts, abrasive particles, sparks, dust and fumes, noise and vibration. This includes eye protection, ear protection, respiratory protection and hand protection. Long-sleeved, flame-resistant clothing and appropriate safety footwear must be worn. Tie back long hair and do not wear loose clothing, ties or jewellery. These rules apply notonly to the operator of the grinder but also to any other persons in the working environment.■■Inhalation of grinding dust can lead to lung damage. Make sure that sufficient extraction or other appropriate measures are provided during grinding work.■■Do not use grinding tools in the vicinity of flammable materials. Flammable and explosive substances must be removed from the working environment before starting work. This includes, for example, dust deposits (especially aluminium dust), cardboard, packaging material, textiles, wood and wood chips, as well as flammable liquids and gases.■■In the event of excessive vibrations stop the grinder and investigate the cause of the vibration. Take immediate action, when using a grinding tool, if you begin to experience tingling, stinging or numbness in the hand or arms.■■Prevent accidental start-up of the grinder during the process of mounting or changing an abrasive product. Isolate grinders from their power source where necessary.■■Never remove guards from grinders where fitted and ensure they are in good condition and properly adjusted before starting the machine.■■After switching off the grinder, ensure the abrasive product has come to rest before leaving the machine unattended. Disposal of grinding tools■■Worn or defective grinding tools must be disposed of according to all local resp. national regulations.■■Note that grinding tools may become contaminated by work on certain materials.■■Grinding tools for disposal should be destroyed in a clearly visible manner in order to prevent re-use.■■Further information can be obtained from the manufacturer‘s Voluntary Product Information and Safety Data Sheet (SDS).。
沉浸在骑鹅旅行记英语作文
沉浸在骑鹅旅行记英语作文英文回答：Embarking on a Quixotic Odyssey: A Journey Astride Quills and Parchment.In the hallowed halls of literature, where flights of fancy take wing, there exists a tale that transcends the boundaries of time and imagination. It is the story of a knight-errant, Don Quixote, whose delusions of grandeur propelled him on a whimsical adventure astride his loyal steed, Rocinante. But what if, instead of a noble charger, Don Quixote had embarked on his quixotic quest perched upon a humble goose?This outlandish notion forms the comedic and poignant core of "The Goose Travels South," an unpublished masterpiece that weaves together the threads of adventure, absurdity, and a profound meditation on the nature of existence. The novel's protagonist, a modern-day DonQuixote named Ignatius McCracken, sets off on a journey across Europe, accompanied not by a burly squire, but by an unlikely companion: a garrulous and opinionated goose named Henrietta.Through their misadventures, Ignatius and Henrietta encounter a kaleidoscope of unforgettable characters and situations. There's a beautiful damsel in distress, a pompous literary critic, a wise-cracking witch, and a host of eccentric individuals who add depth and humor to their extraordinary voyage.As Ignatius and Henrietta negotiate the trials and tribulations of their goose-propelled odyssey, they embark on a parallel journey of self-discovery. Ignatius grapples with the complex nature of human existence, grappling with questions of identity, meaning, and the elusive nature of happiness. Henrietta, with her unconventional wisdom and unyielding loyalty, provides a unique and often irreverent perspective on life's absurdities and complexities.In an unexpected twist, Ignatius's feathered companionbecomes more than just a mere means of transportation. Henrietta transforms into a symbol of resilience, adaptability, and the boundless possibilities that lie hidden within the most unassuming of creatures. As the novel reaches its poignant climax, Ignatius and Henrietta find themselves at a crossroads, facing a choice that will forever alter the course of their lives."The Goose Travels South" is a literary tour de force that seamlessly blends comedy, adventure, and philosophical introspection. It is a story that asks us to embrace our own eccentricities, to cherish the bonds we forge, and to never cease seeking out the unexpected wonders that life has to offer.中文回答：沉浸在骑鹅旅行记中。
重庆市巴蜀中学2023-2024学年高二上学期期中英语试卷
高2025届高二(上) 半期考试英语试卷(命题人: 徐薇、孙小涵审题人: 杨静)注意事项:1. 答题前, 考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、班级、学校在答题卡上填写清楚。
2. 每小题选出答案后, 用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑, 如需改动, 用橡皮擦干净后, 再选涂其他答案标号。
在试卷上作答无效。
3. 考试结束后, 请将答题卡交回, 试卷自行保存。
满分150分, 考试用时120分钟。
第I卷(选择题)第一部分听力(共两节, 满分20分)第一节(共5小题: 每小题1分, 满分5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。
听完每段对话后, 你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1. What’s wrong with the woman’s foot?A. It’s broken.B. It has a skin disease.C. It got burned by hot oil.2. What was Sparky probably doing?A. Trying on a hat.B. Destroying a hat or a tie.C. Chewing on one of his toys.3. Where does the woman want to go?A. To the office.B. To the library.C. To the dining hall.4. Why did the woman start her business?A. To learn about dogs.B. To help her neighbors.C. To finish a research project for school.5. Where might the speakers be?A. On a bridge.B. At a movie theater.C. In a car.第二节(共15小题: 每小题1分, 满分15分)听下面5 段对话或独白。
震纹资料
ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenterAGFolienmasterThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AGChatter marks training Part 1:SpecificationsWhat are Chatter Marks?o They are undulations, which superpose the formo They are undulations, that the customer does not want to havePP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG3PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 4Cause of the Chatter Markso They occur during the grinding processo And they depend on:-Grinding wheel (diameter/grain)-Rotation speed by grinding-Driver of the grinding machine-Diameter of the part-The shape of the lobe (concave, convex)o When the grinding process is fixed then the chatter marks specifications can be determined.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 5How can the Chatter Marks be analyzed?o General:in 90% of the cases with a Fourier Analysis (Fourier series or FFT). Mostly with an offline measurement gage (ADCOLE or Hommelwerk).o According to TK-Presta specifications:the Fourier series will be applied and measured on ADCOLE 911.o Resolution of the measurement gage:To determine an undulation minimum 4 data points are needed.For an analysis of the measurement gage we need :-for up to 350 UPR -a minimum of 1400 data points-for up to 720 UPR -a minimum of 2880 data pointso Capability of the gage:ADCOLE states is that a tolerance of 0.5 µm is a limit value for a capability.o Geometry of the follower or probe:Depending on the follower, it is not always possible to measure the complete amplitude of the undulation.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG7PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 12RecapitulationThe SUD-00082 and the SUD-00083 documents will extend and replace the CD-119. o SUD-00082 Rattermarkendefinition PKW /Chatter marks definition CARo SUD-00083 Rattermarkendefinition LKW /Chatter marks definition TRUCKPP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 13Allmost the end ☺A little break, 5 min ±30 sec Part 2 to follow…ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenterAGFolienmasterThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AGChatter marks training Part 1:SignificancePP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 16Reviewo When did chatter marks analysis start?about 20 years agoo Who started with chatter marks analysis?General Motorso Why?Because of noise in the engineo How?With an empirical evaluation APN (Accumulate Potential Noise) / TAPN (Total Accumulate Potential Noise)PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG17o It was developed by Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1778 -1830), French mathematician und physicist.o Today this is the most used method for chatter marks analysis. It is used as Fourier series or as FFT (Fast Fourier Transform).oThe Fourier Analysis describes the decomposition of any periodical signal as a sum of sinus-und cosinus functions. This decomposition reflects the different frequencies of the signal .The illustration is an Histogram with:o A0is equivalent to the radius (amplitude of the harmonic wave 0) o A1is equivalent to the radius (amplitude of the harmonic wave 1) o A2is equivalent to the radius (amplitude of the harmonic wave 2)PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG19PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 20Illustration of theFourier AnalysisSignificance of theFourier AnalysisOriginal SignalPP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG21o The phase is not shown in the actual illustration:→this information is missing!oIf you only use the information of the amplitude and the corresponding harmonic wave, a difference of 1,5 µm peak to peak can be generated.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 22Illustrationtion of theFourier AnalysisSignificance of theFourier AnalysisOriginal SignalPP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 23Fourier Analysis (effects)o If the die loaded part in the measurement gage turn too fast, the natural frequency of the part flow in the computation of the Fourier Analysis can appear. This is the reason why NO Fourier analysis should be computed for an inline machine.o The Resonance’s effect: the amplitude of the basis frequency will be dampened visibly at the resonance frequency. The resonance frequency is a multiple of the basis frequency.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG24o the form of the cam lobe has a big influence on the Fourier Analysis, particularly on the first harmonic wavesPP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG25o The tolerance of the Fourier analysis must consider the profile error.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG26oThe follow methods will not be used as chatter marks but lobbing, because a peak to peak value must be defined.o In the named …Glyco“curve a peak to peak value will be determined for different sizes of angular windows.o In the pattern matching method a defined sinus form will be searched. The period of the sinus form and the number of the periods which define the lobbing will be fixed.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG27o The …Glyco“curveFor each measuring point 6different window’s sizes βwill check if the allowedpeak to peak value a a isexceeded.The biggest value and itsangle will be display.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG28o The specifications of KIA use the pattern matching method.o For a distance of 4°a peak to peak value will be checked. A peak to peak value bigger than 3 µm It is not allowed two times after each other. If this appends,the angular position will be display.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG29o Normal casePP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG30o DirtPP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 31Influence on the resulto Touch: flat follower /probe, Round (Disk) follower /probe or spherical follower /probe ? o The measuring mode: tactile or optic?o Can it be optical measured on a grinding surface?Sadly, there are no existing chatter marks calculation with this system.PP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG32Inspection of the measurement gageo How ?With a chatter marks master parto Where do you get a master part?e.g. By Frauenhofer IPTo How does such a master part look?o How much does such a master part cost?9.000 €without certificateo How much does a certificate cost?i.e. 500 €by Taylor HobsonPP5ThyssenKrupp Presta TecCenter AG 33The End ☺Thank you for your attention!。
机加工行业常用英语词汇
机加工行业常用英语词汇学习Aabrasion n. 磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂, a. 磨损的,磨蚀的abrasive belt n. 砂带abrasive belt grinding n. 砂带磨削,用研磨带磨光abrasive cut-off machine n. 砂轮切断机abrasive dressing wheel n. 砂轮修整轮abrasive grain n. 磨料粒度abrasive grit n. 研磨用磨料,铁粒abrasive lapping wheel n. 磨料研磨轮<accuracy of position n. 位置精度accuracy to shape n. 形状精度active cutting edge n. 主切削刃adapter flange n. 连接器法兰盘adjointing flanks n. 共轭齿廓align n. 找中(心),找正,对中,对准,找平,调直,校直,调整,调准angle milling cutter n. 角铣刀angular grinding n. 斜面磨削,斜磨法angular milling n. 斜面铣削angular plunge grinding n. 斜向切入磨削~angular turning n. 斜面车削arbour n. 刀杆,心轴,柄轴,轴,辊轴attachment n. 附件,附件机构,联结,固接,联结法automatic bar machine n. 棒料自动车床automatic boring machine n. 自动镗床automatic copying lathe n. 自动仿形车床automatic double-head milling machine n. 自动双轴铣床automatic lathe n. 自动车床automatic turret lathe n. 自动转塔车床B&belt grinding machine n. 砂带磨床bench lathe n. 台式车床bevel n. 斜角，斜面，倾斜，斜切，斜角规，万能角尺，圆锥的，倾斜的，斜边，伞齿轮，锥齿轮bevel gear cutting machine n. 锥齿轮切削机床bevel gear tooth system n. 锥齿轮系，锥齿轮传动系统borehole n. 镗孔，镗出的孔，钻眼boring n. 镗孔，钻孔，穿孔 boring fixture n. 镗孔夹具boring machine n. 镗床boring tool n. 镗刀boring, drilling and milling machine n. 镗铣床？broaching machine n.拉床，铰孔机，剥孔机broaching tool n. 拉刀broad finishing tool n. 宽刃精切刀，宽刃精车刀，宽刃光切刀Ccalibrate vt. 校准〔正〕，刻度，分度，检查〔验〕，定标，标定,使标准化，使符合标准cam contour grinder n. 凸轮仿形磨床carbide tip n. 硬质合金刀片carbide turning tool n. 硬质合金车刀carbide-tipped tool n. 硬质合金刀具cast iron machining n. 铸铁加工，铸铁切削加工|centerless cylindrical grinder n. 无心外圆磨床ceramic cutting tool n. 金属陶瓷刀具chamfer n.;vt. 倒角，倒棱chamfered cutting edge n. 倒角刀刃champing fixture n. 快换夹具champing jaw n. 快换卡爪chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，梳刀盘，板牙chatter vi.;n. 振动，振荡，震颤，刀振chip n. 切屑，铁屑，刀片，刀头，片，薄片，芯片，基片chip breaker groove radius n. 断屑槽底半径，卷屑槽底半径chip clearance n. 切屑间隙chip cross-sectional area n. 切屑横截面面积、chip curl n. 螺旋形切屑chip flow n. 切屑流chip formation n. 切屑形成chip removing process n. 去毛刺加工chip variable n. 切屑变量chuck n. 卡盘，夹盘，卡头，〔电磁〕吸盘，vt. 固定，装卡，夹紧，卡住chucker n. 卡盘车床，卡角车床circular drillling machine n. 圆工作台钻床circular path n. 环路，圆轨迹circular pitch measurement n. 周节测量》circumference n. 圆周，周线，周界，周围，四周，范围close-grained a. 细颗粒的coeffecient of tool thrust n. 刀具推力系数coil chip n. 卷状切屑cold circular saw n. 冷圆锯cold saw n. 冷锯column drilling machine n. 圆〔方〕柱立式钻床combined drill and milling cutter n. 复合钻铣床complete traverse grinding n. 横进给磨削，切入磨削computer-controlled machine n. 计算机控制机床，数控机床 contact pattern n. 靠模{continuous chip n. 连续切屑continuous spiral chip n. 连续螺旋切屑contour n. 轮廓，外形，外貌，轮廓线，回路，网路，电路，等高线，等值线，轮廓等高距 a. 仿形的，靠模的contour grinding n. 仿形磨削，成形磨削contour milling n. 成形铣削，外形铣削，等高走刀曲面仿形法convex milling attachment n. 凸面铣削附件convex turning attachment n. 中凸车削附件，凸面车削附件coolant lubricant n. 冷却润滑剂coolant lubricant emulsion n. 冷却润滑乳液〔剂〕copy n. 样板，仿形，靠模工作法，拷贝复制品， v. 复制,模仿,抄录·copy grinding n. 仿形磨床copy-mill n. 仿形铣copying turret lathe n. 仿形转塔车床corner n. 角,弯〔管〕头,弯管counterbore n. 埋头孔,沉孔,锥口孔,平底扩孔钻,平底锪钻, n.;vt. 扩孔，锪孔，镗孔，镗阶梯孔crankshaft grinding machine n. 曲轴磨床crankshaft turning lathe n. 曲轴车床creep feed grinding n. 缓进给磨削cross milling n. 横向铣削curly chip n. 卷状切屑，螺旋形切屑，切屑螺旋\cut v.;n. 切削〔割〕，口，片，断，断开，削减，减少，断面，剖面，相交，凹槽cut off n. 切断〔开，去〕，关闭，停车，停止，断开装置，断流器，挡板，截止，截流cut teeeth n. 铣齿cut-off grinding n. 砂轮截断，砂轮切割cutter n. 刀具，切削工具，截断器，切断器，切断机cutting n. 切削，切片，切割，切屑，金属屑，截槽cutting edge profile n. 切削刃轮廓〔外形，断面〕，切削刃角度cutting force n. 切削力cutting lip n. 切削刃，刀刃，钻唇，钻刃cutting operation n. 切削加工，切削操作，切削作业~cutting rate n. 切削效率，切削速率cutting tool n. 刀具，切削工具，刃具cycle n. 周期，周，循环，一个操作过程，轮转，自行车cylindrical grinder n. 外圆磨床Ddeep-hole drilling n.深孔钻削deep-hole milling n. 深孔铣削design n. 设计，计算，计划，方案，设计书，图纸die-sinking n. 凹模dimension n. 尺寸，尺度，维度，量纲，因次,direction of the feed motion n. 进给方向，进刀方向discontinuous chip n. 间断切屑 distance n. 距离，间隔〔隙〕，长度，vt. 隔开double-column planer-miller n. 双柱龙门铣床dress v. 修饰，修整，平整，整理，清理，装饰，调制，准备，打磨，磨光，压平，轿直，清洗，清理，分级drilling n. 钻头，钻床，穿孔器，凿岩机，v. 钻孔，打孔，钻井，钻探drilling machine n. 钻床，钻机，钻孔机，打眼机drilling tool n. 钻孔〔削，井，眼〕工具Eedge point n. 刀口，刀刃efficiency n. 效率，效能，性能，功率，产量，实力，经济性，有〔功，实〕效 end mill n. 立铣刀《external grinding n. 外圆磨削Fface n. 表面，外观，工作面，表盘，屏，幕 v. 面向，朝向，表面加工，把表面弄平face grinding machine n. 平面磨床face milling machine n. 端面磨床feed force n. 进给力feed motion n. 进给运动fine adjustment n. 精调，细调，微调fine boring n. 精密镗孔 finish v.;n. 精加工，抛光，修整，表面粗糙度，完工，最后加工，最后阶段，涂层，涂料finish-cutting n. 精加工，最终切削fixture n. 夹具，夹紧装置，配件，零件，定位器，支架·form n. 型式，类型，摸板，模型，形成，产生，成形，表格 v. 形〔组，构〕成，产生，作出，成形，造型form-turn n. 成形车削free-cutting n. 自由切削，无支承切削，高速切削Ggap n. 间隔，间隙，距离，范围，区间，缺口，开口火花隙， vt. 使产生裂缝 vi. 豁开gear cutting machine n. 齿轮加工机床，切齿机gear generating grinder n. 磨齿机gear hob n. 齿轮滚刀grinding cutter n. 磨具grinding force n. 磨削力(grinding machine n. 磨床grinding wheel diameter n. 砂轮直径grinding wheel width n. 砂轮宽度groove n. 槽，切口，排屑槽，空心槽，坡口，vt. 切〔开，铣〕槽groove milling n.铣槽Hheadstock spindle n. 床头箱主轴，主轴箱主轴，头架轴helical tooth system n. 螺旋齿轮传动装置high precision lathe n. 高精度车床high-speed n. 高速<high-speed machining n. 高速加工hob n. 齿轮滚刀，滚刀，螺旋铣刀，v. 滚铣，滚齿，滚削horsepower n. 马力hobbing machine n. 滚齿机，螺旋铣床，挤压制模压力机，反应阴模机hole n. 孔，洞，坑，槽，空穴，孔道，管道，v. 钻〔穿，冲，开〕孔，打洞hone n. vt. 磨石，油石，珩磨头，磨孔器，珩磨，honing machine n. 珩磨机，珩床，搪磨床，磨孔机，磨气缸机Iinclination n. 倾斜，斜度，倾角，斜角〔坡〕，弯曲，偏〔差，角〕转increment n. 增量，增加，增〔大〕长.indexing table automatic n. 自动分度工作台 infeed grinding n. 切入式磨削installation n. 装置，设备，台，站，安装，设置internal grinding n. 内圆磨削involute hob n. 渐开线滚刀Jjig boring machine n. 坐标镗床Kkeyway cutting n. 键槽切削加工knurling tool n. 滚花刀具，压花刀具，滚花刀L<laedscrew machine n. 丝杠加工机床lap grinding n. 研磨lapping n. 研磨，抛光，精研，搭接，擦准lathe n. 车床lathe dog n. 车床轧头，卡箍，鸡心夹头，离心夹头，制动爪，车床挡块lathe tool n. 车刀level n. 水平，水准，水平线，水平仪，水准仪，电平，能级，程度，强度，a. 水平的，相等的，均匀的，平稳的loading time n. 装载料时间，荷重时间，充填时间，充气时间lock n. 锁，栓，闸，闭锁装置，锁型，同步，牵引，v. 闭锁，关闭，卡住，固定，定位，制动刹住longitudinal grinding n. 纵磨、low capacity machine n. 小功率机床〔机器〕Mmachine axis n. 机床中心线machine table n. 机床工作台machine tool n. 机床，工作母机machining n. 机械加工，切削加工machining (or cutting) variable n. 加工（或切削）变量machining allowance n. 机械加工余量machining cycle n. 加工循环machining of metals n. 金属切削加工，金属加工&magazine automatic n. 自动化仓库，自动化料斗，自动存贮送料装置manufacture n. 制造者，生产者，厂商，产品，制造material removing rate n. 材料去除率metal cutting n. 金属切削metal-cutting technology n. 金属切削工艺学，金属切削工艺〔技术〕metal-cutting tool n. 金属切削刀具，金属切削工具micrometer adjustment n. 微调milling n. 铣削，磨碎，磨整，选矿milling feed n. 铣削进给，铣削走刀量，铣削走刀机构milling machine n. 铣床.milling spindle n. 铣床主轴milling tool n. 铣削刀具，铣削工具mount v. 固定，安装，装配，装置，架设，n. 固定件，支架，座，装置，机构mounting n. 安装，装配，固定，机架，框架，装置mounting fixture n. 安装夹具，固定夹具Nnose n. 鼻子，端，前端，凸头，刀尖，机头，突出部分，伸出部分number of revolutions n. 转数numerical control n. 数控numerically controlled lathe n. 数控车床(Ooblique grinding n. 斜切式磨床operate v. 操纵，控制，运行，工作，动作，运算operating cycle n. 工作循环operation n. 运转，操作，控制，工作，作业，运算，计算operational instruction n. 操作说明书，操作说明operational safety n. 操作安全性，使用可靠性oscillating type abrasive cutting machine n. 摆动式砂轮切割机oscillation n. 振动，振荡，摆动，颤振，振幅out-cut milling n. 切口铣削…oxide ceramics n. 氧化物陶瓷oxide-ceramic cutting tool n. 陶瓷刀具Pperformance n. 实行，执行，完成，特性，性能，成品，制作品，行为，动作，生产率，效率peripheral grinding n. 圆周磨削peripheral speed n. 圆周速度，周速，边缘速度perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的，成直角的 n. 垂直，正交，竖直，垂线，垂直面physical entity n. 实体，实物pitch n. 齿距，节距，铆间距，螺距，极距，辊距，坡度，高跨比，俯仰角pitch circle n. 节圆￥plain (or cylindrical) milling machine n. 普通（或圆柱形）铣床plain grinding n. 平面磨削plain turning n. 平面车床plane n. 平面，面，投影，刨，水平，程度，阶段，飞机 a.平的 v. 弄平，整平，刨，飞行plane milling n. 平面铣削plane-mill n. 平面铣刀，平面铣床plunge mill n. 模向进给滚轧机plunge-cut n. 切入式磨削，横向进给磨削，全面进刀法，全面进给法plunge-cut thread grinder n. 切入式螺纹磨床plunge-grinding n. 切入式磨削、point n. 点，尖端，刀尖，针尖，指针，交点，要点，论点，特点 v. 指，面向，瞄准，对准，表明，弄尖，强调power n. 功率，效率，能〔容，力〕量，动力，电源，能源 v. 驱〔拖，带，发〕动，给...以动力power hacksaw n. 机动弓锯〔钢锯〕precision boring n. 精镗precision boring machine n. 精密镗床precision machining n. 精密机械加工pressure angle n. 压力角primary cutting edge n. 主切削刃principal feed motion n. 主进给运动，主进刀运动production method s n. 生产方法[式]~profile n. 轮廓，形面，剖面，侧面图，分布图。
Grinding wheel and method of grinding
专利名称：Grinding wheel and method of grinding发明人：Sexton, John Stirling,Stone, Brian James Deptof Mechanical Engineering,Homes, TrevorDennis Dept. of Mech. Eng.,Andrew, ColinDept of Mechanical Engineering申请号：EP81301421.4申请日：19810401公开号：EP0037707A1公开日：19811014专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：A semi-permanent peripheral grinding wheel comprising ultrahard abrasivessuch as diamond or cubic boron nitride is provided which overcomes the serious problems caused by "chatter". The wheel comprises a hub (2) mounting the ultrahard abrasive (3), the abrasive being resiliently depressible radially inwardly of the wheel. The wheel preferably has a radial static stiffness of no more than 1.5 x 106 N/m per mm. of wheel width and a first radial natural frequency of at least 500 Hertz. The resiliency may be provided by rubber pads (19) between the abrasive and the hub, or by mounting the abrasive on a hub (36) made of resiliently deformable metal such as "RETIMET" (Registered Trade Mark) sponge-like metal.申请人：DE BEERS INDUSTRIAL DIAMOND DIVISION (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED地址：8th Floor 45 Main Street Johannesburg Transvaal ZA国籍：ZA代理机构：Jones, Alan John更多信息请下载全文后查看。
GRINDING WHEEL
更多信息社提供
专利名称：GRINDING WHEEL 发明人：IMAI TOMOYASU,KITAJIMA MASATO,SOMA
SHINJI 申请号：JP31038986 申请日：19861225 公开号：JPS63162163A 公开日：19880705
摘要：PURPOSE:To prevent a chatter from occurring on the outer face of a work by forming attaching faces inclined to the radial direction of a grinding wheel on the faces of a grindstone piece faced to each other and fixing the grindstone piece to the outer periphery of a core, and attaching the attaching faces with an adhesive. CONSTITUTION:A grindstone piece 20 is molded so that the shape viewed from the side becomes nearly a parallelogram. Grindstone pieces 20 are aligned in a line on the outer periphery of a core 10 so that attaching faces 21 are faced to each other in parallel. Under this condition, the inner face 22 of the grindstone piece 20 is attached to the outer periphery of the core 10 and the attaching faces 21 are attached to each other with an adhesive 30. According to this constitution, when a work is ground and machined, a rough 50 is generated near the adhesive 30 on the outer face of the grindstone piece 20. However, the outer diameter of a grinding wheel 40 is shrunk at every grinding, as a result, the position of the adhesive 30 is displaced in the peripheral direction of the grinding wheel 40, thus the rough 50 does not progress, and no chatter occurs on the outer face of the work as an advantage.
作文形容很沮丧的句子英语
Feeling down can be a universal experience, and expressing it in English can be done in various ways, depending on the depth of the emotion and the context. Here are some sentences that capture the essence of feeling very disheartened:1. Im feeling utterly disheartened, like a dark cloud has settled over my soul, blocking out any glimmer of hope.2. My spirits are at an alltime low, as if Ive been dragged through a storm without an umbrella.3. Im enveloped in a cloak of despair, unable to see a way out of this emotional quagmire.4. Its as if a heavy weight has been placed upon my chest, making it difficult to breathe or find any joy in life.5. Im struggling to find the light at the end of this tunnel, feeling like Im lost in a maze of sorrow.6. My heart feels like its been dipped in a vat of sadness, leaving me feeling numb and disconnected from the world around me.7. The joy has been drained from my life, replaced by a constant state of melancholy that I cant seem to shake off.8. Im in the depths of despondency, as if Ive fallen into a deep, dark well with no ladder to climb out.9. Each day feels like a battle, and right now, the enemy of despair seems to be winning.10. My mind is a whirlpool of negative thoughts, making it hard to find a moment of peace or happiness.11. It feels like the sun has set on my happiness, leaving me in a perpetual twilight of gloom.12. Im trapped in a cycle of desolation, where every attempt to break free is met with a wall of disappointment.13. My emotions are a rollercoaster of sadness, with the lows far outweighing the highs.14. The world seems to have lost its color, as if everything around me is painted in shades of gray.15. Im in a state of perpetual gloom, where even the smallest tasks feel like insurmountable mountains.These sentences can be used to express the feeling of being very downhearted, capturing the essence of deep sadness and the struggle to find a way out of it.。
爷爷受伤我哭了作文英语
In the tranquility of a serene evening, the news of my grandfathers accident pierced through the peaceful atmosphere like a thunderbolt. It was a moment that would forever be etched in my memory, a stark reminder of the fragility of life and the profound impact of family bonds.My grandfather, a man of robust health and indomitable spirit, was always the pillar of our family. His laughter, a melody that resonated through our home, was the heartbeat that kept us all connected. The news of his injury was as unexpected as it was devastating. It was a call from my mother that shattered the calm, her voice trembling with worry and fear.As I rushed to the hospital, my mind was a whirlwind of thoughts and emotions. The image of my grandfather, hale and hearty, was juxtaposed with the grim reality that awaited me. The hospital corridors seemed to stretch endlessly, each step I took echoing the pounding of my heart. The sterile smell of the hospital, usually a sign of safety and care, now seemed ominous and foreboding.Upon reaching his room, the sight that greeted me was heartwrenching. My once vibrant grandfather lay there, his body bruised and bandaged, a stark contrast to the man I knew. The机器s beeping in the background seemed to punctuate the silence, each beat a reminder of the battle he was fighting. His eyes, once a window to his lively soul, were now clouded with pain and fatigue.Tears welled up in my eyes as I approached his bedside. The sight of his frail form, so different from the strong man I had always known, was toomuch to bear. I felt a lump in my throat, a mixture of sorrow and helplessness. My grandfather, the man who had always been there for me, now needed my strength.As I held his hand, the warmth of his touch was a reassurance amidst the turmoil. His fingers, once strong and steady, now felt weak and trembled slightly. It was a poignant reminder of the vulnerability that comes with age and illness. I tried to compose myself, to be the pillar of strength that he needed in that moment.The days that followed were a test of our resilience as a family. Each visit to the hospital was a rollercoaster of emotions hope when he showed signs of improvement, despair when his condition worsened. The doctors words, filled with medical jargon and uncertain outcomes, only added to the anxiety.But amidst the pain and uncertainty, there were moments of joy and laughter. Stories from my grandfathers past, recounted with a twinkle in his eyes, brought a sense of normalcy to our otherwise somber days. His resilience and determination were a source of inspiration, a testament to the strength of the human spirit.As the weeks turned into months, my grandfathers recovery was a slow and arduous journey. Each small victory a step taken, a meal eaten was celebrated with a sense of gratitude and relief. His progress, though gradual, was a beacon of hope in the darkness.The experience was a profound lesson in the power of love and family. It taught me the importance of cherishing every moment with our loved ones, of being there for them in their times of need. It was a reminder that life is unpredictable, and we must make the most of the time we have with those we hold dear.In the end, my grandfathers recovery was a testament to his strength and the unwavering support of his family. It was a journey filled with tears, laughter, and above all, love. And as I look back on that difficult period, I am filled with a sense of gratitude for the lessons learned and the bonds strengthened.The tears I shed that day were not just of sorrow, but also of love and admiration for a man who taught me the true meaning of resilience and courage. And as I wipe away those tears, I carry forward the lessons of that experience, a reminder to cherish every moment and to be there for those we love, no matter what life throws our way.。
作文我问你几点了的英文
作文我问你几点了的英文1. "Time's a mystery, isn't it? When you ask, 'What's the clock saying?' It's a moment of curiosity, like a child playing with a watch, wondering about the ticks and tocks."2. "In the realm of language, 'What's the time, mate?'is a casual chat, reflecting the British accent, as ifyou're catching a friend off guard with a simple query."3. "In the digital age, 'ChatGpt, when's the show?' might be how you'd phrase it, blending the tech with the humor, like a playful interaction with your AI companion."4. "If you're in a formal setting, 'May I inquire about the current hour, please?' might be your sophisticated query, reflecting the etiquette of a formal conversation."5. "And then there's the poetic touch, 'As the sun sets, does the hour chime?' where you're not just asking, but inviting a reflection on the passage of time."6. "In a rush, you might just say, 'ChatGpt, quick, tell me now!' reflecting the urgency of the moment."7. "Lastly, in a dream, 'Do the stars align with the clock's beat?' brings a dreamlike quality to your query, blurring the line between reality and imagination."Remember, each response is a snapshot, a fleeting thought, reflecting the unpredictable nature of a conversation with a chatbot like ChatGpt.。
欣赏美丽的建筑英文作文
欣赏美丽的建筑英文作文Title: Marveling at Architectural Grandeur。
1. In the heart of urban life, there lies a structure that whispers stories of time and craftsmanship the towering edifice, a symphony of steel and glass. Its name? Not just any building, but the awe-inspiring Chatgpt, a testament to human ingenuity.2. Imagine stepping into a labyrinth of curves and angles, where every brick seems to dance to the rhythm of the city. The Chatgpt, a living museum, is a fusion of old and new, blending the elegance of the past with the dynamic spirit of the present. Its glass facade, a reflection of the sun, whispers secrets to the curious passerby.3. The grandeur of Chatgpt doesn't end at its exterior. Inside, it's a sanctuary of art, where every room whispers a tale. The grand staircase, a staircase of light, leads to a sanctuary of silence, where whispers of history echo. Itsatrium, a living atrium, is a living ecosystem, wherenature and architecture coexist in perfect harmony.4. Its architecture, a reflection of cultural diversity, is a canvas of architectural styles. From the grandiose columns that echo the grandeur of ancient Rome to the sleek, modern curves that embody the future, Chatgpt is a living testament to the evolution of design. It's not just a building, but a symbol of the city's resilience and evolution.5. As you wander through its halls, you can't help but feel humbled by the hand that shaped it. The Chatgpt, a beacon of architectural brilliance, invites us to ponderthe power of design and the human touch. It's a reminderthat beauty can be found in the most unexpected places,even in the concrete jungle.In conclusion, the Chatgpt, a towering architectural marvel, is more than just a building; it's a symphony of aesthetics, a living embodiment of the city's spirit. Itspresence, a silent call to appreciate the magic of urban architecture, lingers long after you've left its embrace.。
揣摩的英文分词
揣摩的英文分词Conjecture is the process of forming an opinion or theory without complete information. It is a common cognitiveactivity that allows us to make educated guesses based on the available data or evidence. In everyday life, we often rely on conjecture to fill in the gaps when we lack complete information about a situation or a person's intentions.For instance, when a friend doesn't respond to a text message promptly, we might conjecture that they are busy or perhaps their phone is out of battery. In academic research, scientists may conjecture about the outcomes of an experiment based on preliminary results. In the business world, executives often make strategic decisions based on conjecture about market trends and consumer behaviors.Conjecture is not the same as assumption or speculation, as it is typically grounded in some level of evidence or logical reasoning. It is a valuable tool for problem-solving and decision-making, but it is also important to recognizeits limitations. Conjecture can be flawed if it is based on incomplete or misleading information, or if it is influenced by personal biases.To make sound conjectures, it is essential to gather as much relevant information as possible and to apply critical thinking skills. This involves questioning the validity of the data, considering alternative explanations, and beingopen to revising one's conjecture in light of new evidence.In conclusion, conjecture is an integral part of human cognition, helping us navigate the complexities of life when we don't have all the answers. It is a skill that can be honed with practice and reflection, leading to more accurate and insightful judgments.。
在课间和同学聊天英语作文
During the break between classes,chatting with classmates is a delightful way to unwind and socialize.Here are some key points you might consider including in an English composition about chatting with classmates during breaks:1.Setting the Scene:Begin by describing the atmosphere during the break.Mention the bustling hallways,the laughter echoing through the corridors,and the general sense of relaxation that pervades.2.Initiating Conversation:Talk about how you approach your classmates to start a conversation.You could mention a shared interest or a recent event in class that serves as a conversation starter.3.Topics of Discussion:List some of the topics you and your classmates discuss.These could range from schoolwork,such as upcoming exams or interesting lectures,to more casual topics like hobbies,music,movies,or sports.4.The Importance of Communication:Highlight the significance of these conversations in building relationships and understanding different perspectives.Discuss how it helps in developing communication skills and broadening ones horizons.5.Cultural Exchange:If your classmates come from diverse backgrounds,you could write about the cultural insights you gain from these interactions.Share how learning about different customs and traditions enriches your understanding of the world.6.ProblemSolving:Describe instances where chatting with classmates has led to solving problems or brainstorming ideas for school projects.This shows the collaborative aspect of these conversations.7.Humor and Lightheartedness:Include anecdotes that demonstrate the humorous side of chatting with ughter is often a key component of these interactions,and it helps in creating a positive and enjoyable atmosphere.8.Personal Growth:Reflect on how these conversations contribute to your personal growth.Discuss how they have helped you become more confident,empathetic,or openminded.9.Conclusion:End your composition by summarizing the benefits of chatting with classmates during breaks and expressing your appreciation for these moments of connection and camaraderie.Remember to use a variety of sentence structures and vocabulary to make your composition engaging and reflective of the lively nature of these conversations.。
一段极好的谈话英语作文
A delightful conversation can be a memorable experience,enriching our lives with new perspectives,ideas,and connections.Heres a composition that captures the essence of a great conversation in English:The Art of Engaging ConversationIn the whirlwind of daily life,its not every day that we stumble upon a conversation that truly captivates us.However,when we do,its an experience that can be as refreshing as a cool breeze on a hot summer day.A great conversation is not just about exchanging words its about connecting souls and sharing experiences that leave a lasting impression.The SettingImagine a cozy café,with the aroma of freshly brewed coffee filling the air.The chatter of patrons is a soft hum in the background,creating a warm and inviting atmosphere.Its in such a setting that two strangers,perhaps drawn by the allure of a shared book or a mutual interest in the art displayed on the walls,find themselves engaged in a conversation that would transcend the mundane.The ParticipantsThe art of a great conversation lies in the chemistry between the participants.Its not about who you are but how you connect.One might be a seasoned traveler with a wealth of stories to share,while the other could be a keen listener,eager to learn from the experiences of others.The key is to find common ground,whether its a shared love for literature,a passion for music,or a curiosity about the world.The FlowA conversation should flow naturally,like a river meandering through a landscape.It should not be forced or contrived.The best conversations are those that evolve organically,with each participant contributing to the narrative.There should be moments of laughter,moments of silence,and moments of deep reflection.The ebb and flow of the conversation should mirror the rhythm of life itself.The TopicsThe topics of a great conversation can range from the profound to the trivial.It could be adiscussion about the meaning of life,the intricacies of a favorite novel,or the simple joy of a perfect cup of coffee.The key is to keep the conversation engaging and thoughtprovoking.Its about exploring new ideas,challenging assumptions,and broadening horizons.The RespectIn a great conversation,respect is paramount.Each participant should feel valued and heard.There should be a mutual understanding that everyones opinions and experiences are valid and worthy of consideration.A great conversation is not about winning an argument but about understanding different perspectives.The ClosureJust as a great novel leaves you with a sense of satisfaction,a great conversation should leave you with a sense of fulfillment.It should end on a note that leaves both participants feeling enriched and enlightened.Its about leaving with a sense of connection,a shared moment that has added value to both lives.In conclusion,a great conversation is a dance of words,a symphony of ideas,and a journey of discovery.Its an art that can be mastered with practice,empathy,and a genuine interest in the world around us.The next time you find yourself in a conversation, remember to savor the moment,for it is in these exchanges that we truly come alive.。
高中英语选择性必修三 单词表精选全文
可编辑修改精选全文完整版2019版人教版新课标高中英语选择性必修3UNIT 1precise adj. 准确的；精确的precisely adv.准确地；精确地；的确如此Christianity n.基督教realistic adj.现实的；逼真的realism n.逼真；现实主义；务实作风realist n. 现实主义画家(或作家等)；现实主义者primitive adj.发展水平低的；原始的；远古的n.文艺复兴前的艺术家(或作品) two-dimensional adj.二维的dimension n.维；规模；范围in particular 尤其；特别set apart from 使与众不同；使突出；使优于……humanistic adj. 人文主义的humanity n.人性；人道；(统称)人类breakthrough n.重大进展；突破influential adj.有很大影响力的；有支配力的reputation n.名誉；名声noble n.贵族成员；出身高贵的人adj.崇高的；宏伟的；高贵的rank n.地位；级别；行列vt. &vi.把……分等级；使排成行purchase vt.购买；采购n.购买；购买的东西mythology n.神话；虚幻的想法client n.委托人；当事人；客户photography n.照相术；摄影emerge vi & vt.出现；浮现；暴露sunrise n. 日出convey vt.表达；传递(思想、感情等)；传送subjective adj.主观的outer adj.外表的；外边的；外围的subsequent adj.随后的；后来的；之后的fond adj.喜爱be fond of 喜爱;喜欢fine art (also fine arts) 美术(尤其绘画和雕塑)sculpture n.雕像；雕刻品；雕刻术sculptor n.雕刻家；雕塑家visual adj.视觉的；视力的water lily n.睡莲pond n.池塘；水池arched adj.拱形的；弓形的arch vt.&vi.呈弧形横跨；(使)成弓形n.拱；拱形结构；拱门investment n.投资额；投资；(时间、精力的)投入Bride n.新娘Permanent adj. 永久的；永恒的；长久的memorial n.纪念碑(或像等)；纪念物；纪念品adj.纪念的；悼念的humble adj.谦逊的；虚心的；卑微的criticise [NAmE -ize] vi.&vt.批评；指责；评价criticism n.批评；指责；评论representative adj.典型的；有代表性的n.代表ink n.墨水；墨汁；油墨animation n.(电脑、录像)动画制作；动画片frame n.画面；框架vt.给……镶框；陷害symphony n.交响乐；交响曲decline n.(数量、价格、质量等的)减少；下降；衰落vi.&vt.减少；下降；衰落；谢绝exhibition n.展览；(技能、感情或行为的)表演bronze n.青铜；深红褐色adj.青铜色的；深红褐色的ceramic n.陶瓷制品；制陶艺术vase n.花瓶；装饰瓶artistic adj.艺术的；艺术家的entry n.加入；进入；参与civil adj.国民的；民用的；民事的recognition n.承认；认出；赞誉Buddhist adj.佛教的n.佛教徒Buddhism n. 佛教expansion n.扩张；扩展；扩大bring ... to life 赋予……生命；使……鲜活起来guarantee vt.保证；确保；肯定……必然发生n.保证；保修单；担保物contemporary adj.当代的；现代的；属同时期的n.同代人；同辈人worthy adj.值得……的；有价值的be worthy of 值得UNIT 2tobacco n.烟草；烟叶alcohol n.酒；酒精abuse n.滥用；虐待；辱骂vt.滥用；虐待；辱骂physical adj.身体的；客观存在的；物理学的dominate vt. & vi.支配；控制；占有优势repeatedly adv.重复地psychology n.心理学；心理；心理影响cue n.提示；暗示；信号vt.给(某人)暗示(或提示)in response to 回答；答复reward n.回报；奖励；报酬vt.奖励；奖赏；给以报酬rely vi.依赖；依靠；信赖rely on 依赖；依靠；信赖facilitate vt. 促进；促使；使便利examine vt. (仔细)检查；审查；测验negative adj.消极的；有害的；否定的escalator n.自动扶梯；滚梯straight away 立即；马上pessimistic adj.悲观的；悲观主义的discipline n.自制力；纪律；学科vt.自我控制；管教；处罚pill n.药丸；药片delete v.删去；删除decide on 决定；选定make up one’s mind 下定决心compose vt. &vi.组成；作曲；撰写be composed of 由……组成(或构成)的surgeon n.外科医生surgery n.外科手术；外科学liberation n.解放；摆脱shave vi.,vt.&n.剃(须发)；刮脸shave off 剃掉；刮去beard n.胡须；络腮胡子disturb vt.打扰；搅乱；使烦恼cigarette n.香烟；卷烟specialist n.专科医生；专家consultant n.顾问；高级顾问医师drug n.毒品；药物skip vt. 跳过；不参加；悄悄溜走vi.蹦蹦跳跳地走；跳绳n.蹦跳dizzy adj.头晕目眩的flu n.流感stimulate vt.激发；促进；刺激dentist n.牙科医生sugary adj.含糖的；甜的nut n.坚果skateboard n.滑板vi.滑滑板dynamic adj.充满活力的；精力充沛的；动态的stressed out 焦虑不安；疲惫不堪worn out 筋疲力尽的；心力交瘁bowling n.保龄球运动comedy n.喜剧；喜剧片；滑稽节目monthly adv.&adj. 每月；每月一次的n.月刊enhance vt.提高；增强；増进refresh vt.使恢复精力；使凉爽；刷新absorb vt.吸引全部注意力；吸收UNIT 3graph n. 图；图表；曲线图emission n. 排放物；散发物；排放melt vi. & vt.(使)融化；熔化；软化starve vi. & vt.(使)挨饿；饿死seal n. 海豹ecology n. 生态；生态学release vt. & n. 排放；释放；发布methane n. 甲烷；沼气carbon n. 碳dioxide n. 二氧化物carbon dioxide 二氧化碳habitable adj. 适合居住的sustain vt. 维持；遭受；承受住sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的fossil n. 化石fuel n. 燃料；刺激性言行fossil fue l化石燃料(如煤或石油)comprehensive adj. 全部的；所有的；详尽的worldwide adv. 遍及全球地adj. 世界各地的；影响全世界的trend n. 趋势；趋向；动向frequently adv. 频繁地；经常broadcast vt. & vi. (broadcast, broadcast )播送；广播；传播n.广播节目；电视节目policy n. 政策；方针；原则footprint n. 足迹;(某物所占的)空间量；面积restrict vt. 限制，限定；束缚restriction n. 限制规定；限制法规；约束seize vt. 抓住；夺取；控制basin n. 流域；盆地；盆penguin n. 企鹅reform vi. & vt. 改革；(使)改正；改造n. 改革；变革；改良undergo vt. (underwent, undergone ) 经历；经受(变化、不快等)implement vt.使生效；贯彻；执行harmonious adj. 和谐的moderate adj. 适度的；中等的；温和的vi. & vt. 缓和；使适中submit vt. & vi.提交；呈递；屈服annual adj. 每年的；一年的n.年刊；年鉴tropical adj. 热带的；来自热带的chaos n. 混乱；杂乱；紊乱on behalf of 代表(代替)某人nuclear adj. 原子能的；核能的；原子核的sensitive adj. 敏感的；善解人意的；灵敏的jungle n.(热带)丛林；密林smog n.烟雾(烟与雾混合的空气污染物)originate vi. & vt. 起源；发源；创立volume n. 量；体积；(成套书籍中的)一卷garbage n. 垃圾；废物enterprise n. 公司；企业；事业restore vt. 恢复；使复原；修复conservation n. 对(环境、文物等)保护；保持dozen n.(一)打；十二个dozens of 许多；很多regulation n. 章程；规章制度disposal n. 去掉；清除；处理inspection n.检查；查看；视察fine vt. 对……处以罚款campaign n. 运动；战役vi. & vt. 参加运动；领导运动waterway n. 水道；航道tolerate vt. 忍受；包容；容许agenda n. 议程表；议事日程UNIT 4adversity n.困境；逆境wage n.工资bitter adj.严寒的；激烈而不愉快的；味苦的expedition n.探险；远征；探险队endurance n.忍耐力；耐久力vigour (NAmE vigor) n.精力；力量；活力turn sb. down 拒绝(某人)qualified adj.符合资格；具备……的知识(或技能、学历等) enthusiastic adj.热情的；热心的aboard adv.& prep.上(船、飞机、公共汽车等) cupboard n.橱柜；壁橱；衣柜assign vt.分派；布置；分配steward n.(轮船、飞机或火车上的)乘务员；服务员envy n.&vt.羡慕；妒忌crush vt.毁坏；压坏；压碎n.拥挤的人群sink vi. (sankabandon vt.舍弃；抛弃；放弃stove n.炉具；厨房灶具blanket n.毯子belongings n. [pl.]财物；动产banjo n.班卓琴(乐器)miserable adj.痛苦的；令人难受的voyage n.& vi.航海；航行navy n.海军；海军部队decent adj.相当不错的；正派的；得体的cosy adj.温馨的；舒适的selfish adj.自私的good 坏的genuine adj.真正的；真诚的；可信赖的perseverance n.毅力；韧性；不屈不挠的精神persevere vi.坚持；孜孜以求resolve vi.&vt.决定；决心；解决(问题或困难) n.决心；坚定的信念resolution n.决议；解决；坚定crew n.(轮船、飞机等上面的)全体工作人员；专业团队；一群人cruel adj.残酷的；残忍的；冷酷的thorough adj.深入的；彻底的；细致的furniture n.家具unfortunately adv.不幸地；遗憾地fortunately adv.幸运地bark vi.&n.(狗)吠叫；吠叫声rugby n.橄榄球运动bat n.球拍；蝙蝠vi.&vt.用球板击球；挥打；拍打damp adj.潮湿的；湿气重的recreation n.娱乐；消遣；游戏guidance n.指导；引导；导航nephew n.侄子；外甥advertising n.广告活动；广告业advertise vt.&vi.公布；宣传；做广告corporate adj.公司的；法人的；社团的rough adj.汹涌的；粗糙的；粗略的navigator n.领航员；(飞机、船舶等上的)航行者loyal adj.忠诚的；忠实的motor n.发动机；马达adj.有引擎的；机动车的candidate n.候选人；应试者make fire 生火give off 放出(热、光、气味或气体)episode n.(人生的)一段经历；(小说的)片段；插曲commitment n.承诺；保证；奉献motive n.动机；原因；目的Confucianism n.孔子学说；儒家(学说)UNIT 5drama n.戏；剧；戏剧艺术sorrow n.悲伤；悲痛；伤心事vi.感到悲伤imagery n.形象的描述；意象；像literary adj.文学的；爱好文学的；有文学作品特征的rhyme n.押韵词；押韵的短诗vi. & vt. (使)押韵rhythm n.节奏；韵律；规律nursery adj.幼儿教育的n.托儿所；保育室nursery rhyme 童谣；儿歌folk adj.民间的；民俗的；普通百姓的mockingbird n.嘲鸫(美洲鸣禽，能模仿别种鸟的鸣叫)diamond n.钻石；金刚石；菱形brass n.黄铜；黄铜制品；铜管乐器billy goat n.公山羊bull n.公牛recite vt.背诵；吟诵；列举bee n.蜜蜂dewdrop n.露珠；水珠dawn n.黎明；开端；萌芽clover n.三叶草butterfly n.蝴蝶lawn n.草坪;草地amateur n.业余爱好者adj.业余的；业余爱好的cinquain n.五行诗be made up of 由……组成(构成)mood n.情绪；心情；语气tease vi. & vt.取笑(某人)；揶揄；逗弄haiku n.俳句syllable n.音节format n.格式；总体安排；(出版物的)版式vt.格式化respectively adv.分别；各自；依次为respective adj.分别的；各自的blossom n.花朵；花簇delicate adj.精美的；精致的；脆弱的await vt.等候；期待；将发生在revolve vi.旋转；环绕；转动utter vt.出声；说；讲adj.完全的；十足的；彻底的comprehension n.理解力；领悟力；理解练习shelf n. (pl. shelvescore n.核心；精髓；(水果的)核儿cherry n.櫻桃；櫻桃树；櫻桃色adj.櫻桃色的；鲜红色的cherry blossom 櫻花blank adj.空白的；无图画(或韵律、装饰)的；没表情的n.空白；空格verse n.诗；韵文；诗节civilian n.平民；老百姓prose n.散文sympathetic adj.同情的；有同情心的；赞同的sympathy n.同情；赞同version n.版本；(从不同角度的)说法innocence n.天真；单纯；无罪innocent adj. 天真无邪的；无辜的；无恶意的era n.时代；年代；纪元correspondence n.来往信件；通信联系correspond vi.相一致；符合；相当于；通信sow vt. & vi.( sowed, sownseed n.种子；起源；萌芽dominant adj.首要的；占支配地位的；显著的sonnet n.十四行诗deadline n.最后期限；截止日期contest n.比赛；竞赛；竞争vt.争取赢得(比赛、选举等)；争辩polish vt.修改；润色；抛光n.上光剂；抛光；擦亮string n.细绳；线；一串vt. ( strung ,strung )悬挂；系adj.弦乐器的；线织的wherever conj.在任何地方；在所有……的情况下adv.(用于问句)究竟在(到)哪里barren adj.贫瘠的；不结果实的grief n.悲伤；悲痛；伤心事complicated adj.复杂的；难懂的variationracial adj.种族的；人种的prejudice n.偏见；成见vt.使怀有(或形成)偏见。
机械英语大全
机械英语大全straightener ['streit?n?]基本翻译n. 矫直机，矫正机；矫直装置网络释义straightener:矫直机|矫直器|矫正机wire straightener:线材矫直机|钢丝校正机|线材整直器pipe straightener:管子矫直机|管子校直器|钢管矫直机punching machine 冲床robot 机械手hydraulic machine油压机hydraulic [hai'dr?:lik]基本翻译adj. 液压的；水力的；水力学的网络释义hydraulic:水力的，水压的|水力的|液压Hydraulic components:液压元件|压元件|液压组件hydraulic leather:水压机革(密封用革)|水压机革(密封用革) 皮革类英语|水压机革（密封用革）lathe车床 [leie]planer |plein|刨床miller 铣床grinder 磨床 ['ɡraind?]linear cutting 线切割 ['lini?] electrical sparkle 电火花sparkle ['spɑ:kl]n. 活力；火花；闪耀vt. 使闪耀；使发光vi. 闪耀；发泡；活跃welder 电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director 厂长department director 部长deputy manager | =vice manager 副理 ['depjuti]section supervisor 课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor 组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺burr [b?:]n. 粗喉音，呼呼声vi. 用喉音说话vt. 以粗喉音发出final inspection 终检to connect material 接料to reverse material 翻料wet station 沾湿台Tiana 天那水cleaning cloth 抹布to load material 上料to unload material 卸料to return material/stock to 退料scraped 报废 [skreipt]scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase 来料不良purchase ['p?:t??s]n. 购买；紧握；起重装置vt. 购买；赢得vi. 购买东西manufacture procedure 制程deficient manufacturing procedure 制程不良 oxidation | [,?ksi'dei??n] |氧化scratch刮伤 [skr?t?]dents压痕defective up siding down抽芽不良defective to staking 铆合不良embedded lump 镶块feeding is not in place 送料不到位stamping-missing 漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer 备件forklift叉车 ['f?:k,lift]trailer=long vehicle拖板车['vi:ikl,compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch 压板[pint?]bolt 螺栓administration/general affairs dept 总务部automatic screwdriver 电动启子['skru:,draiv?]thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具 [ɡeid?]power wire 电源线buzzle 蜂鸣器defective product label 不良标签identifying sheet list 标示单location 地点present members 出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department 负责单位ocation模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM 线割EDM 放电机Coil stock 卷料sheet stock 片料tolerance 工差score=groove 压线cam block 滑块pilot 导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪内边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料孔 feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius 半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut 火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper 清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块baffle ['b?fl]基本翻译n. 挡板；困惑vt. 使…困惑；使…受挫折；用挡板控制vi. 做徒劳挣扎网络释义baffle:挡板|遮蔽体|调节阻板baffle plate:遮挡板|隔板,导流板|导流板baffle board:反射板|挡板|挡水板cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch 压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod 气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate 弹簧箱顶板bushing block 衬套insert 入块club car 高尔夫球车capability 能力parameter 参数 [p?'r?mit?]factor 系数phosphate 皮膜化成 ['f?sfeit] viscosity 涂料粘度 [vi'sk?s?ti] alkalidipping 脱脂main manifold 主集流脉bezel 斜视规 ['bez?l]blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模 [di'd?ekt] demagnetization去磁;消磁 ['di:,m?ɡnitai'zei??n, -ti'z-]high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation 热传[disi'pei??n]rack 上料degrease 脱脂 [di:'ɡri:s]rinse 水洗alkaline etch 龄咬['?lk?lain] [et?]desmut 剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理 ['kr?umeit] Anodize阳性处理 ['?n?udaiz]seal封孔revision版次part number/P/N 料号good products 良品scraped products 报放心品[skreipt]defective products 不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart 流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer 备品coordinate座标[k?u'?:dinit, k?u'?:dineit]dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction 辅助功能auxiliary [?:ɡ'zilj?ri]基本翻译n. 助动词；辅助者，辅助物；附属机构adj. 辅助的；副的；附加的网络释义Auxiliary:辅助的|助动词|附属的auxiliary projection:辅助投影|辅视图|辅助视图auxiliary function:辅助函数|辅助功能|辅助功能[函数，操作程序poly-line 多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple 热电偶['θ?:m?u,k?pl]sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾 [ɡrit]derusting machine除锈机[di:'r?sti?]degate打浇口 [di:'geit]dryer 烘干机induction 感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder 巡边器concave凸concave [k?n'keiv, 'k?nkeiv]基本翻译n. 凹面adj. 凹的，凹面的vt. 使成凹形网络释义concave:凹的|脚窝板面凹下部分，板凹可增加板面强度和滑手动作的杠杆作用。
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• Bearing failure – impact on equipment 轴承故障-对于机器的影响
• Bearing failure – life threatening 轴承故障-寿命会被胁迫
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Chatter – Impact Based on Application 振纹-基于应用的影响
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Chatter Detection Methods 振纹探测方法
• Visual inspection of part零件的可视检查
• Visual with bear tex polish 可视的塑性材料磨光
• Visual with nital etch可视硝酸蚀刻 • Roundness trace圆形图 • Linear trace直线图 • Eddy current inspection旋涡当前检查
• Increase the damping 增加减幅
• Reduce the cutting stiffness of the grinding wheel 减少磨削砂轮 的切割硬度
– reduce width of cut减少切割宽度 – reduce wheel speed减少砂轮速度 – use a softer wheel使用较软的砂轮
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Chatter – Severity 振纹-严格性
• Visual only – not easily measured 只能看见-但是不容易衡量
• Measurable with profiling instruments 剖面工具测量
– Roundness measuring gage圆度测量量具 – Linear tracing instruments直线绘图工具
• Regenerative – The components during dress or grind develop a vibration by being self-excited. Mass, stiffness, and damping of the components determine the frequency and amplitude. 再生的-在修整或磨削期间部件会自己产生振动. 部件的质量,硬度和减幅决定频率和振幅
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Chatter Free Volume 振动体积
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Steps to Solving a Chatter Problem解决振纹问题的 步骤
• Classify visual pattern图样分类 – Straight line – Grind (dress)直线-磨削 – Spiral – dressing螺旋-修整 – Mottled – dressing杂色-修整
• Step by Step List of Possible Causes of waviness (chatter) Problems – Rolly Cann, Bryant Grinder, Date ? 振纹出现的可能原因的波状问题
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Chatter Definition 振纹定义
• Accompanied by thermal damage 伴随热损伤
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Chatter – Impact on Product 振纹-对于产品的影响
• Cosmetic only – no burn 只有表面没有烧伤
• Detrimental to application 对应用有害
GRINDING CHATTER 磨削振纹
Types, Causes, and Trouble Shooting Methods
类型,原因和解决方法
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Grinding Chatter – Outline 磨削振纹-要点
• Definition定义 • Levels of Severity严格标准 • Impact on Product产品影响 • Types of Chatter振纹类型 • Causes of Chatter振纹原因 • Trouble Shooting Chatter Problems振纹解
– Use Rolly Cann tests – change rotational rates 使用Rolly Cann 测试-改变转动比率
• Based on steps 1 – 4 results - examine machine / tooling / wheel specs / grind parameters 基于步骤1-4,得出检查机器/安装/车轮规格/磨削参数
• For repeating pattern around part – calculate chatter frequency 重复部门图样-计算振纹频率
• Calculate other machine frequencies and compare 计算其它机械频率并比较
• Isolate to workhead or wheelhead隔绝工件或者砂轮头
• Visual or measurable variations in the ground surface, resulting from relative motion (vibrations) between components of the grinding system.
• 磨削表面的可看见并且可衡量的变化,是 由磨削系统里各部件相互的运动引起的.
Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 204, Feb 1990 机械工程师学会学报, Vol. 204, Feb 1990
– Mathematical Model数学模型 – Experimental Results实验结果 • Principles of Grinding Part 5 磨削5的原则 – Robert Hahn – Manager of Research研发经理 – Richard Lindsay – Senior Research Engineer高级研发工程师 – Cincinnati Milacron, Heald Machine Division综片机器分割 – Machinery Magazine - Nov 1971机械杂志-1971年11月
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VIBRATION DURING DRESSING 修理中的振动
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冲击振动 通过以下增加： 1切削深度 2切削速度 3
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Trouble Shooting Chatter 有问题的波纹
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Local metal damage, radial
Aerospace - jet Ball/Roller
loads, difficult to grind
accelerations, bearing failure,
engine
Bearings
materials
life threatening
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• Reduce cutting stiffness of the workpiece 减少工件切割硬度
– Reduce width of cut and/or workspeed 减少工件切割宽度
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Chatter Diagnostic Procedure
Outline 振动诊断过程要点
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Types of Chatter 振纹的类型
• Forced – a repeating, “dynamic” force, causes changing depth of cut during dress or grind 强迫的-一种反复的,动态的力,会促使休整或磨 削间切割深度的改变
• Make changes / improvements – repeat tests 改变/提高-反复测试
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To Eliminate a Regenerative Chatter Problem 消除新生振纹问题
• Increase static stiffness of system 增加系统的静态硬度
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