GMAT_AA高分作文模板
GMAT写作模板

GMAT写作模板Argument部分:段落1:引言1.概要陈述争议的事实和论据的结构。
2. 例如:“The argument presents the idea that... It is based on the assumption that...”段落2:介绍论据和陈述缺陷1.指出论据的主体内容。
2.指出缺陷或者假设的问题。
3. 例如:“However, the argument fails to consider... This assumption is questionable because...”段落3:进一步讨论缺陷和提供支持1.进一步讨论上一段所提到的缺陷。
2.提供支持是为什么缺陷是不可信的。
3. 例如:“Moreover, the argument ignores... This indicates that the assumption made in the argument is unreliable because...”段落4:提供替代解释或者建议1.提供替代的解释来解释所提出的现象。
2.提出建议或者措施来完善论据。
3. 例如:“Therefo re, it is possible that... Instead, the argument could be strengthened by...”段落5:总结1.总结上述观点。
2.重申为什么论据是无效的。
3. 例如:“In conclusion, the argument is flawed due to... By addressing these issues, the argument would be more convincing.”Issue部分:段落1:引言1.概述对待争议问题的观点。
2. 例如:“The issue concerns the idea that... There are people who support this view, while others maintain that...”段落2:列举支持观点的论据1.列举一些支持自己观点的论据。
2024管综考研英语作文模板

2024管综考研英语作文模板Introduction。
The 2024 Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) is a crucial step for many students who are pursuing a master's degree in business administration. As a part of the exam, the English writing section is an important component that requires careful preparation. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive template for writing the GMAT English essay, which will help students to effectively structure their thoughts and produce well-organized and coherent essays.Paragraph 1: Introduction。
The first paragraph should introduce the topic of the essay and provide some background information. It should also clearly state the writer's position or opinion on the topic.Paragraph 2: Main Idea 1。
The second paragraph should present the first main idea or argument in support of the writer's position. This paragraph should include specific examples, evidence, and reasoning to support the main idea.Paragraph 3: Main Idea 2。
GMAT考试写作 6分模板

文章总模板(1)In this XXX (argument), the author concludes that 结论主张目标, citing the fact/reason that前提事实原因一. What’s more, the author points out that 前提事实原因二. While this argument seems reasonable, it is nevertheless unacceptable to embrace the credibility of this argument after careful scrutiny.(2)In the first place, it is mentioned that …… The author unfairly assumes that ……Therefore, it is highly doubtful that ……(3)In the second place, stated in this argument is a fact that…… The author's conclusion relie s on the gratuitous assumption that ……Therefore, in face of such limited evidence, the conclusion turns out to be less well backed.(4)Last but not the least, the author tells us the conclusion that…… He or she might have been attempting to mislead us int o believing that …...Therefore, with no regard to …… (all of these and other possibilities/differences/a thorough cost-benefit analysis), it is fallacious to draw the conclusion at all.(5)After analyzing the reasoning line and the use of evidence in this argument, it requires more improvement in several aspects. Instead of simply relying on the evidence given so far, the author ought to provide credible evidence about , eliminate other factors that may result in , or take into account other issues discussed above.调查问题In the first place, one possible problem in this argument involves the survey itself. As weall know, the smaller the sample size is, the less reliable the result of the survey is. So, if the number of the participants in the survey is too small, it will be highly doubtful whether the conclusion is credible. In addition, the author provides no evidence to ensure that those who responded to the survey are representative of the whole group. Those who were more interested in XX might be more likely to respond to the questionnaire. Due to the lack of randomness and representativeness in the survey sample, the statistical reliability of the survey will be really dubious.内容补充(1) assume/assumption that + (2) However+1) 他因(1) B is determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required one. (2) The author omits the possibility of other alternative facts that …… It is entirely possible that .... It is equally pos sible that .... Moreover, perhaps ....2) 他果(1) A will solely result in B. While B is a seemingly possible result of A, it is hardly the only one. (2) The author omits the possibility of other alternative facts that …… It is entirely possible that .... It is equally possible that .... Moreover, perhaps ....3) 错误类比(1) A is analogous to B in all aspects. (2) It is clear that the author fails to take into account the possible differences between these two ……4) 时地全等(1) X would remain unchanged over/sinc e… (or at different locations) (2) The fact that happened (n years ago) is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that …… In addition, it is possible that this trend will fluctuate or even reverse in the future.5) 时序因果/无因果(1) B is due to A, just because B happened after A. (2) There is no sufficient evidence to bolster the assumption that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between A and B.6) 二者择一(1) A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. (2) Common sense and observation tell us that combining both A and B might achieve better effects.7) 成本收益(1) the (construction) of XXX will solely bring some benefit such as …… (2) This assumption fails to take into account the increase in cost and inefficiency that could result from XXX“a thorough cost-benefit analysis”假设错误assume 现写However + ……(1) There is no sufficient evidence to bolster the assumption that ……(2) There is, however, no guarantee that this is true, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption.。
GMAT考试作文精品模板推荐(4)

第一段: 选择1In the argument, the author concludes that … T o support his conclusion, the author cites the study indicating that …/the author points out/reasons that … In addition, the author mentions (the evidence) that … Based on this evidence, the author further r ecommends that …(subjunctive动词原形)/recommends …(doing). At first glance, the analysis appears thorough and compelling. However, a close/careful examination reveals various logical flaws which render the author’s line of reasoning questionable.选择2… (陈述同选择1) After a careful examination, I find that the argument, apparently compelling, is not well supported by the evidence.最后一段:选择1By way of conclusion, it seems that the author’s conclusion that … is seriously undermined by the (numerous) flaws in his reasoning identified above. T o substantiate/strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide clear/concrete/solid/credible evidence that … In addition, the author should take into consideration that … Unless these key issues are properly addressed, the argument isn’t sound and convincing.选择2T o sum up, it is imprudent for the author to draw the conclusionthat … solely on the basis of the evidence presented, which is insufficient to lend strong support to what the author claims.// It is clear that the author fails to provide more credible evidence to support his conclusion that … T o make this analysis more thorough, the author must firstly investigate … (sth.) and then provide evidence that (1) … , and (2) … T o better assess/evaluate the argument, I would also need to know whether …各种推理错误:A. 错误地认定某趋势会一直延续下去In the argument, the authors stated that … Although the trend/tendency cited in the study has remained stable for the past 10 years, there is no guarantee that it/the same trend will continue over the next 20 years. The study’s results can hardly be used to predict the future. It is entirely possible/very likely that … If that is the case, … Thus the credibility of the author’s assertion is called into question.Even if the trend given in the argument will be true over the next 20 years, /Even if we grant the preceding assumption that … , /Even supposing that the same trend will continue over the next 20 years, ……B. 错误地认为某一事物的程度大到足以引起某些变化The author attri butes … to the fact that … However, this line of reasoning is problematic, since no evidence is provided concerning the extent/degree to which … Perhaps … Or it is possible that … Either ofthese scenarios, if true, will render this connection worthless/doubtful.C. 错误地认为X就是由Y引起的,忽视了其他可能原因In the argument, the author ascribes X to the fact that/claims that … However, it is not necessarily the case. This alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of …// Many other factors may equally contribute to the results/could bring out the same results/may account for/affect ... // While … is one way to achieve the results, it is by no means the only way. For instance, … The argument is unsound/unwarranted until such possibilities are taken into account/considered and ruled out. // Without solid evidence linking X to Y, it is presumptuous to suggest that Y is totally responsible for these results.D. 错误地认为Y发生在X前,X就是Y引起的;错误地将同时发生的X与Y认为成由因果联系T o begin with, the author unfairly assumes that … is the cause of sth. cited. The sequence of these events, by themselves, is not sufficient to demonstrate that the former causes the latter because a chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events./ Howeve r, the mere fact that … precedes … is insufficient to conclude that it causes these events. Perhaps … Moreover, … may not necessarily indicate that … It is also highly possible that … No additional evidence linking … and … is offered in the argument, makin g for the possibility that these events are not causally related but merelycoincident.E. 错误的一概适用/横向对比Even if … it does not follow that … According to the author, X is analogous to Y in all respects. A thorough analysis reveals, however, that the differences between X and Y outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy less than valid. For example, … affect X’s results but are virtually absent in Y. These differences may weaken a conclusion based on the analogy between X and Y /weaken the conclusion that X will suffer from the same fate as Y is.F. 错误地由某些原则/理论推出某一事物应该被重视、被选择Finally, even if … will be true/ is guaranteed, it doesn’t stand that … should/will … The author unfairly applies the general principle to a specific field/industr y. What if … Lacking information about …, it is imprudent for the author to assert that …G. 错误地从某一数据/样本中得出结论… the statistics cited in support of the final conclusion that … could be misleading. Although …, …might spend more in terms of the actua l amount. Therefore there is no way to …【percentage≠the actual amount】【sales≠profits】H. 无端假设Most conspicuously, the argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that… This assumption is weak, since no evidence ispresented to establish that … (opposing possibilities) // This assumption is dubious in two aspects. For one thing, … For another, …以上为大家推荐了一些GMAT作文考试的实用模板,考生可以适当参考,并通过大量的写作练习来逐步提高自己的GMAT作文的写作水平,从而在GMAT考试中取得更好的成绩。
GMAT作文满分模板

AA作文模版一、开头段(Based upon a survey that……) The statement draws a conclusion that…….Several reasons are offered in support of this argument.First of all, the author cites the fact that .................What’s more ,the author points out that ................In addition, he infers that……(用于中间结论)At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be some what convincing, but further reveals that it omits some important concerns to make the argument sound. In my opinion, the argument suffers from N logical flaws.二、结尾段Based on the reasons I listed above, this argument is dubious/unwarranted/ unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen the conclusion, the author would have to provide evidence…….to support the conclusion. Meanwhile, it is important to rule out other possibilities that might lead to the same result and take other issues mentioned into consideration, this argument would have been much more thorough and logically acceptable.三、中间段(记住七宗罪:养(样本不足)姐(结论错误)饮(因果无关)泪(错误类比/横向比较都一样)二(二选一、非此即彼)等(等时等地/纵向比较都一样)茶(调查错误)大体结构:1)First of all, Secondly, Furthermore, Last but not least2)任选一句the author concludes that….however, this is a very weak claim as(because) ..it is highly doubtful that..the assumption fails to take into account that..the author unfairly assumes that..Another problem is that..(较为特殊,仅能在除第一段以外的段落使用)3)for example,…it is unlikly that..4)Therefore/as a result/ Accordingly/Consequentlythe reasoning is wrong unless …without further evidence, that author cannot concludes that…without further evidence, the claim that… is groundless.还是举个例子,第二段的写法:Secondly,Another problem is that.. for example,…Therefore,the reasoning is wrong unless …1、养----样本不足(insufficient sample)1)调查样本大小不足不具有代表性One problem of the argument is the research/survey itself. The number of participants reveals a small sample that is insufficient to represent the XX group and might deflect the actual result. For example…..(举出其他的可能情况).Unless the author can show that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B… is completely unwarranted.2)Misapplied Generalization(大范围推小范围)(A发生----关于A中A1结论) The author’s conclusion/prediction relies on the gratuitous assumption that 大范围applies specifically to 小范围. There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case, nor does the author provide any evidence to substantiate this assumption. Just as likely, 小范围….( is just in the opposite direction). In that case, the author’s conclusion/recommendation might amount to especially poor advice.3)时间样本不足However, a mere recent one-year A is insufficient to claim that... Statistics from such limited anecdotal evidence is not a good indicator for this trend.2、姐----结论错误3、泪---错误类比(横向即跟别人比)(based on a false analogy)the argument has also committed a false analogy fallacy. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects and failing to take into account the possible differences between these two.... In fact, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A. Differences between A and B clearly out weight the similarities. It is possible that B is unlikely to experience the same consequence if it adopts A’s strategies. For example, …all affects A but are virtually absent in B. ...(A however B)....Therefore, without providing sufficient information showing that most or even all of the conditions in A&B is similar or the same, the author cannot convince me that ...which is efficient in A can also be efficient in B as well.4.饮---因果错误(Correlation to Causation)1)因果无联系(时序因果、因果倒置)+有他因(举例)(时序因果)The author unfairly assums that B is due to A just because B happened after A/ A coincided with B.However, there is no sufficient evidence which can substantiate the assumption that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between A and B.The author provided no more reliable evidence to rule out other possible attributes that might also lead to this result. For instance,...........(列举他因)In short, without considering and ruling out all of these and other possibilities, the credibility of the author’s conclusion is really open to doubt(因果倒置)it is possible that the author confuses cause with effect respecting B. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the author may fails to account for this possibility. The claim is completely unwarranted.2)有他因Casual Oversimplification(因素A不一定会导致某结果B 有他因/ B结果的发生还有其他的原因)The author unfairly assumes that B determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required one. the author fails to eliminate other possibilities (other possible factors)Forexample….. Therefore, this argument is unwarranted unless other factors relevant have been considered and ruled out.3)无端假设The argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that if only A happens, B is bound to happen. The author, however, failed proving the assumption justified because no further evidence was cited. For example….. It is likely that …………it is also likely th at ……………Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.比如说某国增加sugar的出口量来解决贸易赤字问题,sugar出口的增加一定会导致trade deficit减少吗,可以举个反例啥的,例如该国的进口一直在大幅上升,sugar那点出口增加根本盖不住。
gmat awa模板

首先是issue的基础模板。
跟前人主要不同是,第二段我采用先立观点。
最后再上模板!!The issue at hand , …, is very controversial. To some extents, I agree with the speaker’s assertion that……….. However, the speaker unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme, while overlooks other possible factors that may affect the issue. My point of agreement and contention with the author involves the basic and deep discussion as follow.In the first place, the most important reason supporting the author’s opinion is that……..For example……….. Furthermore…………Therefore, it is sagacious to admit that this assertion, although suffers from some obvious drawbacks, has some merits primarily because the implicit rationale behind the author’s assertion accords with common sense and our everyday experience. Hence, it is partially indisputable.In the second place, recognizing that a more appropriate choice must incorporate different aspects of the issue as sufficient as possible, I have to point out that, this assertion amounts to an overstatement while fails to take into account other essential factors that may affect the issue. The mos t compelling argument I find is that. Besides.Coincidentally, an investigation has been conducted by the …(这里如果issue是跟社会有关就写政府,跟经济有关就写经济机构等等,体会一下。
GMAT满分作文模板句型汇总

xx年GMAT总分值作文模板句型汇总1. This remendation is based on the result of survey that-------2.In this argument the arguer remends that------3. In addition , the arguer assumes that ---------4. A careful examation would reveal how groundless the conclusion is-----B 5.in this analysis, the arguer claims that -----6. to substantiate it the conclusion the arguer provides the evidence that-----7. besides the arguer asserts that--------8. this argument is unconvincing for several critical flaw----9. the arguer predicts that-------10. this prediction relies on the observation that---------11. At the same time, the arguer reasons that----------12. This argument is problematic for several reasons-------13. The conclusion in this argument is that in support of this conclusion the arguerSupplies the evidence that-------further more, the arguer infers that------14. While this argument has some merit(s),there are several logic flaws that deserve our attention15. The validity(credibility) of the survey is doubtful(questionable)16. The arguer fail to convince us that17. Granted that-----------姑且成认--18. We can’t ensure that-----19. The arguer unfairly assumes that-----20 The arguer fails to take into aount other factors that might lead to(result in/contribute to/exxplain/aount for/be responsible for) -----21. The fact that indicates nothing about(does not imply that/does not ensure that)22. The statistical evidence cited in the argument is so vague that it does not validate the arguer’s assumption(that----)23. The survey on which the argument relies lacks credibility and therefore does not lend strong support to the conclusion24, The arguer mits a fallacy of ----------时序性逻辑错误承上启下:25. In the first place-----,in the second place---------,last but not least---------26. To begin with ---------,In addition -----,Furthermore, the arguer fails to take into aountanother(several other)factor(s) that might weaken the argument.每段开头:27. The major problem with this argument is that -------28. Another flaw worth discussing is that(the assumption that----)29. Finally it is necessary to point out -(several other minor flaws that might undermine the argument----) 证据可疑:questionable30. Another assumption short of legitimacy is that ----(unfounded/groundless/doubtful/unconvincing)31. The argument is based on the assumption that--------32. The reason that ----is open to doubt (persuasive)--should be deleted?33. The arguer mits a fallacy of the question in assaying(?) that--------34. In conclusion the arguer fails tovalidate/(establish) the claim----总之,作者未确立自己的观点----35. To solidify the argument, the arguer should provide more concrete information to demonstrate that-----------36. The arguer should rule out all the above mentioned possibilities that otherwise might undermine37. To sum up the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to the assumptions38. To make the argument more persuasive the arguer would have to provide more information concerning-------39. As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned and therefore----40. To make it logically aeptable, the arguer should demonstrate addiontionly the arguer must supply more specific evidence to validate the conclusion----41. In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading42. Before we can aept the conclusion the arguer must persent more substantial facts to prove that ---------43. Moreover I would suspend my judgement about the credibility of the conclusion until the arguer can present more factual evidence to rule out the possibility that I/is listed in my above analysis44. One reason why I agree/disagree with the title statement, is that--------45. Another reason that prompts me to support/oppose the title statement is that---46. The most important reason in favor of my position is that---------47. There is no denying that--------48.Although I agree that---------,I insist that-49. Many people sincerely believe that---------很多人可能真心相信---50. However, one does not have to go very fear to see that-------51. Another assumption in favor of---------is that-----------,but what they fail to understand is that-----------。
GMAT写作模板

GMAT写作模板综合写作模板:第一段:简要介绍文章内容和给出观点陈述(1-2句)The author presents an argument that [summarize the main point of the argument]. However, this argument is flawed due to several reasons.第二段:列举第一个批评点Firstly, the author assumes that [describe the assumption made by the author]. This assumption is problematic because [explain why this assumption is flawed or not well-supported by evidence]. For instance, [provide an example or evidence that contradicts the assumption made by the author]. Therefore, the argument fails to consider alternative viewpoints and lacks strong evidence to support its claim.第三段:列举第二个批评点Secondly, the author fails to acknowledge [describe another flaw or weakness in the argument]. The argument simply assumes that [explain the assumption made by the author]. However, this assumption overlooks the fact that [provide evidence or examples that contradict the assumption made by the author]. As a result, the argument lacks logical reasoning and fails to convince the reader.第四段:总结批评点并给出结论In conclusion, the argument presented by the author is flawed for several reasons. The author's assumptions are not well-supported by evidence and fail to consider alternative viewpoints. Furthermore, the argument lacks logical reasoning and fails to convince the reader. Therefore, it is important to critically evaluate the claims made in this argument before accepting them as valid.请注意,以上只是一个基本的综合写作模板,根据具体的题目内容和要求,你可以根据需要进行适当的调整和扩展。
gmat的作文模板

gmat的作文模板GMAT Essay Template: How to Write a Perfect Analysis of an Argument Essay。
The Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT) includes an analytical writing assessment, which consists of two essays: the Analysis of an Argument and the Analysis of an Issue. In this article, we will focus on the Analysis of an Argument essay and provide you with a step-by-step template to help you write a perfect essay that will impress the GMAT examiners.Introduction。
The first paragraph of your essay should introduce the argument that you will be analyzing. Briefly summarize the argument and state whether you agree or disagree with it. Provide a clear thesis statement that outlines the main points you will use to support your position.Body Paragraph 1。
In the first body paragraph, identify the key assumptions made in the argument. Discuss how these assumptions weaken or strengthen the argument. Provide specific examples or evidence to support your analysis. Be sure to explain why these assumptions are important to the overall argument.Body Paragraph 2。
GMAT高分作文

1. 我用的是800分大牛tonyadidas的AA 模版,但根据实际经验,对各段稍作精简(把拗口的一些词、句式去掉),再排了序(挑出常考到的高频理由)。
2. 画线处为经典的段首、尾句式,请务必背熟、灵活运用!因为各段内容可以现编,也常常编的是废话反复说,但有了这样漂亮的段首、尾来保障结构,就安全多了。
非常经典的开头、结尾――看完题目就开始直接打这两段,边打边想理由!(经典)开头段模板 The conclusion endorsed in this argument is that…. Several reasons are offered in support of this argument. First of all, the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… (What’s more, he also assumes that …) At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and the reasoning is biased due to the inadequacy and partiality in the nature ofevidence provided to justify the conclusion.A careful examination would review how groundless this conclusion is.(经典)结尾段模板To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Accordingly, it is imprudent for the author to claim that…. To make this argument logically acceptable, the author would have to show that…. In addition, to solidify the conclusion, the author should provide concrete evidence as well to demonstrate that…. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal. (结尾中复述的理由就copy/paste开头中的理由)高频理由(按频率由高到低排列)时序性因果攻击Firstly, the author is engaged in ‘after this, therefore, because of this’ reasoning. The line of reasoning is that because A happened before B, the former caused the latter. However, this reasoning is fallacious unless other possible causal factors have been considered and ruled out.For example, perhaps C. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on a more thorough investigation to gather data in order to narrow down and locate the actual cause of B.同时性因果攻击Secondly, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is the cause of B just because A coincided with B. However, a mere positional correlation does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. In addition, all other prospective causes of B, such as C and D, must be ruled out. Without detailed analysis of the real source of B, it would be groundless to attribute B to A.错误类比攻击Additionally, it is highly doubtful that strategies drawn from A are applicable to B. However, differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid. For example, C and D all affect A but virtually absent in B. Accordingly, we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that B is unlikely toexperience the same consequence if it adopts A’s strategi es.非此即彼攻击Last but not least, the author unfairly assumes that a reader must make a either-or choice. However, the argument fails to rule out possibility that adjusting A and B might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A and B are the only causes of the problem, thus the most effective solution might include a complex of other factors—such as C and D. In any event, the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the reader.必要性攻击In the first place, the author unfairly assumes that B was determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required element. This assumption overlooks other crucial criteria in determining B—such as C, D. Without accounting for these potential factors, theauthor concludes too hastily that …is the best way to achieve goals.充分性攻击In the second place, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is sufficient to give birth to the desired goals. However, if it turns out that B is due to a combination of factors, some of which will remain unchanged in the future, such as C and D, only A might have no impact on B.选择性样本攻击 A threshold problem is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the general group as a whole is of the same characteristic. The example cited, while suggestive of this trend, is insufficient to warrant that the sample is representative of the whole group. For example, I question that…Therefore, such evid ence would be obviously unrepresentative. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious for the author to draw any conclusion at all. (与“选择性样本攻击”较类似) 样本代表性攻击Moreover, a possible methodology problem inthe argument is that it is of bias. The term ‘so many’ is too vague to be statistically meaningful. It is very possible that workers who were more interested in the survey might be likely to respond to the questionnaire. Lacking in the information about the number of workers surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the survey. For instance, if 1000 workers were surveyed but only 10 responded, the result should be highly suspect. Because the author fails to account for other interpretations, the survey would be useless in concluding that….其他理由忽略他因攻击Thirdly, the author has focused only on A. A more detailed analysis would reveal that other factors far outweigh the factor on which the author focuses. For example, C. Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to claim that A solely determinedB.因果倒置攻击At last, it is possible that the author has confused cause with effect. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the author fails to account for this possibility, the claim that …is completely unwarranted.样本数量攻击 Another problem that seriously weakens the logic of this argument is that the survey cited is based on too small a sample to be reliable. Offered in support of the argument, the only evidence is that…. Unless it can be shown that the sample is typical of all general group, the fact that … is groundless to claim that…Loaded question和诚实性攻击What’s more, the methodology of the survey is problematic for two reasons. For one thing, we are not informed whether the survey provided only 3 alternatives. If it did, the respondents, who might very well prefer another choice not provided in the survey, might be forced to give up their preferences. For another thing, weare not informed whether the survey responses were anonymous or confidential. The respondents might supply responses favored by their superiors who might conduct the survey. Both events would lead this survey unreliable, let alone draw the conclusion that…样本时效性攻击Last but not least, another flaw that significantly undermines this argument is that the author neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When used to generally claim a particular group, the samples should be close enough to support the generalization, in order to prevent historical changes from invalidating the generalization. All we know is that the survey is recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to demonstrate that…差异概念攻击To begin with, we must establish the meaning of the vague concept A. If the term were synonymous with B, the evidence cited would strongly support the argument. However,A may be defined in other terms such as C and D. Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily due to the ignorance of other definitions of A.范围内推攻击What’s more, the most egregious reasoning error in this argument is that the author uses evidence pertaining to a general group on the basis of a particular B. Even if the reasoning may be sound in general sense, the particular situation in which B is involved may not be representative of the entire general group. It is possible that... If this is the case, the claim that… is ill founded.不随时变攻击Moreover, the author unfairly assumes that A will remain unchanged over the next decades. However, a mere recent one-year A is insufficient to claim that. Statistics from such limited anecdotal evidence is not a good indicator for this trend. In addition, it is possible that in the future, this trend would greatly fluctuate or even reverse, thenthe adoption of the author’s proposal might give birth to B, however, it might also have a negative impact on C1 and, in turns, C2. Admittedly, this argument would be even weaker and weaker each day as time goes by。
GMAT写作范文格式-GMAT满分精选作文归纳

GMAT写作范文格式:GMAT满分精选作文归纳下面GMAT思为大家整理了GMAT写作:满分精选作文必备格式,供考生们参考,以下是详细内容。
Recently there is a debate over whether Some people assert that, while other people believe thatAs a matter of fact, the issue of whether is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their distinct backgrounds. Therefore, there is not a universal answer to this question, and whether one choice takes precedence over the other may quite depend on the specific situation. The decision, nevertheless, is not an easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment should rely on a case-by-case analysis. As far as Iam concerned, however, I agree that . , and do not agree that My view can be greatly substantiated by the following discussions.The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that A good example may be found in the case that Under this circumstance, it is obvious that.In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason is not far to seek. To illustrate, let us consider that Hence, another equally important aspect isthat.Admittedly, it may be true that . in some conditions. However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that .,Actually, these cases are rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view thatWhen the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is obvious that。
GMAT优秀的作文

GMAT优秀的作文GMAT优秀的作文模板. When someone achieves greatness in any field such as the arts, science, politics, or business that persons achievements are more important than any of his or her personal faults.Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.Perhaps in some instances the personal failings of great achievers are unimportant relative to the achievements. In many cases, however, the relative significance of personal failings can be very great, depending on two factors: the extent to which the failing is part of the achievement process itself, and the societal impact of the achievers failing apart from his or her own suess.Personal failings and achievement are often symbiotically related. The former test the would-be achievers mettle; they pose challengesnecessary resistance that drives one to achieve despite the shorting. Personal failings may also pel one to focus on ones strengths, thereby spawning achievement. For example, poor academic or job performance may propel a gifted entrepreneur to start his or her own business. In the arts, a personal failing may be a necessary ingredient or integral part of the process of achieving. Artists and musicians often produce their most creative works during periods of depression, addiction, or other distress. In business, insensitivity to the human costs of suess has bred grand achievements, as with the questionable labor practices of the great philanthropist Andrew Carnegie.模板,内容仅供参考。
GMAT考试高分作文

GMAT考试高分作文ISSUE:Recently there is a debate over whether ..Some people assert that.., while other people believe thatAs a matter of fact, the issue of whether .. is a complex and controversial one. Different people hold different views due to their distinct backgrounds. Therefore, there is not a universal answer to this question, and whether one choice takes precedence over the other may quite depend on the specific situation. The decision, nevertheless, is not an easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment should rely on a casebycase analysis. As far as I am concerned, however, I agree that . , and do not agree that.. My view can be greatly substantiated by the following discussions.The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is that A good example may be found in the case that Under this circumstance, it is obvious that.In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this statement. The reason is not far to seek. To illustrate, let us consider that Hence, another equally important aspect is that.Admittedly, it may be true that . in some conditions.However, this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that .,Actually, these cases are rare and therefore are too specific and too weak to strengthen the view thatWhen the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are carefully examined, the most striking conclusion is obvious that。
gmat满分作文必备模板

gmat总分值作文必备模板In this argument, the author concludes that To support his conclusion, the author points out that. In addition,the author reasons that Further more, he also assumes that . At first glance, the authors argument appears to be somehow appealing, while a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have to look very far to seethe invalidity of this argument. This argument is problematic for the following reasons.In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption that .The author unfairly assumes that. However, the assumption is questionable because the author provides no evidence to support this argument. The arguer fails to take into aount other facts that might contribute to the result that It is likely that , ; it is also likely thatAny of these scenarios, if true, would show that Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.In the second place, the argument mits a logic fallacyof after this and therefore because of this. In no case can the mere fact that be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just because B can be statistically correlated with A does not necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has obviouslyneglected the possibility of other alternative facts such as, or may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that . Unless the author can rule out other factors relevant to , this assumption in question can not be aepted.。
GMAT-Elroy作文AA模板

开头:In the given argument, the author concludes that …. .To bolster this conclusion, the author points out that… and that… Although the whole argument appears to be valid at first glance, further analysis reveals that the judgment is based on some dubious assumptions and that the reasoning is questionable since the evidence cited is misleading.结尾:To sum up, this argument is not as persuasive as it stands. To make the argument more logically acceptable, the author should offer/ provide evidence that … In addition, concrete evidence demonstrating that… is needed to solidify the conclusion. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.solidify [sə'lidifai] vt. 团结;凝固 vi. 团结;凝固七宗罪:养姐泪饮二等茶第一宗罪:养—样本不足样本不足 Insufficient-sampleA threshold problem is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the generalgroup as a whole is of the same characteristic.. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion, unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious for the author to draw any conclusion at all.这个灵界的问题第二宗罪:—结果无据(无厘头假设,即得出结论过于草率,没有详尽的analysis)What is more, the assumption that… is suspicious.Admittedly, …However , this is not necessarily the case. For instance, it is more likely that...Since we need a more exhaustive analysis to justify the assumption, the hastily reached conclusion by the author should be treated cautiously. Only if the author can put any further details about different cases of A out on the table, we can eliminate our suspicion toward the liability of A as a sufficient proof of B.第三宗罪:泪—错误类比(横向)First, it is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from XXX are applicable to XXX.Differences between the two districts far outweigh similarities, thus making the analogy much less valid.For instance…(不同点) Since such problems may prohibit the strategy from reaching its intended effect, it is premature to assert that theXXX will experience the consequence after adopting thatstrategy previous conducted by XXX.子目录:单个样本不代表整体It is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from A are applicable to the entire general group. No background information is provided to justify that A is not an exception from other … X, Y, and Z can all lead to the differences between A and other … If this is the case, the claim that … will lose its ground, since (非A的情况在别的地方出现).第四宗罪:饮—无因果关系(主要用于是它因导致,而非作者认为的二者之间有因果关系)Besides, the author assumes that A is the result of B. However, this assumption is fallacious unless other possible causes have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D. Although the given explanation would work if it were the only possible cause, the author does not provide sufficient information to convince readers that a detailed analysis has been conducted. Consequently, without such as detailed analysis, it would be sheer imprudent to attribute A to B第五宗罪二—二者择一The author unfairly assumes that readers must make an either-or choice. The argument, however, fails to eliminate other possible alternatives. For instance… What is more, it may be possible that adjusting A to B would yield more effective result. Since the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the readers, we should not simply trust the author and make a choice from the given limited criteria第六宗罪:等—时地全等(纵向)过去推未来The author gratuitously assumed that the fact that … in the past can necessarily lead to the same trend in the future/at present.Admittedly, the fact that … may suggest that … will be … . But no additional proof is provided in this argument to ensure other scenarios, such as…, will not occur. Thus, to reach the conclusion, the author should present more reliable statistic findings of … to guarantee a similar trend in the future . Without taking these possibilities into account, the author cannot convince me that…第七宗罪:茶—可疑调查:The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where andhow the study was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For instance , if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that... would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind ofinterpretations,)until these questions are answered, the results of the poll are worthless as evidence for the conclusionA final problem with the editorial involves the possibility of additional results from the survey-results that the editorial neglects to mention.If the results turn out to be unreliable as a result, then any conclusion based on those results must be deemed unreliable as well.The memo provides no evidence that the reports are reliable.结论句替换Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of must be based on more thorough investigation to gather sufficient data in order to narrow down and locate the actual causes of the problem括号内的替换:How:we are not informed whether responses are anonymous or even confidential. If not, then respondents might have provided what they believe their superiors would approve of, regardless of whether the responses were truthful.When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization. The less recent the survey, the less reliable the results to indicate current situation of A.Respondents may not be representative of A as a whole. People who are interested in the survey may be more likely than others to complete and return their questionnaires. As a result, the example cited, while suggestive of the trends, is insufficient to warrant the truth because there is no evidence that data drawn from this sample is representative of the entire A.模糊词定义要澄清To begin with, we must establish the meaning of / clarify the extent of the A. If this concept only concerns with …, the evidence cited would strongly support the argument. However, A involves many issues, such as B, C and D. Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily with the ignorance of other factors that A concerns. As a result, the conclusion becomes much less valid, since the evidence is insufficient to justify that...目光短浅Moreover, the author fails to consider further impacts that the decision may bring about. In this case, it means that … To speak explicitly, … If this is the case, the claim/decision that … would lose it ground and thus become infeasible.优缺点对比:The author turns on the dubious assumption that… can… without sacrificing the… The argument fails to consider the project might bring not only benefits but also harm to… in the meantime, and therefore fails to weigh such benefits against the lost. Lacking a complete analysis of the situation, the author cannot draw any further conclusion about the…收入和支出的对比:The author’s conclusion that… is unwarranted. As we a ll know, profit is a factor of both revenue and cost. It is entirely possible that the additional revenue of the project cannot completely cover the cost. Besides, a bunch of other possible occurrences, such as… <hasty pricing strategy, bad economic condit ion and so forth> might also prevent the project from being as profitable as the author predicts.Paragraph structure identifiers.标识符First of all, first and foremost, to begin with, in the first/second/third/fourth place, the first and also the most glaring logic fallacy committed by the author is/Even if I were to concede that/Even if it were the case that…, the author still commits a fallacy of…. Secondly, Furthermore,…Besides, Last but not least,Replaceable verbsConcludes that /reaches the conclusion that /advocates that /claims that /asserts that /alleges thatSuggests that/ recommends thatPredicts that/ anticipates that/ expects thatArgues that/ claims that/ assumes that/ asserts that/ alleges that/ reasons thatProvides/ cites/ points out/ presentsSurvey/poll/ statistics/ study/ statistical evidenceAuthor/ arguer/ the owner of/ the loan applicant …Support/strengthen/enhance/ bolster/ uphold/ fortify/ corroborateUnconvincing/ unwarranted/ unreliable/ untenable/ unfounded/ groundless/ questionable/ problematic/ indefensible/ ambiguous/ flawed/ fraught实战方法:我引用截取在这里了,因为不记得是哪个nn帖子里的了,对我来说,非常有效,因为把结构打好了,至少不会有危险写不完,或者被判不完整引用如下:第一步,先把第一段的废话敲好,此时基本无需动脑,但一定要手快,意在抢时间、凑字数。
GMAT考试-20XX年8月gmat作文机经AA(至8.14).doc

GMAT考试:2011年8月gmat作文机经AA(至8.14)27. AA 五年前搞了个比赛,三年后旅游人多了,现在为了刺激应该再搞一个刺激经济和人数28. 就是那个In June,把luxury cars放大厅展览的时候,both luxury cars and inexpensive cars销量都很好,但是九月份把inexpensive cars放前厅的时候,销量不行,所以应该采用六月份的方法来促进销售JJ考古:说的是一个卖车的厂商把在六月重点展示和广告奢侈产品线,二月展示了不贵的产品线,结果利润在六月达到,所以他家打算以后就重点搞奢侈品了啥的V2。
1.某汽车卖方发现大力打自己奢华车广告的时候,自己奢华车和一般的车的销量比较打一般车的时候的综合销量更高,为了获得更高利润,经理决定以后都打奢华车的广告说是一个汽车分销商6月在当地报纸上打了luxury models 的广告,并且把luxury models挪到展厅最显著的位置,结果6月总的sales大涨。
2月展厅显著位置放的是不太贵的models,结果sales比较低。
然后一个销售经理就说可见人们看到luxury models了就能选了什么variety of models,然后就建议常年把luxury models放在展厅中间。
V2. 一间车行6月份报纸广告和展示厅都主推豪华车,结果当月各档车销量都有上升。
2月广告和展示厅都主推便宜的车款,结果销量较低。
因此应该全年广告主打豪华车,并将豪华车放在展示厅的主要位置来吸引过客,从而增加潜在客户并提高各款车的销量。
V3:In January(好像是一月),we advertised luxury automobile model on the local newspaper and put the luxury automobile line in the front and central position in 好像是商场还是什么的一个地方,the combined sale of luxury models and inexpensive models reaches the highest of ?(好像是去年还是近几年)。
XXGMAT考试满分作文

XXGMAT考试总分值作文“Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above? Develop your position by giving specific reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.GMAT写作总分值范文:The speaker here argues that government must support the arts but at the same time impose no control over what art is produced. The implicit rationale for government intervention in the arts is that, without it, cultural decline and erosion of our social fabric will result. However, I find no empirical evidence to support this argument, which in any event is unconvincing in light of more persuasive arguments that government should play no part in either supporting or restricting the arts.First, subsidizing the arts is neither a proper nor a necessary job for government. Although public health is generally viewed as critical to a society’s very survival and therefore an appropriate concern of government, this concern should not extend tenuously to our cultural “health” or well being. A lack of private funding mightjustify an exception; in my observation, however, philanthropy is alive and well today, especially among the new technology and media moguls.Second, government cannot possibly play an evenhanded role as arts patron. Inadequate resources call for restrictions, priorities, and choices. It is unconscionable (无节制的;过度的) to relegate normative (conforming to or based on norms *normative behavior* *normative judgments*) decisions as to which art has “value” to a fewlegislators and jurists (法学家;法理学家: one having a thorough knowledge of law; especially: JUDGE), who may be unenlightened in their notions about art. Also, legislators are all too likely to make choices in favor of the cultural agendas of those lobbyists with the most money and influence.Third, restricting artistic expression may in some cases encroach upon the constitutional right of free expression. In any case, governmental restriction may chill creativity, thereby defeating the very purpose of subsidizing the arts.In the final analysis, government cannotphilosophically or economically justify its involvement in the arts, either by subsidy or sanction. Responsibilitylies with individuals to determine what art has value and to support that art.总分值作文二:A powerful business leader has far more opportunity to influence the course of a munity or a nation than does any government official.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.GMAT写作总分值范文:Historical examples of both influential publicofficials and influential business leaders abound. However, the power of the modern-era business leader is quitedifferent from that of the government official. On balance, the CEO seems to be better positioned to influence the course of munity and of nations.Admittedly the opportunities for the legislator to regulate merce or of the jurist to dictate rules of equity are official and immediate. No private individual can hold that brand of influence. Yet official power is tempered by our check-and-balance system (制约平衡制度) of government and, in the case of legislators, by the voting power of the electorate. Our business leaders are not so constrained, so, their opportunities far exceed those of any public official. Moreover, powerful business leaders all too often seem to hold de facto legislative and judicial power by way oftheir direct influence over public officials, as theClinton Administration’s fund-raising scandal of 1997 illuminated all too well.The industrial and technological eras have bred such moguls of capitalism as Pullman, Rockefeller, Carnegie, and Gates, who by the nature of their industries and their business savvy, not by force of law, have transformed our economy, the nature of work, and our very day-to-day (adj.日常的, 逐日的) existence. Of course, many modern-daypublic servants have made the most of their opportunities—for example, the crime-busting (bust: to break or smash especially with force;) mayor Rudolph Giuliani and the new-dealing President Franklin Roosevelt. Yet their impact seems to pale next to those of our modern captains of industry.In sum, modem business leaders by virtue of the far-reaching impact of their industries and of their freedom from external constraints, have supplanted lawmakers as the great opportunists of the world and prime movers of society.“All citizens should be required to perform aspecified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasonsand/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.GMAT写作总分值范文:The potential benefits of mandatory public service must be weighed against administrative problems and concerns about individual liberty. On balance (adv. 总而言之), the costs to a nation and to the participants would probably exceed the benefits.Admittedly, a colorable (adj.似是而非的) argument can be made for mandatory public service. It would help alleviate “free-rider” problems, where those who do not contribute benefit from the efforts of those who do. It would mitigate pressing social problems—with education, public health and safety, and the environment. It might instill in participants a sense of civic duty, munity, and individual responsibility. Finally, it has worked on a smaller scale, particularly in urban areas, where renewal projects sueed in making munities safer, healthier, and more prosperous.Far more pelling, however, are the arguments against mandatory public service. First, who would make assignments and decide what projects are worthwhile, and how would pliance be assured? Resolving enforcement issues would require government control, in turn requiring increased taxes and/or cuts in other social programs, therebynullifying the benefits of mandatory public service. Second, a mandatory system would open the floodgates to inpetence and inexperience. Finally, the whole notion seems tantamount to Communism insofar as each citizen must contribute, aording to his or her ability, to a strong state. Modern history informs us that such systems do not work. One could argue that mandatory public service is simply a tax in the form of labor rather than dollars. However, pulsory labor smacks (v. 带有..风味) ofinvoluntary servitude, whereas financial taxes do not.In conclusion, logistical and philosophical barriers to mandating public service outweigh its potential benefitsfor the nation as well as for participants.“People are likely to aept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.GMAT写作总分值范文:People are more likely to aept the leadership of those who have shown they can perform the same tasks they require of others. My reasons for this view involve the notions of respect and trust.It is difficult for people to fully respect a leader who cannot, or will not, do what he or she asks of others. President Clinton’s difficulty in his role as Comma nder-in-Chief (n. 总司令) serves as a fitting and very public example. When Clinton assumed this leadership position, it was well known that he had evaded military service during the Vietnam conflict. Military leaders and lower-level personnel alike made it clear that they did not respect his leadership as a result. Contrast the Clinton case with that of a business leader such as John Chambers, CEO of Cisco Systems, who by way of his training and experience as aputer engineer earned the respect of his employees.It is likewise difficult to trust leaders who do not have experience in the areas under their leadership. The Clinton example illustrates this point as well. Because President Clinton lacked military experience, people in the armed forces found it difficult to trust that his policies would reflect any understanding of their interests or needs. And when put to the test, he undermined their trust to an even greater extent with his naive and largely bungled attempt to solve the problem of gays (美俚> 同性恋者, 尤指男性同性者) in the military. In stark contrast, President Dwight Eisenhower inspired nearly devotional trust as well as respect because of his role as a military hero in World War II.In conclusion, it will always be difficult for peopleto aept leaders who lack demonstrated ability in the areas under their leadership. Initially, such leaders will be regarded as outsiders, and treated aordingly. Moreover, some may never achieve the insider status that inspires respect and trust from those they hope to lead.“Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most mitment and energy, who gets things done.”Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.GMAT写作总分值范文:The relationship between teamwork and individual strength, energy, and mitment is plex; whether they operate in a plementary or antagonistic manner depends on: (1) the goals toward which the traits are directed, (2) the degreeof emphasis on teamwork, and (3) the job of the individual within an organization.A person’s ability to work effectively in a team isnot in consistent per se with personal strength, energy,and mitment. If exercised in a self-serving manner—for example, through pilfering or back stabbing—these traitscan operate against the organization. Conversely, if directed toward the firm’s goals, these traits can motivate other team members, thereby advancing mon goals. World War II generals Patton and Rommel understood this point and knew how to bring out the best individual qualities in their troops, while at the same timeinstilling a strong sense of team and mon purpose.Nevertheless, over-emphasizing teamwork can be counterproductive for an organization. A suessful team requires both natural leaders and natural followers; otherwise, a team will aomplish little. Undue emphasis on teamwork may quell initiative among natural leaders, thereby thwarting team goals. Also, teamwork can be overemphasized with a missioned sales force of highly petitive and autonomic individuals. Overemphasis on teamwork here might stifle healthy petition, thereby defeating a firm’s objectives. In other organizational areas, however, teamwork is critical. For example, a product-development team must progress in lock-step (锁步) fashion toward mon goals, such as meeting a rollout (: the public introduction of a new aircraft; broadly: the widespread public introduction of a new product) deadline.In sum, individual strength, mitment, and energy can plement a strong team approach; as long as individualautonomy is not undermined, all can operate in a synergistic manner to achieve an organization’s goals.。
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1. 我用的是800分大牛tonyadidas的AA 模版,但根据实际经验,对各段稍作精简(把拗口的一些词、句式去掉),再排了序(挑出常考到的高频理由)。
2. 画线处为经典的段首、尾句式,请务必背熟、灵活运用!因为各段内容可以现编,也常常编的是废话反复说,但有了这样漂亮的段首、尾来保障结构,就安全多了。
非常经典的开头、结尾――看完题目就开始直接打这两段,边打边想理由!(经典)开头段模板The conclusion endorsed in this argument is that…. Several reasons are offered in support of this argument. First of all, the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… (What’s more, he also assumes that …) At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubiousassumptions and the reasoning is biased due to the inadequacy and partiality in the nature of evidence provided to justify the conclusion. A careful examination would review how groundless this conclusion is.(经典)结尾段模板To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Accordingly, it is imprudent for the author to claim that…. To make this argument logically acceptable, the author would have to show that…. In addition, to solidify the conclusion, the author should provide concrete evidence as well to demonstrate that…. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal. (结尾中复述的理由就copy/paste开头中的理由)高频理由(按频率由高到低排列)时序性因果攻击Firstly, the author is engagedin ‘after this, therefore, because of this’ reasoning. The line of reasoning is that because A happened before B, the former caused the latter. However, this reasoning is fallacious unless other possible causal factors have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on a more thorough investigation to gather data in order to narrow down and locate the actual cause of B.同时性因果攻击Secondly, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is the cause of B just because A coincided with B. However, a mere positional correlation does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. In addition, all other prospective causes of B, such as C and D, must be ruled out. Without detailed analysis of the real source of B, it would be groundless to attribute B to A.错误类比攻击Additionally, it is highly doubtful that strategies drawn from A are applicable to B. However, differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid. For example, C and D all affect A but virtually absent in B. Accordingly, we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that B is unlikely to experience the same consequence if it adopts A’s strategies.非此即彼攻击Last but not least, the author unfairly assumes that a reader must make a either-or choice. However, the argument fails to rule out possibility that adjusting A and B might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A and B are the only causes of the problem, thus the most effective solution might include a complex of other factors—such as C and D. Inany event, the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the reader.必要性攻击In the first place, the author unfairly assumes that B was determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required element. This assumption overlooks other crucial criteria in determining B—such as C, D. Without accounting for these potential factors, the author concludes too hastily that …is the best way to achieve goals.充分性攻击In the second place, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is sufficient to give birth to the desired goals. However, if it turns out that B is due to a combination of factors, some of which will remain unchanged in the future, such as C andD, only A might have no impact on B.选择性样本攻击 A threshold problem is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the general group as a whole is of the same characteristic. The example cited, while suggestive of this trend, is insufficient to warrant that the sample is representative of the whole group. For example, I question that…Therefore,such evidence would be obviously unrepresentative. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious for the author to draw any conclusion at all.(与“选择性样本攻击”较类似) 样本代表性攻击Moreover, a possible methodology problem in the argument is that it is of bias. The term ‘so many’ is too vague to be statistically meaningful. It is very possible that workers who were more interested in the survey might be likely to respond to thequestionnaire. Lacking in the information about the number of workers surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the survey. For instance, if 1000 workers were surveyed but only 10 responded, the result should be highly suspect. Because the author fails to account for other interpretations, the survey would be useless in concluding that….其他理由忽略他因攻击Thirdly, the author has focused only on A. A more detailed analysis would reveal that other factors far outweigh the factor on which the author focuses. For example, C. Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to claim that A solely determined B.因果倒置攻击At last, it is possible that the author has confused cause with effect. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the author fails to account for this possibility, the claim that …is completely unwarranted.样本数量攻击Another problem that seriously weakens the logic of this argument is that the survey cited is based on too small a sample to be reliable. Offered in support of the argument, the only evidence is that…. Unless it can be shown that the sample is typical of all general group, the fact that … is groundless to claim that…Loaded question和诚实性攻击What’s more, the methodology of the survey is problematic for two reasons. For one thing, we are not informed whether the survey provided only 3 alternatives. If it did, the respondents, who might very well prefer another choice notprovided in the survey, might be forced to give up their preferences. For another thing, we are not informed whether the survey responses were anonymous or confidential. The respondents might supply responses favored by their superiors who might conduct the survey. Both events would lead this survey unreliable, let alone draw the conclusion that…样本时效性攻击Last but not least, another flaw that significantly undermines this argument is that the author neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When used to generally claim a particular group, the samples should be close enough to support the generalization, in order to prevent historical changes from invalidating the generalization. All we know is that the survey is recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results todemonstrate that…差异概念攻击To begin with, we must establish the meaning of the vague concept A. If the term were synonymous with B, the evidence cited would strongly support the argument. However, A may be defined in other terms such as C and D. Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily due to the ignorance of other definitions of A.范围内推攻击What’s more, the most egregious reasoning error in this argument is that the author uses evidence pertaining to a general group on the basis of a particular B. Even if the reasoning may be sound in general sense, the particular situation in which B is involved may not be representative of the entire general group. It is possible that... If this is the case, the claim that… is ill founded.不随时变攻击Moreover, the author unfairly assumes that A will remain unchanged over the next decades. However, a mere recent one-year A is insufficient to claim that. Statistics from such limited anecdotal evidence is not a good indicator for this trend. In addition, it is possible that in the future, this trend would greatly fluctuate or even reverse, then the adoption of the auth or’s proposal might give birth to B, however, it might also have a negative impact on C1 and, in turns, C2. Admittedly, this argument would be even weaker and weaker each day as time goes by。